<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" article-type="letter" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">7kkWfxwrYpQQW8jnVhq7nzt</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001301056</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210103</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda: Um Fen&#243;tipo, Duas Hip&#243;teses, Tr&#234;s Li&#231;&#245;es</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2147-5913</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Patr&#237;cia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Rita</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Taipa</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Sofia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Reis</surname>
            <given-names>Hip&#243;lito</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universit&#225;rio do Porto EPE</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro Hospitalar</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio do Porto EPE, Porto - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Patr&#237;cia Rodrigues &#8226;</bold> Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio do Porto EPE - Largo Professor Abel Salazar Porto <postal-code>4099-001</postal-code> - Portugal, E-mail: <email>pfdrodrigues@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Rodrigues P; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Rodrigues P, Soares AR, Taipa R; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Rodrigues P, Soares AR, Taipa R, Ferreira S, Reis H.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>1056</fpage>
      <lpage>1059</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>Amiloidose</kwd>
        <kwd>Neuropatias Amiloides Familiares/diagn&#243;stico por imagem</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="7"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec>
      <title>Hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico</title>
      <p>Uma mulher de 58 anos com polineuropatia amiloid&#243;tica familiar causada pela muta&#231;&#227;o Val30Met (p.Val50Met) no gene da transtirretina (TTR) come&#231;ou a apresentar sintomas neurop&#225;ticos aos 37 anos e uma bi&#243;psia da gl&#226;ndula salivar confirmou a deposi&#231;&#227;o de amiloide TTR. Foi submetida a transplante hep&#225;tico sete anos ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e fazia uso de imunossupressores, com altera&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas est&#225;veis desde ent&#227;o. Ela tamb&#233;m apresentava insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica (est&#225;gio 3b) e um marcapasso implantado devido a doen&#231;a do n&#243; sinusal.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Hist&#243;ria da apresenta&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A paciente foi encaminhada ao Ambulat&#243;rio de Cardiologia 14 anos ap&#243;s o transplante hep&#225;tico, por apresentar dispneia progressiva e edema nos dois p&#233;s. Ao exame f&#237;sico, apresentava sinais de congest&#227;o perif&#233;rica e pulmonar.</p>
      <p>Os resultados do ECG e a interroga&#231;&#227;o do marcapasso revelaram fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca controlada.</p>
      <p>O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico revelou hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) importante, fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada e disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Achados da ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica. Os pain&#233;is A (proje&#231;&#227;o paraesternal de eixo longo) e B (apical de 4 c&#226;maras) mostram aumento da espessura da parede (m&#225;ximo de 15 mm no septo interventricular basal) e &#225;trio esquerdo levemente dilatado (volume indexado pela superf&#237;cie corporal de 40 mL / m<sup>2</sup>). O painel C mostra uma raz&#227;o E/A aumentada de 3,4. O painel D mostra uma velocidade de e' lateral de 9 cm/s e o painel E uma e' septal de 5 cm/s, dando uma m&#233;dia E/e' de 15. No painel F, a velocidade de regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide &#233; estimada em 2,9 m/s com Cw Doppler. Portanto, a paciente preenchia os crit&#233;rios para disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-1056-10103-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Iniciou anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral e diur&#233;ticos, com melhora cl&#237;nica.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Diagn&#243;stico diferencial</title>
      <p>Na presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com HVE, devemos primeiro considerar as condi&#231;&#245;es de carga, como hipertens&#227;o ou doen&#231;a valvar, que n&#227;o foram observadas nesta paciente.</p>
      <p>A cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH) sarcom&#233;rica era um diagn&#243;stico poss&#237;vel, que pode se apresentar com diferentes padr&#245;es de HVE, sendo a causa gen&#233;tica mais comum de HVE. A doen&#231;a de Fabry poderia ser outra possibilidade, embora mais rara.</p>
      <p>Contudo, nesta paciente com uma muta&#231;&#227;o conhecida, o diagn&#243;stico mais prov&#225;vel era Cardiomiopatia Amiloid&#243;tica por Transtirretina (CM-ATTR). Pacientes sem cardiomiopatia significativa no momento do transplante de f&#237;gado, particularmente se sua muta&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o era Val30Met, podem progredir depois, devido &#224; deposi&#231;&#227;o aumentada de prote&#237;na do tipo selvagem.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Investiga&#231;&#245;es</title>
      <p>Surpreendentemente, a cintilografia com Tecn&#233;cio-99m (Tc-99m) com &#225;cido 3,3-difosfono-1,2-propanodicarbox&#237;lico (DPD) foi negativa (escore zero de Perugini) - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Imagens de cintilografia com Tecn&#233;cio-99m (Tc-99m) com DPD (99mTc-DPD). As imagens &#224; esquerda foram obtidas 10 minutos ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o do 99mTc-DPD e as imagens &#224; direita 2 horas depois. O escore de Perugini foi zero, o que significa aus&#234;ncia de capta&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e capta&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea normal.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-1056-10103-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <p>A amiloidose AL foi exclu&#237;da ap&#243;s an&#225;lise de imunofixa&#231;&#227;o (urina de 24h e soro) e cadeias leves livres no soro.</p>
      <p>A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiovascular (RMC) n&#227;o foi realizada, uma vez que os eletrodos e gerador do marcapasso n&#227;o eram condicionais para a RMC e a paciente era claustrof&#243;bica. Foi solicitada bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica, que foi negativa para amiloide e n&#227;o mostrou altera&#231;&#245;es significativas. Nesse ponto, outros diagn&#243;sticos foram reconsiderados para HVE.</p>
      <p>Um estudo gen&#233;tico com um painel de CMH (incluindo doen&#231;a de Fabry) foi solicitado e uma variante provavelmente patog&#234;nica em heterozigose foi encontrada no gene MYH7 (p.Arg783Leu). Isso nos fez questionar se o fen&#243;tipo poderia ser atribu&#237;do &#224; CMH.</p>
      <p>No entanto, a paciente necessitava de altas doses de diur&#233;ticos (pelo menos 120 mg de furosemida por dia para permanecer euvol&#234;mica), embora n&#227;o houvesse obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e era dependente de marcapasso. Revisando o ecocardiograma (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>), ela apresentava um padr&#227;o de fluxo transmitral restritivo, baixas velocidades da onda S' no Doppler tecidual e ligeiro derrame peric&#225;rdico. Todos esses achados n&#227;o s&#227;o t&#237;picos de CMH.</p>
      <p>Foi solicitada revis&#227;o da bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica por um patologista mais experiente, a qual na verdade mostrou infiltra&#231;&#227;o amiloide grave (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica, mostrando infiltra&#231;&#227;o amiloide no interst&#237;cio mioc&#225;rdico e particularmente no endoc&#225;rdio. Colora&#231;&#227;o com Vermelho Congo (A) e colora&#231;&#227;o com Vermelho Congo sob luz polarizada (B); amplifica&#231;&#227;o 200x.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-1056-10103-gf03.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Faltam crit&#233;rios universalmente aceitos para o diagn&#243;stico de cardiomiopatia amiloide, especificamente para CM-ATTR, e o algoritmo proposto por Gillmore et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> ajuda a determinar o tipo de amiloidose, mas parte de achados &#8220;sugestivos de amiloidose card&#237;aca&#8221;, que s&#227;o bastante amplos. Uma recente declara&#231;&#227;o de posi&#231;&#227;o europeia prop&#245;e um algoritmo mais claro para a suspeita e diagn&#243;stico de amiloidose card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Geralmente, o diagn&#243;stico requer aumento da espessura da parede ventricular (usualmente &gt;12 mm), combinado com os resultados de exames hematol&#243;gicos, cintilografia &#243;ssea e, &#224;s vezes, bi&#243;psia.</p>
      <p>A cintilografia com <sup>99m</sup>Tc-DPD mostrou excelente sensibilidade e especificidade para detectar CM-ATTR, muitas vezes dispensando a confirma&#231;&#227;o histol&#243;gica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> particularmente quando um escore de Perugini de 2 ou 3 (capta&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca moderada ou intensa) &#233; observado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> No entanto, mais recentemente, achados falso-negativos em imagens de radionucl&#237;deos foram encontrados em pacientes com a muta&#231;&#227;o TTR Val30Met e in&#237;cio precoce de sintomas neurol&#243;gicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A causa parece estar relacionada ao fato de que esses pacientes apresentam exclusivamente fibrilas do tipo B (comprimento total), com baixa avidez por <sup>99m</sup>Tc-DPD, ao contr&#225;rio de pacientes com in&#237;cio tardio ou outras muta&#231;&#245;es, que tamb&#233;m t&#234;m fibrilas do tipo A (truncadas).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Nos primeiros casos, uma investiga&#231;&#227;o adicional, incluindo bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica, pode ser necess&#225;ria.</p>
      <p>Curiosamente, nesta paciente, a bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica foi inicialmente negativa, levando-nos a explorar outros diagn&#243;sticos, a saber, CMH (como as bi&#243;psias eram muito pequenas e provenientes do ventr&#237;culo direito, a hipertrofia dos cardiomi&#243;citos pode passar despercebida). Entretanto, devemos reconhecer que um patologista com experi&#234;ncia no diagn&#243;stico de amiloidose &#233; crucial.</p>
      <p>Nosso grupo e v&#225;rios outros descreveram o desenvolvimento de CM-ATTR anos ap&#243;s o transplante de f&#237;gado, n&#227;o apenas em pacientes com in&#237;cio tardio ou muta&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o-Val30Met, como relatado inicialmente, mas tamb&#233;m em pacientes com Val30Met de in&#237;cio precoce. Esse fen&#244;meno foi atribu&#237;do a mecanismos de semeadura: pequenos dep&#243;sitos de fibrilas amiloides com um precursor de TTR mutado podem promover o ac&#250;mulo tardio de fibrilas de tipo selvagem. No entanto, ainda n&#227;o entendemos por que esses pacientes n&#227;o t&#234;m um escore positivo na cintilografia com <sup>99m</sup>Tc-DPD com mais frequ&#234;ncia, similar a pacientes com doen&#231;a do tipo selvagem. Por fim, o teste gen&#233;tico tem sido cada vez mais &#250;til na investiga&#231;&#227;o das cardiomiopatias, mas os resultados precisam ser discutidos com cautela, pois podem ter implica&#231;&#245;es no diagn&#243;stico e no rastreamento familiar. O conhecimento acumulado sobre cardiog&#234;nese vai esclarecer a classifica&#231;&#227;o de algumas variantes. Quando uma variante patog&#234;nica ou provavelmente patog&#234;nica &#233; encontrada, o rastreamento gen&#233;tico &#233; geralmente oferecido aos membros da fam&#237;lia.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nosso diagn&#243;stico final foi CM-ATTR, embora os primeiros exames parecessem ter afastado essa hip&#243;tese, destacando o fato de que as bi&#243;psias endomioc&#225;rdicas s&#227;o altamente dependentes do patologista e a cintilografia com <sup>99m</sup>Tc-DPD pode apresentar resultados falso-negativos. Al&#233;m disso, os resultados dos testes gen&#233;ticos em CMH precisam ser interpretados no contexto cl&#237;nico, uma vez que o achado de uma muta&#231;&#227;o, principalmente se ela n&#227;o for claramente patog&#234;nica, n&#227;o significa que a mesma seja a causadora do fen&#243;tipo.</p>
      <p>Infelizmente, atualmente n&#227;o h&#225; medicamentos aprovados para o tratamento da cardiomiopatia amiloide em pacientes transplantados; contudo, esperamos que isso mude em um futuro pr&#243;ximo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>O que j&#225; se sabe sobre esse assunto? O que este estudo adiciona?</title>
      <p>Este caso fornece tr&#234;s li&#231;&#245;es importantes:</p>
      <list list-type="simple">
        <list-item>
          <label>&#8211;</label>
          <p>a identifica&#231;&#227;o da causa da HVE &#233; frequentemente negligenciada, mas buscar hip&#243;teses diferentes e identificar a etiologia tem implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas para o paciente e sua fam&#237;lia;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <label>&#8211;</label>
          <p>devemos estar cientes das armadilhas da identifica&#231;&#227;o de amiloide em bi&#243;psias, particularmente a import&#226;ncia de um patologista experiente;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <label>&#8211;</label>
          <p>A cintilografia com <sup>99m</sup>Tc-DPD tamb&#233;m tem limita&#231;&#245;es, principalmente em pacientes com muta&#231;&#227;o Val30Met de in&#237;cio precoce; combinar a hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica com os resultados de diferentes exames &#233; fundamental para o diagn&#243;stico da amiloidose card&#237;aca.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Centro Hospitalar do Porto sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2017.219 (189-DEFI/181-CES). Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Stangou</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hawkins</surname>
              <given-names>PN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heaton</surname>
              <given-names>ND</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rela</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Monaghan</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nihoyannopoulos</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Progressive cardiac amyloidosis following liver transplantation for familial amyloid polyneuropathy: implications for amyloid fibrillogenesis</article-title>
          <source>Transplantation</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>66</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>229</fpage>
          <lpage>233</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/00007890-199807270-00016</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1 Stangou AJ, Hawkins PN, Heaton ND, Rela M, Monaghan M, Nihoyannopoulos P et al. Progressive cardiac amyloidosis following liver transplantation for familial amyloid polyneuropathy: implications for amyloid fibrillogenesis. Transplantation. 1998; 66(2): 229-33. doi: 10.1097/00007890-199807270-00016.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gillmore</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maurer</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Falk</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Merlini</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Damy</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dispenzieri</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Nonbiopsy Diagnosis of Cardiac Transthyretin Amyloidosis</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>133</volume>
          <issue>24</issue>
          <fpage>2404</fpage>
          <lpage>2412</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRulationAHA.116.021612</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2 Gillmore JD, Maurer MS, Falk RH, Merlini G, Damy T, Dispenzieri A et al. Nonbiopsy Diagnosis of Cardiac Transthyretin Amyloidosis. Circulation. 2016; 133(24): 2404-12. doi:10.1161/CIRulationAHA.116.021612.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia-Pavia</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rapezzi</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adler</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arad</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Basso</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brucato</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diagnosis and treatment of cardiac amyloidosis: a position statement of the ESC Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <issue>16</issue>
          <fpage>1554</fpage>
          <lpage>1568</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehab072</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3 Garcia-Pavia P, Rapezzi C, Adler Y, Arad M, Basso C, Brucato A et al. Diagnosis and treatment of cardiac amyloidosis: a position statement of the ESC Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(16):1554-68. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab072</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Perugini</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guidalotti</surname>
              <given-names>PL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salvi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cooke</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pettinato</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Riva</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Noninvasive etiologic diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis using 99mTc-3,3-diphosphono-1,2-propanodicarboxylic acid scintigraphy</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>46</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1076</fpage>
          <lpage>1084</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2005.05.073</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4 Perugini E, Guidalotti PL, Salvi F, Cooke RM, Pettinato C, Riva L et al. Noninvasive etiologic diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis using 99mTc-3,3-diphosphono-1,2-propanodicarboxylic acid scintigraphy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005; 46(6): 1076-84. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.05.073.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dorbala</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ando</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bokhari</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dispenzieri</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Falk</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferrari</surname>
              <given-names>VA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>ASNC/ AHA/ ASE/ EANM/ HFSA/ ISA/ SCMR/ SNMMI Expert Consensus Recommendations for Multimodality Imaging in Cardiac Amyloidosis</article-title>
          <source>J Card Fail</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>e1</fpage>
          <lpage>e39</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.cardfail.2019.08.001</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5 Dorbala S, Ando Y, Bokhari S, Dispenzieri A, Falk RH, Ferrari VA, et al. ASNC/ AHA/ ASE/ EANM/ HFSA/ ISA/ SCMR/ SNMMI Expert Consensus Recommendations for Multimodality Imaging in Cardiac Amyloidosis. J Card Fail .2019; 25(11): e1-39. doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2019.08.001.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Coutinho</surname>
              <given-names>MCA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cortez-Dias</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cantinho</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Menezes</surname>
              <given-names>MN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The sensitivity of DPD scintigraphy to detect transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis in V30M mutation depends on the phenotypic expression of the disease</article-title>
          <source>Amyloid</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>174</fpage>
          <lpage>183</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/13506129.2020.1744553</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>6 Coutinho MCA, Cortez-Dias N, Cantinho G, Gon&#231;alves S, Menezes MN, Guimar&#227;es T et al. The sensitivity of DPD scintigraphy to detect transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis in V30M mutation depends on the phenotypic expression of the disease. Amyloid. 2020; 27(3):174-83. doi:10.1080/13506129.2020.1744553.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pilebro</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Suhr</surname>
              <given-names>OB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>N&#228;slund</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Westermark</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lindqvist</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sundstr&#246;m</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>(99m)Tc-DPD uptake reflects amyloid fibril composition in hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis</article-title>
          <source>Ups J Med Sci</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>121</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>17</fpage>
          <lpage>24</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3109/03009734.2015.1122687</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>7 Pilebro B, Suhr OB, N&#228;slund U, Westermark P, Lindqvist P, Sundstr&#246;m T. (99m)Tc-DPD uptake reflects amyloid fibril composition in hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis. Ups J Med Sci 2016; 121(1):17-24. doi: 10.3109/03009734.2015.1122687.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Left Ventricular Hypertrophy: One Phenotype, Two Hypotheses, Three Lessons</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2147-5913</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Patr&#237;cia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Rita</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Taipa</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Sofia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Reis</surname>
            <given-names>Hip&#243;lito</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio do Porto EPE, Porto - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Patr&#237;cia Rodrigues &#8226;</bold> Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio do Porto EPE - Largo Professor Abel Salazar Porto <postal-code>4099-001</postal-code> - Portugal. E-mail: <email>pfdrodrigues@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data: Rodrigues P; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript: Rodrigues P, Soares AR, Taipa R; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Rodrigues P, Soares AR, Taipa R, Ferreira S, Reis H.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic</kwd>
        <kwd>Amyloidosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Amyloid Neuropathies, Familial/diagnostic imaging</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec>
        <title>Past medical history</title>
        <p>A 58-year-old woman with familial amyloid polyneuropathy caused by the Val30Met (p.Val50Met) mutation in the transthyretin (TTR) gene started showing neuropathic symptoms by the age of 37 and a salivary gland biopsy confirmed TTR amyloid deposition. She was submitted to liver transplantation 7 years after symptom onset and was under immunosuppressive drugs, with stable neurological changes since then. She also had chronic kidney failure (stage 3b) and a pacemaker implanted due to sick sinus syndrome.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>History of presentation</title>
        <p>The patient was referred to the Cardiology outpatient clinic 14 years after liver transplantation, due to progressive dyspnea and bipedal edema. On physical examination, she had signs of peripheral and pulmonary congestion.</p>
        <p>The ECG results and pacemaker interrogation revealed atrial fibrillation and ventricular pacing with controlled heart rate.</p>
        <p>A transthoracic echocardiogram showed significant left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), preserved systolic function and diastolic dysfunction - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Transthoracic echocardiogram findings. Panel A (parasternal long axis view) and B (apical 4-chamber view) show increased wall thickness (maximum 15 mm in the basal interventricular septum) and mildly dilated left atrium (body-surface indexed volume of 40 mL/m<sup>2</sup>). Panel C shows increased E/A ratio of 3,4. Panel D shows a lateral e' velocity of 9 cm/s and panel E a septal e' of 5 cm/s, giving an average E/e' of 15. In panel F, tricuspid regurgitation velocity is estimated at 2,9 m/s with Cw Doppler. Therefore, the patient met the criteria for diastolic dysfunction.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-1056-10103-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>She was started on oral anticoagulation and diuretics, with clinical improvement.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Differential diagnosis</title>
        <p>In the presence of heart failure with LVH, we should first consider loading conditions such as hypertension or valvular disease, that were not observed in this patient.</p>
        <p>Sarcomeric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) was a possible diagnosis, which can present with different LVH patterns, being the most common genetic cause of LVH. Fabry disease could be another possibility, although rarer.</p>
        <p>However, in this patient with a known mutation, the most likely diagnosis was</p>
        <p>Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM). Patients without significant cardiomyopathy at the time of liver transplantation, particularly if their mutation was not Val30Met, can subsequently progress, due to enhanced deposition of wild-type protein.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Investigations</title>
        <p>Surprisingly, the technetium-99m 3,3-diphosphono-1,2-propanodicarboxylic acid (99mTc-DPD) scintigraphy was negative (Perugini grade of zero) - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Technetium-99m 3,3-diphosphono-1,2-propanodicarboxylic acid (99mTc-DPD) scintigraphy images. The pictures on the left were obtained 10 minutes after 99mTc-DPD administration and the images on the right were obtained 2 hours after. The Perugini grading score was zero, meaning no cardiac uptake and normal bone uptake.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-1056-10103-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>AL amyloidosis was excluded after analyzing immunofixation (24h urine and serum) and free light chains in serum.</p>
        <p>Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) was not performed, since the pacemaker leads and generator were not CMR conditional and the patient was claustrophobic.</p>
        <p>An endomyocardial biopsy was requested, which was negative for amyloid and did not show significant changes. At this point, other diagnoses for LVH were reconsidered.</p>
        <p>A genetic study with an HCM panel (including Fabry disease) was requested and a probably pathogenic variant in heterozygosity in the MYH7 gene (p.Arg783Leu) was found. This made us wonder if the phenotype could be attributed to HCM.</p>
        <p>However, the patient needed high doses of diuretics (at least 120 mg of furosemide daily to remain euvolemic), even though no left ventricular outflow tract obstruction was seen, and she was pacemaker-dependent. Reviewing the echocardiogram (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref>), she had a restrictive transmitral flow pattern, low tissue Doppler S' velocities and very mild pericardial effusion. All these findings are not typical of HCM.</p>
        <p>A review of the endomyocardial biopsy by a more experienced pathologist was requested, and it actually showed severe amyloid infiltration (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Endomyocardial biopsy, showing amyloid infiltration in the myocardial interstitium and particularly in the endocardium. Congo Red staining (A) and Congo Red staining under polarized light (B); amplification 200x.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-1056-10103-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Universally accepted criteria for diagnosing amyloid cardiomyopathy have been missing, specifically for ATTR-CM, and the algorithm proposed by Gillmore et al.2 helps to determine the type of amyloidosis, but starts from findings &#8220;suggesting cardiac amyloid&#8221;, which is quite broad. A recent European position statement proposes a more clear algorithm for the suspicion and diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Usually, the diagnosis requires increased ventricular wall thickness (usually &gt; 12 mm), combined with the results of hematologic tests, bone scintigraphy and sometimes a biopsy.</p>
        <p>99mTc-DPD scintigraphy has shown an excellent sensitivity and specificity for detecting ATTR-CM, often precluding histological confirmation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> particularly when a Perugini grade of 2 or 3 (moderate or intense cardiac uptake) is noted.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> However, more recently, false negative findings in radionuclide imaging have been found in patients with TTR Val30Met mutation and early-onset of neurological symptoms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The cause seems to be related to the fact that these patients have exclusively type B (full length) fibrils, with low avidity for 99mTc-DPD, unlike patients with late-onset or other mutations, who also have type A fibrils (truncated).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In the former cases, further investigation, including endomyocardial biopsy, may be needed.</p>
        <p>Interestingly, in this patient, the endomyocardial biopsy was initially negative, making us explore other diagnoses, namely HCM (since the biopsies were very small and from the right ventricle, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy could be missed). However, we should acknowledge that a pathologist with experience in diagnosing amyloidosis is crucial.</p>
        <p>Our group and several others have described the development of ATTR-CM years after liver transplantation, not only in patients with late-onset or non-Val30Met mutations as initially reported, but also in early-onset Val30Met patients. This phenomenon has been attributed to seeding mechanisms: small deposits of amyloid fibrils with a mutated TTR precursor may promote late accumulation of wild-type fibrils. However, we still don't understand why these patients do not have a positive score on 99mTc-DPD scintigraphy more often, similar to patients with wild-type disease.</p>
        <p>Finally, genetic testing has been increasingly helpful in the investigation of cardiomyopathies, but the results need to be carefully discussed, since they can have implications for the diagnosis and for family screening. The cumulative knowledge about cardiogenetics will enlighten the classification of some variants. When a pathogenic or likely pathogenic variant is found, genetic screening is usually offered to family members.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Our final diagnosis was ATTR-CM, even though the first exams seemed to rule out this hypothesis, highlighting the fact that endomyocardial biopsies are highly pathologist-dependent and that 99mTc-DPD scintigraphy can have false negative results. Moreover, the results of genetic testing in HCM need to be interpreted in the clinical context, since the finding of a mutation, particularly if it is not a clearly pathogenic one, does not mean it is causing the phenotype.</p>
        <p>Unfortunately, there are currently no drugs approved for treating amyloid cardiomyopathy in transplanted patients; however, we hope this will change in a near future.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>What is already known about this topic? What does this study add?</title>
        <p>This case provides 3 take-home messages:</p>
        <list list-type="simple">
          <list-item>
            <label>&#8211;</label>
            <p>identifying the cause of LVH is often overlooked, but pursuing different possibilities and identifying the etiology has clinical implications for the patient and the family;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <label>&#8211;</label>
            <p>we should be aware of the pitfalls of amyloid identification in biopsies, particularly the importance of an experienced pathologist;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <label>&#8211;</label>
            <p>99mTc-DPD scintigraphy also has limitations, particularly in early-onset Val30Met patients; combining the medical history with the results from different exams is crucial for the diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Centro Hospitalar do Porto under the protocol number 2017.219 (189-DEFI/181-CES). All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
