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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">v6zfJt3QCdBV3S86CrcKKjz</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021005014201</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001301030</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200546</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200546</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Reten&#231;&#227;o das Habilidades de Ressuscita&#231;&#227;o Cardiopulmonar nos Estudantes de Medicina</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6134-3654</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moretti</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Camboim</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4221-7457</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferrandez</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline Awoki</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6342-1959</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela Corralo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Iaggo Bemini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3451-5187</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Canonaco</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Seidler</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5677-8810</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mathia</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Fernando Monteiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chagas</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos Palandri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o do ABC</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Santo Andr&#233;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Funda&#231;&#227;o do ABC &#8211; Cardiologia,1 Santo Andr&#233;, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Miguel Ant&#244;nio Moretti &#8226; Faculdade de Medicina da Funda&#231;&#227;o do ABC &#8211; Av. Pr&#237;ncipe de Gales, 821. CEP 09060-650, Santo Andr&#233;, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>mamorett@uol.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Moretti MA, Camboim AO, Ferrandez CA, Ramos IC, Costa IB, Canonaco JS, Mathia VL, Ferreira JFM. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Moretti MA, Camboim AO, Ferrandez CA, Ramos IC, Costa IB, Canonaco JS, Mathia VL. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Moretti MA, Camboim AO, Ferrandez CA, Ramos IC. Costa IB, Canonaco JS, Mathia VL. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Moretti MA. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Moretti MA, Camboim AO, Ferrandez CA, Ramos IC, Costa IB. Canonaco JS, Mathia VL, Ferreira JFM, Chagas ACP. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Moretti MA, Ferreira JFM, Chagas ACP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potenciais conflitos de interesse</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>1030</fpage>
      <lpage>1035</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade e das sequelas de uma v&#237;tima de parada card&#237;aca depende de um atendimento eficaz, r&#225;pido e iniciado o mais precocemente poss&#237;vel. O suporte b&#225;sico de vida (SBV) compreende uma s&#233;rie de etapas que podem ser iniciadas fora do ambiente hospitalar, e ensinadas para qualquer pessoa em cursos espec&#237;ficos. Por&#233;m, &#233; importante que o socorrista retenha o conhecimento e as habilidades, pois nunca se sabe quando ser&#225; necess&#225;rio realizar uma ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar (RCP). Entretanto, estudos mostram que existe uma perda das habilidades em executar uma RCP j&#225; com 30 dias ap&#243;s o treinamento, com varia&#231;&#245;es segundo algumas caracter&#237;sticas das pessoas e da atividade profissional.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Avaliar se os estudantes de medicina s&#227;o capazes de reter as habilidades por mais de seis meses.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Estudo prospectivo, caso controle, observacional. Estudantes de medicina realizaram um curso sobre morte s&#250;bita e parada card&#237;aca de 40 horas. A avalia&#231;&#227;o das habilidades foi realizada imediatamente ap&#243;s o curso e seis meses depois. Foram comparadas as notas individuais entre dois momentos, foi avaliada a porcentagem de acerto em cada etapa e uma an&#225;lise global do atendimento foi classificado como &#243;timo, bom e ruim. Os avaliadores e crit&#233;rios foram os mesmos nos dois momentos. Os dados foram analisados pelos teste-t pareado e teste de McNemar, onde para um n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a de 95% o crit&#233;rio para signific&#226;ncia foi p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Cinquenta estudantes (27 do sexo feminino) do primeiro ano, com idade entre 18 e 24 anos (m&#233;dia 21), realizaram o curso. O n&#250;mero de etapas cumpridas de forma correta ap&#243;s seis meses foi significativamente menor que logo ap&#243;s o curso (10,8 vs 12,5 p &lt; 0,001). O sexo e idade n&#227;o interferiram nos resultados. A qualidade global foi considerada &#243;tima em 78% dos atendimentos realizados logo ap&#243;s o curso, significativamente, maior que os 40% ap&#243;s seis meses (p &lt; 0,01). Ap&#243;s seis meses, maior n&#250;mero de erros foi observado nas etapas relacionadas &#224;s habilidades mais pr&#225;ticas (como posicionamento das m&#227;os).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Seis meses ap&#243;s o curso observamos uma perda significativa das habilidades, entre estudantes de medicina, prejudicando a efic&#225;cia global do atendimento.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Reanima&#231;&#227;o Cardiopulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Parada Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudantes de Medicina</kwd>
        <kwd>Educa&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Aprendizagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Habilidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="24"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o as principais causas de morte por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> morte s&#250;bita (MS), e de parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (PCR)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. A tentativa de revers&#227;o da PCR &#233; feita por manobras de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar (RCP) e a redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade e de sequelas de uma v&#237;tima de PCR depende de um atendimento eficaz, r&#225;pido e mais precoce poss&#237;vel, de prefer&#234;ncia no local de sua ocorr&#234;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O suporte b&#225;sico de vida (SBV) compreende uma s&#233;rie de etapas que podem ser iniciadas fora do ambiente hospitalar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Em um curso de SBV, as t&#233;cnicas de RCP abordadas v&#227;o desde o reconhecimento precoce da parada card&#237;aca, do in&#237;cio imediato das manobras de compress&#227;o tor&#225;cica e ventila&#231;&#227;o, at&#233; o uso do desfibrilador externo autom&#225;tico (DEA), e podem sem ensinadas para qualquer pessoa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Como a maioria dos eventos de PCR ocorre fora do ambiente hospitalar, &#233; importante que a popula&#231;&#227;o saiba executar as t&#233;cnicas de RCP,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> mesmo que as pessoas achem que somente os profissionais da &#225;rea da sa&#250;de sejam capazes de agir adequadamente em emerg&#234;ncias.</p>
      <p>Contudo, n&#227;o basta apenas um treinamento adequado; &#233; importante que o socorrista retenha o conhecimento e as habilidades para manter a efici&#234;ncia da RCP, pois nunca se sabe quando ser&#225; necess&#225;rio colocar esses conhecimentos em pr&#225;tica. Diversos estudos foram realizados para avaliar a capacidade de reten&#231;&#227;o dessas informa&#231;&#245;es e habilidades ao longo do tempo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> No entanto, eles n&#227;o s&#227;o un&#226;nimes em apontar as principais causas da queda na reten&#231;&#227;o e nem em quanto tempo isso acontece. Isso dificulta, por exemplo, estabelecer com qual periodicidade deve-se realizar o retreinamento.</p>
      <p>Estudos mostram que, mesmo entre profissionais da sa&#250;de existe uma perda das habilidades em executar uma RCP e apontam como causas desse insucesso o treinamento insuficiente e/ou falta de reten&#231;&#227;o de habilidades.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Mesmo esses profissionais, &#224;s vezes, passam muito tempo sem utilizar esses conhecimentos. Smith et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> demonstraram que as habilidades psicomotoras na RCP t&#234;m uma queda ap&#243;s 10 semanas em estudantes de gradua&#231;&#227;o em enfermagem, e outros estudos destacam que as habilidades pr&#225;ticas se deterioraram j&#225; a partir dos primeiros 30 dias ap&#243;s o curso de suporte de vida avan&#231;ado (SVA) e essa perda vai se acentuando at&#233; se estabilizar ao final de um ano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Estudo publicado em 2014 ressalta uma redu&#231;&#227;o na reten&#231;&#227;o de habilidades entre estudantes de medicina ap&#243;s um e dois anos do curso de RCP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Como qualquer pessoa, os estudantes de medicina tamb&#233;m est&#227;o sujeitos a testemunharem eventos de MS ou de PCR fora do ambiente hospitalar, o que j&#225; justificaria um treinamento sobre manobras de RCP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Desde seu ingresso na faculdade, logo nos primeiros meses, os estudantes j&#225; s&#227;o cobrados pela sociedade e por eles mesmos a agirem como m&#233;dicos, esperando que tenham as mesmas habilidades de um profissional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Por isso, defendemos que o treinamento para o atendimento &#224; PCR fa&#231;a parte do curr&#237;culo do curso de medicina,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> onde o SBV seria ensinado logo no primeiro ano e o SVA mais no final do curso quando o estudante j&#225; possui uma carga maior de conhecimento, habilidades e logo estar&#225; trabalhando na assist&#234;ncia a pessoas. Entendemos que os cursos do <italic>American Heart Association</italic> (AHA) &#8211; por exemplo, o <italic>Basic Life Support</italic> (BLS) e o <italic>Heart Saver</italic> &#8211; e da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (Treinamento de Emerg&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares B&#225;sico &#8211; TECA B) atendem as necessidades do treinamento para profissionais da sa&#250;de j&#225; formados ou para uma popula&#231;&#227;o leiga. Mas, para os estudantes do primeiro ano de medicina, o curso b&#225;sico deveria incluir n&#227;o somente o treinamento de habilidades, mas tamb&#233;m proporcionar uma base te&#243;rica mais ampla, para que o aprendizado seja mais f&#225;cil e a reten&#231;&#227;o das habilidades aprendidas de maneira mais duradoura<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> .</p>
      <p>Nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; de que a perda de conhecimento e de habilidades para realizar as manobras de RCP j&#225; est&#225; presente entre estudantes de medicina seis meses ap&#243;s um treinamento de SBV, mesmo no caso de cursos mais elaborados e de maior dura&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Metodologia</title>
      <p>Cinquenta estudantes (27 do sexo feminino) do primeiro ano da gradua&#231;&#227;o do curso de medicina, com idade entre 18 e 24 anos (m&#233;dia 21), realizaram o curso de &#8220;Morte S&#250;bita e Ressuscita&#231;&#227;o Cardiopulmonar&#8221;. Esse &#233; um curso optativo dentro da grade curricular da gradua&#231;&#227;o com carga hor&#225;ria de 32 horas-aula, sendo cerca de 30% de aulas te&#243;ricas e 70% de aulas pr&#225;ticas, com &#234;nfase no desenvolvimento de habilidades e simula&#231;&#245;es de situa&#231;&#245;es de MS e/ou PCR.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m de um conte&#250;do te&#243;rico sobre a hist&#243;ria, epidemiologia e fisiopatologia da MS, o curso tamb&#233;m contempla uma parte pr&#225;tica onde os alunos s&#227;o treinados para executar o atendimento a uma situa&#231;&#227;o de PCR. Durante as aulas pr&#225;ticas s&#227;o desenvolvidas e treinadas habilidades como reconhecer os sinais de uma PCR e quais atitudes tomar &#8211; verificar a seguran&#231;a do local, saber quem e como chamar ajuda, como executar uma compress&#227;o tor&#225;cica eficiente (for&#231;a, frequ&#234;ncia, profundidade, localiza&#231;&#227;o e posicionamento das m&#227;os), como executar uma ventila&#231;&#227;o segura e eficaz utilizando dispositivos adequados, identificar a necessidade do uso de um DEA, como utiliz&#225;-lo e como dar sequ&#234;ncia ou decidir pela interrup&#231;&#227;o do atendimento. Esse treinamento pr&#225;tico &#233; baseado nos cursos de padroniza&#231;&#227;o do atendimento da PCR recomendado pela AHA<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> (o BLS) e pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (o TECA B).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s o curso, os estudantes tiveram os conhecimentos e as habilidades para o atendimento de uma PCR avaliados em ambiente extra-hospitalar. Para tanto, foi utilizada uma ficha padronizada com etapas que deveriam ser cumpridas de forma correta ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Quadro 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Quadro 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Formul&#225;rio usado para avaliar conhecimento e habilidades adquiridos no curso &#8220;Morte S&#250;bita e Ressuscita&#231;&#227;o Cardiopulmonar&#8221; aplicado imediatamente ap&#243;s e seis meses depois do curso</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">ETAPAS A SEREM EXECUTADAS AP&#211;S IDENTIFICAR UM INDIV&#205;DUO INCONSCIENTE, QUE N&#195;O SE MEXE E N&#195;O RESPIRA</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Avaliar a seguran&#231;a do local e da execu&#231;&#227;o de atendimento</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Solicitar ajuda a outra pessoa de forma clara e objetiva, dizendo o que &#233; para fazer</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Definir para quem ligar - 192/193</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Solicitar o desfibrilador externo autom&#225;tico (DEA)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colocar v&#237;tima na posi&#231;&#227;o correta e verificar pulso e respira&#231;&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Iniciar compress&#245;es tor&#225;cicas de imediato</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colocar as m&#227;os na posi&#231;&#227;o correta sobre o esterno</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Exercer cada compress&#227;o na profundidade correta (4-5 cm)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Exercer compress&#245;es na frequ&#234;ncia correta (100 vezes por minuto)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Realizar ventila&#231;&#227;o somente com dispositivo de prote&#231;&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Manter os 5 ciclos de 30 compress&#245;es e 2 ventila&#231;&#245;es antes de reavaliar a v&#237;tima</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o interromper a ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar na chegada do DEA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Utilizar o DEA de acordo com instru&#231;&#245;es do aparelho</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Retomar as manobras de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o (RCP) ap&#243;s uso do DEA se necess&#225;rio</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Cada etapa realizada pelo aluno foi avaliada como cumprida ou n&#227;o (SIM se realizou de forma correta e N&#195;O se n&#227;o realizou de forma correta, ou se n&#227;o realizou). Ao final, o atendimento como um todo (atendimento global) foi avaliado em: &#243;timo, bom ou ruim. Para um &#243;timo desempenho, o aluno poderia cometer at&#233; dois erros (o que estaria acima dos 84% de acertos que &#233; exigido pelo AHA<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> ); para um bom desempenho, tr&#234;s ou quatro erros (mais de 70% de acertos); e ruim se cometesse mais de quatro erros (menos de 70% de acertos). Setenta por cento de acertos &#233; o m&#237;nimo esperado para o aluno ser aprovado no curso de acordo com os crit&#233;rios da faculdade.</p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s seis meses do curso, os estudantes foram submetidos a uma reavalia&#231;&#227;o, onde realizaram um atendimento simulado de PCR em manequim, sem agendamento pr&#233;vio. Foi utilizada a mesma ficha de avalia&#231;&#227;o e os mesmos crit&#233;rios (mesmos instrutores/professores). O atendimento global tamb&#233;m foi classificado.</p>
      <p>Todos os alunos assinaram termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido aceitando participar do estudo. O estudo, a aprova&#231;&#227;o pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica e o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido foram aprovados e registrados na Plataforma Brasil (CAAE: 81721317.7.0000.0082).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
      <p>Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo, onde cada indiv&#237;duo foi controle dele mesmo, em uma amostra por conveni&#234;ncia. Quando se comparou etapa por etapa, os resultados foram avaliados pelo teste de McNemar para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas (apresentadas em valores absolutos e em porcentagem). As m&#233;dias e desvios padr&#245;es das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram comparadas pelo teste t pareado usando o programa Excel da Microsoft Office 365<sup>&#8482;</sup>, ap&#243;s confirma&#231;&#227;o da normalidade pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. O n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a de 95% foi calculado e valor de p menor que 0,05 foi estabelecido para signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Todos os alunos foram avaliados logo ap&#243;s o curso e seis meses depois. Das 14 etapas avaliadas, os estudantes cumpriram de forma correta, em m&#233;dia, 12,5 etapas logo ap&#243;s o curso e em m&#233;dia 10,8 etapas na avalia&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s seis meses. Houve uma diferen&#231;a significativa (p &lt; 0,001), demonstrando uma perda na reten&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento e das habilidades ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de seis meses. Tamb&#233;m observamos que, apesar de os homens terem uma m&#233;dia de idade maior que as mulheres (21,7 anos vs. 20,2 anos &#8211; p = 0,006), a idade e o sexo dos alunos n&#227;o interferiram de forma independente no resultado das avalia&#231;&#245;es. Os homens tiveram uma redu&#231;&#227;o de acertos (12,8 acertos antes e 10,9 acertos depois) significativa (p = 0,003), assim como as mulheres (12,2 acertos antes e 10,7 acertos depois) significativa (p = 0,013). Na avali&#231;&#227;o do atendimento global, tamb&#233;m foi observado uma piora significativa na qualidade do atendimento, com 39 (78%) atendimentos considerados &#243;timos logo ap&#243;s o curso e 20 (40%) atendimentos considerados &#243;timos seis meses ap&#243;s (p &lt; 0,01). As porcentagens de alunos que executaram de forma correta cada etapa avaliada logo ap&#243;s o curso e na reavalia&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s seis meses encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Resultado da avalia&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento adquirido no curso &#8220;Morte S&#250;bita e Ressuscita&#231;&#227;o Cardiopulmonar&#8221;, por n&#250;mero e porcentagem de alunos que cumpriram cada etapa, logo ap&#243;s o curso e seis meses depois</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Etapa</th>
                <th colspan="2">Porcentagem de alunos que realizaram de forma correta</th>
                <th rowspan="3">P*</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Imediato (N)</th>
                <th>Seis meses (N)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>1 - Avaliar a seguran&#231;a</td>
                <td align="center">42 (21)</td>
                <td align="center">54 (27)</td>
                <td align="center">0.307</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2 - Solicitar ajuda</td>
                <td align="center">88 (44)</td>
                <td align="center">84 (42)</td>
                <td align="center">0.683</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3 - Definir para quem ligar</td>
                <td align="center">94 (47)</td>
                <td align="center">68 (34)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0.002</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4 - Solicitar o DEA</td>
                <td align="center">92 (46)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (40)</td>
                <td align="center">0.181</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>5 - Verificar pulso e ventila&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">96 (48)</td>
                <td align="center">92 (46)</td>
                <td align="center">0.683</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>6 - Iniciar compress&#245;es tor&#225;cicas</td>
                <td align="center">100 (50)</td>
                <td align="center">94 (47)</td>
                <td align="center">0.248</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>7 - Colocar as m&#227;os na posi&#231;&#227;o correta</td>
                <td align="center">90 (45)</td>
                <td align="center">66 (33)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0.010</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>8 - Profundidade correta da compress&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">96 (48)</td>
                <td align="center">88 (44)</td>
                <td align="center">0.289</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>9 - Frequ&#234;ncia correta das compress&#245;es</td>
                <td align="center">82 (41)</td>
                <td align="center">70 (35)</td>
                <td align="center">0.264</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>10 - Realizar ventila&#231;&#227;o com dispositivo de prote&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">88 (44)</td>
                <td align="center">62 (31)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0.010</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>11 - Manter os 5 ciclos de 30:2 antes de reavaliar</td>
                <td align="center">100 (50)</td>
                <td align="center">76 (38)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0.002</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>12 - N&#227;o interromper a RCP na chegada do DEA</td>
                <td align="center">100 (50)</td>
                <td align="center">88 (44)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0.041</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>13 - Utiliza&#231;&#227;o do DEA de acordo com instru&#231;&#245;es</td>
                <td align="center">88(44)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (40)</td>
                <td align="center">0.387</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>14 - Retomar RCP ap&#243;s uso do DEA se necess&#225;rio</td>
                <td align="center">92(46)</td>
                <td align="center">84 (42)</td>
                <td align="center">0.387</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>* valor de p calculado pelo teste de McNemar (bicaudal); RCP: ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar; DEA: desfibrilador externo autom&#225;tico.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Porcentagem de alunos que executaram de forma correta as etapas do atendimento, imediatamente ap&#243;s o curso e seis meses depois. A numera&#231;&#227;o corresponde &#224; adotada na Tabela 1.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-1030-00546-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O nosso estudo demonstrou uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa (p &lt; 0,01) das habilidades para o atendimento da PCR. Os alunos completaram corretamente, em m&#233;dia, 12,5 etapas do atendimento logo ap&#243;s o curso contra 10,8 etapas corretas ap&#243;s seis meses. Enquanto 39 estudantes (78%) completaram corretamente mais de 12 das 14 etapas do atendimento simulado logo ap&#243;s o curso, apenas 20 (40%) atingiram o mesmo escore ap&#243;s seis meses do curso.</p>
      <p>N&#243;s avaliamos somente o aspecto referente &#224;s habilidades necess&#225;rias para um atendimento adequado e correto da PCR e observamos ao final do curso que os alunos demonstraram ter aprendido de forma satisfat&#243;ria essas habilidades. Apenas a primeira etapa, onde eles deveriam checar a seguran&#231;a antes de iniciar o atendimento, n&#227;o foi realizada de forma correta pela maioria dos estudantes (42%). Quando questionados sobre isso, os estudantes alegaram que como estavam em uma sala de aula, atendendo um manequim est&#225;tico e num ambiente j&#225; sabidamente seguro eles se esqueciam de checar a seguran&#231;a. Outra justificativa foi a ansiedade por iniciar rapidamente o atendimento. Mesmo assim, o aproveitamento demonstrado ao final do curso foi adequado ao exigido pela AHA, que deve ser maior que 84%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Observou-se tamb&#233;m que idade e sexo n&#227;o interferiram nas notas dos alunos ao final do curso, refor&#231;ando que o curso foi um fator importante no aprendizado.</p>
      <p>Um problema frequentemente relatado nos estudos sobre ensino do atendimento &#224; PCR &#233; como manter a reten&#231;&#227;o do que foi ensinado. Uma metan&#225;lise<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> sobre o assunto deixa claro que as habilidades se perdem ao longo do tempo se n&#227;o praticadas ou exercitadas, iniciando-se com poucas semanas e atingindo um ponto mais elevado de perda com cerca de nove meses h&#225; um ano. Esses estudos mostram que o tempo decorrido desde o &#250;ltimo treinamento &#233; diretamente proporcional ao grau de perda das habilidades e do conhecimento necess&#225;rio para atender uma PCR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, observamos que essa perda tamb&#233;m acontece de forma significativa com os estudantes de medicina do primeiro ano do curso, com uma perda de aproximadamente 15% na nota m&#233;dia da prova de habilidades, o que impactou numa perda de cerca de 50% na qualidade do atendimento global. N&#227;o esper&#225;vamos que a perda de reten&#231;&#227;o fosse diferente entre os estudantes de medicina, pois outros estudos com profissionais da sa&#250;de ou estudantes demonstram a ocorr&#234;ncia dessa perda,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> e por sabermos que os estudantes n&#227;o praticam ou atendem com frequ&#234;ncia eventos de PCR. Na realidade, seria necess&#225;rio um estudo comparando essa perda entre estudantes de medicina e outros profissionais.</p>
      <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, foi n&#237;tida a redu&#231;&#227;o das habilidades. Observamos que as perdas mais significativas foram nas etapas onde as habilidades pr&#225;ticas requerem agilidade e mais aten&#231;&#227;o. V&#225;rios outros estudos tamb&#233;m mostraram que essas etapas foram mais esquecidas ou realizadas de forma inadequada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> A n&#227;o realiza&#231;&#227;o adequada dessas etapas (definir para quem ligar; colocar as m&#227;os de forma correta e no local certo; realizar ventila&#231;&#227;o com dispositivo de prote&#231;&#227;o; manter os 5 ciclos e n&#227;o interromper as manobras com a chegada do DEA) pode favorecer a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos adversos ou complica&#231;&#245;es decorrentes do atendimento como, por exemplo, fratura de costelas e compress&#245;es ineficientes (que n&#227;o geram circula&#231;&#227;o eficiente).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Ainda, nem idade nem sexo interferiu na perda da reten&#231;&#227;o de conhecimento e habilidades por nossos estudantes, e o tempo parece ter sido o &#250;nico fator respons&#225;vel pela perda de reten&#231;&#227;o. Isso &#233; refor&#231;ado pelo fato de que nenhum dos estudantes atendeu eventos de PCR ou auxiliou na administra&#231;&#227;o de cursos de RCP.</p>
      <p>Uma estrat&#233;gia para manter a reten&#231;&#227;o das habilidades, conforme proposto em outras publica&#231;&#245;es,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> seria um retreinamento peri&#243;dico como, por exemplo, e-learning. Por&#233;m, uma quest&#227;o ainda n&#227;o respondida seria qual o intervalo e periodicidade do treinamento, qual tipo de treinamento e para qual tipo de popula&#231;&#227;o (profissionais da sa&#250;de ou n&#227;o, que atuam em locais com elevada ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos de PCR). Outra quest&#227;o &#233; se o curso inicial deveria ser mais completo ou mais curto, particularmente para estudantes de medicina. Essa quest&#227;o seria respondida por um estudo comparativo entre os dois m&#233;todos.</p>
      <p>A limita&#231;&#227;o desse estudo est&#225; no n&#250;mero de alunos avaliados e por ter sido, apesar de prospectivo, uma observa&#231;&#227;o em um &#250;nico centro e ap&#243;s um &#250;nico treinamento. Ruijter et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> mostraram uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa das habilidades adquiridas por 120 alunos de medicina um e dois anos ap&#243;s um curso de SBV, semelhante ao que demonstramos. Assim, embora o objetivo tenha sido analisar a reten&#231;&#227;o das habilidades, nossos resultados foram muito semelhantes aos de outros estudos, essa limita&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o compromete a import&#226;ncia do estudo. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o para aprofundarmos a discuss&#227;o sobre a reten&#231;&#227;o e sobre qual seria o melhor tipo de curso &#233; que os conhecimentos te&#243;ricos n&#227;o foram avaliados, apesar de alguns estudos mostrarem que as perdas se d&#227;o mais nas habilidades pr&#225;ticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Embora os alunos soubessem que seriam reavaliados em algum momento depois do curso, isso parece n&#227;o ter comprometido o resultado pois muitos deles haviam se esquecido que seriam reavaliados, pois na realidade j&#225; haviam sido aprovados no curso. Tal fato, por&#233;m, n&#227;o minimiza a necessidade de os cursos de retreinamento serem mais frequentes, para tentar reduzir a perda das habilidades.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Seis meses ap&#243;s um curso com treinamento de atendimento simulado a v&#237;timas de MS ou PCR, observamos uma perda significativa das habilidades em estudantes do primeiro ano da gradua&#231;&#227;o em medicina, assim como observado na popula&#231;&#227;o que n&#227;o &#233; da &#225;rea da sa&#250;de. Essa perda foi relacionada com o per&#237;odo em que os estudantes ficaram sem praticar ou sem revisitar as t&#233;cnicas e o conhecimento de se realizar as etapas da RCP corretamente, e isso prejudica a efic&#225;cia do atendimento. Um curso mais robusto parece melhorar o aprendizado, mas ainda assim n&#227;o melhora a reten&#231;&#227;o das habilidades. A avalia&#231;&#227;o do aprendizado e da reten&#231;&#227;o poderia ser complementada com estudos envolvendo retreinamento e resultado cl&#237;nico, ou seja, mostrar que treinar e retreinar melhora n&#227;o s&#243; habilidades, mas que tamb&#233;m pode salvar mais vidas.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
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  </back>
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        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Retention of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Skills in Medical Students</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6134-3654</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moretti</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Camboim</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4221-7457</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferrandez</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline Awoki</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6342-1959</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela Corralo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Iaggo Bemini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3451-5187</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Canonaco</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Seidler</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5677-8810</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mathia</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Fernando Monteiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chagas</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos Palandri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Funda&#231;&#227;o do ABC &#8211; Cardiologia, Santo Andr&#233;, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Miguel Ant&#244;nio Moretti &#8226; Faculdade de Medicina da Funda&#231;&#227;o do ABC &#8211; Av. Pr&#237;ncipe de Gales, 821. Postal Code 09060-650, Santo Andr&#233;, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: mamorett@uol.com.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Moretti MA, Camboim AO, Ferrandez CA, Ramos IC, Costa IB, Canonaco JS, Mathia VL, Ferreira JFM. Acquisition of data: Moretti MA, Camboim AO, Ferrandez CA, Ramos IC, Costa IB, Canonaco JS, Mathia VL. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Moretti MA, Camboim AO, Ferrandez CA, Ramos IC. Costa IB, Canonaco JS, Mathia VL. Statistical analysis: Moretti MA. Writing of the manuscript: Moretti MA, Camboim AO, Ferrandez CA, Ramos IC, Costa IB. Canonaco JS, Mathia VL, Ferreira JFM, Chagas ACP. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Moretti MA, Ferreira JFM, Chagas ACP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Reduction of mortality and sequelae of cardiac arrest depends on an effective and fast intervention, started as soon as possible. Basic life support involves a series of steps that may be initiated out of the hospital setting and taught to any person in specific courses. However, it is important that the rescuers retain the knowledge and skills to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), as one never knows when they will be required. Studies have shown that a loss of skills occurs as early as 30 days after the training course, with variations according to personal and professional characteristics.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>to assess whether medical students are able to retain skills acquired in a BLS course for more than six months.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Prospective, case-control, observational study. Medical students attended a 40-hour course on sudden death and cardiac arrest. Skills acquired during the course were evaluated immediately after and six months after the course. Students&#8217; individual scores were compared between these time points, the percentage of correct answers was evaluated, and overall performance was rated as excellent, good, and poor. Observers and evaluation criteria were the same immediately after the course and six months later. Data were analyzed using the paired t-test and the McNemar test. The 95% confidence interval was established, and a p &lt; 0.05 was set as statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Fifty students (27 female) in the first year of medical school aged from 18 to 24 years (mean of 21 years) attended the course. The number of steps successfully completed by the students at six months was significantly lower than immediately after the course (10.8 vs 12.5 p &lt; 0.001). Neither sex nor age affected the results. Overall performance of 78% of the students was considered excellent immediately after the course, and this percentage was significantly higher than six months later (p &lt; 0.01). After six months, the steps that the students failed to complete at six months were those related to practical skills (such as a correct hand positioning).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>A significant loss of skills was detected six months after the BLS course among medical students, compromising their overall performance.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Arrest</kwd>
        <kwd>Medical Students</kwd>
        <kwd>Education</kwd>
        <kwd>Learning</kwd>
        <kwd>Hability</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Ischemic heart diseases are the main causes of death from cardiovascular disease,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> sudden death (SD), and cardiorespiratory arrest (CRA)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> in the Brazilian population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> CRA may be reversed by cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) maneuvers, and reduction of mortality and sequelae of CRA depends on an effective and fast intervention, started as soon as possible, preferably at the scene.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Basic life support (BLS) is a series of procedures that can be initiated outside the hospital seting.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A BLS course addresses CPR techniques that include early recognition of cardiac arrest and initiation of chest compression and ventilation maneuvers, and use of automated external defibrillator (AED), and is open to the lay public.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Since most of CRA occurs out of hospital, it is important that CPR techniques can be performed by the general population,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> despite the common belief that only healthcare providers are able to act it properly in emergency situations.</p>
        <p>However, an adequate training only is not enough. Rescuers should not only acquire but retain knowledge and skills for appropriate performance of CPR, as one never knows when they will have to be applied. Several studies have been conducted to assess the acquisition of these information and skills over time.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Nevertheless, there is no consensus on what causes knowledge reduction and when it occurs, which makes it difficult, for example, to establish the frequency of retraining.</p>
        <p>Studies have suggested a loss of ability to perform CPR even among healthcare providers, and possible causes include insufficient training and/or poor skill retention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Even these professionals may spend a long time without applying this knowledge. Smith et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> have shown that CPR psychomotor skills degrade within 10 weeks in nursing undergraduate students, and other studies have pointed out that practical skills start to decay as early as 30 days and continue up to one year after an advanced life support (ALS) course.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> A study published in 2014 reported a decrease in skill retention in undergraduate medical students, one and two years after a CPR course.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As any person, medical students may witness SD or CRA events out of hospital settings, which would already warrant training on CPR maneuvers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Since the first months of college, medical students are expected to act as physicians and to have the same skills as professional ones.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> For this reason, we advocate that training on the management of CRA should be part of the medical school curriculum,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> with the BLS offered in their first undergraduate year, and the ALS at the end of the medical course, when the student will have acquired more knowledge and skills, and will be soon provide care to people. In our opinion, the guidelines published by the American Heart Association for CPR (e.g. BLS and Heart Saver) and by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology for cardiovascular emergencies (TECA B) meet the needs of healthcare providers as well as the lay population. However, for first-year medical school students, the basic course should include not only the training of skills, but also provide a wider theoretical basis, to facilitate the learning process and retention of abilities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Our hypothesis is that loss of knowledge and skills to successfully perform CPR maneuvers already occurs at six months after a BLS training among medical students, even in case of more detailed and longer courses.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>Fifty medical students (27 female) of the first year of college, aged between 18 and 24 years (mean of 21 years), attended the course entitled &#8220;Sudden death and cardiopulmonary resuscitation&#8221;. This is an optional course of the undergraduate curriculum, with a duration of 32 hours (30% theoretical classes and 70% practical classes), and emphasis on the development of skills and simulations of SD and/or CRA.</p>
        <p>In addition to a theoretical content of history, epidemiology and pathophysiology of SD, this course also includes a practical content, where the students are trained to respond to a CRA event. During practical classes, students are trained to recognize and to respond to the signs of CRA &#8211; to check the safety of the scene, to know who and how to call for help, to perform effective chest compression (strength, rate, depth, site, and hand positioning), to perform safe and effective ventilation using the appropriate device, to verify the need for an AED and to learn how to use it, and to decide to either continue or interrupt the intervention. This practical training is based on the AHA (BLS)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> and the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (TECA B)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> guidelines for standardization of the management of CRA.</p>
        <p>After the course, the knowledge and skills acquired by the students were assessed in an out-of-hospital setting using a standard form containing a checklist of procedures ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Chart 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Chart 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Checklist used to assess knowledge and skills acquired during the course &#8220;Sudden death and cardiopulmonary resuscitation&#8221; immediately after and six months after the course</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">PROCEDURES TO BE PERFORMED AFTER IDENTIFYING AN unconscious person WHO DOES NOT MOVE OR BREATHE</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Check the safety of the scene and safety for intervention</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ask help to another person and state what must be done in a clear and objective way</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Call 192 or 193</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Request an automated external defibrillator (AED)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Position the victim correctly to check pulse and breathing</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Initiate chest compressions immediately</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Position the hands on the sternum</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Perform chest compression with an adequate depth (4-5 cm)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Compress the chest at an adequate rate (100 per minute)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Perform ventilation only with a protection device</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Perform five cycles of 30 compressions and two rescue breaths before reassessing the victim</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Do not interrupt cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) when an AED arrives</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Use the AED following manufacturer&#8217;s instructions</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Resume CPR after defibrillation if necessary</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Each step was considered as successfully performed or not (YES if performed correctly or NO if not performed or if performed incorrectly). Then, overall performance was rated as excellent, good, or poor. An excellent performance was considered when up to two mistakes were made (which would be more than 84% of correct responses recommended by the AHA<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> ); a good performance was considered when three or four mistakes were made (more than 70% of correct responses); and a poor performance when more than four mistakes were made (less than 70% of correct responses). To be approved in the course, the student had to give more than 70% of correct responses. Six months later, the students were reassessed using a CPR simulation mannequin, with no previous scheduling, and the same checklist and criteria (including the same instructors and teachers) used in the first assessment. Overall performance was rated also.</p>
        <p>All students signed an informed consent form and agreed to participate in the study. The study, approval by the ethics committee and the consent form were approved and registered on Brazilian national ethics platform (Plataforma Brasil; CAAE: 81721317.7.0000.0082).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>This was a prospective study, where each patient was the control of him/herself. Results of the two assessments of the students&#8217; performance were compared by the McNemar test for categorical variables (presented as absolute numbers and percentages). Means and standard deviations of continuous variables with normal distribution (tested by the Shapiro-Wilk test) were compared by paired t test using Microsoft Excel (Office 365). A 95% confidence level was calculated and a p-value lower than 0.05 was set as statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>All students were evaluated right after the course and six months thereafter. Of the 14 steps assessed, an average of 12.5 steps were correctly performed by the students immediately after the course, which was significantly higher than the average of 10.8 steps at six months (p &lt; 0.001). Thus, there was a decay of knowledge and skills after six months of the course. In addition, although men had a higher mean age than women (21.7 years vs 20.2 years &#8211; p = 0.006), age and sex did not independently affect the results of the evaluations. The number of correct answers in the second evaluation was significantly lower as compared with the first evaluation in both men (10.9 vs. 12.8 correct answers; p = 0.003) and women (12.2 vs. 10.7 correct answers; p = 0.013). Regarding overall performance, the quality of care provided also decreased; while 39 (78%) students had an excellent performance in the first evaluation, performance of only 20 (40%) students was rated as excellent six months after (p &lt; 0.01). The percentages of students who gave correct answers in each step of the checklist are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Results of the assessment of students&#8217; knowledge and skills acquired in the &#8220;Sudden death and cardiopulmonary resuscitation&#8221; course by numbers and percentages of students who successfully completed each step, immediately after and six months after the course</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Step</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Percentage of students who successfully completed the step</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">P*</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Immediate after (N)</th>
                  <th>At six months (N)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>1- Check the safety</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (21)</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (27)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.307</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2- Ask for help</td>
                  <td align="center">88 (44)</td>
                  <td align="center">84 (42)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.683</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3- Decide who to call</td>
                  <td align="center">94 (47)</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (34)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.002</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4- Request an automated external defibrillator</td>
                  <td align="center">92 (46)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.181</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>5- Check pulse and breathing</td>
                  <td align="center">96 (48)</td>
                  <td align="center">92 (46)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.683</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6 - Initiate chest compressions</td>
                  <td align="center">100 (50)</td>
                  <td align="center">94 (47)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.248</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>7 - Position the hands correctly</td>
                  <td align="center">90 (45)</td>
                  <td align="center">66 (33)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.010</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8 - Correct depth of compression</td>
                  <td align="center">96 (48)</td>
                  <td align="center">88 (44)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.289</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>9- Compression at an adequate rate</td>
                  <td align="center">82 (41)</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (35)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.264</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>10- Perform ventilation with a protection device</td>
                  <td align="center">88 (44)</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (31)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.010</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>11-Use the 30:2 compression-ventilation ratio</td>
                  <td align="center">100 (50)</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (38)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.002</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>12-Do not interrupt cardiopulmonary resuscitation when the AED arrives</td>
                  <td align="center">100 (50)</td>
                  <td align="center">88 (44)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.041</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>13-Use AED following manufacturer&#8217;s instructions</td>
                  <td align="center">88(44)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.387</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>14-Resume CPR after defibrillation if necessary</td>
                  <td align="center">92(46)</td>
                  <td align="center">84 (42)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.387</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>* McNemar test (two-tailed); CPR: cardiopulmonary resuscitation; AED: automated external defibrillator.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Percentage of students that successfully completed the cardiac arrest procedures immediately after and six months after the course and six. Numbers correspond to those used in Table 1.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-1030-00546-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Our study showed a significant reduction (p &lt; 0.01) in skills related to the management of CRA. The students correctly completed a mean of 12.5 steps immediately after the course and 10.8 steps six months later. While 39 (78%) students successfully completed more than 12 of the 14 steps of the simulated cardiac arrest event immediately after the course, only 20 (40%) achieved the same score six months later.</p>
        <p>We evaluated the skills required for an adequate and correct intervention of CRA and observed that the students successfully acquired them at the end of the course. The first step (where students had to check safety before intervening) was the only step that was not correctly performed by most of the students (42%). When questioned about it, the students explained that, since simulation was carried out in a classroom, that is known to be safe, and using a mannequin, they have forgotten to check safety. Another explanation was the eager to rapidly initiate the intervention. Despite that, the outcome of the course was considered satisfactory, according to the AHA recommendations of a minimum of 84% of correct answers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> We also found that neither age nor sex influenced the students&#8217; score in the end of the course, reinforcing the importance of the course in knowledge acquisition.</p>
        <p>One common problem related to teaching the management of CRA events is how to retain knowledge. A meta-analysis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> on the theme made it clear that skills become lost when they are not practiced, initiating within few weeks, achieving a maximum at approximately nine months to one year. These studies have shown that the time elapsed from the last training is directly proportional to the degree of loss of the skills and knowledge needed to deliver CPR effectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In our study, such decay in skills and knowledge was also observed in first-year medical students, with a loss of approximately 15% in the test of skills, which caused a loss of nearly 50% in overall performance. We did not expect that the loss of knowledge retention was different among medical students, since previous studies have already shown that with healthcare professionals and students.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Also, we do know that students do not frequently practice managing CRA events. In fact, a study comparing knowledge loss between medical students and other students is warranted.</p>
        <p>In our sample, there was a clear loss of skills, especially in the practical steps that require more attention and promptness. This is corroborated by previous studies reporting that these steps were more frequently forgotten or inadequately performed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> When these practical steps are not properly performed (decide who to call; position and place hands correctly, perform ventilation with protection device, continue performing the five cycles and the maneuvers when an AED arrives) the risk for adverse events or complications increases, such as rib fractures and ineffective compressions, resulting in ineffective circulation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Also, neither age nor sex affected retention of knowledge and skills by our students, and time seems to be the only factor responsible for retention loss. This is reinforced by the fact that none of the students responded to CRA events or helped teaching CPR courses.</p>
        <p>One strategy to retain skills, proposed in previous studies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> is to participate in continuous training, such as the e-learning. However, one question still unanswered is how often and what type of training would be recommended and who is the training for (healthcare professionals or lay people, who work in different settings where CRA events are relatively common). Another question is whether the course should be more comprehensive or maybe simpler, particularly for medical students, which would be answered by a comparative study between the two methods.</p>
        <p>One limitation of the study is the small number of students evaluated and the fact that, despite its prospective design, the study was conducted in a single center, and after one training course. Ruijter et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> also demonstrated a reduction in retention of skills after one and two years of BLS training in 120 medical students, similar to our findings. Therefore, although the aim of the study was to assess skill retention, our results were in accordance with previous studies, and this limitation does not affect the importance of our study. Another limitation for a more in-depth discussion about skill retention and of what is the most appropriate type of course is the fact that we did not evaluate the theoretical knowledge of students. Some studies, however, have already shown that more important losses have occurred in practical skills.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Although the students knew that they would be reevaluated at some point after the course, this seemed not to have affected the results; many of them have forgotten this reevaluation as they had already been approved in the course. However, this fact does not undermine the need for more frequent training courses to try to reduce the loss of skills.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Six months after a BLS course in simulated SD or CRA events, we observed a significant loss of skills in first-year medical students, similarly to what is observed in the lay population (outside the healthcare filed). This loss was associated with the period during which the students did not practice or review the techniques to correct perform CPR, which affects treatment efficacy. A more robust course may improve learning, but not the retention of skills. Finally, the assessment of learning and knowledge retention could be complemented by studies including retraining and clinical outcomes, i.e., aiming to demonstrate that training and retraining may not only improve skills but also save lives.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculdade de Medicina do ABC under the protocol number CAAE 81721317.0000.0082, parecer 2.559.797. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
