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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">B7BJRmW9jq3zB6PbDSyvGYt</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001301048</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20201231</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201231</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impacto da COVID-19 na Vida do Cardiologista e Cirurgi&#227;o Cardiovascular Brasileiros</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1777-477X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Andre Luiz Cerqueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8809-8783</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6881-712X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Elton Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Botelho</surname>
            <given-names>Luis F&#225;bio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Andr&#233; Abreu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0711-7995</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barberato</surname>
            <given-names>Silvio Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Feira de Santana - Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Feira de Santana</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Feira de Santana - Cardiologia, Feira de Santana, BA - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Jo&#227;o Pessoa</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">UNIFACS Curso de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">UNIFACS Curso de Medicina, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>5</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Diretoria de Qualidade Assistencial</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - Diretoria de Qualidade Assistencial, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>6</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">CardioEco - Centro de Diagn&#243;stico Cardiovascular</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">CardioEco - Centro de Diagn&#243;stico Cardiovascular, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Andre Luiz Cerqueira Almeida &#8226;</bold> Santa Casa de Misericordia de Feira de Santana - Cardiologia - Rua Edelvira de Oliveira, 192. CEP <postal-code>44001-032</postal-code>, Feira de Santana, BA - Brasil, E-mail: <email>andrealmeida@cardiol.br</email>, <email>andrealmeida@uefs.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Almeida ALC, Melo M, Barberato SH; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Almeida ALC, Melo M, Rodrigues REF, Almeida PAA, Barberato SH; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Almeida ALC, Melo M, Rodrigues REF, Botelho LF, Almeida PAA, Barberato SH; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Botelho LF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>1048</fpage>
      <lpage>1055</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronavirus-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Pandemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiologistas</kwd>
        <kwd>Cirurgi&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistemas de Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Infec&#231;&#227;o/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Profissionais de Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Comportamento Sedent&#225;rio</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="14"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A pandemia da COVID-19 (sigla do ingl&#234;s <italic>Coronavirus Disease</italic> - 2019) impactou significativamente os servi&#231;os de cardiologia. O n&#250;mero de consultas, exames e interven&#231;&#245;es cardiol&#243;gicas diminuiu em v&#225;rias partes do mundo nos &#250;ltimos meses.1,2 Contudo, apesar da press&#227;o crescente e da carga sobre o sistema de sa&#250;de, a oferta de servi&#231;os em cardiologia n&#227;o foi interrompida, j&#225; que doen&#231;a cardiovascular preexistente coloca os pacientes sob maior risco de infec&#231;&#227;o, complica&#231;&#245;es e a manifesta&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas prim&#225;rias da COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, os efeitos da COVID-19 t&#234;m afetado a sociedade em geral e os profissionais de sa&#250;de em particular, a saber: impacto na sa&#250;de f&#237;sica e mental, perturba&#231;&#245;es financeiras e altera&#231;&#245;es na qualidade de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Sendo assim, a pandemia causou verdadeira ruptura em diversos aspectos da pr&#225;tica profissional e da vida de m&#233;dicos e demais profissionais de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nosso estudo visou avaliar o impacto causado pela pandemia de COVID-19 na vida dos m&#233;dicos(as) cardiologistas e cirurgi&#245;es(&#227;s) cardiovasculares brasileiros(as), considerando quest&#245;es ligadas &#224; atividade profissional, renda, sa&#250;de e estilo de vida.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Material e M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Os autores disponibilizaram e divulgaram um formul&#225;rio online no site da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC) e no site da Diretoria de Qualidade Assistencial da SBC, convidando os m&#233;dicos especialistas em cardiologia a participarem. Adicionalmente foram enviados convites por meio de aplicativo de mensagem amplamente dispon&#237;vel para grupos de cardiologistas de sociedades regionais, departamentos e grupos de estudo pertencentes &#224; SBC. Esta participa&#231;&#227;o foi volunt&#225;ria e secreta, n&#227;o havendo a op&#231;&#227;o do cardiologista se identificar. N&#227;o houve qualquer compensa&#231;&#227;o financeira ou material como retorno &#224; participa&#231;&#227;o na pesquisa. O per&#237;odo da coleta de dados foi de 10 de julho de 2020 a 22 de julho de 2020. O formul&#225;rio online (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://wdcom.typeform.com/report/fmQda3LQ/tOStzUhXlifR8JPj">https://wdcom.typeform.com/report/fmQda3LQ/tOStzUhXlifR8JPj</ext-link>) consistiu em 28 perguntas com preenchimento obrigat&#243;rio, sobre a pr&#225;tica assistencial e a qualidade de vida do cardiologista brasileiro durante a pandemia da COVID-19. A maioria das quest&#245;es foi do tipo m&#250;ltipla escolha, sendo que em muitas delas era poss&#237;vel responder mais de uma op&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
        <p>Seguindo a recomenda&#231;&#227;o da Resolu&#231;&#227;o 510 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de, este question&#225;rio n&#227;o foi encaminhado para avalia&#231;&#227;o pelo sistema CEP/CONEP, visto tratar-se de uma pesquisa de opini&#227;o p&#250;blica com participantes n&#227;o identificados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Foi realizada a an&#225;lise descritiva dos dados obtidos na amostra. As vari&#225;veis nominais ou categ&#243;ricas foram descritas por seus valores absolutos, percentagens ou propor&#231;&#245;es. As vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas foram descritas como m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o ou mediana e intervalo interquartil, a depender do padr&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#227;o. O teste exato de Fisher foi utilizado para testar associa&#231;&#245;es entre vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, utilizando um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%. A an&#225;lise dos dados, assim como a constru&#231;&#227;o dos gr&#225;ficos, foi feita com o aux&#237;lio do Excel&#174;, Microsoft 365&#174;. As an&#225;lises inferenciais foram feitas utilizando o programa estat&#237;stico <italic>Stata/SE</italic> vers&#227;o 16.1, desenvolvido pela StataCorp&#174;.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos gerais</title>
        <p>Um total de 1224 cardiologistas acessaram o question&#225;rio. Destes, dois recusaram a participa&#231;&#227;o e 1222 responderam, representando 9,4% dos cardiologistas adimplentes na SBC. A m&#233;dia de idade da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi 47,9 &#177; 11,5 anos; 711 (58,2%) do sexo masculino. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref> mostra a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos respondentes por regi&#227;o do Brasil (1A), seus locais de trabalho (1B), a renda mensal antes e durante a pandemia (1C) e a reestrutura&#231;&#227;o imposta &#224; rotina de trabalho dos cardiologistas (1D).</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos cardiologistas participantes do estudo por regi&#227;o geogr&#225;fica (A), local de trabalho (B); renda mensal antes e durante a pandemia (C), e reestrutura&#231;&#227;o no trabalho devido &#224; pandemia (D).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-1048-01231-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Observou-se uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa (p&lt;0,001) entre sexo masculino e maiores faixas de renda (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Cardiologistas que trabalham no setor privado ou t&#234;m atividade de doc&#234;ncia tiveram maior mudan&#231;a de renda durante a pandemia (p&lt;0,001).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis avaliadas na pesquisa sobre o impacto da pandemia da COVID-19 na vida de cardiologistas brasileiros (n=1222)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#225;vel 01</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Vari&#225;vel 02</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Associa&#231;&#227;o (valor de p)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sexo feminino</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Redu&#231;&#227;o de atividade sexual</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Maiores faixas de renda</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Trabalho no setor privado</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Maior mudan&#231;a de renda</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Atividade de doc&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Maior mudan&#231;a de renda</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade &lt; 50 anos</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Aumento de plant&#245;es</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Subespecialidade ecocardiografia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Redu&#231;&#227;o na atividade f&#237;sica</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Renda mensal</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Redu&#231;&#227;o na atividade f&#237;sica</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Ganho de peso</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Redu&#231;&#227;o na atividade f&#237;sica</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sexo</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Redu&#231;&#227;o na atividade f&#237;sica</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sexo</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Mudan&#231;as na rotina do trabalho</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Faixa et&#225;ria</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Medidas adotadas para reduzir os custos</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 0,05</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos relacionados &#224; renda e ao trabalho</title>
        <p>Houve um aumento de 37,5% no n&#250;mero de cardiologistas que passaram a trabalhar em tr&#234;s ou mais plant&#245;es por semana durante a pandemia. Por outro lado, 64% reduziram a carga hor&#225;ria no consult&#243;rio, 22% cancelaram aluguel de sala de consult&#243;rio, 18% precisaram demitir funcion&#225;rios e 9% cancelaram investimentos em marketing (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1-D</xref>).</p>
        <p>Como reflexo da redu&#231;&#227;o do retorno financeiro durante a pandemia, 15% dos cardiologistas deixaram de pagar entidades de classe. Outras medidas para redu&#231;&#227;o de custos est&#227;o expressas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2A</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Medidas de redu&#231;&#227;o de custos (A) mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida (B) durante a pandemia da COVID-19 relatadas por cardiologistas brasileiros.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-1048-01231-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Quando analisamos o impacto da pandemia por faixa et&#225;ria, considerando 50 anos como ponto de corte, dos resultados v&#225;lidos, 56% dos entrevistados tinham menos de 50 anos e 44% tinham 50 anos ou mais. Desses dois grupos, observamos um aumento (p&lt;0,001) no n&#250;mero de plant&#245;es entre os m&#233;dicos mais jovens, sem impactar na renda m&#233;dia entre os dois grupos.</p>
        <p>Cardiologistas cl&#237;nicos representaram 42% da amostra, seguidos por ecocardiografistas (39%), cardiopediatras (7%), hemodinamicistas (6%), eletrofisiologistas (4%) e cirurgi&#245;es cardiovasculares (2%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3A</xref>). Dentre os ecocardiografistas, 54,5% constataram uma redu&#231;&#227;o superior a 50% no volume de exames realizados/m&#234;s durante a pandemia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3B</xref>). Na hemodin&#226;mica, 62,8% dos entrevistados relataram redu&#231;&#227;o maior que 50% no volume de exames ou procedimentos no mesmo per&#237;odo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3-C</xref>). Entre os cirurgi&#245;es cardiovasculares, 77,3% relataram redu&#231;&#227;o superior a 50% no n&#250;mero de cirurgias (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3-D</xref>). A subespecialidade ecocardiografia mostrou associa&#231;&#227;o com redu&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica pelos profissionais (p &lt;0,001).</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos cardiologistas participantes (n=1222) por subespecialidade (A); e por porcentagem de profissionais que relataram redu&#231;&#227;o nos procedimentos de ecocardiografia (B); hemodin&#226;mica (C) e cirurgia card&#237;aca (D)</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-1048-01231-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        <p>As consultas por videoconfer&#234;ncia no &#226;mbito da Telemedicina foram autorizadas recentemente no Brasil. Nesta pesquisa, 30% dos entrevistados as realizaram, por&#233;m apenas 36% foram reembolsados integralmente pelo servi&#231;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>). Antes da pandemia, 48,8% das mulheres ganhavam mais de R$20 mil ao m&#234;s e, durante a pandemia, houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 63%, e apenas 18% continuaram com essa renda. Entre os homens a redu&#231;&#227;o foi de 45% (81,2% para 44,6%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5</xref>). Apenas 7,6% das mulheres e 1,8% dos homens ganhavam menos de R$10mil por m&#234;s antes da pandemia, e esse n&#250;mero passou para 38,2% e 20,8%, respectivamente, durante a pandemia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Reembolso das consultas por videoconfer&#234;ncia realizadas durante a pandemia da COVID-19 por cardiologistas brasileiros (n=1222).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-1048-01231-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos cardiologistas brasileiros (n=1222) quanto &#224; renda e sexo antes e durante a pandemia da COVID-19.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-1048-01231-gf05.tif"/></fig>
        <p>As medidas adotadas para reduzir os custos durante a pandemia n&#227;o tiveram associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com a faixa et&#225;ria da amostra (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 6</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figura 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o da faixa et&#225;ria com as medidas para redu&#231;&#227;o de custos durante a pandemia.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-1048-01231-gf06.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos relacionados &#224;s mudan&#231;as de rotina e de estilo de vida</title>
        <p>Dos entrevistados, 69% praticavam atividade f&#237;sica antes da pandemia. Desses, 63% reduziram ou suspenderam a pr&#225;tica da atividade f&#237;sica durante a pandemia. Doze por cento experimentaram conflito familiar (quatro relatos de viol&#234;ncia dom&#233;stica); 17% passaram a fazer uso de antidepressivos ou ansiol&#237;ticos e 11% aumentaram o uso de drogas l&#237;citas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2B</xref>). N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o de redu&#231;&#227;o da pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica com o sexo ou com a renda (p &gt;0,05).</p>
        <p>Considerando as &#250;ltimas quatro semanas da pandemia, 44% dos entrevistados relataram ganho de peso, sendo que 13% relataram ganho superior a 3 kg. Em 35% dos casos, o peso manteve-se est&#225;vel. Neste mesmo per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o, 26% relataram aumento do consumo de bebidas alco&#243;licas, enquanto 30% referiram que o consumo permaneceu est&#225;vel. N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre ganho de peso e mudan&#231;a na atividade f&#237;sica (p &gt;0,05).</p>
        <p>Dos entrevistados, 40,2% relataram diminui&#231;&#227;o na frequ&#234;ncia das rela&#231;&#245;es sexuais, para 41,6% essa frequ&#234;ncia manteve-se est&#225;vel, e apenas 7,4% relataram aumento na frequ&#234;ncia de rela&#231;&#245;es (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 7</xref>). Essa redu&#231;&#227;o foi mais significativa nos profissionais do sexo feminino (p &lt;0,001).</p>
        <fig id="f7">
          <label>Figura 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Frequ&#234;ncia de rela&#231;&#245;es sexuais relatadas pelos cardiologistas durante a pandemia (n=1222)</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-1048-01231-gf07.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos relacionados &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o pela COVID-19</title>
        <p>Do total de investigados, 54,9% mostraram moderada ou muita preocupa&#231;&#227;o em trabalhar na linha de frente do combate &#224; COVID-19. At&#233; o final do per&#237;odo pesquisado (22/07/2020), 20% dos cardiologistas entrevistados tinham tido infec&#231;&#227;o sintom&#225;tica confirmada pelo novo coronav&#237;rus. Em 1,8% dos casos, os sintomas foram graves, necessitando internamento, ao passo que os sintomas foram leves e sem necessidade de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o em 15% dos que responderam ao question&#225;rio. Em 3% dos casos a infec&#231;&#227;o foi confirmada, mas a evolu&#231;&#227;o foi assintom&#225;tica.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo relata os resultados da primeira pesquisa nacional que avaliou o impacto causado pela pandemia da COVID-19 nas quest&#245;es profissionais, financeiras, de sa&#250;de (f&#237;sica e mental), e de estilo de vida dos m&#233;dicos cardiologistas brasileiros. As respostas de 1222 cardiologistas, distribu&#237;dos por todas as regi&#245;es do Brasil, demonstraram um forte impacto em todas as &#225;reas investigadas. Foi n&#237;tida a redu&#231;&#227;o nos ganhos financeiros, associada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da carga hor&#225;ria no consult&#243;rio e &#224; necessidade de aumento no n&#250;mero de plant&#245;es semanais. Como consequ&#234;ncia, a quita&#231;&#227;o de alguns compromissos financeiros ficou comprometida, incluindo pagamento de entidade de classe, cursos de aprimoramento profissional e custeio da educa&#231;&#227;o dos filhos. Notamos ainda uma importante redu&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica de atividades f&#237;sicas e de rela&#231;&#245;es sexuais durante a pandemia, al&#233;m de aumento nos conflitos familiares e no uso de antidepressivos e ansiol&#237;ticos. Quase metade dos cardiologistas relataram aumento no peso corporal e 25% relataram aumento na ingest&#227;o de bebidas alco&#243;licas.</p>
      <p>Assim como aconteceu com os cardiologistas brasileiros, uma pesquisa divulgada pela British Medical Association em julho de 2020 apontou que 39,5% dos m&#233;dicos brit&#226;nicos relataram redu&#231;&#227;o nos ganhos financeiros e 30,7% referiram condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de mental relacionadas ou agravadas pelo seu trabalho durante a pandemia da COVID-19, como depress&#227;o, ansiedade, estresse, esgotamento e sofrimento emocional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Em recente pesquisa realizada com 766 urologistas brasileiros, 54,8% relataram redu&#231;&#227;o nos ganhos financeiros superior a 50% durante a pandemia da COVID-19, 32,9% relataram ganho de peso, 60,0% redu&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica, 39,9% aumentaram o consumo de &#225;lcool e 34,9% referiram redu&#231;&#227;o na atividade sexual.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>V&#225;rios n&#237;veis de evid&#234;ncias sugerem que a inatividade f&#237;sica pode provocar importantes repercuss&#245;es na fisiologia cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> As atividades f&#237;sicas dos cardiologistas estudados foram reduzidas ou suspensas em 63% dos casos, o que pode ter impactado nos 44% que tiveram aumento de peso superior a 3kg. Uma publica&#231;&#227;o recente relacionou a redu&#231;&#227;o de atividade f&#237;sica e ganho de peso com o aumento do risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, al&#233;m de alertar sobre outros perigos da obesidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Pelo nosso levantamento, 26% passaram a ingerir mais bebidas alco&#243;licas, enquanto 40% dos entrevistados afirmaram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o no n&#250;mero de rela&#231;&#245;es sexuais em compara&#231;&#227;o a antes da pandemia. &#201; plaus&#237;vel a associa&#231;&#227;o do aumento do consumo de &#225;lcool e da exacerba&#231;&#227;o de conflitos familiares com o impacto psicol&#243;gico causado pelo isolamento social prolongado. O aumento de conflitos familiares foi relatado por 12% dos nossos entrevistados, incluindo quatro profissionais que sofreram viol&#234;ncia dom&#233;stica. Esse n&#250;mero pode ser bem maior, posto que houve aumento desses casos durante o per&#237;odo de isolamento social em outros pa&#237;ses como a China (onde os casos triplicaram),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Reino Unido, Estados Unidos e Fran&#231;a (atingindo 36%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> No Brasil, esse &#237;ndice chegou a aumentar em 17%, conforme dados do Minist&#233;rio da Mulher.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O governo brasileiro regularizou e autorizou temporariamente o atendimento remoto de pacientes por meio da telemedicina no Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Mesmo em fase ainda inicial, precipitada pelo isolamento social imposto pela pandemia, 30% dos cardiologistas que responderam ao question&#225;rio afirmaram ter realizado teleconsultas, embora apenas 36% destes tenham sido reembolsados integralmente pelo servi&#231;o. Como compara&#231;&#227;o, 38,7% dos urologistas brasileiros relataram ter realizado teleconsultas, com mais de 50% informando reembolso pelo servi&#231;o prestado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em 2017, um question&#225;rio foi enviado via e-mail a todos os 13 462 cardiologistas adimplentes associados &#224; SBC; 2101 (15,6%) responderam efetivamente, sendo 1509 (71,8%) homens e 592 (28,2%) mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Dos 1222 (9,1% dos s&#243;cios da SBC) que responderam ao nosso question&#225;rio, 711 (58,2%) eram homens. A faixa et&#225;ria foi semelhante aos respondedores das duas enquetes, sendo que 51,3% dos que responderam &#224; pesquisa da SBC tinham mais de 50 anos, contra 44% dos respondedores do nosso trabalho. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o geogr&#225;fica, 54% dos s&#243;cios adimplentes da SBC est&#227;o na regi&#227;o Sudeste, 19% no Nordeste, 15% no Sul, 8% na regi&#227;o Centro-Oeste e 3% no Norte. Dentre os que responderam ao nosso question&#225;rio, 43% estavam na regi&#227;o Nordeste, 17% no Centro-Oeste, 13% no Sul, 20% no Sudeste e 7% no Norte do Brasil.</p>
      <p>O presente estudo possui algumas limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes aos estudos transversais baseados em resposta a um question&#225;rio. O n&#250;mero de respondentes da atual pesquisa representa pouco menos de 10% do n&#250;mero de cardiologistas associados &#224; SBC. A distribui&#231;&#227;o geogr&#225;fica dos participantes da pesquisa &#233; diferente da dos s&#243;cios da SBC. Outro ponto relevante &#233; a impossibilidade de comprovar as respostas ou esclarec&#234;-las; por&#233;m, apesar da incerteza da veracidade das respostas, o estudo foi coerente com outros dados publicados em &#226;mbito nacional e internacional. Embora nosso estudo tenha encontrado algumas associa&#231;&#245;es interessantes e com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, tais achados devem ser considerados meramente explorat&#243;rios, n&#227;o podendo desconsiderar a possibilidade de achados falso-positivos pela quantidade de testes de hip&#243;teses realizados.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Esse estudo demonstra o impacto negativo da pandemia de COVID-19 no trabalho, renda, sa&#250;de e estilo de vida dos m&#233;dicos cardiologistas brasileiros. S&#227;o dados de extrema relev&#226;ncia que ajudar&#227;o no planejamento em futuros cen&#225;rios de caos como o atual enfrentamento pand&#234;mico.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impact of COVID-19 on the Life of Brazilian Cardiologists and Cardiovascular Surgeons</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1777-477X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Andre Luiz Cerqueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8809-8783</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6881-712X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Elton Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Botelho</surname>
            <given-names>Luis F&#225;bio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Andr&#233; Abreu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0711-7995</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barberato</surname>
            <given-names>Silvio Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Feira de Santana</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Feira de Santana - Cardiologia, Feira de Santana, BA - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff9">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Jo&#227;o Pessoa</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff10">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">UNIFACS Curso de Medicina, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff11">
          <label>5</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - Diretoria de Qualidade Assistencial, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff12">
          <label>6</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">CardioEco - Centro de Diagn&#243;stico Cardiovascular, Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Andre Luiz Cerqueira Almeida &#8226;</bold> Santa Casa de Misericordia de Feira de Santana - Cardiologia - Rua Edelvira de Oliveira, 192. Postal Code <postal-code>44001-032</postal-code>, Feira de Santana, BA - Brazil, E-mail: <email>andrealmeida@cardiol.br</email>, <email>andrealmeida@uefs.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Almeida ALC, Melo M, Barberato SH; Acquisition of data: Almeida ALC, Melo M, Rodrigues REF, Almeida PAA, Barberato SH; Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Almeida ALC, Melo M, Rodrigues REF, Botelho LF, Almeida PAA, Barberato SH; Statistical analysis: Botelho LF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronavirus-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Pandemics</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiologists</kwd>
        <kwd>Surgeons</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Health Systems</kwd>
        <kwd>Infection/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Health Personnel</kwd>
        <kwd>Sedentary Behavior</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The COVID-19 (from the English coronavirus disease) pandemic has had a strong impact on cardiology services. The number of visits and cardiac interventions has decreased in many parts of the world in recent months.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, despite increasing pressure and burden on the healthcare system, the provision of care has continued, particularly because patients with pre-existing cardiovascular disease are at high risk of COVID-19 infection, complications, and primary cardiac manifestations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In addition, effects of the COVID-19 have affected the society and in particularly healthcare professionals in terms of physical and mental health consequences, financial disturbances, and changes in quality of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Therefore, the COVID-19 pandemic has affected many aspects of the work and life of health care providers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Our study aimed at assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the life of cardiologists and cardiac surgeons in Brazil, regarding professional practice, income, health and life style.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>The authors released an online form on two websites, the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (SBC) website and on the SBC quality of care board website, to invite cardiologists to participate in the research. In addition, an invitation was sent by a freeware, cross-platform centralized instant messaging service to groups of cardiologists and local societies, departments and study groups, members of the SBC. Participation was voluntary and necessarily anonymous. Participants did not receive any financial or material compensation. Data were collected from 10 July to 22 July 2020. The online form was composed of 28 questions of mandatory completion about healthcare practices and the quality of life of Brazilian cardiologists during the COVID-19 pandemic. Most questions were multiple-choice questions, and many of them had more than one possible answers.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical aspects</title>
          <p>A descriptive analysis of data was performed - nominal or categorical variables were expressed as absolute values, percentages or proportions. Numerical variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile range, according to the data distribution. The Fisher's exact test was used to assess possible associations between categorical variables, at a level of significance of 5%. The Microsoft 365 Excel software was used for data analysis and construction of graphs. The inferential analysis of data was performed using Stata/SE 16.1 (StataCorp).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>General aspects</title>
          <p>A total of 1,224 cardiologists accessed the questionnaire; two declined to participate and 1,222 answered the instrument, corresponding to 9.4% of current members of the SBC. Mean age of the study population was 47.9 &#177; 11.5 years, 711 (58.2%) were men. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 1</xref> shows the distribution of respondents by Brazilian geographical region (1-A), workplace (1B), monthly income before and during the pandemic (1C) and changes in work routines of the cardiologists (1D).</p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribution of Brazilian cardiologists participating in the study (n=1,222) by geographical area (A) place of work (B), monthly income before and during the COVID-19 pandemic (in Brazilian reals) (C), and changes in work routines / structure due to the pandemic.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-1048-01231-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>There was a significant association between male sex and higher income ranges (p&lt;0.001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>). Cardiologists who work in the private sector or in teaching activities experienced greater changes in income during the pandemic (p&lt;0.001).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Table 1 Associations between the variables analyzed in the assessment of the COVID-19 pandemic on the life of Brazilian cardiologists (n=1,222)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Variable 01</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Variable 02</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Association (p-value)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Female sex</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Reduction in sexual activity</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Male sex</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Higher income ranges</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Work in the private sector</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Greater changes in income</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Teachinig activities</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Greater changes in income</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Age &lt; 50 years</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Working more shifts</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Work as an echocardiography sonographer</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Decrease in physical activity</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Monthly income</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Decrease in physical activity</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Weight gain</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Decrease in physical activity</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Sex</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Decrease in physical activity</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Sex</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Changes in work routines</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Age range</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Measures to reduce costs</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 0.05</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Aspects of work and income</title>
          <p>The number of cardiologists who started to work at three or more shifts per week during the pandemic increased by 37.5%. On the other hand, 64% reduced their work hours at the office, 22% canceled their office lease, 18% had to dismiss employees, and 9% canceled investments in marketing (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 1D</xref>).</p>
          <p>As a consequence of the income reduction, 15% of cardiologists stopped paying medical councils of which they were members. Other measures for cost reduction are described in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 2A</xref>.</p>
          <fig id="f9">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Measures for cost reduction (A) and changes in lifestyle (B) during the COVID-19 pandemic reported by Brazilian cardiologists (n=1,222).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-1048-01231-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>When we analyzed the impact of the pandemic by age range, considering 50 years of age as the cutoff, considering the valid responses, 56% of respondents were younger than 50 years and 44% aged 50 years or more. In these two groups, we found a significant increase (p&lt;0.001) in the number of work shifts per week among the younger group, with no significant impact on the monthly income in none of the groups.</p>
          <p>Forty-two percent of our sample were clinical cardiologists, 39% echocardiographists, 2% cardiovascular surgeons (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 3A</xref>). Among the echocardiographists, 54.5% reported a reduction greater than 50% in the volume of tests performed per month during the pandemic (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 3B</xref>). In the field of hemodynamics, 62.8% of respondents reported a reduction greater than 50% in the volume of tests or procedures in the same period (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 3C</xref>). Among cardiovascular surgeons,77.3% reported a reduction greater than 50% in the number of surgeries (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 3D</xref>). A significant association was found between working in the field of echocardiography and a reduction in physical activity by professionals (p&lt;0.001).</p>
          <fig id="f10">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribution of cardiologists participating in the study by subspecialties (A) and percentages of professionals that reported a reduction in echocardiographic procedures (B); hemodynamic procedures (C) and cardiac surgeries (D).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-1048-01231-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>Telemedicine videoconferencing has been recently approved in Brazil. This modality of consultation was used by 30% of respondents in our study; however, 36% of these were fully reimbursed for the service (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 4</xref>). Before the pandemic, 48.8% of the women gained more than R$20,000 thousand a month and, during the pandemic, there was a reduction of 63%, and only 18% maintained the same income. Among men, 81.2% and 44.6% gained more than R$20,000 thousand a month before and during the pandemic, i.e., a reduction of 45% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figure 5</xref>). Only 7.6% of women and 1.8% of men gained less than R$10,000 a month before the pandemic, and this percentage increased to 38.2% and 20.8%, respectively, during the pandemic (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f11">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Reimbursement of consultations by video technology made during the COVID-19 pandemic, reported by Brazilian cardiologists (n=1,222).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-1048-01231-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          <fig id="f12">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribution of Brazilian cardiologists (n=1,222) by monthly income (in Brazilian reals) and sex before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-1048-01231-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>No association was found between measures for cost reductions adopted during the pandemic and age ranges (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figure 6</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f13">
            <label>Figure 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Relationship between age range and measures of cost reduction during the pandemic (n=1,222).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-1048-01231-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Changes in work routines and lifestyle</title>
          <p>Among the respondents, 69% reported being physically active before the pandemic, and 63% of them reduced or stopped physical activities during the pandemic. Twelve percent of participants experienced family conflicts (four reported domestic violence); 17% started using antidepressants or anxiolytics, and 11% increased the use of illicit drugs (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 2B</xref>). No association was found between reduction in physical activity with sex or income (p&gt;0.05).</p>
          <p>Considering the last four weeks of the pandemic, 44% of respondents reported weight gain, and 13% reported gaining more than three kilograms; weight was stable in 35% of respondents. In the same period of analysis, 26% of respondents reported increased alcohol consumption and 30% reported a stable consumption. There was no association between weight gain and change in physical activity (p&gt;0.05).</p>
          <p>In addition, for 40.2% and 41.6% of respondents, the frequency of sexual intercourse was reduced or unchanged, respectively, during the pandemic, and only 7.4% reported an increase in this frequency (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figure 7</xref>). The reduction in the frequency of sexual activity was more pronounced in women than men (p&lt;0.001).</p>
          <fig id="f14">
            <label>Figure 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Frequency of sexual activity during the pandemic reported by Brazilian cardiologists (n=1,222).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-1048-01231-gf07-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Aspects of the COVID-19 infection</title>
          <p>In our sample, 54.9% of cardiologists reported to be moderately or very concerned about being on the frontline against COVID-19. Until the end of the study period (07/22/2020), 20% of respondents had a symptomatic COVID-19 infection; 1.8% of them had severe symptoms and required hospitalization, and 15% of respondents had mild symptoms and did not require hospitalization. Three percent of the cases had a confirmed infection, with an asymptomatic course though.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The present study describes the results of the first nationwide survey that assessed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on professional and financial lives, health (physical and mental), and lifestyle of Brazilian cardiologists. The responses from 1,222 cardiologists from all geographical regions of the country demonstrated a strong impact of the pandemic on all these aspects. The findings reviewed a marked decrease in financial gain, associated with a reduction in working hours at the office, and an increase in the number of shifts per week. Consequently, payment of some expenses was affected, including payment of medical councils, attendance in professional development courses, and payment of school fees of their children. In addition, there was an important reduction in the practice of physical activities, frequency of sexual intercourse, and an increase in family conflicts and use of antidepressant and anxiolytics. Almost half of cardiologists reported weight gain and 25% reported an increase in alcohol consumption.</p>
        <p>Similar to the results obtained here, a study published by the British Medical Association in July 2020 showed that 39.5% of British doctors reported a reduction in financial earnings, and 30.7% reported mental health conditions relating to or made worse by work during the COVID-19 pandemic, such as depression, anxiety, stress, burnout, and emotional distress.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In a recent study conducted with 766 Brazilian urologists, 54.8% reported a reduction greater than 50% in the income during the pandemic, 32.9% reported weight gain, 60.0% reported a reduction in physical activity, 39.9% increased alcohol consumption, and 34.9% reported a reduction in sexual activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Several lines of evidence have suggested that physical inactivity may have important repercussions in cardiovascular physiology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Physical activity was reduced or stopped by 63% of respondents, which may have contributed to the weight gain greater than three kilograms reported by 44% of participants. A recent publication established a relationship of physical activity reduction and weight gain with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and drew attention to other obesity-related health problems.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Our data showed that 26% of respondents increased alcohol consumption, and 40% reported a reduction in sexual activity during the pandemic as compared with before the pandemic. It is plausible to associate the increased alcohol consumption and exacerbation of family conflicts with the psychological impact caused by prolonged social isolation. An increase in family conflicts was reported by 12% of respondents, including four professionals who experienced domestic violence. It is of note that this number may be much higher, considering that the number of domestic violence incidents has drastically increased in other countries during the period of social isolation, including China (where the number of cases has tripled),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> the United Kingdom, the United States and France (reaching a 36% increase).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In Brazil, the incidence increased by 17% according to the Brazilian Ministry of Women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The Brazilian government has regulated and temporarily authorized the remote consultation of patients by telemedicine in Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Precipitated by the social isolation imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic, and still in its early stages, 30% of the cardiologists reported using teleconsultation, although only 36% of them were fully reimbursed for the service. This differs from the results of another study that showed that 38.7% of the Brazilian urologists participating in the study reported evaluating their patients by teleconsultation, and 50% of them were fully reimbursed for the service.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In 2017, a questionnaire was sent by e-mail to all 13,462 cardiologists, active members of the SBC; 2,101 (15.6%) responded to the questionnaire, 1509 (71.8%) men and 592 (28.2%) women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> In our study, of 1,222 (9.1% of the SBC active members) of respondents, 711 (58.2%) were men. Age range of respondents was similar between the two surveys, but 51.3% of respondents to the first survey were older than 50 years, versus 44% in the current study. Regarding the geographical distribution, 54% of active members of the SBC live in the southeast region of Brazil, 19% live in the northeast, 15% in the south, 8% in the middle-west, and 3% in the north region of Brazil. Among respondents, 43% live in the northeast region, 17% in the middle-west, 13% in the south. 20% in the southeast and 7% in the north.</p>
        <p>The present study has some limitations inherent to cross-sectional studies based on questionnaire responses. The number of respondents represent slightly less than 10% of the number of cardiologists members of the SBC. The geographical distribution of respondents is markedly different from that of the members of the SBC. Also, it was impossible to prove or elucidate the questionnaire responses; however, although the truthfulness of the responses could not be checked, the study was consistent with literature published in Brazil and in other countries. In addition, although we have found some interesting and even statistically significant associations, our results should be considered exploratory, and the possibility of false-positive results cannot be disregarded due to the number of hypothesis tests performed.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>This study reinforces the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the work, income, health, and lifestyle of Brazilian cardiologists. We present extremely relevant data that will help in planning in future scenarios of chaos, like the current challenge of the COVID-19 pandemic.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
