<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Mxxpnrb4dc983bxrMSNTtHq</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021005014202</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001300999</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200725</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200725</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Remodela&#231;&#227;o do Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo Card&#237;aco pode Desempenhar um Papel na Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial: Um Estudo do Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo e Receptores Mioc&#225;rdicos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0766-1317</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>&#205;talo Martins de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Evil&#225;sio Leobino da</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Yasmin de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9096-0969</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Hermano Alexandre Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Maur&#237;cio Ibrahim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9544-2359</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gutierrez</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Sampaio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo , S&#227;o Paulo , SP - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Messejana de Cora&#231;&#227;o e Pulm&#227;o Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart Gomes</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital Messejana de Cora&#231;&#227;o e Pulm&#227;o Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart Gomes , Fortaleza , CE - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label> 3 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Geral de Fortaleza</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital Geral de Fortaleza (HGF), Fortaleza , CE - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label> 4 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Boston</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston - EUA </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez &#8226; Laborat&#243;rio de Anatomia Patol&#243;gica - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas FMUSP - Av. En&#233;as Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>paulo.gutierrez@incor.usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Oliveira IM, Silva J&#250;nior EL, Scanavacca MI, Gutierrez PS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Oliveira IM, Silva J&#250;nior EL, Martins YO; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Oliveira IM, Silva J&#250;nior EL, Gutierrez PS; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Oliveira IM, Rocha HAL; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Oliveira IM, Silva J&#250;nior EL, Martins YO, Rocha HAL, Scanavacca MI, Gutierrez PS; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Oliveira IM, Martins YO, Scanavacca MI, Gutierrez PS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>999</fpage>
      <lpage>1007</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>Altera&#231;&#245;es do substrato el&#233;trico e anat&#244;mico do cora&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o fatores que originam e perpetuam a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA), por&#233;m, os mecanismos envolvidos n&#227;o foram totalmente elucidados ainda. Objetivo: Avaliar o papel do remodelamento do sistema nervoso card&#237;aco intr&#237;nseco (SNCI), incluindo fibras nervosas e receptores muscar&#237;nicos e &#946;-adren&#233;rgicos, na FA permanente humana.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>Foram avaliadas 4 amostras em &#225;trios de 13 cora&#231;&#245;es obtidos em necr&#243;psias de pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca e FA permanente, e em 13 controles com as mesmas doen&#231;as, por&#233;m, sem FA. Utilizando imunoperoxidase e histomorfometria, quantificamos a densidade das fibras do SNCI, bem como a porcentagem positiva de mioc&#225;rdio para receptores &#946;-adren&#233;rgicos 1, 2 e 3, receptor quinase 5 acoplado &#224; prote&#237;na G (GRK-5), e receptores muscar&#237;nicos 1 a 5. Os resultados foram comparados usando ANOVA e ANOVA hierarquizada e ajustados pelo volume do &#225;trio esquerdo e, para avalia&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o de receptores &#946; e GRK-5, pelo uso de &#946;-bloqueadores. Adotamos como significativo &#945; = 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>Houve aumento na densidade das fibras ( <italic>p</italic> &lt;0,01), especialmente nas fibras simp&#225;ticas ( <italic>p</italic> =0,02). Quanto aos receptores muscar&#237;nicos, s&#243; houve diferen&#231;a nos M1, que estavam aumentados (5,87&#177;4,52 <italic>vs</italic> 2,85&#177;2,40; <italic>p</italic> =0,03). Quanto aos componentes do sistema adren&#233;rgicos analisados, houve express&#227;o aumentada de &#946;-3 (37,41 <italic>vs</italic> 34,18, <italic>p</italic> =0,04) e GRK-5 (51,16 <italic>vs</italic> 47,66; p&lt;0,01). O uso de &#946;-bloqueadores n&#227;o teve impacto na express&#227;o de receptores beta.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>O aumento na inerva&#231;&#227;o do SNCI e a altera&#231;&#227;o na express&#227;o de receptores em regi&#245;es suscet&#237;veis de desencadear FA podem ter um papel na fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial permanente.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo</kwd>
        <kwd>Neurotransmissores</kwd>
        <kwd>Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>07/56648-8</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP, processo n&#186; 07/56648-8.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="24"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Altera&#231;&#245;es nos substratos el&#233;trico e anat&#244;mico do cora&#231;&#227;o constituem o fator prim&#225;rio que origina e perpetua a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA). Em pacientes com FA sem doen&#231;a estrutural do cora&#231;&#227;o, focos ect&#243;picos originados nas veias pulmonares t&#234;m papel bem definido como desencadeante de FA parox&#237;stica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No entanto, a FA &#233;, na maior parte dos casos, secund&#225;ria a doen&#231;as card&#237;acas estruturais, como doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o, doen&#231;as valvares e outras, que apresentam consequ&#234;ncias hemodin&#226;micas e anat&#244;micas, tais como aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo, que est&#227;o associadas &#224; progress&#227;o da arritmia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A fibrose &#233; tamb&#233;m amplamente vista como fator independente relacionado &#224; FA persistente em cora&#231;&#245;es com altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Ela, por&#233;m, n&#227;o explica totalmente a arritmia, sendo mais associada &#224;s doen&#231;as subjacentes do que &#224; FA persistente em si. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o eletrofisiol&#243;gica demonstrou n&#227;o s&#243; uma efetiva heterogeneidade do per&#237;odo refrat&#225;rio, mas tamb&#233;m a anisotropia das propriedades de condu&#231;&#227;o, tanto nas veias pulmonares quanto nos seus &#243;stios atriais, o que pode causar a reentrada de est&#237;mulos el&#233;tricos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Entretanto, os mecanismos cruciais que governam a perpetua&#231;&#227;o da FA n&#227;o foram elucidados por completo - o que se reflete em resultados modestos no tratamento de pacientes com FA persistente prolongada. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos b&#225;sicos e cl&#237;nicos sugeriram haver participa&#231;&#227;o significativa do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo card&#237;aco intr&#237;nseco (SNACI) no desencadeamento e na manuten&#231;&#227;o da FA. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A ativa&#231;&#227;o do SNACI pode causar mudan&#231;as importantes no per&#237;odo refrat&#225;rio atrial, inclusive aumento na dispers&#227;o da refratariedade, que &#233; um dos importantes mecanismos de desenvolvimento da FA persistente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos experimentais mostraram hiperinerva&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica em c&#227;es com FA, e aumento na inerva&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica e parassimp&#225;tica em &#225;reas relacionadas a essa arritmia em animais com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre o SNACI e a FA foi tamb&#233;m relatada em seres humanos, por&#233;m, em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes saud&#225;veis. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A possibilidade de envolvimento de dist&#250;rbios em fibras e receptores do SNACI na fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial humana foi pouco explorada.</p>
      <p>Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo card&#237;aco intr&#237;nseco, incluindo fibras simp&#225;ticas e parassimp&#225;ticas, e a express&#227;o atrial de cinco tipos de receptores muscar&#237;nicos e tr&#234;s adren&#233;rgicos, assim como do receptor quinase 5 acoplado &#224; prote&#237;na G (a qual controla a express&#227;o dos receptores adren&#233;rgicos). Estudamos cora&#231;&#245;es de pacientes com doen&#231;a estrutural e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial permanente e, como controles (o que foi um fator importante), os de pacientes portadores das mesmas doen&#231;as, mas sem fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este estudo foi guiado pelos princ&#237;pios da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque e aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o Cient&#237;fica do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil (#SDC 3043/07/118).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Pacientes</title>
        <p>Foram utilizadas partes das amostras de estudo anterior. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Analisamos 13 cora&#231;&#245;es de adultos (acima dos 18 anos) com FA permanente registrada em prontu&#225;rio com dura&#231;&#227;o m&#237;nima de 2 anos, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> que foram submetidos a necr&#243;psia (realizada em at&#233; menos de 24 horas ap&#243;s a morte) no Laborat&#243;rio de Anatomia Patol&#243;gica do <italic>InCor</italic> . Todos os pacientes tinham doen&#231;as subjacentes: doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o (4), valvopatias (4), miocardiopatia hipertensiva (2), miocardiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica (2) ou doen&#231;a de Chagas, forma cr&#244;nica card&#237;aca (1). Para evitar fatores de interfer&#234;ncia ligados &#224;s doen&#231;as de base, cora&#231;&#245;es de 13 pacientes submetidos a necr&#243;psia no mesmo laborat&#243;rio foram selecionados como controles, com pareamento de acordo com as doen&#231;as dos que tinham fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, mas sem qualquer refer&#234;ncia a essa arritmia em seus prontu&#225;rios. Em ambos os grupos, pacientes que tivessem sido submetidos a cirurgia ou a qualquer procedimento com potencial de modificar a estrutura card&#237;aca ou com cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas foram exclu&#237;dos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Amostras dos cora&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>De cada cora&#231;&#227;o foram obtidas quatro amostras, contendo epic&#225;rdio, mioc&#225;rdio e endoc&#225;rdio: na parede posterior do &#225;trio direito ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1A</xref> ); na jun&#231;&#227;o da veia pulmonar superior esquerda com o &#225;trio esquerdo ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1B</xref> ); na por&#231;&#227;o medial do trajeto da veia de Marshall ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1C</xref> ); e em torno do coxim gorduroso superior esquerdo (os coxins gordurosos s&#227;o concentra&#231;&#245;es de gordura epic&#225;rdica nas quais h&#225; tecido nervoso, sendo conhecidos como <italic>fat-pads</italic> ). Tais &#225;reas foram escolhidas porque foram antes implicadas na fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, e s&#227;o comumente analisadas em outros estudos, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> com exce&#231;&#227;o da parede posterior do &#225;trio direito, selecionada para verificar se eventuais altera&#231;&#245;es seriam difusas nos &#225;trios. As localiza&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">figura 1</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Imagem fotorreal&#237;stica de vista posterior do cora&#231;&#227;o humano. Quatro amostras foram coletadas nas seguintes localiza&#231;&#245;es: A) parede posterior do &#225;trio direito. B) jun&#231;&#227;o da veia pulmonar superior esquerda com o &#225;trio esquerdo; C) Segmento medial da rota da veia de Marshall; D) coxim gorduroso superior esquerdo.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-0999-00725-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s processamento histol&#243;gico convencional e embebi&#231;&#227;o em parafina, cortes dessas amostras com 4 micr&#244;metros de espessura foram preparados para a quantifica&#231;&#227;o da inerva&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, receptores adren&#233;rgicos e muscar&#237;nicos e express&#227;o de GRK-5.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Quantifica&#231;&#227;o dos receptores e das fibras nervosas auton&#244;micas</title>
        <p>A positividade forte para receptores adren&#233;rgicos e muscar&#237;nicos, GRK-5 e &#225;rea total de mioc&#225;rdio considerada foram medidas por detec&#231;&#227;o autom&#225;tica de cor em 3 campos microsc&#243;picos em cada l&#226;mina. Para evitar vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o na escolha dos campos, foram analisados os mais distantes da etiqueta das l&#226;minas.</p>
        <p>As fibras nervosas auton&#244;micas tamb&#233;m foram quantificadas nas amostras. A prote&#237;na S-100 tem positividade em todos os nervos, enquanto a tirosina hidroxilase (TH) marca apenas as fibras adren&#233;rgicas (simp&#225;ticas) p&#243;s-ganglionares. Assim como outros autores, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> avaliamos custo-efetividade e consideramos os nervos TH-positivos como pertencendo ao sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico; j&#225; os parassimp&#225;ticos corresponderam aos positivos para S-100 e negativos para TH. Diferentemente do que o empregado com os receptores, os cortes histol&#243;gicos foram analisados por inteiro, e suas &#225;reas e n&#250;meros de nervos foram quantificados em cada l&#226;mina. Foram, ent&#227;o, calculadas as seguintes vari&#225;veis: porcentagem de &#225;rea positiva (&#225;rea positiva/ &#225;rea do corte), densidade m&#233;dia de nervos positivos (n&#250;mero de nevos positivos/ &#225;rea do corte) e &#225;rea m&#233;dia dos nervos (&#225;rea positiva/ n&#250;mero de nervos). Calculamos tamb&#233;m o n&#250;mero total de fibras nervosas (S-100 positivas), fibras nervosas simp&#225;ticas (TH-positivas) e fibras nervosas parassimp&#225;ticas (S100-positivas e TH-negativas, diferen&#231;a entre o total de fibras e as simp&#225;ticas).</p>
        <p>Para aumentar o contraste entre positividade fraca e forte, as dilui&#231;&#245;es para os receptores e o GRK-5 foram supra&#243;timas <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> quando comparadas ao padronizado em outros tecidos. Como controle das rea&#231;&#245;es, o anticorpo prim&#225;rio foi omitido em 5 l&#226;minas escolhidas ao acaso. Os cortes foram examinados em sistema de an&#225;lise de imagens <italic>Axiovision 4.6,</italic> acoplado ao microsc&#243;pio <italic>Axion imager A1</italic> (ambos da <italic>Carl Zeiss</italic> , Alemanha) por observador que desconhecia a que grupo pertenciam as l&#226;minas.</p>
        <p>Especifica&#231;&#227;o e dilui&#231;&#227;o dos anticorpos: receptor muscar&#237;nico 1 (AB5164)- 1:100; receptor muscar&#237;nico 2 (AB9452)- 1:800; receptor muscar&#237;nico 3 (AB9451)- 1:200; receptor muscar&#237;nico 4 (AB9219)- 1:400; receptor muscar&#237;nico 5 (AB9453)- 1:400; receptor adren&#233;rgico &#946;1 (SC568) - 1:200; receptor adren&#233;rgico &#946;2 (SC570) - 1:50; receptor adren&#233;rgico &#946;3 (SC1473) - 1:20; quinase GRK-5 (SC 565) - 1:200; S-100 (Z0311) - 1:300; tirosina hidroxilase (MAB318) - 1:50.</p>
        <p>O anticorpo para S-100 foi fornecido por <italic>Dako</italic> , Dinamarca; os anticorpos para tirosina hidroxilase e receptores muscar&#237;nicos, por <italic>Chemicon</italic> , Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica; e os anticorpos para receptores adren&#233;rgicos e GRK-5, por <italic>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</italic> , Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas</title>
        <p>Inicialmente, as frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas foram calculadas para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, e as medidas de tend&#234;ncia central e dispers&#227;o para as num&#233;ricas. Para comparar casos com controles foram utilizados os testes de qui-quadrado e t de Student. Os testes param&#233;tricos foram usados ap&#243;s o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov para avalia&#231;&#227;o da normalidade em todas as vari&#225;veis, e estimativas de erros robustos foram usadas em modelos regressivos. A an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) <italic>one-way</italic> foi aplicada considerando-se cada conjunto de amostras iguais para identificar as diferen&#231;as entre elas. A an&#225;lise de covari&#226;ncia foi tamb&#233;m realizada para ajuste das dimens&#245;es do &#225;trio e uso de &#946;-bloqueadores, quando apropriado, ao analisar os cortes individuais. Modelos lineares gerais (tamb&#233;m conhecidos como an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia hierarquizada [ <italic>nested</italic> ANOVA]) de todas as amostras histol&#243;gicas dos participantes individuais) foram tamb&#233;m aplicados para identificar o impacto do determinante principal (a saber, tratamento, um fator intersujeitos) nas diferentes vari&#225;veis dependentes. Finalmente, m&#250;ltiplos modelos hierarquizados lineares gerais foram aplicados a todos os cortes histol&#243;gicos para cada caso. Consideramos significantes valores de p iguais a ou menores que 0,05. Em todos os modelos, foram realizados ajustes de Bonferroni nos valores de p. As an&#225;lises foram efetuadas no programa SPSS, vers&#227;o 23 ( <italic>IBM, Inc</italic> , Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica).</p>
        <p>Assim como em nosso estudo pr&#233;vio de aspectos histol&#243;gicos, inclusive fibrose, j&#225; que o volume atrial difere entre pacientes com e sem fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, fizemos a an&#225;lise de sensibilidade com m&#233;todos de ajuste considerando as diferen&#231;as no tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo. A seguir, estimamos os resultados de cada vari&#225;vel em cora&#231;&#245;es de qualquer grupo com um tamanho espec&#237;fico de &#225;trio esquerdo para verificar se potenciais diferen&#231;as entre grupos poderiam estar ligadas a essa covari&#225;vel. Adicionalmente, o uso de &#946;-bloqueadores foi inclu&#237;do para ajuste da avalia&#231;&#227;o de receptores &#946;-adren&#233;rgicos e de GRK-5.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, morfol&#243;gicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial permanente e seus controles s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Dados cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de pacientes com FA permanente e controles</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>Casos com FAp (n=13)</th>
                <th>Casos com FAp (n=13)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Pacientes do sexo masculino [n/(%)]</td>
                <td align="center">5 (38,5)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (61,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos) [m&#233;dia/(dp)]</td>
                <td align="center">67,5 (15,4)</td>
                <td align="center">65,5 (11,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,71</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca subjacente [n/(%)]</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">4 (30,8)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (30,8)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a da v&#225;lvula, incluindo DR</td>
                <td align="center">4 (30,8)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (30,8)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cardiopatia hipertensiva</td>
                <td align="center">2 (15,4)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (15,4)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica</td>
                <td align="center">2 (15,4)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (15,4)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</td>
                <td align="center">1 (7,7)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (7,7)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Peso (kg) [m&#233;dia/(dp)]</td>
                <td align="center">66,5 (14,1)</td>
                <td align="center">63,8 (15,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Altura (cm) [m&#233;dia/(dp)]</td>
                <td align="center">162,4 (14,7)</td>
                <td align="center">160,8 (8,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m <sup>2</sup> ) [m&#233;dia/(dp)]</td>
                <td align="center">25,0 (2,9)</td>
                <td align="center">24,5 (4,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,74</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic> [n/(%)]*</td>
                <td align="center">3 (23,1)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (25,0) (n=12)</td>
                <td align="center">0,99</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de beta-bloqueadores</td>
                <td align="center">5 (38,4)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (38,4)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica - [n/(%)]*</td>
                <td align="center">9 (69,2)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (33,3) (n=12)</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Volume de &#225;trio esquerdo no eco [m&#233;dia/(dp]</td>
                <td align="center">83,2 (38,4)</td>
                <td align="center">47,9 (40,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Espessura do septo do VE [m&#233;dia/(dp)]</td>
                <td align="center">10,3 (2,4)</td>
                <td align="center">10,4 (1,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,94</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE [m&#233;dia/(dp)]</td>
                <td align="center">49,8 (20,1)</td>
                <td align="center">46,1 (19,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Raz&#227;o col&#225;geno/col&#225;geno+mioc&#225;rdio [m&#233;dia +(dp)]</td>
                <td align="center">0,26 (0,09)</td>
                <td align="center">0,23 (0,06)</td>
                <td align="center">0,35</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>FAp: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial permanente; n: n&#250;mero de casos; dp: desvio padr&#227;o; DR: doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; * sem informa&#231;&#227;o sobre um paciente controle; eco - ecocardiograma; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Adaptado de Oliveira IM et al.3</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Dados relativos &#224;s fibras nervosas, considerando cada territ&#243;rio amostrado, bem como todos em conjunto, s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref> . Levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o separadamente cada localiza&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o s&#227;o observadas diferen&#231;as quanto &#224; densidade de fibras auton&#244;micas intr&#237;nsecas. A an&#225;lise englobando todas as amostras demonstra aumento de nervos simp&#225;ticos nos pacientes com FA (8,53&#177;20,25/cm <sup>2</sup> <italic>vs</italic> 2,67&#177;4,57/cm <sup>2</sup> , p=0,04). Ap&#243;s ajuste quanto ao tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo, aparece um aumento tamb&#233;m nos nervos parassimp&#225;ticos e na quantidade total de nervos. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">figura 2 (A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">B)</xref> mostra a imunoexpress&#227;o das fibras nervosas em nossas amostras.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fibras nervosas aut&#244;nomas de cora&#231;&#245;es de pacientes com FA permanente e de controles</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Fibras</th>
                <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Todos (S100) (unidades/cm <sup>2</sup> )</th>
                <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Nervo simp&#225;tico (TH+) (unidades/cm <sup>2</sup> )</th>
                <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Nervo parassimp&#225;tico (TH-) (unidades/cm <sup>2</sup> )</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Grupo</th>
                <th>FAp</th>
                <th>Controle</th>
                <th>FAp</th>
                <th>Controle</th>
                <th>FAp</th>
                <th>Controle</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">AD - parede posterior</td>
                <td align="center">8,85&#177;9,40</td>
                <td align="center">9,10&#177;5,15</td>
                <td align="center">0,37&#177;0,99</td>
                <td align="center">0,50&#177;1,14</td>
                <td align="center">8,48&#177;9,57</td>
                <td align="center">8,59&#177;5,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">p 0,935,</td>
                <td align="center">0,710 <sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">p 0,753,</td>
                <td align="center">0,905 <sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">p 0,971,</td>
                <td align="center">0,700 <sup>&#165;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">AE - jun&#231;&#227;o da veia pulmonar superior esquerda</td>
                <td align="center">41,61&#177;35,79</td>
                <td align="center">25,78&#177;20,90</td>
                <td align="center">19,74&#177;34,26</td>
                <td align="center">4,95&#177;6,78</td>
                <td align="center">21,86&#177;14,78</td>
                <td align="center">20,83&#177;20,47</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">p 0,181,</td>
                <td align="center">0,256 <sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">p 0,140,</td>
                <td align="center">0,158 <sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">p 0,884,</td>
                <td align="center">0,918 <sup>&#165;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">AE - meio da rota da veia de Marshall</td>
                <td align="center">40,15&#177;60,28</td>
                <td align="center">14,90&#177;9,48</td>
                <td align="center">5,58&#177;9,56</td>
                <td align="center">2,39&#177;4,76</td>
                <td align="center">34,56&#177;58,07</td>
                <td align="center">12,51&#177;9,48</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">p 0,149,</td>
                <td align="center">0,390 <sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">p 0,292,</td>
                <td align="center">0,230 <sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">p 0,189,</td>
                <td align="center">0,500 <sup>&#165;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">FP - superior &#224; esquerda</td>
                <td align="center">38,05&#177;55,72</td>
                <td align="center">19,25&#177;11,95</td>
                <td align="center">8,42&#177;16,07</td>
                <td align="center">2,85&#177;2,82</td>
                <td align="center">29,62&#177;40,56</td>
                <td align="center">17,47&#177;10,53</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">p 0,246,</td>
                <td align="center">0,637 <sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">p 0,248,</td>
                <td align="center">0,666 <sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">p 0,325,</td>
                <td align="center">0,681 <sup>&#165;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Amostras em conjunto</td>
                <td align="center">32,16&#177;45,76</td>
                <td align="center">17,26&#177;14,20</td>
                <td align="center">8,53&#177;20,25</td>
                <td align="center">2,67&#177;4,57</td>
                <td align="center">23,63&#177;36,77</td>
                <td align="center">14,80&#177;13,27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">p 0,136 <sup>e</sup> ,</td>
                <td align="center">0,001 <sup>&#1006;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">p 0,044 <sup>e,</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,017 <sup>&#1006;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">p 0,237 <sup>e</sup> ,</td>
                <td align="center">0,001 <sup>&#1006;</sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>Dados apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. FAp: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial permanente; AD: &#225;trio direito; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; FP: coxim gorduroso (&#8220;fat pad&#8221;). p valor ANOVA n&#227;o ajustado, <sup>&#165;</sup> ANOVA ajustado pelo tamanho de &#225;trio esquerdo; <sup>e</sup> ANOVA hierarquizado n&#227;o ajustado; <sup>e</sup> ANOVA hierarquizado ajustado pelo tamanho de &#225;trio esquerdo.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>A) Fibras nervosas fortemente positivas para tirosina-hidroxilase, portanto consideradas fibras simp&#225;ticas; B) Fotomicrografia da tela do sistema de an&#225;lise de imagens mostrando nervos marcados para prote&#237;na S-100; C e D) &#193;reas positivas (C) e negativas (D) em cortes histol&#243;gicos de mioc&#225;rdio com rea&#231;&#227;o imuno-histoqu&#237;mica para o receptor muscar&#237;nico 1.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-0999-00725-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Os resultados da express&#227;o de receptores muscar&#237;nicos e adren&#233;rgicos e de GRK-5 s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabela 3</xref> . Est&#227;o divididos conforme a localiza&#231;&#227;o das amostras, havendo ainda dados da reuni&#227;o de todas elas.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Express&#227;o dos receptores muscar&#237;nicos e &#946;-adren&#233;rgicos em cora&#231;&#245;es de pacientes com AF permanente e controles</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Receptor</th>
                <th rowspan="2">Grupo</th>
                <th colspan="3">AD - parede posterior</th>
                <th colspan="3">AE - ponto m&#233;dio da veia Marshall</th>
                <th colspan="3">AE - jun&#231;&#227;o da veia pulmonar superior esquerda</th>
                <th colspan="3">AE - perto da coxim de gordura superior esquerda</th>
                <th colspan="3">Amostras em conjunto</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>p*</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>p*</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>p*</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>p*</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>p**</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">M1</td>
                <td align="center">FAp</td>
                <td align="center">6,47&#177;3,39</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,001</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,002</td>
                <td align="center">5,56&#177;4,64</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,021</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,131</td>
                <td align="center">6,32&#177;5,33</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,286</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,270</td>
                <td align="center">5,15&#177;4,89</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,038</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,220</td>
                <td align="center">5,87&#177;4,52</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,032</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Controle</td>
                <td align="center">2,77&#177;1,38</td>
                <td align="center">2,22&#177;1,48</td>
                <td align="center">4,30&#177;4,03</td>
                <td align="center">2,12&#177;0,93</td>
                <td align="center">2,85&#177;2,40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">M2</td>
                <td align="center">FAp</td>
                <td align="center">7,60&#177;5,95</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,762</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,982</td>
                <td align="center">5,64&#177;3,54</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,110</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,066</td>
                <td align="center">7,84&#177;4,13</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,198</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,107</td>
                <td align="center">5,65&#177;2,41</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,039</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,038</td>
                <td align="center">6,69&#177;4,26</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,760</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,666</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Controle</td>
                <td align="center">6,93&#177;5,15</td>
                <td align="center">3,73&#177;2,12</td>
                <td align="center">14,24&#177;16,88</td>
                <td align="center">3,62&#177;2,41</td>
                <td align="center">7,14&#177;9,73</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">M3</td>
                <td align="center">FAp</td>
                <td align="center">43,50&#177;19,08</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,105</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,315</td>
                <td align="center">37,61&#177;20,97</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,296</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,281</td>
                <td align="center">41,90&#177;18,88</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,546</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,281</td>
                <td align="center">31,00&#177;13,27</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,025</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,151</td>
                <td align="center">38,51&#177;18,34</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,069</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,291</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Controle</td>
                <td align="center">31,04&#177;18,61</td>
                <td align="center">29,10&#177;18,80</td>
                <td align="center">46,50&#177;19,61</td>
                <td align="center">20,10&#177;9,58</td>
                <td align="center">31,71&#177;19,21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">M4</td>
                <td align="center">FAp</td>
                <td align="center">9,14&#177;5,47</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,201</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,169</td>
                <td align="center">9,90&#177;6,67</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,023</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,049</td>
                <td align="center">7,64&#177;4,00</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,690</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,618</td>
                <td align="center">8,18&#177;11,72</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,192</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,678</td>
                <td align="center">8,71&#177;7,37</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,016</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,213</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Controle</td>
                <td align="center">5,76&#177;4,74</td>
                <td align="center">4,44&#177;4,56</td>
                <td align="center">8,42&#177;5,66</td>
                <td align="center">3,76&#177;1,95</td>
                <td align="center">5,59&#177;5,45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">M5</td>
                <td align="center">FAp</td>
                <td align="center">18,94&#177;11,93</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,302</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,704</td>
                <td align="center">12,90&#177;11,34</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,368</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,645</td>
                <td align="center">20,92&#177;22,81</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,737</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,946</td>
                <td align="center">12,06&#177;9,32</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,570</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,977</td>
                <td align="center">16,21&#177;14,88</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,212</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,507</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Controle</td>
                <td align="center">14,51&#177;9,37</td>
                <td align="center">8,67&#177;12,14</td>
                <td align="center">18:30&#177;15,91</td>
                <td align="center">9,83&#177;10,39</td>
                <td align="center">12,83&#177;12,47</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">&#946;1</td>
                <td align="center">FAp</td>
                <td align="center">43,90&#177;12,39</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,975</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,742</td>
                <td align="center">47,59&#177;21,40</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,036</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">37,48&#177;21,90</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,438</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,288</td>
                <td align="center">40,23&#177;22,37</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,552</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,214</td>
                <td align="center">42,05&#177;19,75</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,295</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,520</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Controle</td>
                <td align="center">44,10&#177;17,81</td>
                <td align="center">28,98&#177;19,34</td>
                <td align="center">43,60&#177;17,42</td>
                <td align="center">34,89&#177;22,83</td>
                <td align="center">37,89&#177;19,93</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">&#946;2</td>
                <td align="center">FAp</td>
                <td align="center">23,81&#177;11,96</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,785</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,445</td>
                <td align="center">32,42&#177;19,20</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,180</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,589</td>
                <td align="center">20,57&#177;13,48</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,323</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,257</td>
                <td align="center">23,47&#177;16,69</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,037</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">24,80&#177;15,61</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,408</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,081</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Controle</td>
                <td align="center">25,48&#177;17,51</td>
                <td align="center">23,04&#177;13,88</td>
                <td align="center">27,63&#177;21,32</td>
                <td align="center">12:38&#177;7,00</td>
                <td align="center">22,14&#177;16,46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">&#946;3</td>
                <td align="center">FAp</td>
                <td align="center">39,32&#177;20,29</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,911</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,469</td>
                <td align="center">36,36&#177;26,36</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,422</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,940</td>
                <td align="center">36,45&#177;11,81</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,351</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,281</td>
                <td align="center">37,50&#177;18,53</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,177</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,314</td>
                <td align="center">37,41&#177;18,17</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,406</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,039</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Controle</td>
                <td align="center">38,40&#177;20,45</td>
                <td align="center">29,04&#177;20,40</td>
                <td align="center">42,38&#177;19,10</td>
                <td align="center">26,89&#177;20,31</td>
                <td align="center">34,18&#177;20,53</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">GRK5</td>
                <td align="center">FAp</td>
                <td align="center">49,81&#177;18,49</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,899</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,976</td>
                <td align="center">44,84&#177;18,78</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,999</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,147</td>
                <td align="center">53,43&#177;15,28</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,796</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,862</td>
                <td align="center">55,45&#177;16,53</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,086</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,320</td>
                <td align="center">51,16&#177;17,17</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,284</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Controle</td>
                <td align="center">50,53&#177;7,61</td>
                <td align="center">44,85&#177;19,75</td>
                <td align="center">52,95&#177;13,26</td>
                <td align="center">43,29&#177;18,00</td>
                <td align="center">47,66&#177;15,39</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>Dados apresentados como propor&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia (%) &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. FAp: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial permanente; AD; &#225;trio direito; AE:&#225;trio esquerdo; GRK5: receptor acoplado &#224; prote&#237;na G. p valor ANOVA n&#227;o ajustado. *Anova ajustada pelo tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo para M1 a M5, e pelo volume de &#225;trio esquerdo e uso de &#946;-bloqueadores em &#946;1 a &#946;3 e GRK-5.*Anova hierarquizado ajustado pelo tamanho de &#225;trio esquerdo para M1 a M5 e pelo tamanho de &#225;trio esquerdo e uso de bloqueador de &#946; em &#946;1 a &#946;3 e GRK-5.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A imunomarca&#231;&#227;o de receptores muscar&#237;nicos &#233; mostrada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">figura 2, C</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">D</xref> . N&#227;o existe diferen&#231;a consider&#225;vel entre as regi&#245;es subepic&#225;rdica e subendoc&#225;rdica. Em cora&#231;&#245;es de pacientes com FA permanente, a express&#227;o de todos os tipos de receptores muscar&#237;nicos, com exce&#231;&#227;o do 5, estava aumentada em ao menos um territ&#243;rio. Houve mais altera&#231;&#245;es no coxim gorduroso superior esquerdo e na veia obl&#237;qua do &#225;trio esquerdo (veia de Marshall). No entanto, ap&#243;s ajuste quanto ao tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo, apenas a express&#227;o de M1 no &#225;trio direito (e, consequentemente, a avalia&#231;&#227;o global) e M2 junto ao coxim gorduroso permaneceram significantes.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos receptores &#946;-adren&#233;rgicos e GRK-5, n&#227;o foi encontrada diferen&#231;a na an&#225;lise global dos subtipos 1 e 2 (apenas aumento em uma amostra de cada). Por&#233;m, &#946;-3 e GRK-5 apresentaram aumento em todas as localiza&#231;&#245;es na an&#225;lise ajustada. N&#227;o foi detectada diferen&#231;a entre pacientes que tomavam &#946;-bloqueadores e os que n&#227;o o faziam (dados n&#227;o apresentados).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo card&#237;aco intr&#237;nseco na fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial permanente</p>
      <p>O SNACI corresponde a uma rede neural composta por fibras nervosas e plexos ganglionares (simp&#225;ticos e parassimp&#225;ticos) encontrados no cora&#231;&#227;o e nas grandes veias adjacentes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Tem papel importante na fisiopatologia da FA, como demonstrado por estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica ou por inje&#231;&#245;es de parassimpatomim&#233;ticos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Os dados atuais indicam n&#227;o somente uma fun&#231;&#227;o importante na ativa&#231;&#227;o dos eixos simp&#225;tico e parassimp&#225;tico, mas tamb&#233;m que a modifica&#231;&#227;o do balan&#231;o entre suas a&#231;&#245;es est&#225; envolvida na inicia&#231;&#227;o da FA. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Neste estudo, realizamos an&#225;lise abrangente do SNACI, enfocando tanto nos nervos quanto nos receptores muscar&#237;nicos e beta-adren&#233;rgicos. Observamos aumento de fibras nervosas auton&#244;micas atriais, em particular dos nervos simp&#225;ticos. Entretanto, ao se analisar cada localiza&#231;&#227;o isoladamente, tais diferen&#231;as n&#227;o se mant&#234;m. Por outro lado, quando se faz ajuste considerando o volume do &#225;trio esquerdo, os resultados permanecem os mesmos. Esses &#250;ltimos dados sugerem que h&#225; altera&#231;&#227;o significativa na densidade de nervos em pacientes com FA permanente, ainda que levando em conta o aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo.</p>
      <p>Diversos artigos <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> relataram inerva&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica aumentada em &#225;reas eletrofisiologicamente relacionadas &#224; FA, tais como as veias pulmonares, os seios coron&#225;rios e a veia de Marshall. Esses estudos compararam apenas a densidade de nervos (simp&#225;ticos ou parassimp&#225;ticos) nessas regi&#245;es, ou em outras, com o plexo ganglionar no mioc&#225;rdio atrial. No entanto, esses territ&#243;rios pr&#243;ximos aos plexos ganglionares t&#234;m grande densidade de nervos, mas que n&#227;o obrigatoriamente est&#227;o vinculados &#224; FA. Nossos dados revelam grande concentra&#231;&#227;o do SNACI nessas &#225;reas, especialmente inerva&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica. A densidade aumentada de nervos simp&#225;ticos pode ser um potencial desencadeante de arritmia causada pela inerva&#231;&#227;o pr&#243;xima ao plexo ganglionar e &#224; resultante ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo, como j&#225; demonstrado em estudos experimentais. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Receptores muscar&#237;nicos na fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial permanente</title>
        <p>A estimula&#231;&#227;o dos neur&#244;nios parassimp&#225;ticos p&#243;s-ganglionares libera acetilcolina (mediador colin&#233;rgico), a qual atua nos receptores muscar&#237;nicos na membrana celular em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo (no caso do cora&#231;&#227;o, na membrana dos mi&#243;citos). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Foram descritos cinco tipos de receptores muscar&#237;nicos (M1 a M5), cuja presen&#231;a em seres humanos foi demonstrada por Wang et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> em estudo descritivo de amostras de &#225;trios direitos obtidas de 4 pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> No presente trabalho, a express&#227;o de todos esses receptores (exceto M5) estava aumentada em cora&#231;&#245;es de portadores de FA em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; dos controles. A mais significativamente alterada foi a do receptor M1, inclusive nas an&#225;lises ajustadas, como apresentado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabela 3</xref> . Todas as localiza&#231;&#245;es exibiam aumento significativo desse receptor, com exce&#231;&#227;o da jun&#231;&#227;o da veia pulmonar superior esquerda. O aumento de M1 no mioc&#225;rdio de pessoas com FA permanente pode estar diretamente relacionado com a fibrila&#231;&#227;o em si, e ajuda a explicar o aumento anteriormente descrito do t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico por libera&#231;&#227;o de catecolaminas nos terminais nervosos simp&#225;ticos, com efeito estimulador induzido por estas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Os receptores 2, 3 e 4 estavam aumentados nos pacientes com FA em apenas um local: 2 e 3 pr&#243;ximos ao coxim gorduroso superior esquerdo, e 4 na regi&#227;o da veia de Marshall. Al&#233;m dos receptores M1 e M2, o M4 foi encontrado nos g&#226;nglios simp&#225;ticos e pode ser induzido por catecolaminas, de forma similar ao receptor M1. De acordo com estudo de Makino et al., a regi&#227;o da veia de Marshall tem grande n&#250;mero de fibras nervosas simp&#225;ticas e de g&#226;nglios parassimp&#225;ticos, e pode de fato ter um papel ligado &#224; express&#227;o aumentada desses receptores. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Assim, as &#225;reas afetadas s&#227;o de fato as mais relacionadas &#224; FA; apenas o M1 parece ter altera&#231;&#227;o mais difusa, atingindo o &#225;trio direito e o esquerdo.</p>
        <p>Foram descritas altera&#231;&#245;es na express&#227;o de receptores muscar&#237;nicos em modelos experimentais, o que pode sugerir que eles tenham uma fun&#231;&#227;o na fisiopatologia, e talvez no tratamento, da FA. Em modelo experimental de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em c&#227;es, as densidades dos receptores M2 e M4 estavam reduzidas, e as dos receptores, aumentadas nos &#225;trios com FA, em compara&#231;&#227;o com os sem FA. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Deve-se salientar que M2 e M4 inibem os canais de c&#225;lcio, e o M2 tem a&#231;&#245;es inotr&#243;picas e cronotr&#243;picas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Assim, seria poss&#237;vel esperar que esses receptores estivessem diminu&#237;dos, e n&#227;o aumentados, na FA permanente. O mesmo n&#227;o se aplica aos receptores M1 e M3, de quem foram documentadas fun&#231;&#245;es estimuladoras em outros &#243;rg&#227;os. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> O receptor M5 e suas a&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o pouco conhecidos nos cora&#231;&#245;es humanos, mas de todo modo quanto a ele n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos.</p>
        <p>Nossos resultados sugerem que o tecido mioc&#225;rdico adjacente aos plexos ganglionares pode estar associado &#224; express&#227;o aumentada de receptores muscar&#237;nicos, exceto no caso do M5. A express&#227;o aumentada do receptor muscar&#237;nico ocorreu mais frequentemente na por&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo, onde se situa a veia de Marshall.</p>
        <p>Embora n&#227;o tenhamos avaliado fun&#231;&#227;o, algumas considera&#231;&#245;es sobre a fisiopatologia da FA permanente podem ser feitas com base em nossas observa&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas. Primeiramente, &#233; necess&#225;rio considerar a possibilidade de que as altera&#231;&#245;es que encontramos sejam n&#227;o a causa, mas o efeito da FA, por mecanismo n&#227;o esclarecido. Por outro lado, o desequil&#237;brio do SNACI, como demonstrado em estudos experimentais e eletrofisiol&#243;gicos, pode ser causado por baixa atividade da inerva&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca auton&#244;mica (na qual a redu&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea m&#233;dia dos nervos com manuten&#231;&#227;o geral da densidade de fibras poderia ter uma fun&#231;&#227;o, ainda que seja importante mencionar que n&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#227;o na &#225;rea de nervos), com aumento desproporcional da inerva&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica. &#201; importante salientar que o aumento da express&#227;o card&#237;aca de receptores muscar&#237;nicos, especialmente dos relacionados &#224; atividade induzida por catecolaminas (M1, M2 e M4) e em regi&#245;es espec&#237;ficas relacionadas &#224; FA (M1 e M3), aponta para a exist&#234;ncia de poss&#237;vel desequil&#237;brio na atividade auton&#244;mica que poderia perpetuar essa arritmia de modo permanente em cora&#231;&#245;es humanos, ao aumentar a sensibilidade a est&#237;mulos atriais causados pela acetilcolina.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Receptores &#946;-adren&#233;rgicos na fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial permanente e o uso de &#946;-bloqueadores</title>
        <p>Em que pese a grande import&#226;ncia do controle &#946;-adren&#233;rgico do ritmo card&#237;aco, nossos dados indicam que n&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;a na express&#227;o de seus receptores ou da quinase GRK-5 com o uso de &#946;-bloqueadores.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o foi encontrada diferen&#231;a significativa nos receptores &#946;-adren&#233;rgicos tipos 1 ou 2. Por outro lado, os receptores &#946;3 e GRK-5 estavam bastante aumentados nas amostras de pacientes com FA permanente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas e limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>H&#225; relativamente poucos trabalhos que usam m&#233;todos anatomopatol&#243;gicos para estudar arritmias card&#237;acas, principalmente porque grande parte das altera&#231;&#245;es subjacentes a elas s&#227;o essencialmente eletrofisiol&#243;gicas, com poucas repercuss&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas, e porque frequentemente requerem trabalhosos mapeamentos card&#237;acos. Por&#233;m, uma vez que tais desafios sejam encarados, esses m&#233;todos t&#234;m potencial de contribuir de forma significativa para o entendimento dessas doen&#231;as. Nossa abordagem no presente estudo foi a de verificar tipos e &#225;reas das fibras nervosas auton&#244;micas, a express&#227;o de receptores muscar&#237;nicos e adren&#233;rgicos e a quinase desses &#250;ltimos (GRK-5) na fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial humana.</p>
        <p>Nossos achados demonstram que esse m&#233;todo &#233; &#250;til para identificar altera&#231;&#245;es eventualmente presentes (como nos receptores). Claramente, uma das limita&#231;&#245;es desse tipo de estudo &#233; que a express&#227;o morfol&#243;gica das fibras nervosas e dos receptores n&#227;o implica diretamente que sejam funcionais, mas pode-se inferir que mudan&#231;as em suas concentra&#231;&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas podem refletir altera&#231;&#245;es em sua atividade.</p>
        <p>Vale refor&#231;ar a import&#226;ncia da escolha de controles adequados para os estudos patol&#243;gicos: ainda que a FA em geral ocorra em pacientes como acompanhante de alguma doen&#231;a estrutural, a maioria dos artigos anteriores utilizou cora&#231;&#245;es normais como controles. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Desse modo, &#233; imposs&#237;vel determinar com precis&#227;o suficiente quais achados s&#227;o, de fato, ligados &#224; arritmia. Para evitar esse vi&#233;s, nossos pacientes-controle tinham as mesmas doen&#231;as que aqueles com FA, como se tiv&#233;ssemos &#8220;exclu&#237;do&#8221; as doen&#231;as acima e abaixo de uma linha de fra&#231;&#227;o, deixando apenas a arritmia para explicar as diferen&#231;as. Al&#233;m disso, usamos amostras de pacientes com pelo menos 2 anos desde o diagn&#243;stico, para ter certeza de que qualquer altera&#231;&#227;o potencial fosse fixa.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>O aumento da inerva&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo card&#237;aco intr&#237;nseco, assim como o remodelamento da express&#227;o de receptores em regi&#245;es propensas a desencadear fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, podem ter uma fun&#231;&#227;o na condi&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial permanente secund&#225;ria &#224; doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Os autores agradecem a Solange Consorti e &#194;ngela Santos por seu suporte t&#233;cnico.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Wann LS , Curtis AB , Ellenbogen KA , Estes NA , Ezekowitz MD , Jackman WM , et al . Management of patients with atrial fibrillation (compilation of 2006 ACCF/AHA/ESC and 2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS recommendations): a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines . Circulation . 2013 ; 127 ( 18 ): 1916 - 26 .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wann</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Curtis</surname>
              <given-names>AB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ellenbogen</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Estes</surname>
              <given-names>NA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ezekowitz</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jackman</surname>
              <given-names>WM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Management of patients with atrial fibrillation (compilation of 2006 ACCF/AHA/ESC and 2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS recommendations): a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>127</volume>
          <issue>18</issue>
          <fpage>1916</fpage>
          <lpage>1926</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Boldt A , Wetzel U , Lauschke J , Weigl J , Gummert J , Hindricks G , et al . Fibrosis in left atrial tissue of patients with atrial fibrillation with and without underlying mitral valve disease . Heart . 2004 ; 90 ( 4 ): 400 - 5 .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Boldt</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wetzel</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lauschke</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weigl</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gummert</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hindricks</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fibrosis in left atrial tissue of patients with atrial fibrillation with and without underlying mitral valve disease</article-title>
          <source>Heart</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>90</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>400</fpage>
          <lpage>405</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Oliveira IM , Oliveira BD , Scanavacca MI , Gutierrez PS . Fibrosis, myocardial crossings, disconnections, abrupt turns, and epicardial reflections: Do they play an actual role in human permanent atrial fibrillation? A controlled necropsy study . Cardiovasc Pathol . 2013 ; 22 ( 1 ): 65 - 9 .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>IM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>BD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
              <given-names>MI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gutierrez</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fibrosis, myocardial crossings, disconnections, abrupt turns, and epicardial reflections: Do they play an actual role in human permanent atrial fibrillation? A controlled necropsy study</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Pathol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>65</fpage>
          <lpage>69</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Kumagai K , Ogawa M , Noguchi H , Yasuda T , Nakashima H , Saku K . Electrophysiologic properties of pulmonary veins assessed using a multielectrode basket cateter . J Am Coll Cardiol . 2004 ; 43 ( 12 ): 2281 - 9 .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kumagai</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ogawa</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Noguchi</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yasuda</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nakashima</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saku</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Electrophysiologic properties of pulmonary veins assessed using a multielectrode basket cateter</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>2281</fpage>
          <lpage>2289</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Calkins H , Hindricks G , Cappato R , Kim Y , Saad EB , Aguinaga L , et al . 2017 HRS/EHRA/ECAS/APHRS/ SOLAECE expert consensus statement on cateter ans surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation: Executive summary . Europace . 2018 ; 20 ( 1 ): 157 - 208 .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Calkins</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hindricks</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cappato</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saad</surname>
              <given-names>EB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aguinaga</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2017 HRS/EHRA/ECAS/APHRS/ SOLAECE expert consensus statement on cateter ans surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation: Executive summary</article-title>
          <source>Europace</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>157</fpage>
          <lpage>208</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Scanavacca MI , Pisani CF , Hachul D , Lara S , Hardy C , Darrieux F , et al . Selective atrial vagal denervation guided by evoked vagal reflex to treat patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation . Circulation . 2006 ; 114 ( 9 ): 876 - 85 .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
              <given-names>MI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pisani</surname>
              <given-names>CF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hachul</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lara</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hardy</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Darrieux</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Selective atrial vagal denervation guided by evoked vagal reflex to treat patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>114</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>876</fpage>
          <lpage>885</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Carnagarin R , Kiuchi MG , Ho JK , Matthews VB , Schlaich MP . Sympathetic nervous system activation and its modulation: role in atrial fibrillation . Front Neurosci . 2019 Jan 23 ; 12 : 1058 .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Carnagarin</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kiuchi</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ho</surname>
              <given-names>JK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matthews</surname>
              <given-names>VB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schlaich</surname>
              <given-names>MP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sympathetic nervous system activation and its modulation: role in atrial fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>Front Neurosci</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <month>01</month>
          <day>23</day>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <size units="pages">1058</size>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Linz D , Elliott AD , Hohl M , Malik V , Schotten U , Dobrev D , et al . Role of autonomic nervous system in atrial fibrillation . Int J Cardiol . 2019 Jul 15 ; 287 : 181 - 8 .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Linz</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Elliott</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hohl</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Malik</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schotten</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dobrev</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Role of autonomic nervous system in atrial fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <month>07</month>
          <day>15</day>
          <volume>287</volume>
          <fpage>181</fpage>
          <lpage>188</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Tomita T , Takei M , Saikawa Y , Hanaoka T , Uchikawa S , Tsutsui H , et al . Role of autonomic tone in the initiation and termination of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in patients without structural heart disease . J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol . 2003 ; 14 ( 6 ): 559 - 64 .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tomita</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Takei</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saikawa</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hanaoka</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Uchikawa</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tsutsui</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Role of autonomic tone in the initiation and termination of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in patients without structural heart disease</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>559</fpage>
          <lpage>564</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Berg MP , Hassink RJ , Balj&#233;-Volkers C , Crijns HJGM . Role of the autonomic nervous system in vagal atrial fibrillation . Heart . 2003 ; 89 ( 3 ): 333 - 5 .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Berg</surname>
              <given-names>MP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hassink</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Balj&#233;-Volkers</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crijns</surname>
              <given-names>HJGM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Role of the autonomic nervous system in vagal atrial fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>Heart</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>89</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>333</fpage>
          <lpage>335</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Razavi M , Zhang S , Yang D , Sanders RA , Kar B , Delapasse S , et al . Effects of pulmonary vein ablation on regional atrial vagal innervation and vulnerability to atrial fibrillation in dogs . J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol . 2005 ; 16 ( 8 ): 879 - 84 .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Razavi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yang</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sanders</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kar</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Delapasse</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of pulmonary vein ablation on regional atrial vagal innervation and vulnerability to atrial fibrillation in dogs</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>879</fpage>
          <lpage>884</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Kim DT , Lai AC , Hwang C , Fan LT , Karagueuzian HS , Chen PS , et al . The ligament of Marshall: a structural analysis in human hearts with implications for atrial arrhythmias . J Am Coll Cardiol . 2000 ; 36 ( 4 ): 1324 - 7 .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>DT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lai</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hwang</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fan</surname>
              <given-names>LT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Karagueuzian</surname>
              <given-names>HS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The ligament of Marshall: a structural analysis in human hearts with implications for atrial arrhythmias</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>1324</fpage>
          <lpage>1327</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Ulphani JS , Arora R , Cain JH , Villuendas R , Shen S , Gordon D , et al . The ligament of Marshall as a parasympathetic conduit . Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol . 2007 ; 293 ( 3 ): H1629 - 35 .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ulphani</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arora</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cain</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Villuendas</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shen</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gordon</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The ligament of Marshall as a parasympathetic conduit</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>293</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>H1629</fpage>
          <lpage>H1635</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Makino M , Inoue S , Matsuyama TA , Ogawa G , Sakai T , Kobayashi Y , et al . Diverse myocardial extension and autonomic innervation on ligament of Marshall in humans . J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol . 2006 ; 17 ( 6 ): 594 - 9 .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Makino</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Inoue</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsuyama</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ogawa</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sakai</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kobayashi</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diverse myocardial extension and autonomic innervation on ligament of Marshall in humans</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>594</fpage>
          <lpage>599</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Aiello VD , Higuchi ML , Lopes EA , Lopes AAB , Barbero-Marcial M , Ebaid M . An immunohistochemical study of arterial lesions due to pulmonary hypertension in patients with congenital heart defects . Cardiol Young . 1994 ; 4 ( 1 ): 37 - 43 .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Aiello</surname>
              <given-names>VD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Higuchi</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopes</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopes</surname>
              <given-names>AAB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barbero-Marcial</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ebaid</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>An immunohistochemical study of arterial lesions due to pulmonary hypertension in patients with congenital heart defects</article-title>
          <source>Cardiol Young</source>
          <year>1994</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>37</fpage>
          <lpage>43</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. Hopkins DA , Macdonald SE , Murphy DA , Armour JA . Pathology of intrinsic cardiac neurons from ischemic human hearts . Anat Rec . 2000 ; 259 ( 4 ): 424 - 36 .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hopkins</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Macdonald</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murphy</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Armour</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pathology of intrinsic cardiac neurons from ischemic human hearts</article-title>
          <source>Anat Rec</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>259</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>424</fpage>
          <lpage>436</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. Sharifov OF , Fedorov VV , Beloshapko GG , Glukhov AV , Yushmanova AV , Rosenshtraukh LV . Roles of adrenergic and cholinergic stimulation in spontaneous atrial fibrillation in dogs . J Am Coll Cardiol . 2004 ; 43 ( 3 ): 483 - 90 .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sharifov</surname>
              <given-names>OF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fedorov</surname>
              <given-names>VV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beloshapko</surname>
              <given-names>GG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Glukhov</surname>
              <given-names>AV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yushmanova</surname>
              <given-names>AV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosenshtraukh</surname>
              <given-names>LV</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Roles of adrenergic and cholinergic stimulation in spontaneous atrial fibrillation in dogs</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>483</fpage>
          <lpage>490</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Po SS , Scherlag BJ , Yamanashi WS , Edwards J , Zhou J , Wu R , et al . Experimental model for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation arising at the pulmonary vein-atrial junctions . Heart Rhythm . 2006 ; 3 ( 2 ): 201 - 8 .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Po</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scherlag</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yamanashi</surname>
              <given-names>WS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Edwards</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhou</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wu</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Experimental model for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation arising at the pulmonary vein-atrial junctions</article-title>
          <source>Heart Rhythm</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>201</fpage>
          <lpage>208</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Lin WS , Prakash VS , Tai CT , Hsieh MH , Tsai CF , Yu WC , et al . Pulmonary vein morphology in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation initiated by ectopic beats originating from the pulmonary veins: implications for catheter ablation . Circulation . 2000 ; 101 ( 11 ): 1274 - 81 .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lin</surname>
              <given-names>WS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prakash</surname>
              <given-names>VS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tai</surname>
              <given-names>CT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hsieh</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tsai</surname>
              <given-names>CF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yu</surname>
              <given-names>WC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pulmonary vein morphology in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation initiated by ectopic beats originating from the pulmonary veins: implications for catheter ablation</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>101</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1274</fpage>
          <lpage>1281</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. Tan AY , Chen PS , Chen LS , Fishbein MC . Autonomic nerves in pulmonary veins . Heart Rhythm . 2007 ; 4 ( 3 Suppl ): S57 - 60 .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tan</surname>
              <given-names>AY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fishbein</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Autonomic nerves in pulmonary veins</article-title>
          <source>Heart Rhythm</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <supplement>Suppl</supplement>
          <fpage>S57</fpage>
          <lpage>S60</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. Caulfield MP , Birdsall NJ . International Union of Pharmacology. XVII. Classification of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors . Pharmacol Rev . 1998 ; 50 ( 2 ): 279 - 90 .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Caulfield</surname>
              <given-names>MP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Birdsall</surname>
              <given-names>NJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>International Union of Pharmacology. XVII. Classification of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors</article-title>
          <source>Pharmacol Rev</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>50</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>279</fpage>
          <lpage>290</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22. Wang H , Han H , Zhang L , Shi H , Schram G , Nattel S , et al . Expression of multiple subtypes of muscarinic receptors and cellular distribution in the human heart . Mol Pharmacol . 2001 ; 59 ( 5 ): 1029 - 36 .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Han</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shi</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schram</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nattel</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Expression of multiple subtypes of muscarinic receptors and cellular distribution in the human heart</article-title>
          <source>Mol Pharmacol</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>59</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1029</fpage>
          <lpage>1036</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23. Hardouin SN , Richmond KN , Zimmerman A , Hamilton SE , Feigl EO , Nathanson NM . Altered cardiovascular responses in mice lacking the M(1) muscarinic acetylcholine receptor . J Pharmacol Exp Ther . 2002 ; 301 ( 1 ): 129 - 37 .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hardouin</surname>
              <given-names>SN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Richmond</surname>
              <given-names>KN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zimmerman</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hamilton</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feigl</surname>
              <given-names>EO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nathanson</surname>
              <given-names>NM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Altered cardiovascular responses in mice lacking the M(1) muscarinic acetylcholine receptor</article-title>
          <source>J Pharmacol Exp Ther</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>301</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>129</fpage>
          <lpage>137</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24. Shi H , Wang H , Li D , Nattel S , Wang Z . Differential alterations of receptor densities of three muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes and current densities of the corresponding K+ channels in canine atria with atrial fibrillation induced by experimental congestive heart failure . Cell Physiol Biochem . 2004 ; 14 ( 1-2 ): 31 - 40 .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shi</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nattel</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Differential alterations of receptor densities of three muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes and current densities of the corresponding K+ channels in canine atria with atrial fibrillation induced by experimental congestive heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Cell Physiol Biochem</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <season>1-2</season>
          <fpage>31</fpage>
          <lpage>40</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de &#205;talo Martins de Oliveira, no Departamento de Cardiologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, e de Evil&#225;sio Leobino da Silva J&#250;nior, pela mesma Faculdade, em conjunto com a Universidade Estadual do Cear&#225;.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 3043/07/118. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn6">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP, processo n&#186; 07/56648-8.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Remodeling May Play a Role in Atrial Fibrillation: A Study of the Autonomic Nervous System and Myocardial Receptors</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0766-1317</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>&#205;talo Martins de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Evil&#225;sio Leobino da</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Yasmin de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9096-0969</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Hermano Alexandre Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Maur&#237;cio Ibrahim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9544-2359</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gutierrez</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Sampaio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Messejana de Cora&#231;&#227;o e Pulm&#227;o Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart Gomes, Fortaleza, CE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Geral de Fortaleza (HGF), Fortaleza, CE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston - EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez &#8226; Laborat&#243;rio de Anatomia Patol&#243;gica - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas FMUSP - Av. En&#233;as Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: paulo.gutierrez@incor.usp.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Oliveira IM, Silva J&#250;nior EL, Scanavacca MI, Gutierrez PS; Acquisition of data: Oliveira IM, Silva J&#250;nior EL, Martins YO; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Obtaining financing: Oliveira IM, Silva J&#250;nior EL, Gutierrez PS; Statistical analysis: Oliveira IM, Rocha HAL; Writing of the manuscript: Oliveira IM, Silva J&#250;nior EL, Martins YO, Rocha HAL, Scanavacca MI, Gutierrez PS; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Oliveira IM, Martins YO, Scanavacca MI, Gutierrez PS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>The primary factors that originate and perpetuate atrial fibrillation (AF) are electrical and anatomical substrate alterations. However, the central mechanisms governing AF perpetuation have not been elucidated yet, which is reflected on the modest results of the treatment in patients with long persistent AF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To evaluate if human intrinsic cardiac autonomic nervous system (ICANS) remodeling, including nervous system fibers and muscarinic and &#946;-adrenergic receptors, play a role in permanent AF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Heart necropsy samples from thirteen patients with heart disease and permanent AF and thirteen controls without AF were used. By using immunoperoxidase and histomorphometry quantification, we identified the following: the density of all fibers of the ICANS, sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers; and the percentage of myocardium positive for &#946;-adrenergic receptors 1, 2 and 3; G protein-coupled receptor kinase-5 (GRK-5); and muscarinic receptors M1 to M5. The results were compared using ANOVA and nested ANOVA and were adjusted according to the left atrium volume for all variables, and &#946;-blocker use to evaluate the expression of &#946;-receptors and GRK-5.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>There was an overall increase in the density of fibers of the ICANS (p=0.006), especially in atrial sympathetic nerve fibers (p=0.017). Only M1 muscarinic receptors were increased (5.87 vs 2.35, p=0.032). For adrenergic receptors, the results were positive for increased expression of &#946;-3 (37.41 vs 34.18, p=0.039) and GRK-5 (51.16 vs 47.66; p&lt;0.001). &#946;-blocker use had no impact on &#946;-receptor expression.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>Increased ICANS innervation and remodeling receptor expression in regions prone to triggering AF may play a role in permanent AF.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Autonomic Nervous System</kwd>
        <kwd>Neurotransmitter Agents</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardium</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The primary factors that originate and perpetuate atrial fibrillation (AF) are electrical and anatomical substrate alterations, which involve many factors. In patients with AF without structural heart disease, ectopic foci in pulmonary veins have a well-defined role as triggers of paroxysmal AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In most cases, however, AF is a consequence of a structural disease, such as ischemic heart disease, valvular disease and others, presenting hemodynamic and anatomical consequences, such as left atrial enlargement, which are related to arrhythmia progression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Fibrosis is also widely regarded as an independent factor related to persistent AF in structurally altered hearts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Nevertheless, this data does not fully explain arrhythmia, and myocardial fibrosis might be more closely related to the underlying heart disease, rather than persistent AF itself.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Invasive electrophysiological assessment of the pulmonary veins (PVs) has demonstrated not only an effective heterogeneity if the refractory period, but also anisotropic conduction properties, both at the pulmonary veins and at the PV-left atrium ostia, which can provide a substrate for reentry.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> However, the central mechanisms governing AF perpetuation have not been elucidated yet, which is reflected on the modest results of treatment in patients with long persistent AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Basic and clinical studies have suggested a significant participation of the cardiac autonomic nervous system in triggering and maintaining AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The activation of the cardiac autonomic nervous system can cause important changes in the refractory period of the atria, including increased dispersion of refractoriness, which is a major mechanism for the development of persistent AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Experimental studies show sympathetic hyperinnervation in dogs with AF, and increased sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation in areas related to this arrhythmia in animals with heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A relationship between the intrinsic cardiac autonomic nervous system (ICANS) and AF has also been reported in humans, but the comparison was made with healthy patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The possibility of alterations in fibers of the ICANS and receptors in human AF has therefore been poorly explored up to this point.</p>
        <p>Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate ICANS, including the sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers, and the atrial myocardial expression of the five types of muscarinic receptors, and of the three types of adrenergic receptors, as well as of G-protein-coupled receptor kinase-5 (GRK-5), which controls the expression of adrenergic receptors. We studied the hearts of patients with structural diseases and permanent AF and control cases that, importantly, were matched by the same diseases, but without AF.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This study was guided by the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Scientific and Ethics Committee of the Heart Institute (InCor), #SDC 3043/07/118, University of S&#227;o Paulo, School of Medicine, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Patients</title>
          <p>We used the same samples from a previous study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> We analyzed thirteen hearts from adult patients (older than 18 years of age) with recorded permanent AF (for at least 2 years)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> that underwent necropsy (performed less than 24 hours after death) in the Pathology Laboratory at this hospital. All the patients had underlying heart diseases: ischemic heart disease (4), valve disease (4), hypertensive cardiopathy (2), idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (2), or Chagas disease (1). To avoid confounding factors linked to the underlying diseases, hearts from thirteen other patients analyzed in the same laboratory were included as controls. The subjects were chosen by matching the heart diseases to those of the patients with permanent AF, but without any mention of atrial arrhythmia in their files. Patients who underwent any type of surgery or other procedures with the potential to modify cardiac structure were excluded, as were hearts from patients with congenital heart diseases.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Heart samples</title>
          <p>Four heart samples containing epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium were taken from each heart: at the posterior wall of the right atrium ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1A</xref> ); at the junction of the left superior pulmonary vein with the left atrium ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1B</xref> ); at the middle of the route of the vein of Marshall ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1C</xref> ); around the superior left fat pad ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1D</xref> ). These areas were chosen because these structures (fat pads, the vein of Marshall) have been implicated in AF. These sampling areas are commonly analyzed in other studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The posterior wall of the right atrium was sampled to verify whether the alterations were diffuse in the atria. These locations are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> .</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Photorealistic image of the posterior view of the human heart. Four heart samples were collected from the following locations: A) posterior wall of the right atrium; B) junction of the left superior pulmonary vein and left atrium; C) middle route of the Marshall vein; D) superior left fat-pad.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-0999-00725-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>After conventional histological processing and embedding, four micrometer-thick sections of these samples were prepared to quantify autonomic innervation, adrenergic and muscarinic receptors and GRK-5 expression.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Quantification of autonomic receptors</title>
          <p>Strong positivity for adrenergic, muscarinic receptors, GRK-5 and total myocardial area was measured by automatic color detection in 3 microscopic fields in each slide. To avoid selection bias in choosing the fields, we analyzed those more distant from the slide tag. Additional analyses to verify the effects of &#946;-blocker use and &#946;-receptor expression were also performed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Quantification of autonomic nerve fibers, receptors and immunohistochemistry</title>
          <p>Additionally, all samples of each heart were verified for the quantification of autonomic nerve fibers. The S-100 protein stains all nerves, whereas tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) only stains postganglionic adrenergic (sympathetic) fibers. Thus, like other authors,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> we evaluated cost-effectiveness and considered the TH positive nerves as sympathetic nerves; and parasympathetic nerves were considered to be S-100 positive and TH negative. The area of the section, as well as the area and number of nerves positive for the antibody were quantified in each slide. The following variables were then calculated: mean percent positive area (positive area/section area); mean density of positive nerves (number of positive nerves/section area); and mean area of the nerves (positive area/number of nerves). We also calculated the total number of nerve fibers (S-100 positive); sympathetic nerve fibers (TH positive); and parasympathetic nerve fibers (S-100 positive and TH negative, difference between total and sympathetic nerve fibers).</p>
          <p>To increase the contrast between weak and strong positivity, the dilutions for the receptors and GRK-5 were supraoptimal<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> when compared to those established in control tissues. As a control for the reactions, the primary antibody was omitted in 5 slides chosen at random. The sections were examined on an <italic>Axiovision</italic> 4.6 image analysis system, coupled to an <italic>Axion imager</italic> A1 <italic>microscope</italic> (both from <italic>Carl Zeiss</italic> , Germany), by an observer blinded to the group to which the slides belonged.</p>
          <p>Antibody specification and dilution: muscarinic receptor 1 (AB5164) - 1:100; muscarinic receptor 2 (AB9452) - 1:800; muscarinic receptor 3 (AB9451) - 1:200; muscarinic receptor 4 (AB9219) - 1:400; muscarinic receptor 5 (AB9453) - 1:400; adrenergic receptor &#946;1 (SC568) &#8211; 1:200; adrenergic receptor &#946;2 (SC570) - 1:50; adrenergic receptor &#946;3 (SC1473) - 1:20; receptor kinase GRK5 (SC 565) &#8211; 1:200; S-100 (Z0311) - 1:300; tyrosine hydroxylase (MAB318) - 1:50.</p>
          <p>The antibody for S-100 was from <italic>Dako</italic> , Denmark. The antibodies for tyrosine hydroxylase and muscarinic receptors were from <italic>Chemicon</italic> , USA. The antibodies for the adrenergic receptors and GRK-5 were from <italic>Santa Cruz</italic> Biotechnology, USA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Initially, absolute and relative frequencies were calculated for categorical variables, and measures of central tendency and dispersion for numeric ones. Chi square and Student&#8217;s t test were used to compare cases and controls. Parametric tests were used after the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test was performed for all variables, and therefore robust error estimators were used in regressive models. An ANOVA One-Way was performed considering each set of equal samples to identify differences between them. Analysis of covariance was also performed for atrial dimensions and &#946;-blocker use adjustment, when appropriate, while analyzing the individual sections. General linear models, also known as nested ANOVA, of all histological samples for each one of the individual participants, were applied to identify the impact of the principal determinant (namely, treatment, a between-subjects factor) on the various dependent variables. Finally, multiple general linear nested models were applied to all histological sections for each case. We considered significant p values to be lower than or equal to 0.05. In all models, Bonferroni adjustment in p values was performed. Analyses were done using SPSS v.23, IBM, Inc.</p>
          <p>As in our previous study of fibrosis and histological features, since left atrial volume differs between patients with and without permanent AF, we performed a sensibility analysis with adjusted means considering the differences in left atrium size. Then, we predicted the results of each variable in hearts of any group with a given left atrium size to verify if potential differences between groups could be linked to this covariable. Additionally, &#946;-blocker use was included for &#946;-receptor and GRK-5 expression adjusted analysis.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The clinical, morphological, and echocardiographic characteristics of patients with permanent AF and their controls are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Clinical and echocardiographic data from patients with permanent AF and control cases</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>Cases with pAF (n=13)</th>
                  <th>Controls (n=13)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male patients [n/(%)]</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (38.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (61.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.24<sup>&#1006;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years) [mean/(sd)]</td>
                  <td align="center">67.5 (15.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">65.5 (11.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.71<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Underlying heart disease [n/(%)]</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ischemic heart disease</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (30.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (30.8)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Valve disease, including RHD</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (30.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (30.8)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertensive cardiopathy</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (15.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (15.4)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (15.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (15.4)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Chagas&#8217; disease</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (7.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (7.7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Weight (kg) [mean/(sd)]</td>
                  <td align="center">66.5 (14.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">63.8 (15.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.67<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Height (cm) [mean/(sd)]</td>
                  <td align="center">162.4 (14.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">160.8 (8.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.78<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>) [mean/(sd)]</td>
                  <td align="center">25.0 (2.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">24.5 (4.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.74<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic> [n/(%)]*</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (23.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (25.0) (n=12)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.99<sup>&#1006;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Beta-blocker use</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (38.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (38.4)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Systemic arterial hypertension &#8211; [n/(%)]*</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (69.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (33.3) (n=12)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.07<sup>&#1006;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Left atrium volume at echo (mL) [mean/(sd)]</td>
                  <td align="center">83.2 (38.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">47.9 (40.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LV septum thickness (mm) [mean/(sd)]</td>
                  <td align="center">10.3 (2.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.4 (1.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.94<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LV ejection fraction [mean/(sd)]</td>
                  <td align="center">49.8 (20.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">46.1 (19.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.67<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Collagen/collagen+myocardium ratio [mean +(sd)]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.26 (0.09)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.23 (0.06)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.35<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>pAF: permanent atrial fibrillation; n: number of cases; sd: standard deviation; RHD: rheumatic heart disease; BMI: body mass index; * no information regarding one control patient; echo: echocardiogram; LV: left ventricle. &#165; t test; &#1006; chi-square. Adapted from Oliveira IM et al.<sup>3</sup></italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Data concerning nerve fibers and considering each sample and all samples are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> . When considering each location separately, we observed no difference regarding the density of intrinsic autonomic nerve fibers. The analysis considering all samples showed an increase in sympathetic nerves in patients with AF (8.53&#177;20.25/cm<sup>2</sup>vs 2.67&#177;4.57/cm<sup>2</sup>and p=0.04). After adjusting for the size of the left atrium, both parasympathetic nerves and the total amount of nerve fibers were also increased. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2 (A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">B)</xref> shows the immunoexpression of nerve fibers in our samples.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Autonomic nerve fibers from hearts of patients with permanent AF and control cases</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Fibers</th>
                  <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">All (S100) (units/cm<sup>2</sup>)</th>
                  <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Sympathetic nerve (TH+) (units/cm<sup>2</sup>)</th>
                  <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Parasympathetic nerve (TH-) (units/cm<sup>2</sup>)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Group</th>
                  <th>pAF</th>
                  <th>Control</th>
                  <th>pAF</th>
                  <th>Control</th>
                  <th>pAF</th>
                  <th>Control</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">RA - posterior wall</td>
                  <td align="center">8.85&#177;9.40</td>
                  <td align="center">9.10&#177;5.15</td>
                  <td align="center">0.37&#177;0.99</td>
                  <td align="center">0.50&#177;1.14</td>
                  <td align="center">8.48&#177;9.57</td>
                  <td align="center">8.59&#177;5.07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">p 0.935,</td>
                  <td align="center">0.710<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">p 0.753,</td>
                  <td align="center">0.905<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">p 0.971,</td>
                  <td align="center">0.700<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">LA - junction of the left superior pulmonary vein</td>
                  <td align="center">41.61&#177;35.79</td>
                  <td align="center">25.78&#177;20.90</td>
                  <td align="center">19.74&#177;34.26</td>
                  <td align="center">4.95&#177;6.78</td>
                  <td align="center">21.86&#177;14.78</td>
                  <td align="center">20.83&#177;20.47</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">p 0.181,</td>
                  <td align="center">0.256<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">p 0.140,</td>
                  <td align="center">0.158<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">p 0.884,</td>
                  <td align="center">0.918<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">LA - middle of the route of the vein of Marshall</td>
                  <td align="center">40.15&#177;60.28</td>
                  <td align="center">14.90&#177;9.48</td>
                  <td align="center">5.58&#177;9.56</td>
                  <td align="center">2.39&#177;4.76</td>
                  <td align="center">34.56&#177;58.07</td>
                  <td align="center">12.51&#177;9.48</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">p 0.149,</td>
                  <td align="center">0.390<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">p 0.292,</td>
                  <td align="center">0.230<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">p 0.189,</td>
                  <td align="center">0.500<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">FP - superior left</td>
                  <td align="center">38.05&#177;55.72</td>
                  <td align="center">19.25&#177;11.95</td>
                  <td align="center">8.42&#177;16.07</td>
                  <td align="center">2.85&#177;2.82</td>
                  <td align="center">29.62&#177;40.56</td>
                  <td align="center">17.47&#177;10.53</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">p 0.246,</td>
                  <td align="center">0.637<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">p 0.248,</td>
                  <td align="center">0.666<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">p 0.325,</td>
                  <td align="center">0.681<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Overall samples</td>
                  <td align="center">32.16&#177;45.76</td>
                  <td align="center">17.26&#177;14.20</td>
                  <td align="center">8.53&#177;20.25</td>
                  <td align="center">2.67&#177;4.57</td>
                  <td align="center">23.63&#177;36.77</td>
                  <td align="center">14.80&#177;13.27</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">p 0.136<sup>&amp;</sup>,</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001<sup>&#1006;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">p 0.044<sup>&amp;</sup>,</td>
                  <td align="center">0.017<sup>&#1006;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">p 0.237<sup>&amp;</sup>,</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001<sup>&#1006;</sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Data presented as mean&#177;standard deviation. Overall locations include all samples from each heart. pAF: permanent atrial fibrillation; LA: left atrium; RA: right atrium; FP: fat pad. p value ANOVA not adjusted, &#165; ANOVA adjusted by left atrium volume; &amp; Nested ANOVA not adjusted; &#1006; Nested ANOVA adjusted by left atrium volume.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>A) Nerve fibers strongly positive for tyrosine hydroxylase, thus considered to be sympathetic fibers; B) Photomicrograph of the image analysis system display showing nerves stained by S-100 protein; C and D) Negative (C) and positive (D) areas of myocardial sections with immunohistochemical reaction for muscarinic receptor 1.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-0999-00725-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Results regarding the expression of muscarinic and adrenergic receptors and GRK-5 are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> . The results are divided by myocardial area for each location and atrial sample.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Muscarinic and &#946;-adrenergic receptor expression in hearts of patients with permanent AF and control cases</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Receptor</th>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Group</th>
                  <th colspan="3">RA - posterior wall</th>
                  <th colspan="3">LA - midpoint of Marshall vein</th>
                  <th colspan="3">LA - junction of the left superior pulmonary vein</th>
                  <th colspan="3">LA - near the left superior fat pad</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Overall samples</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>p*</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>p*</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>p*</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>p*</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>p**</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">M1</td>
                  <td>pAF</td>
                  <td align="center">6.47&#177;3.39</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.002</td>
                  <td align="center">5.56&#177;4.64</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.021</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.131</td>
                  <td align="center">6.32&#177;5.33</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.286</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.270</td>
                  <td align="center">5.15&#177;4.89</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.038</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.220</td>
                  <td align="center">5.87&#177;4.52</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.032</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Control</td>
                  <td align="center">2.77&#177;1.38</td>
                  <td align="center">2.22&#177;1.48</td>
                  <td align="center">4.30&#177;4.03</td>
                  <td align="center">2.12&#177;0.93</td>
                  <td align="center">2.85&#177;2.40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">M2</td>
                  <td>pAF</td>
                  <td align="center">7.60&#177;5.95</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.762</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.982</td>
                  <td align="center">5.64&#177;3.54</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.110</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.066</td>
                  <td align="center">7.84&#177;4.13</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.198</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.107</td>
                  <td align="center">5.65&#177;2.41</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.039</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.038</td>
                  <td align="center">6.69&#177;4.26</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.760</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.666</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Control</td>
                  <td align="center">6.93&#177;5.15</td>
                  <td align="center">3.73&#177;2.12</td>
                  <td align="center">14.24&#177;16.88</td>
                  <td align="center">3.62&#177;2.41</td>
                  <td align="center">7.14&#177;9.73</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">M3</td>
                  <td>pAF</td>
                  <td align="center">43.50&#177;19.08</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.105</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.315</td>
                  <td align="center">37.61&#177;20.97</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.296</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.281</td>
                  <td align="center">41.90&#177;18.88</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.546</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.281</td>
                  <td align="center">31.00&#177;13.27</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.025</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.151</td>
                  <td align="center">38.51&#177;18.34</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.069</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.291</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Control</td>
                  <td align="center">31.04&#177;18.61</td>
                  <td align="center">29.10&#177;18.80</td>
                  <td align="center">46.50&#177;19.61</td>
                  <td align="center">20.10&#177;9.58</td>
                  <td align="center">31.71&#177;19.21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">M4</td>
                  <td>pAF</td>
                  <td align="center">9.14&#177;5.47</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.201</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.169</td>
                  <td align="center">9.90&#177;6.67</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.023</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.049</td>
                  <td align="center">7.64&#177;4.00</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.690</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.618</td>
                  <td align="center">8.18&#177;11.72</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.192</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.678</td>
                  <td align="center">8.71&#177;7.37</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.016</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.213</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Control</td>
                  <td align="center">5.76&#177;4.74</td>
                  <td align="center">4.44&#177;4.56</td>
                  <td align="center">8.42&#177;5.66</td>
                  <td align="center">3.76&#177;1.95</td>
                  <td align="center">5.59&#177;5.45</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">M5</td>
                  <td>pAF</td>
                  <td align="center">18.94&#177;11.93</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.302</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.704</td>
                  <td align="center">12.90&#177;11.34</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.368</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.645</td>
                  <td align="center">20.92&#177;22.81</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.737</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.946</td>
                  <td align="center">12.06&#177;9.32</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.570</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.977</td>
                  <td align="center">16.21&#177;14.88</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.212</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.507</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Control</td>
                  <td align="center">14.51&#177;9.37</td>
                  <td align="center">8.67&#177;12.14</td>
                  <td align="center">18.30&#177;15.91</td>
                  <td align="center">9.83&#177;10.39</td>
                  <td align="center">12.83&#177;12.47</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">&#946;1</td>
                  <td>pAF</td>
                  <td align="center">43.90&#177;12.39</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.975</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.742</td>
                  <td align="center">47.59&#177;21.40</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.036</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">37.48&#177;21.90</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.438</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.288</td>
                  <td align="center">40.23&#177;22.37</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.552</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.214</td>
                  <td align="center">42.05&#177;19.75</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.295</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.520</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Control</td>
                  <td align="center">44.10&#177;17.81</td>
                  <td align="center">28.98&#177;19.34</td>
                  <td align="center">43.60&#177;17.42</td>
                  <td align="center">34.89&#177;22.83</td>
                  <td align="center">37.89&#177;19.93</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">&#946;2</td>
                  <td>pAF</td>
                  <td align="center">23.81&#177;11.96</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.785</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.445</td>
                  <td align="center">32.42&#177;19.20</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.180</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.589</td>
                  <td align="center">20.57&#177;13.48</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.323</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.257</td>
                  <td align="center">23.47&#177;16.69</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.037</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">24.80&#177;15.61</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.408</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.081</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Control</td>
                  <td align="center">25.48&#177;17.51</td>
                  <td align="center">23.04&#177;13.88</td>
                  <td align="center">27.63&#177;21.32</td>
                  <td align="center">12.38&#177;7.00</td>
                  <td align="center">22.14&#177;16.46</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">&#946;3</td>
                  <td>pAF</td>
                  <td align="center">39.32&#177;20.29</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.911</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.469</td>
                  <td align="center">36.36&#177;26.36</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.422</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.940</td>
                  <td align="center">36.45&#177;11.81</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.351</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.281</td>
                  <td align="center">37.50&#177;18.53</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.177</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.314</td>
                  <td align="center">37.41&#177;18.17</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.406</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.039</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Control</td>
                  <td align="center">38.40&#177;20.45</td>
                  <td align="center">29.04&#177;20.40</td>
                  <td align="center">42.38&#177;19.10</td>
                  <td align="center">26.89&#177;20.31</td>
                  <td align="center">34.18&#177;20.53</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">GRK5</td>
                  <td>pAF</td>
                  <td align="center">49.81&#177;18.49</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.899</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.976</td>
                  <td align="center">44.84&#177;18.78</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.999</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.147</td>
                  <td align="center">53.43&#177;15.28</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.796</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.862</td>
                  <td align="center">55.45&#177;16.53</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.086</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.320</td>
                  <td align="center">51.16&#177;17.17</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.284</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Control</td>
                  <td align="center">50.53&#177;7.61</td>
                  <td align="center">44.85&#177;19.75</td>
                  <td align="center">52.95&#177;13.26</td>
                  <td align="center">43.29&#177;18.00</td>
                  <td align="center">47.66&#177;15.39</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Data presented as the mean proportion (%) &#177; standard deviation. pAF: permanent atrial fibrillation; LA; left atrium; RA: right atrium. p value ANOVA not adjusted. *Anova adjusted by left atrium volume for M1 to M5, and by left atrium volume and &#946;-blocker use in &#946;1 to &#946;3 and GRK5.**Nested Anova adjusted by left atrium volume for M1 to M5 and by left atrium volume and &#946;-blocker use in &#946;1 to &#946;3 and GRK-5.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Immunostaining for muscarinic receptors is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2- C</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">D</xref> . There was no remarkable difference between the subepicardial and subendocardial regions. In hearts from patients with permanent AF, the expression of all types of muscarinic receptors (except type 5) was increased in at least one location. We observed more changes in the left superior fat pad and the oblique vein of the left atrium (vein of Marshall). Nevertheless, after adjusting for left atrial size, only the difference in M1 expression in the right atrium (and, consequently, the overall evaluation) and M2 near the fat pad remained significant.</p>
        <p>Concerning &#946;-adrenergic receptors and GRK-5, no difference was found in the overall analysis of the &#946;-adrenergic subtypes 1 and 2 (only an increase in one sample each). However, &#946;-3 and GRK-5 presented increased expression in all samples in the adjusted analysis. No difference was detected between patients who were taking &#946;-blockers and those who were not (data not shown).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <sec>
          <title>The fibers of the ICANS in permanent AF</title>
          <p>The ICANS is a neural network composed of nerve fibers and ganglia plexuses (GP) (sympathetic and parasympathetic) found in the heart and large adjacent veins.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> ICANS plays an important role in the physiopathology of AF, as demonstrated by electrical stimulation or parasympathomimetic injections.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> The current data reflects not only the activation of either a sympathetic or parasympathetic pathway, but also a change in the balance between their actions that is involved in the initiation of AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In this study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of ICANS, focusing both on the nerves and on the muscarinic and beta-adrenergic receptors. We observed an increase in the amount of autonomic nerve fibers, especially atrial sympathetic nerves. However, when analyzing each location in isolation, these differences were not maintained. Moreover, when we adjusted for left atrium (LA) volume, the results remained the same. These last results also indicate that there is a significant change in nerve density in patients with permanent AF, even taking LA enlargement into consideration.</p>
          <p>Several articles<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> have reported increased autonomic innervation in areas related to AF in terms of electrophysiology, such as the pulmonary veins, the coronary sinus, and the vein of Marshall. These studies only compared the nerve density (parasympathetic or sympathetic) in these regions, or in other areas, with the GP in the atrial myocardium. However, these regions, close to GP, are described as having higher nerve density, but they are not necessarily related to AF. Our results reveal a higher concentration of ICANS at these regions, especially sympathetic innervation. The greater sympathetic density of nerves may be a potential trigger of arrhythmia caused by innervation close to the GP, and the resulting activation of the autonomic nervous system that has already been demonstrated in experimental studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Muscarinic receptors in permanent atrial fibrillation</title>
          <p>The stimulation of the postganglionic parasympathetic neurons releases acetylcholine (cholinergic mediator), which acts on muscarinic receptors in the cell membrane in target organs (in the heart&#180;s case, these would be the myocytes). Five types have been described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> The presence of all of these receptor types (M1 to M5) in the human heart was demonstrated by Wang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> in a descriptive study of right atrial samples from 4 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> In the present study, the expression of all receptors (except M5) was increased in the hearts of patients with AF compared to the expression in the hearts of the controls. The expression of the M1 receptor was the most significantly altered, even in adjusted analyses, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> . All locations exhibited significant increase of this receptor, except at the junction of the left superior pulmonary vein. The increase in M1 in the myocardium of patients with permanent AF can be directly related to the permanent AF itself, which helps to explain the previously described increase in sympathetic tonus by the release of catecholamine in the sympathetic nerve endings, with a catecholamine-induced stimulatory effect.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Receptor types 2, 3, and 4 were increased in patients with AF in only one location: 2 and 3 were increased near the superior left fat pad, and 4 was increased in the region of the vein of Marshall. In addition to the M1 and M2 receptors, M4 receptors have been found in the sympathetic ganglia and may be catecholamine-induced, similar to the M1 receptor. According to the study by Makino et al., the vein of Marshall has increased sympathetic nerve fibers and parasympathetic ganglia, and it may have an actual role linked to the enhanced expression of these receptors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Thus, these affected areas are the ones that are actually more related to AF; only M1 seems to have a more diffuse alteration, reaching both the right and the left atria.</p>
          <p>Changes in the expression of muscarinic receptors have been described in experimental models, which may suggest its role in the physiopathology, and perhaps int he treatment of AF. In an experimental study of canine heart failure models, the densities of the M2 and M4 receptors were reduced in atria with AF, and M3 receptors were increased compared to those in samples without AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> It is noteworthy that M2 and M4 inhibit calcium channels, and M2 has inotropic and chronotropic actions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Thus, one would expect for these receptors to be decreased, and not increased, in permanent AF. The same does not apply to M1 and M3 receptors, which have been documented in other organs as having stimulatory functions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> The M5 receptor and its action in the human heart are poorly understood, but the M5 receptor did not differ between the groups.</p>
          <p>Our results suggest that the atrial myocardial tissue underlying a GP may be associated with increased muscarinic receptor expression, except in the case of M5. Increased muscarinic receptor expression occurred more often in the portion of the left atrium related to the vein of Marshall.</p>
          <p>Despite the fact that we did not evaluate function, some considerations about the physiopathology of permanent AF in humans can be made based on our morphological observations. First, it is necessary to consider the possibility that the changes we found may not be the cause, but rather the effect of AF, by an unclear mechanism. In contrast, the imbalance of the ICANS, as demonstrated in experimental and electrophysiological studies, can be caused by lower activity of cardiac autonomic innervation (in which the reduction of the mean nerve area and the maintenance of the overall density of fibers could have an influence, although it must be mentioned that there was no alteration in the nerve area) with a disproportionate increase in sympathetic innervation. More importantly, increased myocardial expression of muscarinic receptors, especially those related to catecholamine-induced activity (M1, M2, and M4), and in specific regions related to AF (M1 and M3), indicates a possible imbalance in autonomic activity, which could perpetuate this arrhythmia in a permanent manner in human hearts by increasing the sensitivity to atrial stimulus caused by acetylcholine.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>&#946;-adrenergic receptors in permanent atrial fibrillation and the use of &#946;-blockers</title>
          <p>Despite the great importance of &#946;-adrenergic control of heart rhythm, our data indicate there was no difference in the expression of these receptors or their kinase GRK-5 with the use of &#946;-blockers.</p>
          <p>No important differences were found in &#946;-adrenergic types 1 or 2. However, the &#946;3 receptors and GRK-5 kinase were strongly increased in the samples with permanent AF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methodological considerations and study limitations</title>
          <p>Relatively few studies use pathological methods to study cardiac arrhythmias, mainly because most of the changes that underlie them are essentially electrophysiological, with few morphological repercussions, and because they frequently require laborious cardiac mapping. Once these challenges are faced, however, such methods have the potential to bring significant contributions to the understanding of these diseases. Our approach in this study was to verify types and areas of the autonomic nerve fibers, the expression of muscarinic and adrenergic receptors, and the kinase for adrenergic receptors (GRK-5) in human AF.</p>
          <p>Our findings demonstrate that this method is useful to identify alterations when they are present (such as those observed with receptors). Clearly, one of the limitations of this kind of study is that the morphological expression of nerve fibers and receptors does not directly imply they are functional, but we can infer that changes in their myocardial concentration may reflect changes in their activity.</p>
          <p>It is worth reinforcing the importance of choosing adequate controls for pathological studies: although AF usually occurs in patients with an underlying disease, most previous reports have used normal hearts as controls.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Thus, it is not possible to determine with enough precision which findings are actually related to the arrhythmia. To avoid such bias, our control patients had the same diseases as the patients with AF, as if we had &#8220;excluded&#8221; the disease both above and below the line in a fraction, leaving only the arrhythmia as an explanation for the differences. Additionally, we utilized samples from patients with permanent AF, with at least 2 years since the time of diagnosis, aiming to be certain that any potential alterations were established.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Increased ICANS innervation and receptors expression remodeling in regions prone to trigger AF may play a role in the condition of patients with permanent AF, secondary to structural heart disease.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>The authors thank Solange Consorti and &#194;ngela Santos for their technical support.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of Doctoral theses submitted by &#205;talo Martins de Oliveira from the Department of Cardiology of the School of Medicine of the University of S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil, and by Evil&#225;sio Leobino da Silva J&#250;nior from the same University in association with the State University of Cear&#225;, Brazil.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o under the protocol number 3043/07/118. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn6001">
          <p>Sources of Funding: This study was funded by FAPESP, process number 07/56648-8.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
