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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">y4Cw9SFfsdYK4NDJsWx7SPN</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001300997</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210840</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210840</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Desafio de Incorporar Tecnologias de Alto Custo: Uma An&#225;lise dos Inibidores de PCSK9</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Marcolino</surname>
            <given-names>Miriam Allein Zago</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Decker</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Renato da Rosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7290-0348</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bertoldi</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Gehling</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2447-2577</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Polanczyk</surname>
            <given-names>Carisi A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Tecnologia em Sa&#250;de</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Tecnologia em Sa&#250;de - INCT/IATS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, RS - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Epidemiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Epidemiologia - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Nossa Senhora da Concei&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de Resid&#234;ncia M&#233;dica em Medicina Interna</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Programa de Resid&#234;ncia M&#233;dica em Medicina Interna - Hospital Nossa Senhora da Concei&#231;&#227;o, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>5</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pelotas</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Escola</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Pelotas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Escola, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>6</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>7</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Moinhos de Vento</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Carisi A. Polanczyk</bold> &#8226; Instituto de Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Tecnologia em Sa&#250;de - INCT/IATS - Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, sala 21507. CEP <postal-code>90035-903</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil, E-mail: <email>cpolanczyk@hcpa.edu.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>997</fpage>
      <lpage>998</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Gastos em Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>An&#225;lise de Custo-Benef&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Pr&#243;-Prote&#237;na Convertase 9/uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
        <kwd>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Tecnologia Biom&#233;dica</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS)</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior &#8211; Brasil (CAPES)</funding-source>
          <award-id>001</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Desde a descoberta em 2003 que muta&#231;&#245;es com perda de fun&#231;&#227;o no gene que codifica a pr&#243;-prote&#237;na convertase subtilisin-kexin tipo 9 (PCSK9) reduziam os n&#237;veis de colesterol LDL, h&#225; um interesse crescente no uso de vias da PCSK9 para tratar pacientes com risco cardiovascular aumentado e aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Em m&#250;ltiplos ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados, os inibidores de PCSK9 (iPCSK9) reduziram os n&#237;veis de LDL, com redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de eventos cardiovasculares, embora o efeito na mortalidade tenha sido menos consistente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O ensaio cl&#237;nico FOURIER foi o maior dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados com esses f&#225;rmacos, tendo inclu&#237;do 27.564 pacientes de alto risco e demonstrou redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares maiores com uso de iPCSK9, sem impacto significativo na mortalidade cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Contudo, o alto custo da terapia, de uso cont&#237;nuo por toda a vida, &#233; um obst&#225;culo importante &#224; sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o. O custo impacta diretamente a prescri&#231;&#227;o desses f&#225;rmacos pelos m&#233;dicos, a ades&#227;o dos pacientes e a ado&#231;&#227;o em larga escala pelos sistemas de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Este n&#227;o &#233; um problema exclusivo de pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda. V&#225;rios estudos internacionais apontaram que, na perspectiva econ&#244;mica, os pre&#231;os desses f&#225;rmacos estavam desproporcionais ao benef&#237;cio esperado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Houve grande apelo da comunidade internacional para que o pre&#231;o dos f&#225;rmacos fosse reduzido, o que vem acontecendo no decorrer dos anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>No Brasil, o cen&#225;rio tamb&#233;m &#233; bastante cr&#237;tico, pois essa classe n&#227;o foi aprovada para incorpora&#231;&#227;o no SUS, nem est&#225; prevista no rol da sa&#250;de suplementar. Nesse sentido, a an&#225;lise de custo-efetividade do evolocumabe em pacientes com alto risco cardiovascular no contexto do SUS &#8211; Brasil<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> &#233; muito oportuna.</p>
    <p>Os autores utilizaram uma coorte de pacientes atendidos em hospital p&#250;blico da Bahia em combina&#231;&#227;o com dados do estudo FOURIER, extrapolado para o per&#237;odo em 10 anos, em um modelo de redu&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular para projetar os eventos em uma coorte brasileira. A popula&#231;&#227;o &#233; aquela de maior probabilidade de benef&#237;cio do uso de iPCSK9 no contexto da dislipidemia n&#227;o-familiar,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> pois inclui pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda no &#250;ltimo ano (57% com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio) e n&#237;veis de LDL &gt; 100 mg/dL apesar do uso de atorvastatina e ezetimibe. Os autores demonstraram um custo adicional de R$189.619 e uma raz&#227;o incremental de custo-efetividade superior a R$1 milh&#227;o por desfecho cardiovascular evitado.</p>
    <p>Alguns aspectos metodol&#243;gicos do estudo merecem ser apontados antes de interpretarmos os dados. A redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares foi uma extrapola&#231;&#227;o da redu&#231;&#227;o prevista nos n&#237;veis de colesterol, na ordem de 35% de redu&#231;&#227;o relativa e 12% na redu&#231;&#227;o absoluta em 10 anos. Contudo, no estudo FOURIER, apesar de uma redu&#231;&#227;o em 59% no colesterol LDL ocorreu uma redu&#231;&#227;o relativa do desfecho prim&#225;rio de 15% e redu&#231;&#227;o absoluta de apenas 1,5%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Certamente uma superestima&#231;&#227;o do benef&#237;cio no modelo proposto pelos autores.</p>
    <p>Quanto aos custos aplicados, foram utilizados custos diretos de aquisi&#231;&#227;o dos medicamentos e reembolsos tabelados pelo SUS para interna&#231;&#245;es por infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, acidente vascular cerebral e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, ponderando pela frequ&#234;ncia dos eventos observada no FOURIER. No entanto, os valores de reembolso praticados pelo SUS para estes procedimentos n&#227;o s&#227;o atualizados, representando valores frequentemente subestimados em compara&#231;&#227;o com os custos reais das interna&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Adicionalmente, o custo da atorvastatina, baseado no valor da aquisi&#231;&#227;o por hospital p&#250;blico de refer&#234;ncia local, provavelmente &#233; inferior ao custo da aquisi&#231;&#227;o direta pelos pacientes, cen&#225;rio plaus&#237;vel para an&#225;lise sob a perspectiva da sociedade. O custo unit&#225;rio do tratamento com evolocumabe n&#227;o foi descrito, mas &#233; conhecido que houve redu&#231;&#227;o nos &#250;ltimos anos do pre&#231;o ao consumidor. Os autores optaram por apresentar os resultados na forma de custo por evento cardiovascular evitado; embora a decis&#227;o tenha m&#233;rito, o uso do desfecho medido em custo por ano ajustado para qualidade de vida &#233; considerado o padr&#227;o-ouro, e permitiria compara&#231;&#227;o com outras terapias em sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Essas quest&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas demonstram o quanto s&#227;o complexos e sens&#237;veis os estudos desta natureza. Precisamos unir esfor&#231;os para produ&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento em an&#225;lise econ&#244;mica no cen&#225;rio de sa&#250;de do Brasil, e nesse sentido congratulamos os autores.</p>
    <p>Com esse tema cabe a reflex&#227;o de como podemos oferecer aos nossos pacientes terapias com valor cl&#237;nico agregado, mas muito custosas. Os recursos s&#227;o finitos e devemos priorizar terapias com boa rela&#231;&#227;o de custo-efetividade. Ou seja, aquelas que trazem um maior benef&#237;cio a um custo razo&#225;vel. Para resolver esta equa&#231;&#227;o, o caminho &#233; maximizar a escolha de pacientes de mais alto risco e buscar redu&#231;&#227;o de pre&#231;os para os pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Sabemos que as inova&#231;&#245;es tecnol&#243;gicas est&#227;o na fronteira da nossa pr&#225;tica e queremos oferecer o m&#225;ximo a quem precisa. Para isso, precisamos repensar nosso sistema e modelo m&#233;dico-assistencial, reduzindo inefici&#234;ncias e cortando desperd&#237;cios. Incorporar tecnologias de alto custo, principalmente para o controle das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, depende de otimiza&#231;&#227;o do recurso existente, supress&#227;o de a&#231;&#245;es que n&#227;o agregam valor ao paciente e pactua&#231;&#227;o de pre&#231;os de acordo com o benef&#237;cio esperado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> se debru&#231;a sobre a custo-efetividade dos iPCSK9, encontrando raz&#227;o incremental de custo-efetividade desfavor&#225;vel para incorpora&#231;&#227;o, com base nos par&#226;metros utilizados. O estudo representa um passo na dire&#231;&#227;o da amplia&#231;&#227;o do papel das an&#225;lises econ&#244;micas para a tomada de decis&#227;o no sistema de sa&#250;de brasileiro. Para oferecer as melhores interven&#231;&#245;es aos nossos pacientes, devemos almejar por mais estudos econ&#244;micos, melhorando a compreens&#227;o do papel dos iPCSK9 e de outras terapias de alto custo.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: An&#225;lise de Custo-Efetividade da Terapia com Evolocumabe em Pacientes com Alto Risco de Eventos Cardiovasculares no Contexto do SUS &#8211; Brasil</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimento</title>
      <p>O presente trabalho foi realizado com apoio da Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior &#8211; Brasil (CAPES) &#8211; C&#243;digo de Financiamento 001.</p>
    </ack>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
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        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Challenge of Incorporating High-Cost Technologies: An Analysis of PCSK9 Inhibitors</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Marcolino</surname>
            <given-names>Miriam Allein Zago</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Decker</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Renato da Rosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7290-0348</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bertoldi</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Gehling</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2447-2577</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Polanczyk</surname>
            <given-names>Carisi A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
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        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Tecnologia em Sa&#250;de - INCT/IATS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, RS - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff9">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Epidemiologia - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff10">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff11">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Programa de Resid&#234;ncia M&#233;dica em Medicina Interna - Hospital Nossa Senhora da Concei&#231;&#227;o, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff12">
          <label>5</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Pelotas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Escola, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff13">
          <label>6</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff14">
          <label>7</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Carisi A. Polanczyk</bold> &#8226; Instituto de Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Tecnologia em Sa&#250;de - INCT/IATS - Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, sala 21507. Postal Code <postal-code>90035-903</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil. E-mail: <email>cpolanczyk@hcpa.edu.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Health Expenditures</kwd>
        <kwd>Cost-Bebefit Analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Proprotein Convertase/therapeutic use</kwd>
        <kwd>Technology Assessment, Biomedical</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Unified Health System</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior &#8211; Brasil (CAPES)</funding-source>
          <award-id>001</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Since the discovery, in 2003, that loss-of-function mutations in the gene that encodes proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) reduce LDL cholesterol levels, there has been growing interest in using PCSK9 pathways to treat patients with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In multiple randomized clinical trials, PCSK9 inhibitors reduced LDL levels, with a significant reduction in cardiovascular events, although the effect on mortality has been less consistent.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The FOURIER clinical trial was the largest randomized clinical trial with these medications, including 27,564 patients with high risks; it demonstrated a reduction in major cardiovascular events with the use of PCSK9 inhibitors, without any significant impact on cardiovascular mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nevertheless, the high cost of therapy, with continuous lifelong treatment, is an important obstacle to its use. Costs directly impact the prescription of these medications by physicians, as well as patient compliance, and large-scale adoption by health systems.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> This problem is not unique to low- and middle-income countries. Several international studies have indicated that, from an economic perspective, the prices of these drugs were not proportionate to the expected benefit.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> There has been massive appeal from the international community for a reduction in the price of PCSK9 inhibitors, which has been taking place over the years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In Brazil, this scenario is also rather critical, given that this class of drugs has not been approved for incorporation into the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS), nor is it included in private health insurance coverage. Accordingly, the cost-effectiveness analysis of evolocumab in patients with high cardiovascular risks in the context of SUS in Brazil<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> is very timely.</p>
      <p>The authors used data from a cohort of patients treated at a public hospital in the Brazilian state of Bahia in combination with data from the FOURIER study, extrapolated for a period of 10 years, in a cardiovascular risk reduction model that simulates events in a Brazilian cohort. The population is the one most likely to benefit from the use of PCSK9 inhibitors in the context of non-familial dyslipidemia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> consisting of patients treated for acute coronary syndrome in the last year (57% with acute myocardial infarction) and LDL levels &gt; 100 mg/dL, notwithstanding the use of atorvastatin and ezetimibe. The authors demonstrated an additional cost of 189,619 Brazilian reais (BRL) and an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio greater than 1 million BRL per cardiovascular outcome avoided.</p>
      <p>Some methodological aspects of the study should be pointed out before interpreting the data. The reduction in cardiovascular events was extrapolated from the predicted reduction in cholesterol levels, resulting in nearly 35% relative reduction and 12% absolute reduction over 10 years. However, in the FOURIER study, in spite of a 59% reduction in LDL cholesterol, there was a 15% relative reduction in the primary outcome and an absolute reduction of only 1.5%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Surely, the proposed model overestimates the benefit of therapy.</p>
      <p>Regarding the applied costs, the authors used direct costs of acquiring the medications, and reimbursements tabulated by SUS for hospital admissions due to acute myocardial infarction, stroke, and myocardial revascularization, considering the frequency of events observed in FOURIER. However, the reimbursement values used by SUS for these procedures have not been updated, thus representing values that are frequently underestimated when compared to the actual costs of hospital admissions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Additionally, the cost of atorvastatin, based on the cost of acquisition by a local public reference hospital, is probably lower than the cost of direct acquisition by patients, which is a plausible scenario for an analysis from the societal perspective. The unit cost of treatment with evolocumab has not been described, but it is known that the consumer price has reduced over the past years. The authors opted to present the results in the form of cost per cardiovascular event avoided; although this decision holds some merit, measuirng the outcomes in cost per quality-adjusted life year is considered the gold standard, and it would allow comparison with other health therapies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>These methodological issues demonstrate how complex and sensitive studies of this nature are. We need to join efforts to produce knowledge related to economic analysis in the Brazilian health scenario, and in this sense we congratulate the authors.</p>
      <p>Regarding this topic, it is necessary to reflect on how we may offer our patients therapies with added clinical value, which are, however, very costly. Resources are finite, and we must prioritize cost-effective therapies, that is, those that offer the greatest benefit at a reasonable cost. To solve this equation, the path involves maximizing choices of patients with the highest risks and seeking to reduce prices for patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>We know that technological innovations are at the frontier of our practice, and we want to offer the best to those who need it. In order to do so, we need to rethink our healthcare system and model, reducing inefficiencies and cutting down on misspending. Incorporating high-cost technologies, especially to control cardiovascular diseases, depends on optimizing existing resources, suppressing actions that do not add value for patients, and agreeing on prices according to the expected benefits.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> contemplates the cost-effectiveness of PCSK9 inhibitors, finding an unfavorable incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for incorporation, based on inputted parameters. The study represents a step toward expanding the role of economic analysis for decision-making in Brazilian health system. To offer the best interventions to our patients, we should aim for more economic studies, improving our understanding of the role of PCSK9 inhibitors and other high-cost therapies.</p>
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          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Evolocumab Therapy in Patients at High Risk of Cardiovascular Events in the Context of the Brazilian Unified Health System</p>
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        <title>Acknowledgement</title>
        <p>This study was financed in part by the Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior &#8211; Brasil (CAPES) &#8211; Finance Code 001.</p>
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