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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">LYGQHs3TyVfn7ML7J4dBVXK</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001301008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210771</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210771</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Papel do Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo na Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7509-0731</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mateo</surname>
            <given-names>Enrique Indal&#233;cio Pach&#243;n</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Enrique Indal&#233;cio Pach&#243;n Mateo</bold> &#8226; Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Rua Cubat&#227;o, 86 Sala 508. CEP <postal-code>04004-030</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil, E-mail: <email>epachon@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>1008</fpage>
      <lpage>1009</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardioneuroabla&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema Nervoso Card&#237;aco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Desde o final dos anos 90 estamos estudando profundamente o papel do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo na g&#234;nese e manuten&#231;&#227;o da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) e da s&#237;ncope neurocardiog&#234;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A FA pode ocorrer tanto em cora&#231;&#245;es normais, como naqueles com importantes altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Epis&#243;dios de FA em indiv&#237;duos jovens e com cora&#231;&#245;es aparentemente normais sempre nos chamaram a aten&#231;&#227;o. O fato desses pacientes terem frequentemente manifesta&#231;&#245;es do tipo disauton&#244;micas, nos levou a pensar que a denerva&#231;&#227;o proposital poderia ser uma forma de tratamento desses casos sendo esta t&#233;cnica pioneiramente publicada em 2004.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O efeito da inerva&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o parece apenas ser devido ao est&#237;mulo neural, mas tamb&#233;m por promover desordem na arquitetura sincicial atrial, nos locais da penetra&#231;&#227;o dos neur&#244;nios, que afastam as c&#233;lulas mioc&#225;rdicas, desconectando-as. Esse desarranjo promove tamb&#233;m altera&#231;&#245;es que podem ser detectadas no endoc&#225;rdio pelo sinal el&#233;trico local, o que chamamos Ninhos de FA (NFA), e no caso da inerva&#231;&#227;o, chamamos de NFA tipo I.</p>
    <p>Os NFA fazem parte do substrato da FA, por&#233;m, para que seja sustentada, &#233; necess&#225;rio a exist&#234;ncia de um mantenedor que chamamos de taquicardia de Background (TBK).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A elimina&#231;&#227;o da FA parece depender da elimina&#231;&#227;o do substrato e do fator mantenedor, de acordo com nossas observa&#231;&#245;es e tamb&#233;m conforme achados de v&#225;rios autores mais recentemente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A estimula&#231;&#227;o vagal reduz de forma importante o per&#237;odo refrat&#225;rio das c&#233;lulas card&#237;acas, favorecendo a indu&#231;&#227;o da FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> O mais interessante &#233; que essa altera&#231;&#227;o do per&#237;odo refrat&#225;rio n&#227;o &#233; homog&#234;nea, o que facilita mais a arritmia.</p>
    <p>Outro dado importante &#233; que as regi&#245;es inervadas pelo vago direito e esquerdo, embora parcialmente superpon&#237;veis, n&#227;o s&#227;o exatamente as mesmas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a estimula&#231;&#227;o dos g&#226;nglios estrelados ou a infus&#227;o de simpaticomim&#233;ticos associadas &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o vagal reduz significativamente o limiar de FA dos pacientes avaliados, mostrando que o equil&#237;brio entre o sistema simp&#225;tico e parassimp&#225;tico &#233; primordial para manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo card&#237;aco regular. Os autores deste estudo tamb&#233;m encontraram dados semelhantes ao estudar tanto a inerva&#231;&#227;o intr&#237;nseca card&#237;aca como seus receptores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> O trabalho est&#225; muito bem conduzido, selecionando 2 grupos muito semelhantes e com as mesmas patologias, nos quais a diferen&#231;a &#233; que apenas um grupo apresentava FA. Os autores tiveram o cuidado de ajustar as vari&#225;veis com ferramentas estat&#237;sticas, o tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo e o tempo m&#237;nimo de diagn&#243;stico, para evitar interfer&#234;ncia nos resultados. As amostras tamb&#233;m foram coletadas em regi&#245;es pr&#243;ximas aos principais g&#226;nglios paracard&#237;acos e, portanto, locais mais densamente inervados e previamente relacionados &#224; FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o somente os nervos, mas tamb&#233;m os diversos receptores foram avaliados. O aumento de inerva&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica nessas regi&#245;es nos portadores de FA corrobora dados da literatura, mas ainda n&#227;o tem explica&#231;&#227;o adequada que a justifique. O desequil&#237;brio da inerva&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica/parassimp&#225;tica certamente &#233; arritmog&#234;nico, como j&#225; foi extensamente descrito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> &#201; poss&#237;vel que isso comprove a efici&#234;ncia do uso de beta-bloqueadores no tratamento de muitos casos de FA, recuperando o equil&#237;brio entre os dois sistemas, embora o n&#250;mero de receptores n&#227;o foi modificado pelo uso desta medica&#231;&#227;o como observado neste trabalho.</p>
    <p>Ficou claro, com os dados obtidos neste artigo, que a inerva&#231;&#227;o intr&#237;nseca card&#237;aca tem papel primordial na manuten&#231;&#227;o da FA, independentemente da cardiopatia estrutural, e o tratamento desta arritmia deve incluir a abordagem do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo, quer seja atrav&#233;s do uso drogas ou mesmo atrav&#233;s da abla&#231;&#227;o destas regi&#245;es mais densamente inervadas, para que possamos ter resultados mais robustos e duradouros. Desta forma, consideramos fundamental insistir profundamente na pesquisa do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo do cora&#231;&#227;o como &#233; descrito neste artigo, para entendimento da g&#234;nese dos diversos tipos de FA, assim como para identificar diferentes formas de tratamento desta arritmia t&#227;o prevalente atualmente na popula&#231;&#227;o geral.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: A Remodela&#231;&#227;o do Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo Card&#237;aco pode Desempenhar um Papel na Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial: Um Estudo do Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo e Receptores Mioc&#225;rdicos</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Role of the Autonomic Nervous System in Atrial Fibrillation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7509-0731</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mateo</surname>
            <given-names>Enrique Indal&#233;cio Pach&#243;n</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Enrique Indal&#233;cio Pach&#243;n Mateo</bold> &#8226; Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Rua Cubat&#227;o, 86 Sala 508. Zip Code <postal-code>04004-030</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil, E-mail: <email>epachon@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Autonomic Nervous System</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardioneuroablation</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Nervous System</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Since the late 1990s, we have been intensely studying the role of the autonomic nervous system in the genesis and maintenance of atrial fibrillation (AF) and neurocardiogenic syncope.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>AF can occur both in normal hearts and in those with significant structural changes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Episodes of AF in young individuals with apparently normal heart have always caught our attention. The fact that these patients often have dysautonomic-like manifestations led us to think that purposeful denervation could be a way to treat these cases, and this technique was pioneered in 2004.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The effect of innervation seems to be not only due to neural stimulation but also by promoting disarray in the atrial syncytial architecture, in the sites of penetration of neurons, which detach the myocardial cells, disconnecting them. This disarrangement also promotes changes that can be detected in the endocardium by the local electrical signal, which we call AF Nests (AFN), and in the case of innervation, we call AFN type I.</p>
      <p>The AFN are part of the AF substrate but to be sustained, it is necessary to have a maintainer that we call background tachycardia (BKT).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The AF elimination seems to depend on the elimination of substrate and sustaining factor, according to our observations and the findings of several more recent authors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The vagal stimulation significantly reduces the refractory period of cardiac cells, facilitating the induction of AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The most interesting is that this alteration in the refractory period is not homogeneous, favoring arrhythmia.</p>
      <p>Another important fact is that the regions innervated by the right and left vagus, although partially overlapping, are not precisely the same.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Furthermore, the stimulation of the stellate ganglia or the infusion of sympathomimetics associated with vagal stimulation significantly reduces the AF threshold of the evaluated patients, showing that the balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic system is primordial for the maintenance of regular cardiac rhythm. The authors of this study also found similar data when studying both the intrinsic cardiac innervation and its receptors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The work is very well conducted, selecting two very similar groups with the same pathologies, in which the difference is that only one group had AF. The authors were careful to adjust the variables with statistical tools, the size of the left atrium, and the minimum diagnostic time to avoid interference in the results. The samples were also collected in regions close to the main paracardiac ganglia, and therefore sites more densely innervated and previously related to AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In addition, not only nerves but also the various receptors were evaluated. The increased sympathetic innervation in these regions in AF patients corroborates data from the literature, but there is still no adequate explanation to justify it. The unbalance of sympathetic/parasympathetic innervation is certainly arrhythmogenic, as already extensively described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> It is possible that this proves the efficiency of the use of beta-blockers in the treatment of many cases of AF, restoring the balance between the two systems, although the number of receptors was not modified by the use of this medication as observed in this paper.</p>
      <p>It was clear from the data obtained in this article that intrinsic cardiac innervation plays a crucial role in maintaining AF, regardless of structural heart disease. The treatment of this arrhythmia should include the approach of the autonomic nervous system, whether through the use of drugs or even through the ablation of these more densely innervated regions so that we can have more robust and lasting results. In this way, we consider it fundamental to insist deeply in the research of the autonomic nervous system of the heart as described in this article, for understanding the genesis of the diverse types of AF, as well as to identify different forms of treatment of this arrhythmia that is so prevalent today in the general population.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Remodeling May Play a Role in Atrial Fibrillation: A Study of the Autonomic Nervous System and Myocardial Receptors</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
