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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">pg4XNQvSXtYBLDR64VyLDdh</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021005015203</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001301010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200963</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200963</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Arritmias Card&#237;acas em Pacientes com COVID-19</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1489-5349</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pimentel</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula Arbo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7009-0900</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Novak</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Valvassori</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9670-8748</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>May</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Miers</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Gustavo Bravosi da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9980-9114</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zimerman</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro Ioschpe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de: Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares &#8211; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Leandro Ioschpe Zimerman &#8226;</bold> Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre &#8211; Cardiologia - Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. CEP <postal-code>90035-903</postal-code> , Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>lizimerman@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Pimentel M, Zimerman LI; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Pimentel M, Magalh&#227;es APA, Novak CV, May BM, Rosa LGB, Zimerman LI; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Pimentel M, Magalh&#227;es APA, Zimerman LI.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>1010</fpage>
      <lpage>1015</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A doen&#231;a pelo novo coronav&#237;rus (COVID-19) est&#225; associada a manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas cardiovasculares, incluindo a ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias card&#237;acas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a incid&#234;ncia de arritmias card&#237;acas (taquiarritmia atrial, bradiarritmia e taquicardia ventricular sustentada) e de parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (PCR) em uma coorte de pacientes internados com COVID-19 em hospital universit&#225;rio terci&#225;rio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo de coorte retrospectivo realizado por meio de revis&#227;o dos registros de prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico. Para compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos, foi considerado como estatisticamente significativo valor de P &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 241 pacientes consecutivos com diagn&#243;stico de COVID-19 (idade m&#233;dia, 57,8 &#177; 15,0 anos; 51,5% homens; 80,5% de ra&#231;a branca) e 35,3% com necessidade de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica invasiva (VM). A mortalidade geral foi de 26,6%, sendo de 58,8% entre aqueles em VM. Arritmias card&#237;acas ocorreram em 8,7% dos pacientes, sendo a mais comum taquiarritmia atrial (76,2%). Pacientes com arritmias apresentaram maior mortalidade, 52,4% versus 24,1% (p=0,005). Em an&#225;lise multivariada, apenas a presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi associada a maior risco de arritmias ( <italic>hazard ratio</italic> , 11,9; IC 95%: 3,6-39,5; p&lt;0,001). Durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, 3,3% dos pacientes foram atendidos em PCR, com predom&#237;nio de ritmos n&#227;o choc&#225;veis. Todos os atendidos em PCR evolu&#237;ram com &#243;bito durante a interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A incid&#234;ncia de arritmias card&#237;acas em pacientes internados com COVID-19 em hospital terci&#225;rio brasileiro foi de 8,7%, sendo a mais comum taquiarritmias atrial. A presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi associada a maior risco de arritmias. Pacientes com COVID-19 atendidos em PCR apresentam elevada mortalidade.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Parada Cardiorrespirat&#243;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a causada pelo coronav&#237;rus da s&#237;ndrome respirat&#243;ria aguda grave 2 (SARS-CoV-2), denominada COVID-19, teve seus primeiros casos reportados na China e, em decorr&#234;ncia de sua r&#225;pida dissemina&#231;&#227;o mundial, foi declarada pandemia pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de em 11 de mar&#231;o de 2020. No Brasil, o n&#250;mero de casos confirmados de COVID-19 ultrapassou 3 milh&#245;es em agosto de 2020. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Nas descri&#231;&#245;es das s&#233;ries de casos de COVID-19, foram reportadas complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares, incluindo inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica, arritmias, miocardite, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e choque cardiog&#234;nico. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> O dano ao sistema cardiovascular provavelmente tem causa multifatorial, incluindo les&#227;o card&#237;aca direta pelo v&#237;rus, resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica exacerbada e fen&#244;menos tromboemb&#243;licos. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> A a&#231;&#227;o do v&#237;rus por meio do receptor da enzima conversora de angotensina 2 e seu efeito de <italic>down regulation</italic> s&#227;o fatores envolvidos na resposta inflamat&#243;ria exacerbada. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> No caso das arritmias card&#237;acas, pode-se considerar tamb&#233;m a possibilidade de efeitos pr&#243;-arr&#237;tmicos de drogas utilizadas para tratamento da COVID-19, hip&#243;xia causada por envolvimento viral pulmonar, isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, dist&#250;rbios hidroeletrol&#237;ticos, &#8220; <italic>strain</italic> &#8221; mioc&#225;rdico e altera&#231;&#245;es de volume intravascular. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> A resposta inflamat&#243;ria desbalanceada por c&#233;lulas T <italic>helper</italic> dos tipos 1 e 2 constitui ainda outro mecanismo proposto para explicar inflama&#231;&#227;o e arritmog&#234;nese em pacientes com COVID-19. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> As primeiras s&#233;ries de casos da China mostraram incid&#234;ncia de arritmias card&#237;acas de 17%, podendo chegar a 44% em pacientes internados em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Esses estudos, por&#233;m, n&#227;o descreveram de modo detalhado o tipo e as caracter&#237;sticas das arritmias apresentadas. Trabalhos mais recentes em centros norte-americanos apontam incid&#234;ncia geral de arritmias de 6% e de taquiarritmias atriais de 16%. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a incid&#234;ncia de parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria e de arritmias card&#237;acas em uma coorte de pacientes internados com COVID-19 em hospital universit&#225;rio terci&#225;rio brasileiro.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Estudo de coorte incluindo pacientes consecutivos internados com diagn&#243;stico de COVID-19 no Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, a partir de 1 de mar&#231;o at&#233; 20 de julho de 2020. Foram analisados os primeiros 241 pacientes consecutivos que tiveram diagn&#243;stico confirmado de infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2 atrav&#233;s de RT-PCR de aspirado nasofar&#237;ngeo.</p>
      <p>Todos os registros de prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico eletr&#244;nico foram revisados para obten&#231;&#227;o de informa&#231;&#245;es demogr&#225;ficas e comorbidades e ainda de dados sobre desfecho da interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar (&#243;bito ou alta hospitalar), necessidade de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica invasiva (VM) e ocorr&#234;ncia de parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria atendida e de arritmias card&#237;acas. Foram analisados os registros de evolu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica, de enfermagem e os tra&#231;ados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos quando dispon&#237;veis no sistema de prontu&#225;rio eletr&#244;nico.</p>
      <p>Para os casos de parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria, foi revisada informa&#231;&#227;o sobre ritmo inicial, classificado em: fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular/taquicardia ventricular (FV/TV), assistolia, bradiarritmia e atividade el&#233;trica sem pulso (AESP). A ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias card&#237;acas foi definida pela presen&#231;a de taquiarritmias atriais sustentadas (fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, <italic>flutter</italic> atrial), bradiarritmias e taquicardia ventricular sustentada. N&#227;o foram inclu&#237;das arritmias j&#225; presentes na admiss&#227;o hospitalar, apenas casos incidentes durante a interna&#231;&#227;o. O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Grupo de Pesquisa e P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram descritas atrav&#233;s de m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o. O tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o apresentou distribui&#231;&#227;o normal pelo teste Shapiro-Wilk, sendo apresentado na forma de mediana e intervalo interquartil e comparado com teste de Mann-Whitney. As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas foram comparadas entre pacientes com e sem arritmias card&#237;acas utilizando-se o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o pareado para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e qui-quadrado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e a ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias card&#237;acas foi avaliada com modelos de an&#225;lise univariada e multivariada de Cox. Foi considerado como estatisticamente significativo um valor de p bicaudal &lt; 0,05. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas utilizando o programa SPSS, vers&#227;o 14.0 para Windows.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Neste estudo de coorte foram inclu&#237;dos 241 pacientes consecutivos internados com COVID-19 e idade m&#233;dia de 57,8 &#177; 15,0 anos, sendo 51,5% homens e 80,5% de ra&#231;a branca. A mediana do tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o foi de 9 (intervalo interquartil 5-17) dias, sendo que 35,3% dos pacientes necessitaram de VM. O tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o foi maior naqueles que apresentaram arritmias card&#237;acas. A mortalidade geral foi de 26,6%, sendo 58,8% entre os que necessitaram de VM e 9% entre os que n&#227;o necessitaram de VM (p=0,001).</p>
      <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias card&#237;acas, definida pela presen&#231;a de taquiarritmias atriais sustentadas, bradiarritmias e taquicardia ventricular sustentada, foi observada em 21 pacientes (8,7%). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> mostra as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes com e sem arritmias. Entre aqueles com arritmias, 16 (76,2%) apresentaram taquiarritmias atriais sustentadas, 3 (9,5%) taquicardia ventricular sustentada e 2 (9,5%) bradiarritmias. Pacientes com arritmias apresentaram maior mortalidade, 52,4% <italic>versus</italic> 24,1% (p=0,005). A ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias card&#237;acas foi mais frequente em homens, pacientes em VM e com hist&#243;ria de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> mostra os resultados da an&#225;lise univariada e multivariada de Cox para ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias card&#237;acas. Nesse modelo, apenas a presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi associada significativamente a maior risco de arritmias card&#237;acas ( <italic>hazard ratio,</italic> 11,9; IC 95% 3,6-39,5; p&lt;0,001). Em modelo ajustado para a presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, a ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias card&#237;acas foi associada a maior risco de mortalidade total ( <italic>hazard ratio,</italic> 3,4; IC 95% 1,8-6,7; p&lt;0,05).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes com e sem arritmias card&#237;acas</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="20%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="center" valign="top"/>
              <th align="center" valign="top">Todos os pacientes (n = 241)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">Com arritmia (n = 21)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">Sem arritmia (n = 220)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">Valor p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Idade, anos</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">57,8 &#177; 15,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">62,6 &#177; 13,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">57,3 &#177; 15,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,11</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Homens</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">124 (51,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">15 (72,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">109 (49,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">30,4 &#177; 6,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">29,3 &#177; 5,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">30,5 &#177; 6,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,43</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Ra&#231;a branca</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">194 (80,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">17 (81)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">177 (80,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,24</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">85 (35,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">14 (66,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">71 (32,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Interna&#231;&#227;o, dias</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">9 (5-17)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">25 (12-43)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">9 (5-16)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">&#211;bito</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">64 (26,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">11 (52,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">53 (24,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Comorbidades</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">HAS</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">123 (51)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">14 (66)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">109 (49,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,13</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">DM</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">64 (26,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">7 (33,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">57 (25,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,46</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">IC</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">15 (6,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">5 (23,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">10 (4,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Doen&#231;a pulmonar</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">52 (21,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">7 (33,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">45 (20,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,17</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">29 (12)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">29 (13,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,07</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Medica&#231;&#245;es</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Hidroxicloroquina</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">43 (17,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">3 (14,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">40 (18,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,65</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Anticoagulantes</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">39 (16,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2 (9,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">37 (16,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,24</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p><italic>Dados expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o ou n&#250;meros absolutos (percentual). O tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o foi expresso pela mediana e intervalo interquartil. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DM: diabete melito; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</italic> .</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>An&#225;lise univariada e multivariada para o desfecho arritmias card&#237;acas</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="14%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" valign="top"/>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" valign="top">An&#225;lise univariada</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" valign="top">An&#225;lise multivariada</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" valign="top">HR</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">IC 95%</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">p</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">HR</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">IC 95%</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Homens</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2,04</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,79-5,32</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,14</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,65</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,62-4,40</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,31</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2,13</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,75-6,04</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,15</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2,57</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,88-7,49</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,08</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">11,10</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">3,48-35,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,01</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">11,91</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">3,59-39,46</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,01</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p><italic>HR: hazard ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a</italic> .</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Durante o per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o, 8 pacientes (3,3%), todos admitidos em UTI, foram atendidos em parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria e suas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> . A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref> mostra a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos ritmos de parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria, sendo FV/TV em 2 pacientes (25%), AESP em 3 (37,5%) e assistolia em 3 (37,5%). Todos os pacientes atendidos em parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria evolu&#237;ram para &#243;bito durante a interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas das paradas cardiorrespirat&#243;rias em pacientes com COVID-19</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="20%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Paciente n&#250;mero</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">Dia de interna&#231;&#227;o da PCR</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">Ritmo da PCR</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Descri&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Desfecho</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">AESP</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">26 anos, asma, obesidade e esquizofrenia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">ROSC 20 minutos, encefalopatia an&#243;xica, institu&#237;das medidas de conforto, &#243;bito</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">26</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">AESP</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">54 anos, transplantada renal</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">ROSC 2 minutos, evolu&#231;&#227;o hospitalar com choque refrat&#225;rio, &#243;bito</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">25</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">FV/TV</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">58 anos, miocardiopatia dilatada, portador de CDI, SARA e VM</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">ROSC 20 minutos, choque refrat&#225;rio, &#243;bito</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">10</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">FV/TV</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">45 anos, miocardiopatia dilatada</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">ROSC 12 minutos, choque refrat&#225;rio, &#243;bito</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">43</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Assistolia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">71 anos, cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&#211;bito</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">12</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Assistolia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">63 anos, HAS, DM</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&#211;bito</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">01</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">AESP</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">76 anos, cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&#211;bito</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">25</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Assistolia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">41 anos, HAS, obesidade</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">ROSC 35 min, disfun&#231;&#227;o m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os, &#243;bito</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p><italic>PCR: parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria; AESP: atividade el&#233;trica sem pulso; FV/TV: fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular/taquicardia ventricular; ROSC: retorno da circula&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea; CDI: cardioversor desfibrilador implant&#225;vel; SARA: s&#237;ndrome da ang&#250;stia respirat&#243;ria do adulto; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DM: diabete melito; VM: ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica</italic> .</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title><italic>Ritmos de parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria em pacientes com COVID-19. PCR: parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria; AESP: atividade el&#233;trica sem pulso; FV/TV: fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular/taquicardia ventricular</italic> .</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-1010-00963-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo de coorte que incluiu pacientes consecutivos internados com COVID-19 em hospital de refer&#234;ncia, a mortalidade geral foi de 26,6%, a incid&#234;ncia de arritmias, de 8,7% e a de parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria, de 3,3%. A taquiarritmia atrial foi mais comum, correspondendo a 76,2% das arritmias. A presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel associada a maior risco de arritmias card&#237;acas em an&#225;lise multivariada. O tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com arritmias foi maior do que o daqueles sem; isso pode se dever &#224; necessidade de tratamento da pr&#243;pria arritmia ou representar a presen&#231;a de maior complexidade e gravidade nos casos que desenvolvem arritmias.</p>
      <p>As s&#233;ries iniciais mostraram incid&#234;ncia de arritmias card&#237;acas em pacientes com COVID-19 variando de 7% a 17%, por&#233;m n&#227;o h&#225; descri&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica sobre o seu tipo. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Na coorte do estado de Nova York, a incid&#234;ncia de arritmias foi associada a diferentes combina&#231;&#245;es de drogas utilizadas para tratamento da COVID-19, variando de 10% a 20%, por&#233;m sem defini&#231;&#227;o dos tipos de arritmia avaliados. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> Em nosso estudo, n&#227;o encontramos associa&#231;&#227;o do uso de hidroxicloroquina com maior risco de arritmias. A incid&#234;ncia espec&#237;fica de cada tipo de arritmia foi descrita apenas recentemente. Dados de registro internacional que incluiu 1197 profissionais de eletrofisiologia mostram que fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial foi a arritmia mais frequentemente descrita em pacientes com COVID-19. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Em estudo com 115 pacientes, a incid&#234;ncia de taquiarritmias atriais foi de 16,5%, sendo de 27,5% entre os admitidos em UTI. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> No maior estudo espec&#237;fico sobre arritmias publicado at&#233; o momento, foram avaliados 700 pacientes hospitalizados por 9 semanas. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Durante o acompanhamento, 44 deles (6,3%) apresentaram arritmias card&#237;acas, incluindo fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, bradiarritmias e taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada, sendo fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial a mais frequente (57%). Presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e interna&#231;&#227;o em UTI foram associadas significativamente a maior risco de arritmias. Naquela coorte, 11% dos pacientes foram admitidos em UTI e a mortalidade geral foi de 4%. Nossa incid&#234;ncia de arritmia de 8,7% pode ser considerada pr&#243;xima &#224; daquele estudo, assim como o predom&#237;nio de arritmias atriais e a associa&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com maior risco de arritmias. Por outro lado, em nosso estudo foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes de maior gravidade (35% com necessidade de VM) e a presen&#231;a de taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada n&#227;o foi elencada como desfecho. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de VM foi associada &#224; tend&#234;ncia de maior risco de arritmias, por&#233;m n&#227;o foi considerada estatisticamente significativa. A confirma&#231;&#227;o do achado de que pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca apresentam maior risco de arritmias pode orientar a necessidade de maior monitoriza&#231;&#227;o desses pacientes durante interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Na pesquisa internacional entre profissionais de eletrofisiologia, 4,8% reportaram casos de FV/TV e 5,6%, de AESP. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Nas s&#233;ries iniciais da China, n&#227;o houve indica&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica sobre a ocorr&#234;ncia de parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria e seus ritmos. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Em um dos trabalhos, a incid&#234;ncia de FV/TV foi de 5,9%, sendo maior entre pacientes com troponina elevada. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Na coorte do estado de Nova York, a incid&#234;ncia de parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria descrita foi de 6% a 15%, variando de acordo com diferentes combina&#231;&#245;es de drogas utilizadas no tratamento da COVID-19. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> N&#227;o foram descritos os ritmos de parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria. No estudo de Bhatla <italic>et al</italic> . j&#225; descrito acima, foram relatados 9 casos de parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (1,3%), sendo 6 casos de AESP, 2 de assistolia e 1 de <italic>torsades de pointes</italic> . <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Em nosso estudo, a incid&#234;ncia de parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria foi de 3,3%, tamb&#233;m com predom&#237;nio de ritmos n&#227;o choc&#225;veis. A redu&#231;&#227;o da ocorr&#234;ncia de casos de FV/TV em rela&#231;&#227;o a dos estudos iniciais pode hipoteticamente ser atribu&#237;da a mudan&#231;as no tratamento da COVID-19, com menor utiliza&#231;&#227;o de drogas que podem prolongar o intervalo QT, al&#233;m da evolu&#231;&#227;o da curva de aprendizado dos profissionais de sa&#250;de com a doen&#231;a. O predom&#237;nio de ritmos n&#227;o choc&#225;veis tamb&#233;m pode ser atribu&#237;do ao acometimento sist&#234;mico e &#224; intensa resposta inflamat&#243;ria presente nos casos graves de COVID-19.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es que devem ser consideradas. O n&#250;mero de pacientes inclu&#237;dos &#233; relativamente pequeno, refletindo a experi&#234;ncia inicial de atendimento. Os pacientes internados em enfermaria n&#227;o estavam em monitoriza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca cont&#237;nua, assim, epis&#243;dios de arritmia assintom&#225;ticos podem n&#227;o ter sido relatados. O diagn&#243;stico de arritmias foi obtido a partir da revis&#227;o dos registros de prontu&#225;rio, sendo que em alguns casos a arritmia descrita foi visualizada apenas em monitor e n&#227;o foi feito o registro em eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es. N&#227;o foram obtidos dados laboratoriais de marcadores de les&#227;o e/ou disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, como troponina e BNP, dados sobre formas de ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva, momento e doses no uso de drogas vasoativas, dist&#250;rbios hidroeletrol&#237;ticos e hist&#243;rico pr&#233;vio de arritmias, todos potencialmente associados &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias durante a interna&#231;&#227;o. Trata-se de estudo com coleta de dados retrospectiva e em centro &#250;nico terci&#225;rio. Dessa forma, seus resultados n&#227;o podem ser generalizados para outros cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Neste estudo de coorte de pacientes com COVID-19 internados em hospital de refer&#234;ncia brasileiro, a incid&#234;ncia de arritmias card&#237;acas foi de 8,7%, sendo taquiarritmia atrial a mais comum. A presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi associada a maior risco de arritmias card&#237;acas. Pacientes com COVID-19 atendidos em parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria apresentam elevada mortalidade.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 12744919500005327. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiac Arrhythmias in Patients with COVID-19</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1489-5349</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pimentel</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula Arbo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7009-0900</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Novak</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Valvassori</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9670-8748</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>May</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Miers</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Gustavo Bravosi da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9980-9114</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zimerman</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro Ioschpe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de: Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares &#8211; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Leandro Ioschpe Zimerman &#8226;</bold> Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre &#8211; Cardiologia - Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. CEP <postal-code>90035-903</postal-code> , Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>lizimerman@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Statistical analysis, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Pimentel M, Zimerman LI; Acquisition of data: Pimentel M, Magalh&#227;es APA, Novak CV, May BM, Rosa LGB, Zimerman LI; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Pimentel M, Magalh&#227;es APA, Zimerman LI.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with cardiovascular clinical manifestations, including cardiac arrhythmias.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To assess the incidence of cardiac arrhythmias (atrial tachyarrhythmia, bradyarrhythmia, and sustained ventricular tachycardia) and cardiac arrest (CA) in a cohort of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in a tertiary university-affiliated hospital.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Cohort study with retrospective analysis of electronic medical records. For comparison between groups, a value of p &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>We included 241 consecutive patients diagnosed with COVID-19 (mean age, 57.8 &#177; 15.0 years; 51.5% men; 80.5% white), 35.3% of whom received invasive mechanical ventilation (MV). The overall mortality was 26.6%, being 58.8% among those on MV. Cardiac arrhythmias were identified in 8.7% of the patients, the most common being atrial tachyarrhythmia (76.2%). Patients with arrhythmias had higher mortality (52.4% <italic>versus</italic> 24.1%, p = 0.005). On multivariate analysis, only the presence of heart failure (HF) was associated with a higher risk of arrhythmias (hazard ratio, 11.9; 95% CI: 3.6-39.5; p &lt;0.001). During hospitalization, 3.3% of the patients experienced CA, with a predominance of non-shockable rhythms. All patients experiencing CA died during hospitalization.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>The incidence of cardiac arrhythmias in patients admitted with COVID-19 to a Brazilian tertiary hospital was 8.7%, and atrial tachyarrhythmia was the most common. Presence of HF was associated with an increased risk of arrhythmias. Patients with COVID-19 experiencing CA have high mortality.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Arrhythmias</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Arrest</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The first cases of the disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), named COVID-19, were reported in China. Since then, COVID-19 has spread fast across the globe, being declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. In Brazil, the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 exceeded 3 million by August 2020. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>In COVID-19 case series, cardiovascular complications, such as myocardial injury, arrhythmias, myocarditis, heart failure, and cardiogenic shock, have been reported. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> The damage to the cardiovascular system might have a multifactorial cause, including direct viral myocardial injury, exaggerated systemic inflammatory response, and thromboembolic phenomena. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Viral action via the angiotensin-converting-enzyme 2 receptor and its down regulation effect are factors involved in the exaggerated inflammatory response. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> In addition, regarding cardiac arrhythmias, the following possibilities can be considered: proarrhythmic effects of the drugs used for the treatment of COVID-19, hypoxia caused by viral lung involvement, myocardial ischemia, water-electrolyte imbalance, myocardial strain, and intravascular volume changes. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> The unbalanced inflammatory response by type 1 and type 2 T helper cells is another mechanism proposed to explain inflammation and arrhythmogenesis in patients with COVID-19. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> The first case series from China have shown an incidence of cardiac arrhythmias of 17%, which could reach 44% in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Those studies, however, have detailed neither the type nor the characteristics of the arrhythmias observed. More recent studies conducted in North American centers have reported an overall incidence of arrhythmias of 6% and of atrial tachyarrhythmias of 16%. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>This study aimed to assess the incidence of cardiac arrest and cardiac arrhythmias in a cohort of patients with COVID-19 admitted to a Brazilian tertiary university-affiliated hospital.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>Cohort study including consecutive patients diagnosed with COVID-19 admitted to the Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul state, from March 1st to July 20, 2020. The first 241 consecutive patients diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by use of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction of nasal and oropharyngeal swabs were assessed.</p>
        <p>All electronic medical records were reviewed for the collection of demographic data and comorbidities, hospital outcome (death or hospital discharge), need for invasive mechanical ventilation (MV), and occurrence of cardiac arrest and cardiac arrhythmias. Medical and nursing data, as well as electrocardiographic findings, when available in the electronic medical record system, were analyzed.</p>
        <p>Regarding the cases of cardiac arrest, the initial rhythm was reviewed and classified as: ventricular fibrillation/ventricular tachycardia (VF/VT), asystole, bradyarrhythmia, and pulseless electric activity (PEA). The occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias was defined as the presence of sustained atrial tachyarrhythmias (atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter), bradyarrhythmias, and sustained ventricular tachycardia. Arrhythmias present on hospital admission were not included, only those occurring during hospitalization. The study protocol was approved by the Committee on Ethics and Research of the Group of Research and Postgraduation of the Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The continuous variables with normal distribution were described as mean and standard deviation. The length of hospital stay showed no normal distribution by the Shapiro-Wilk test, was presented as median and interquartile range, and compared by use of Mann-Whitney test. The demographic and clinical characteristics were compared between patients with and without cardiac arrhythmias by using nonpaired Student <italic>t</italic> test for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables. The association between clinical variables and the occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias was assessed with univariate and Cox multivariate analysis models. A two-tailed p value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All analyses were performed using the SPSS software, version 14.0, for Windows.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>This cohort study included 241 consecutive patients hospitalized with COVID-19 and mean age of 57.8 &#177; 15.0 years, 51.5% of whom were men, and 80.5% were white. The median length of hospital stay was 9 (interquartile range: 5-17) days, and 35.3% of the patients required MV. The length of hospital stay was longer in patients who had cardiac arrhythmias. The overall mortality was 26.6%, being 58.8% among those on MV and 9% among those not requiring MV (p=0.001).</p>
        <p>Cardiac arrhythmias, defined as the presence of sustained atrial tachyarrhythmias, bradyarrhythmias and sustained ventricular tachycardia, were observed in 21 patients (8.7%). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref> shows the demographic and clinicals characteristics of the patients with and without arrhythmias. Of those with arrhythmias, 16 (76.2%) had sustained atrial tachyarrhythmias, 3 (9.5%) had sustained ventricular tachycardia, and 2 (9.5%) had bradyarrhythmias. Patients with arrhythmias had higher mortality, 52.4% <italic>versus</italic> 24.1% (p=0.005). Cardiac arrhythmias were more frequent in men, patients on MV, and those with history of heart failure. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref> shows the results of the univariate and Cox multivariate analysis for the occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias. In that model, only the presence of heart failure associated significantly with a higher risk for cardiac arrhythmias (hazard ratio: 11.9; 95% CI: 3.6-39.5; p&lt;0.001). When adjusted for the presence of heart failure, the occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias was associated with a higher risk for total mortality (hazard ratio: 3.4; 95% CI: 1.8-6.7; p&lt;0.05).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Clinical characteristics of patients with and without cardiac arrhythmias</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="center" valign="top"/>
                <th align="center" valign="top">All patients (n = 241)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">With arrhythmia (n = 21)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">Without arrhythmia (n = 220)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Age, years</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">57.8 &#177; 15.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">62.6 &#177; 13.4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">57.3 &#177; 15.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Men</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">124 (51.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">15 (72.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">109 (49.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">30.4 &#177; 6.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">29.3 &#177; 5.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">30.5 &#177; 6.4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">White skin color</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">194 (80.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">17 (81)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">177 (80.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Mechanical ventilation</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">85 (35.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">14 (66.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">71 (32.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Hospital length of stay, days</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">9 (5-17)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">25 (12-43)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">9 (5-16)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Death</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">64 (26.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">11 (52.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">53 (24.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Comorbidities</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">SAH</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">123 (51)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">14 (66)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">109 (49.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">DM</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">64 (26.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">7 (33.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">57 (25.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">HF</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">15 (6.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5 (23.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">10 (4.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Pulmonary disease</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">52 (21.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">7 (33.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">45 (20.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Chronic kidney disease</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">29 (12)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">29 (13.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Drugs</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Hydroxychloroquine</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">43 (17.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3 (14.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">40 (18.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.65</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Anticoagulants</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">39 (16.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2 (9.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">37 (16.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.24</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p><italic>Data were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation or absolute numbers (percentage). The hospital length of stay was expressed as median and interquartile range. BMI: body mass index; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; HF: heart failure</italic> .</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Univariate and multivariate analysis for the outcome &#8216;cardiac arrhythmias&#8217;</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="center" valign="top"/>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" valign="top">Univariate analysis</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" valign="top">Multivariate analysis</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">HR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">95% CI</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">p</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">HR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">95% CI</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">p</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Men</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2.04</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.79-5.32</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.14</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.65</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.62-4.40</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Mechanical ventilation</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2.13</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.75-6.04</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.15</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2.57</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.88-7.49</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Heart failure</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">11.10</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3.48-35.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">11.91</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3.59-39.46</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.01</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>
                <italic>HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>During hospitalization, 8 patients (3.3%), all of them admitted to the ICU, experienced cardiac arrest, and their clinical characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref> . <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref> shows the distribution of the cardiac arrest rhythms: VF/VT, 2 patients (25%); PEA, 3 patients (37.5%); and asystole, 3 patients (37.5%). All patients undergoing cardiac arrest died during hospitalization.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characteristics of the cardiac arrests of patients with COVID-19</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="top">Patient number</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">CA on hospitalization day</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">CA rhythm</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">Clinical description</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">Outcome</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">PEA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">26 years, asthma, obesity, and schizophrenia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">ROSC 20 minutes, anoxic encephalopathy, comfort measures, death</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">26</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">PEA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">54 years, renal transplant patient</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">ROSC 2 minutes, progressed to refractory shock, death</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">25</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">VF/VT</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">58 years, dilated cardiomyopathy, ICD, ARDS and MV</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">ROSC 20 minutes, refractory shock, death</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">10</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">VF/VT</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">45 years, dilated cardiomyopathy</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">ROSC 12 minutes, refractory shock, death</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">43</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Asystole</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">71 years, ischemic heart disease</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Death</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">12</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Asystole</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">63 years, SAH, DM</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Death</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">PEA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">76 years, ischemic heart disease</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Death</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">25</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Asystole</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">41 years, SAH, obesity</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">ROSC 35 min, multiple organ dysfunction, death</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>
                <italic>CA: cardiac arrest; PEA: pulseless electric activity; VF/VT: ventricular fibrillation/ventricular tachycardia; ROSC: return of spontaneous circulation; ICD: implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; ARDS: adult respiratory distress syndrome; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; MV: mechanical ventilation.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title><italic>Rhythms of cardiac arrest of patients with COVID-19. VF/VT: ventricular fibrillation/ventricular tachycardia; PEA: pulseless electric activity</italic> .</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-1010-00963-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this cohort study including consecutive patients with COVID-19 admitted to a referral hospital, the overall mortality was 26.6%, and the incidence of arrhythmias, 8.7%, and of cardiac arrest, 3.3%. Atrial tachyarrhythmia was the most common arrhythmia, accounting for 76.2% of the arrhythmias. On multivariate analysis, the presence of heart failure was the only variable associated with a higher risk for cardiac arrhythmias. The length of hospital stay of patients with arrhythmias was longer than that of those without arrhythmia. This might be due to the need to treat the arrhythmia itself or represent the higher complexity and severity of patients developing arrhythmias.</p>
        <p>The initial series have shown incidence of cardiac arrhythmias in patients with COVID-19 ranging from 7% to 17%, but have not specifically described their types. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> In the New York State cohort, the incidence of arrhythmias was associated with different combinations of drugs used to treat COVID-19, and ranged from 10% to 20%, but the types of arrhythmia assessed were not defined. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> In our study, we found no association of the use of hydroxychloroquine with higher risk for arrhythmias. The specific incidence of each type of arrhythmia has been described only recently. Data from an international registry including 1197 electrophysiology professionals have shown that atrial fibrillation was the most frequently described arrhythmia in patients with COVID-19. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> A study with 115 patients has found an incidence of atrial tachyarrhythmias of 16.5%, which reached 27.5% in patients admitted to the ICU. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> The largest study specific to arrhythmias published so far has assessed 700 patients hospitalized for 9 weeks. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> During follow-up, 44 patients (6.3%) had cardiac arrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation, bradyarrhythmias, and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, and atrial fibrillation was the most frequent (57%). Presence of heart failure and ICU admission were significantly associated with a higher risk for arrhythmias. In that cohort, 11% of the patients were admitted to the ICU and overall mortality was 4%. Our incidence of arrhythmia of 8.7% can be considered close to that of that study, as well as the predominance of atrial arrhythmias and the association of heart failure with a higher risk of arrhythmia. However, our study included patients with more severe disease (35% required MV), and the presence of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia was not listed as an outcome. The use of MV was associated with a trend towards a higher risk for arrhythmia, although not statistically significant. The confirmation of the finding that patients with heart failure are at a higher risk for arrhythmias can indicate the need for more careful monitoring of such patients during hospitalization.</p>
        <p>In the international survey with electrophysiology professionals, 4.8% reported cases of VF/VT and 5.6%, of PEA. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> In the initial series from China, there was no specific mention to the occurrence of cardiac arrest and its rhythms. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> In one of the studies, the incidence of VF/VT was 5.9%, and higher in patients with elevated troponin levels. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> In the New York State cohort, the incidence of cardiac arrest ranged from 6% to 15%, depending on the different combinations of drugs used to treat COVID-19. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> The rhythms of cardiac arrest were not described. In the study by Bhatla et al. described above, of the 9 cases of cardiac arrest (1.3%) reported, 6 were PEA, 2 were asystole, and 1, <italic>torsades de pointes</italic> . <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> In our study, the incidence of cardiac arrest was 3.3%, with predominance of non-shockable rhythms. The reduction in the occurrence of VF/VT cases as compared to that in the initial studies might be hypothetically attributed to changes in the COVID-19 treatment, with less use of drugs that can prolong the QT interval, in addition to the evolution of the learning curve of health professionals regarding the disease. Moreover, the predominance of non-shockable rhythms can be attributed to the systemic impairment and intense inflammatory response present in cases of severe COVID-19.</p>
        <p>Our study has limitations that should be considered. The number of patients included is relatively small and reflects our initial experience. Patients admitted to the wards were not on continuous cardiac monitoring; thus, asymptomatic episodes of arrhythmia might not have been reported. The diagnosis of arrhythmia was obtained from review of medical records, and in some cases the arrhythmia described was only visualized on a monitor and no 12-lead electrocardiogram was recorded. The following data potentially associated with the occurrence of arrhythmias during hospitalization were not obtained: markers of myocardial injury and/or dysfunction, such as troponin and BNP; data on noninvasive ventilation modes; time of use and doses of vasoactive drugs; water-electrolyte imbalance; previous history of arrhythmias. This is a study with retrospective data collection in a single tertiary center. Therefore, our results cannot be generalized to other clinical settings.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In this cohort study of patients with COVID-19 admitted to a Brazilian referral hospital, the incidence of cardiac arrhythmias was 8.7%, and atrial tachyarrhythmia was the most common. The presence of heart failure was associated with a higher risk of cardiac arrhythmias. Patients with COVID-19 and experiencing cardiac arrest have high mortality.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre under the protocol number 12744919500005327. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
