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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">ZrqZy9vvrTFzHfjQ8fPTryz</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001300988</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200690</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200690</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>An&#225;lise de Custo-Efetividade da Terapia com Evolocumabe em Pacientes com Alto Risco de Eventos Cardiovasculares no Contexto do SUS &#8211; Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Latado</surname>
            <given-names>Luiza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3927-778X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Morel Vieira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5840-820X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mistro</surname>
            <given-names>S&#243;stenes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5834-7275</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Latado</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Harrison Floriano do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lira</surname>
            <given-names>Yasmin Menezes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Natalia Ferreira Cardoso de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Galindo</surname>
            <given-names>Yuri de Santana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1194-8246</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Viana</surname>
            <given-names>Tain&#225;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Passos</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos Santana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia - Faculdade de Medicina, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Ana Nery</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Ana Nery - Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de Coletiva</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto Multidisciplinar em Sa&#250;de</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Vit&#243;ria da Conquista</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia. Instituto Multidisciplinar em Sa&#250;de - Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de Coletiva, Vit&#243;ria da Conquista, BA - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Edgard Santos</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Pesquisa e Inova&#231;&#227;o Tecnol&#243;gica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Edgard Santos - Pesquisa e Inova&#231;&#227;o Tecnol&#243;gica, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>5</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Rodrigo Morel Vieira de Melo</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal da Bahia - Departamento de Medicina - Pra&#231;a XV de novembro, s/n. CEP <postal-code>40110-060</postal-code>, Largo do Terreiro de Jesus, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil, E-mail: <email>rodrigo.morel@ufba.br</email>, <email>morel@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Braga LL, Melo RMV, Mistro S, Latado AL; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Braga LL, Melo RMV, Lira YM, Oliveira NFC, Galindo YS, Viana T, Passos LCS; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Braga LL, Melo RMV, Mistro S; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Braga LL, Melo RMV, Mistro S, Nascimento HF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>988</fpage>
      <lpage>996</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="corrected">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Em associa&#231;&#227;o &#224;s estatinas, os inibidores da pr&#243;-prote&#237;na convertase subtilisina/kexina tipo 9 (PCSK9) demonstraram ser eficazes na redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares em pacientes de alto risco.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Analisar a custo-efetividade da implementa&#231;&#227;o de evolocumabe para pacientes com alto risco de eventos cardiovasculares no contexto do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS) no Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Um modelo de Markov foi utilizado, baseando-se em uma amostra ambulatorial de pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Os desfechos prim&#225;rios analisados foram infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico (AVCi), revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio e morte cardiovascular. O resultado foi expresso por meio da raz&#227;o de custo-efetividade incremental (RCEI), considerando-se uma taxa de desconto de 5% ao ano, e uma an&#225;lise de sensibilidade foi realizada, tendo em vista a imprecis&#227;o de valores.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Selecionaram-se 61 pacientes com risco cardiovascular estimado em 35% em 10 anos, se em uso de atorvastatina 80mg/dia, e em 22,75%, se adicionado o evolocumabe. O custo global por paciente no per&#237;odo de 10 anos foi de R$ 46.522,44 no grupo em monoterapia com atorvastatina <italic>versus</italic> R$ 236.141,85 na terapia combinada, com uma efetividade global de 0,54 e 0,73, respectivamente. Isso resultou em uma RCEI R$ 1.011.188,07 (R$ 864.498,95 a R$ 1.296.748,43) por desfecho cardiovascular evitado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Apesar de n&#227;o existirem padr&#245;es nacionais para custo-efetividade, os dados encontrados sugerem que a estrat&#233;gia de associa&#231;&#227;o do evolocumabe &#224; terapia com estatina n&#227;o &#233;, no momento, custo-efetiva.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana/tratamento farmacol&#243;gico</kwd>
        <kwd>Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</kwd>
        <kwd>Evolocumabe</kwd>
        <kwd>An&#225;lise Custo-Benef&#237;cio/economia</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipercolesterolemia/terapia</kwd>
        <kwd>Medi&#231;&#227;o de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <related-article related-article-type="correction-forward" id="r01" xlink:href="10.36660/abc.20240582" ext-link-type="doi"/>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="25"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) s&#227;o a principal causa de mortalidade no Brasil e no mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No Brasil, respondem por 29% dos &#243;bitos em indiv&#237;duos &#8805; 20 anos, conforme estudo feito pelo Departamento de Inform&#225;tica do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (Datasus) em 2015.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Entre as DCVs, destaca-se a aterosclerose, uma doen&#231;a com patogenia intrinsicamente relacionada a fatores de risco modific&#225;veis ou n&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Altos n&#237;veis da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-c) ocupam papel de destaque no risco da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica. As terapias hipocolesterol&#234;micas para redu&#231;&#227;o do LDL-c s&#227;o fundamentais nesse cen&#225;rio, e as estatinas mostraram-se eficazes e efetivas na preven&#231;&#227;o de desfechos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Estima-se que, para cada 39mg/dL de diminui&#231;&#227;o de LDL-c com estatinas, ocorra uma redu&#231;&#227;o relativa de eventos cardiovasculares maiores na ordem de 21%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os inibidores da pr&#243;-prote&#237;na convertase subtilisina/kexina tipo 9 (PCSK9) s&#227;o uma nova classe de medica&#231;&#227;o para hipercolesterolemia, que tem como representantes comercializados no Brasil o evolocumabe e o alirocumabe. A PCSK9 &#233; uma protease capaz de inibir a reciclagem dos receptores de LDL-c (LDL-R) expressos na superf&#237;cie dos hepat&#243;citos, diminuindo a capta&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica de LDL-c e elevando seus n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Por consequ&#234;ncia, a inibi&#231;&#227;o da PCSK9 possibilita a reciclagem dos LDL-R e aumenta a depura&#231;&#227;o do LDL-c circulante.</p>
      <p>O estudo FOURIER demonstrou uma redu&#231;&#227;o adicional de 59% nos n&#237;veis de LDL-c e de 15% nos desfechos cardiovasculares com o uso de evolocumabe (comparado com placebo) em pacientes de risco cardiovascular elevado, j&#225; em uso de estatina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Conforme as atualiza&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes de especialidades, o evolocumabe &#233; recomendado para a preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria de eventos em pacientes tratados com estatina de alta pot&#234;ncia e que n&#227;o tenham alcan&#231;ado os n&#237;veis de LDL-c preconizados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>An&#225;lises econ&#244;micas acerca da utiliza&#231;&#227;o desses novos f&#225;rmacos s&#227;o ainda muito escassas; por&#233;m, extremamente necess&#225;rias uma vez que seu custo direto &#233; muito elevado. Um recente estudo americano demonstrou que o evolocumabe n&#227;o foi custo-efetivo quando comparado ao uso isolado de estatinas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a custo-efetividade do uso do evolocumabe em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; terapia-padr&#227;o para pacientes com alto risco de eventos cardiovasculares acompanhados no sistema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blico brasileiro.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Delineamento e amostragem</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um estudo de avalia&#231;&#227;o econ&#244;mica do tipo custo-efetividade, que comparou atorvastatina 80mg/dia, considerada a terapia hipolipemiante padr&#227;o, com a atorvastatina 80mg/dia combinada ao evolocumabe 140mg/mL a cada 15 dias na redu&#231;&#227;o estimada de eventos cardiovasculares ateroscler&#243;ticos em pacientes com hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA). Custos e benef&#237;cios foram avaliados para a perspectiva da sociedade, sobretudo no contexto do sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de brasileiro.</p>
        <p>O modelo econ&#244;mico do estudo foi aplicado sob uma amostra por conveni&#234;ncia, obtida a partir de uma coorte prospectiva de pacientes em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria e acompanhados no ambulat&#243;rio de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) em um hospital p&#250;blico de refer&#234;ncia na cidade de Salvador, na Bahia. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o dessa coorte foram SCA h&#225; menos de 1 ano, associada a falha em alcan&#231;ar meta de LDL menor que 50mg/dL em tratamento convencional com estatina de alta pot&#234;ncia, com ou sem ezetimibe, pelo per&#237;odo m&#237;nimo de 12 semanas. Foram considerados crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o: doen&#231;a concomitante fora de perspectiva terap&#234;utica, sobrevida estimada inferior a 1 ano e participa&#231;&#227;o de outro protocolo de pesquisa semelhante. Aplicaram-se os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade apenas nos pacientes que concordaram em participar do estudo e assinaram termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
        <p>Dessa coorte foram selecionados para estudo os pacientes que adicionalmente preenchiam os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade do ensaio cl&#237;nico FOURIER:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> idade entre 40 e 85 anos, LDL-c &#8805;70mg/dL e uso otimizado de estatina de alta pot&#234;ncia ou, no m&#237;nimo, dose di&#225;ria de 20mg de atorvastatina.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A estat&#237;stica descritiva foi utilizada para resumir as vari&#225;veis de interesse da amostra. Empregou-se o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov para verificar a normalidade das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, com valores de p &gt; 0,05, indicando distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram descritas pelas m&#233;dias e desvios-padr&#227;o. Descreveram-se as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas por seu valor absoluto e percentual.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Modelo econ&#244;mico</title>
        <p>Os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo tiveram seu risco de desfechos decorrentes da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica estratificado em 10 anos, de acordo com a presen&#231;a de comorbidades e conforme publica&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Considerou-se a categoria de maior risco em que o paciente se enquadrava, e o risco foi estimado por meio do c&#225;lculo da m&#233;dia do intervalo de risco, como descrito na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Categorias de alto risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular em 10 anos para pacientes em terapia com estatina, baseadas em dados de ensaios cl&#237;nicos publicados</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Categoria</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Risco projetado em 10 anos (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica cl&#237;nica + diabetes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28-38</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Com DRC</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28-43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sem DRC</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">26-29</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica cl&#237;nica + DRC</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">34-35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">SCA recente (&lt; 3 meses)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">DAC + fatores de risco mal controlados</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28-41</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">DAC + Doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">43-55</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">DAC + &#8805; 65 anos</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">21-54</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">AVCi/ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio e homem</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">DAC + hipercolesterolemia familiar (LDL-c &#8805; 190mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">41</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; SCA: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; AVCi: acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico. Adaptado de Robinson et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A partir do risco estimado em 10 anos e de uma interven&#231;&#227;o hipot&#233;tica para a redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares com o inibidor de PCSK9 nesses pacientes, elaborou-se um modelo de redu&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular com o evolocumabe para a amostra em estudo. Esse modelo baseou-se em dados do ensaio cl&#237;nico FOURIER,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> que demonstraram uma redu&#231;&#227;o adicional de 59% do LDL-c com o evolocumabe em pacientes j&#225; em uso de estatinas e em dados da metan&#225;lise CTT<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> (<italic>Cholesterol treatment trialists</italic>). Constatou-se que, para cada 39 mg/dL de diminui&#231;&#227;o do valor de LDL-c, ocorreu uma redu&#231;&#227;o no n&#250;mero de eventos cardiovasculares maiores de 21%. Apesar de o estudo FOURIER apresentar um seguimento de 26 meses, os resultados encontrados foram extrapolados para o per&#237;odo de 10 anos no presente estudo.</p>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o de custo-efetividade foi realizada por meio de um modelo de Markov representado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>, que utilizou como desfecho prim&#225;rio uma combina&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares maiores: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM); acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico (AVCi); revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (RM); e morte cardiovascular. Apesar de Robinson et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> n&#227;o considerarem a RM como um dos desfechos avaliados, entende-se que interven&#231;&#245;es coronarianas s&#227;o frequentemente realizadas no p&#243;s-IAM, e uma vez que seu custo n&#227;o est&#225; incluso no pagamento da interna&#231;&#227;o por IAM, tal desfecho foi considerado para a an&#225;lise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Representa&#231;&#227;o esquem&#225;tica do modelo de Markov utilizado na compara&#231;&#227;o entre atorvastatina 80mg versus atorvastatina + evolocumabe. CV: cardiovascular.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-0988-00690-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Os custos de internamento por IAM, AVCi e RM foram obtidos atrav&#233;s do Sistema de Gerenciamento da Tabela de Procedimentos, Medicamentos e OPM (Sigtap) do SUS, e coletaram-se os custos diretos relativos aos medicamentos a partir de dados da Secretaria de Sa&#250;de do Estado da Bahia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Os custos indiretos referentes &#224; morte cardiovascular precoce foram calculados de acordo com o esquema demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>. O c&#225;lculo foi efetuado por meio da multiplica&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de anos perdidos devido &#224; morte precoce, considerando a expectativa de vida m&#233;dia do brasileiro e a m&#233;dia de idade da popula&#231;&#227;o avaliada pelo ganho financeiro anual m&#233;dio do brasileiro. O sal&#225;rio utilizado no presente estudo foi a m&#233;dia salarial da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira em 2017, corrigida para a taxa de desemprego no mesmo per&#237;odo. Tais dados foram obtidos por meio do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica (IBGE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>F&#243;rmula utilizada para estimativa de custo da morte cardiovascular. Adaptado de Siqueira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-0988-00690-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Estimaram-se os custos referentes ao tratamento com a estatina de alta pot&#234;ncia a partir do valor de aquisi&#231;&#227;o, via atacado pela nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, de uma unidade de comprimido de atorvastatina na dosagem de 40mg. No que diz respeito ao evolocumabe, pelo fato de n&#227;o ser uma medica&#231;&#227;o adquirida no contexto do SUS, utilizou-se o valor de comercializa&#231;&#227;o no varejo de uma seringa unit&#225;ria na dosagem de 140mg.</p>
        <p>Os resultados foram apresentados por meio da raz&#227;o custo-efetividade incremental (RCEI), definida como o custo adicional da terapia com evolocumabe, expresso em reais (R$), dividido pelo ganho adicional em sa&#250;de alcan&#231;ado, expresso por desfecho cardiovascular evitado, quando comparado com a terapia-padr&#227;o com atorvastatina de alta pot&#234;ncia. Para o c&#225;lculo, considerou-se uma taxa de desconto de 5% ao ano.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de sensibilidade</title>
        <p>Para avaliar a robustez do modelo, realizaram-se an&#225;lises de sensibilidade determin&#237;stica e probabil&#237;stica. Na an&#225;lise determin&#237;stica, os par&#226;metros do modelo variaram em at&#233; 20% para mais ou para menos, a fim de obter uma faixa RCEI. A an&#225;lise probabil&#237;stica foi realizada para avaliar a incerteza dos valores RCEI calculados. Para tanto, conduziu-se uma an&#225;lise de Monte Carlo por microssimula&#231;&#227;o com 1.000 tentativas aleat&#243;rias. A partir dessa an&#225;lise, gerou-se a curva de aceitabilidade para avaliar a probabilidade de que um tratamento seja mais custo-efetivo que outro, como fun&#231;&#227;o-limite da disposi&#231;&#227;o a pagar por uma unidade adicional de efetividade. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas no software <italic>TreeAge Pro 2020 R.2</italic>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas</title>
        <p>Conforme a Resolu&#231;&#227;o 466/2012 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de, o presente estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em pesquisa local, CAAE n&#186; 68053317.9.0000.0045. Todos os procedimentos foram realizados de acordo com a declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>De acordo com os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, avaliaram-se 61 pacientes no presente estudo, e suas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas foram comparadas &#224;s da popula&#231;&#227;o acompanhada pelo estudo FOURIER, demonstrando uma heterogeneidade moderada entre os dois grupos, conforme descrito na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. A amostra apresentava m&#233;dia de idade de 63 (&#177;11) anos, 32 indiv&#237;duos (52%) eram do sexo masculino e tinha como fator de risco cardiovascular mais prevalente a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (83%), seguido do <italic>diabetes mellitus</italic> (42%) e do tabagismo (31%). Desses pacientes, 54% sofreram IAM pr&#233;vio e apresentavam uma m&#233;dia de LDL-c de 111(&#177;34) mg/dL, dos quais 57% apresentavam valor de LDL-c maior ou igual a 100 mg/dL.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas da popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e no ensaio FOURIER</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="33%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">AMOSTRA</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">FOURIER</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade, m&#233;dia (&#177;DP)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">63 (11)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">63 (9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Sexo masculino, n&#176; (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">32 (52)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">20.795 (75)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3">
                <bold>Fatores de risco cardiovascular, n&#176; (%)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">51 (83)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">22.040 (80)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes melito</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">26 (42)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">9.333 (34)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Tabagismo</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">19 (31)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7.770 (28)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3">
                <bold>Hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a vascular, n&#176; (%)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IAM</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">33 (54)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">22.356 (71)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">AVCi</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5.330 (17)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Uso de ezetimibe, n&#176; (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (10)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1.393 (5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3">
                <bold>Par&#226;metros lip&#237;dicos</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">LDL-c, m&#233;dia (&#177;DP), mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">111 (34)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">97 (28)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">LDL-c 70-99 mg/dL, n&#176; (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">26 (43)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">15.586 (57)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">LDL-c &#8805; 100mg/dL, n&#176; (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">35 (57)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">9.943 (36)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">HDL-c, m&#233;dia (&#177;DP), mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">45 (13)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">46 (13)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Triglicer&#237;deos, m&#233;dia (&#177;DP), mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">159 (97)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">149 (70)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; AVCi: acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>O risco individual m&#233;dio de IAM, AVCi, RM ou morte cardiovascular em 10 anos dos pacientes do estudo, quando em uso isolado de terapia com atorvastatina, foi de 35%. Os custos de internamento por IAM, AVC isqu&#234;mico e RM foram, respectivamente, R$ 588,12, R$ 463,21 e R$ 6.756,37, enquanto o valor de um comprimido de atorvastatina 40mg foi de R$ 1,00 e o de uma seringa de 140 mg de evolocumabe foi de R$ 901,61.</p>
      <p>Para o c&#225;lculo do custo da morte cardiovascular precoce, consideraram-se a m&#233;dia de idade de 63 anos dos pacientes e a de morte de 68 anos, considerando que, em um per&#237;odo de 10 anos, o &#243;bito ocorreria, em m&#233;dia, ap&#243;s 5 anos. Adequando-se &#224; propor&#231;&#227;o de homens e mulheres, a expectativa m&#233;dia de vida da amostra estudada foi de 75 anos e 8 meses, levando a uma perda de 7,7 anos de vida caso o evento &#8220;morte&#8221; ocorresse, e o ganho m&#233;dio anual corrigido para taxa de desemprego foi de R$ 22.128,00. Dessa maneira, uma morte cardiovascular precoce na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada teria o custo de R$ 170.385,60.</p>
      <p>Na estimativa realizada, o tratamento com evolocumabe reduziria a m&#233;dia de LDL-c da popula&#231;&#227;o de 111 mg/dL para 45,5 mg/dL, o que representaria uma redu&#231;&#227;o relativa de risco de 35% em rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso isolado de atorvastatina 80 mg/dia. Assim, os pacientes em uso da terapia combinada atorvastatina e evolocumabe teriam um risco individual de 22,75% de ocorr&#234;ncia de um dos eventos que comp&#245;em o desfecho composto (IAM, AVCi, RM ou morte cardiovascular em 10 anos), representando uma redu&#231;&#227;o de risco absoluto projetada em 10 anos de 12,25%. No c&#225;lculo da m&#233;dia dos custos referentes a cada um dos desfechos, observando-se a propor&#231;&#227;o de ocorr&#234;ncia dos mesmos no grupo placebo do estudo FOURIER,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> obteve-se um valor m&#233;dio de R$ 23.145,40, caso um dos desfechos ocorresse.</p>
      <p>O custo com o medicamento referente &#224; terapia-padr&#227;o com atorvastatina 80mg/dia por 10 anos seria de R$ 7.300,00 por paciente tratado, enquanto na terapia com atorvastatina 80mg/dia + evolocumabe 140mg administrado a cada 15 dias seria de R$ 223.686,40 por paciente durante 10 anos. Ao considerar o custo global por paciente, que inclui a probabilidade de ocorr&#234;ncia e os custos dos desfechos negativos, o custo global do tratamento com atorvastatina em monoterapia foi de R$ 46.522,44 <italic>versus</italic> R$ 236.141,85 na terapia combinada, com uma efetividade global de 0,54 e 0,73, respectivamente.</p>
      <p>Ao considerar a m&#233;dia dos custos e efetividades observadas no modelo, obtiveram-se um custo incremental de R$ 189.619,41 e uma efetividade incremental de 0,19, o que resultou em uma RCEI de R$ 1.011.188,07 por desfecho cardiovascular evitado. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref> resume a compara&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o custo-efetividade entre as duas alternativas analisadas no estudo.</p>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o de custo-efetividade entre atorvastatina e atorvastatina + evolocumabe na redu&#231;&#227;o de desfechos cardiovasculares. RCEI: raz&#227;o de custo-efetividade incremental.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-0988-00690-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>, &#233; poss&#237;vel observar os resultados das medidas de custo e de efetividade resultantes do modelo econ&#244;mico, com a respectiva an&#225;lise de sensibilidade obtida atrav&#233;s da simula&#231;&#227;o de Monte Carlo.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Simula&#231;&#227;o de Monte Carlo na avalia&#231;&#227;o de custo-efetividade da terapia combinada de atorvastatina e evolocumabe versus terapia-padr&#227;o com atorvastatina em monoterapia</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Tratamento</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Atributo</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Medida</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Atorvastatina</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Atorvastatina + evolocumabe</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4">
                <bold>Custo (R$)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">M&#233;dia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">46.122,35</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">220.373,82</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Desvio-padr&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2.136,05</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1.450,45</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Mediana</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">46.065,31</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">220.404,32</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Percentil 2,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">41.643,23</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">217.668,81</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Percentil 10</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">43.402,22</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">218.484,95</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Percentil 90</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">48.845,06</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">222.212,71</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Percentil 97,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">50.186,16</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">223.240,95</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4">
                <bold>Efetividade</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">M&#233;dia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,55</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,73</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Desvio-padr&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,01</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Mediana</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,55</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,73</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Percentil 2,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,53</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,72</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Percentil 10</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,54</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,72</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Percentil 90</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,56</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,74</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Percentil 97,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,56</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,75</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise de sensibilidade determin&#237;stica, com varia&#231;&#227;o dos valores de custo e de efetividade de cada uma das estrat&#233;gias, obteve-se uma faixa de varia&#231;&#227;o da RCEI de R$ 864.498,95 a R$ 1.296.748,43. Pela an&#225;lise da curva de aceitabilidade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>), foi poss&#237;vel observar que, apenas ap&#243;s um incremento de R$ 1.000.000,00 na disponibilidade a pagar, a terapia associada com evolocumabe apresentou maior probabilidade de ser mais custo-efetiva.</p>
      <fig id="f4">
        <label>Figura 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Curva de aceitabilidade em fun&#231;&#227;o da disposi&#231;&#227;o a pagar na compara&#231;&#227;o entre atorvastatina versus atorvastatina + evolocumabe na redu&#231;&#227;o de desfechos cardiovasculares.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-0988-00690-gf04.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>No presente estudo, um modelo de redu&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular demonstrado pelo ensaio cl&#237;nico FOURIER foi extrapolado para o per&#237;odo de 10 anos e utilizado para avaliar a custo-efetividade da adi&#231;&#227;o do evolocumabe em amostra acompanhada no SUS. Os pacientes eram portadores DAC comprovada, com SCA recente e n&#237;veis elevados de LDL-c, apesar de estarem em terapia otimizada com estatina de alta pot&#234;ncia. A an&#225;lise de custo-efetividade demonstrou que a adi&#231;&#227;o do evolocumabe 140mg a cada 15 dias &#224; terapia-padr&#227;o, considerando o atual valor de compra de ambos medicamentos, acarretaria um custo incremental em 10 anos de R$ 189.619,41 por paciente. Dessa forma, seria necess&#225;rio investir R$ 1.011.188,07 com a terapia adicional do evolocumabe para cada evento cardiovascular (fatal ou n&#227;o) adicional evitado.</p>
      <p>Os inibidores de PCSK9 surgiram como uma terapia promissora para pacientes com alto risco de eventos cardiovasculares, em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria e n&#237;veis elevados de LDL-c refrat&#225;rios &#224; terapia com estatina de alta pot&#234;ncia, apresentando uma redu&#231;&#227;o absoluta de risco maior e um n&#250;mero necess&#225;rio para tratar (NNT) menor em pacientes com n&#237;veis mais altos de LDL-c residual.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> No entanto, cada vez mais, compreende-se a import&#226;ncia de uma an&#225;lise econ&#244;mica em sa&#250;de pr&#233;via &#224; tomada de decis&#227;o acerca da implementa&#231;&#227;o de novas tecnologias, inclusive de medicamentos, no sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de, uma vez que novas tecnologias quase sempre est&#227;o acompanhadas de incrementos financeiros elevados ao sistema. Esse conhecimento permitiria que a aloca&#231;&#227;o de recursos econ&#244;micos fosse realizada de uma forma mais sistem&#225;tica do que intuitiva pelos gestores da sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Assim, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao evolocumabe, um anticorpo monoclonal humanizado, estudos deste tipo s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para tomada de decis&#227;o sobre sua implementa&#231;&#227;o no SUS.</p>
      <p>Muitos pa&#237;ses, na tentativa de padronizar um valor para orientar as decis&#245;es de incorpora&#231;&#227;o de novas tecnologias aos sistemas de sa&#250;de, t&#234;m estabelecido um limiar de custo-efetividade, este representado por uma raz&#227;o entre custo monet&#225;rio no numerador e medida de ganho em sa&#250;de no denominador, valor que pode variar, e abaixo do qual uma tecnologia &#233; considerada custo-efetiva. No Brasil, o Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de ainda n&#227;o estabeleceu um limiar de custo-efetividade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de valores estabelecidos por outros pa&#237;ses em estudos nacionais &#233; question&#225;vel, visto que a defini&#231;&#227;o do limiar &#233; contexto-espec&#237;fica, dependendo da riqueza local, disponibilidade e capacidade de pagar, caracter&#237;sticas do sistema de sa&#250;de e das prefer&#234;ncias sociais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Estudos publicados no Brasil, no entanto, utilizaram-se do limiar de custo-efetividade sugerido pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS) de tr&#234;s vezes o Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) <italic>per capita</italic> por anos de vida ajustados para qualidade de vida (QALY), mesmo sem utiliza&#231;&#227;o da mesma medida de ganho em sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Desse modo, caso compar&#225;ssemos o resultado do presente estudo com o limiar sugerido pela OMS (R$ 95.500,50/QALY, considerando o PIB <italic>per capita</italic> do Brasil em 2017), ter&#237;amos um resultado sem custo-efetivo.</p>
      <p>Apesar disso, existem experi&#234;ncias similares na literatura. Um estudo realizado nos Estados Unidos (2017) com o objetivo de avaliar a custo-efetividade do evolocumabe em pacientes com doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica card&#237;aca concluiu que a adi&#231;&#227;o do inibidor de PCSK9 &#224; terapia-padr&#227;o hipolipemiante acarretaria um custo incremental de US$ 105.398,00 e ganho em QALY de 0,39, o que representaria uma RCEI de US$ 268.637,00 por QALY ganho, ultrapassando o limiar de US$ 150.000,00 por QALY utilizado pelo estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Apesar de a unidade de ganho em sa&#250;de considerada pela presente an&#225;lise ter sido distinta, por tratar-se de estudos com caracter&#237;sticas populacionais e metodol&#243;gicas similares, caso tivesse sido considerada QALY como medida de ganho em sa&#250;de, acredita-se que o evolocumabe n&#227;o seria custo-efetivo no SUS, ultrapassando o limiar de US$ 150.000,00.</p>
      <p>Na Espanha, por outro lado, um estudo realizado em 2017 avaliou a custo-efetividade do evolocumabe em dois subgrupos: pacientes com hipercolesterolemia familiar (HF) e pacientes em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria para eventos cardiovasculares. Considerou-se um limiar de &#8364; 30.000,00 a &#8364; 45.000,00 por QALY ganho. Os resultados do estudo demonstraram uma RCEI de &#8364; 30.893,00 para o grupo HF e de &#8364; 45.340,00 para o grupo em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria, concluindo que a adi&#231;&#227;o do evolocumabe &#224; terapia-padr&#227;o com estatina pode ser considerada uma alternativa custo-efetiva para esses subgrupos no contexto do Sistema Nacional de Sa&#250;de Espanhol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> O resultado favor&#225;vel &#224; implementa&#231;&#227;o do evolocumabe &#233;, provavelmente, explicado pelos altos valores atribu&#237;dos &#224;s interna&#231;&#245;es decorrentes dos desfechos cardiovasculares. Comparado &#224; tabela utilizada pelo SUS para reembolso de interna&#231;&#245;es, o valor considerado pelo estudo espanhol foi de 47 vezes o valor tabelado para IAM, 110 vezes o valor para AVCi e 8 vezes o valor para RM.</p>
      <p>Uma metan&#225;lise publicada em 2019 avaliou a custo-efetividade dos inibidores de PCSK9 na doen&#231;a cardiovascular, analisando 16 estudos realizados em diferentes pa&#237;ses, com resultados estimados para toda a vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> O estudo encontrou uma grande varia&#231;&#227;o nos limiares de custo-efetividade considerados e nos custos anuais da terapia com inibidores de PCSK9. Os valores de RCEI variavam de US$ 51.687,00 a US$1.336.221,00, no que se detectou a necessidade de redu&#231;&#227;o de 20% a 88% nos valores de mercado dos inibidores de PCSK9 para que a terapia seja considerada custo-efetiva. Dessa forma, assim como sugerido no presente estudo, apesar de sua efic&#225;cia comprovada, o alto custo da terapia com os inibidores de PCSK9 a torna n&#227;o custo-efetiva na popula&#231;&#227;o, de modo geral. Redu&#231;&#245;es no pre&#231;o do f&#225;rmaco foram implementadas em alguns pa&#237;ses. Faz-se necess&#225;rio que novas an&#225;lises sejam realizadas, considerando a redu&#231;&#227;o do custo com a terapia.</p>
      <p>No contexto nacional, &#233; importante ressaltar o subfinanciamento cr&#244;nico do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de, que pode, pelo menos em parte, justificar os resultados encontrados. Um exemplo claro &#233; a rela&#231;&#227;o de valores subestimados e encontrados na Tabela SUS, o padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia para o pagamento dos servi&#231;os prestados por estabelecimentos que atendem a rede p&#250;blica de sa&#250;de. Esses valores, preestabelecidos, muitas vezes n&#227;o cobrem os reais custos pela presta&#231;&#227;o de um servi&#231;o ou realiza&#231;&#227;o de um procedimento,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> o que pode ser parcialmente explicado pela defasagem que n&#227;o acompanhou os &#237;ndices inflacion&#225;rios dos &#250;ltimos anos. Dessa forma, o impacto financeiro da redu&#231;&#227;o das interna&#231;&#245;es por IAM, AVCi e RM pela adi&#231;&#227;o do evolocumabe poderia ser maior. Consequentemente, isso acarretaria um custo incremental menor, pois o alto gasto com a adi&#231;&#227;o do evolocumabe &#224; terapia-padr&#227;o seria contrapesado por uma maior economia financeira, por conta da preven&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos cardiovasculares.</p>
      <p>Neste sentido, deve-se levar em considera&#231;&#227;o que os custos com o tratamento-padr&#227;o com atorvastatina foram estimados a partir do seu valor no atacado, atrav&#233;s da aquisi&#231;&#227;o na nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, que &#233; financiada pelo sistema &#250;nico de sa&#250;de. Por outro lado, os custos relacionados ao evolocumabe foram obtidos a partir do seu valor de comercializa&#231;&#227;o no varejo. Levando isso em considera&#231;&#227;o, acreditamos que varia&#231;&#245;es dos valores de custos est&#227;o contempladas na an&#225;lise de sensibilidade realizada, apresentando uma margem inferior de RCEI de R$ 864.498,95, ainda muito elevado para demonstrar custo-efetividade da terapia.</p>
      <p>O estudo apresenta outras limita&#231;&#245;es. Inicialmente, enquanto o estudo FOURIER avaliou a preven&#231;&#227;o de desfechos cardiovasculares em um seguimento m&#233;dio de 26 meses, os valores encontrados foram extrapolados para um per&#237;odo de 10 anos. Durante esse per&#237;odo, caso os benef&#237;cios na preven&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos diferissem do estudo FOURIER ou efeitos adversos significantes ocorressem, a estimativa de custo-efetividade poderia ser alterada. De fato, observou-se uma diminui&#231;&#227;o progressiva nos eventos cardiovasculares ao longo do ensaio cl&#237;nico; portanto, o benef&#237;cio total do evolocumabe na redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares pode ter sido subestimado.</p>
      <p>Uma potencial limita&#231;&#227;o, no sentido de n&#227;o ter sido considerado o valor referente &#224; antecipa&#231;&#227;o da aposentadoria no c&#225;lculo do custo dos desfechos avaliados, n&#227;o &#233; aplic&#225;vel, uma vez que a m&#233;dia de idade da amostra de pacientes &#233; superior &#224; idade m&#233;dia de aposentadoria por tempo de contribui&#231;&#227;o (55,6 anos para homens e 52,8 anos para mulheres). Segundo dados do INSS de 2018, n&#227;o h&#225; impacto financeiro no caso de evolu&#231;&#227;o com incapacidade laborativa ou &#243;bito precoce, al&#233;m dos estimados pela redu&#231;&#227;o do PIB. A aus&#234;ncia de um limiar de custo-efetividade brasileiro bem estabelecido e com unidade de ganho em sa&#250;de similar &#224; utilizada no presente estudo dificultou que fosse conclu&#237;do com exatid&#227;o se a estrat&#233;gia &#233; ou n&#227;o custo-efetiva. Al&#233;m disso, a an&#225;lise econ&#244;mica do evolocumabe baseou-se em uma amostra espec&#237;fica de pacientes em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria e de alto risco para eventos cardiovasculares, n&#227;o devendo ser extrapolada para o cen&#225;rio de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria ou outras popula&#231;&#245;es de menor risco cardiovascular.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Apesar de n&#227;o existirem padr&#245;es nacionais para aceitabilidade nas an&#225;lises de custo-efetividade, os dados encontrados sugerem que a estrat&#233;gia de associa&#231;&#227;o do evolocumabe &#224; terapia com estatina n&#227;o &#233;, no momento, custo-efetiva. A redu&#231;&#227;o dos valores do tratamento e/ou a sele&#231;&#227;o de candidatos &#224; terapia com maior perfil de risco ajudariam a alcan&#231;ar melhores valores de custo-efetividade. Diante disso, futuras discuss&#245;es sobre o tema devem envolver profissionais de sa&#250;de e gestores do SUS, avaliando-se grupos de pacientes com maior risco cardiovascular, de modo a tornar poss&#237;vel a disponibiliza&#231;&#227;o de terapias eficazes para melhorar a sa&#250;de da popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kudchadkar</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kontari</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Patients With Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation Have a High Burden of Left Atrial Fibrosis by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging</article-title>
          <source>JACC Clin Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>364</fpage>
          <lpage>375</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacep.2018.10.016</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>25 Sivalokanathan S, Zghaib T, Greenland G V, Vasquez N, Kudchadkar S, Kontari E, et al. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Patients With Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation Have a High Burden of Left Atrial Fibrosis by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2019;5(3):364-75. doi:10.1016/j.jacep.2018.10.016</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Errata</label>
        <p>
          <bold>Edi&#231;&#227;o de Novembro de 2021, vol. 117(5), p&#225;gs. 988-996</bold>
        </p>
        <p>No Artigo Original &#8220;An&#225;lise de Custo-Efetividade da Terapia com Evolocumabe em Pacientes com Alto Risco de Eventos Cardiovasculares no Contexto do SUS &#8211; Brasil&#8221;, com n&#250;mero de DOI: https: https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20200690, publicado no peri&#243;dico Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 117(5):988-996, na p&#225;gina 1, alterar o nome da autora Luiza Latado para: Luisa Latado.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Evolocumab Therapy in Patients at High Risk of Cardiovascular Events in the Context of the Brazilian Unified Health System</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Latado</surname>
            <given-names>Luiza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3927-778X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Morel Vieira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5840-820X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mistro</surname>
            <given-names>S&#243;stenes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5834-7275</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Latado</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Harrison Floriano do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lira</surname>
            <given-names>Yasmin Menezes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Natalia Ferreira Cardoso de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Galindo</surname>
            <given-names>Yuri de Santana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1194-8246</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Viana</surname>
            <given-names>Tain&#225;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Passos</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos Santana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia - Faculdade de Medicina, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Ana Nery - Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Vit&#243;ria da Conquista</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia. Instituto Multidisciplinar em Sa&#250;de - Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de Coletiva, Vit&#243;ria da Conquista, BA - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff9">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Edgard Santos - Pesquisa e Inova&#231;&#227;o Tecnol&#243;gica, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff10">
          <label>5</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Rodrigo Morel Vieira de Melo</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal da Bahia - Departamento de Medicina - Pra&#231;a XV de novembro, s/n. Postal Code <postal-code>40110-060</postal-code>, Largo do Terreiro de Jesus, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil, E-mail: <email>rodrigo.morel@ufba.br</email>, <email>morel@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Braga LL, Melo RMV, Mistro S, Latado AL; Acquisition of data: Braga LL, Melo RMV, Lira YM, Oliveira NFC, Galindo YS, Viana T, Passos LCS; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Braga LL, Melo RMV, Mistro S; Statistical analysis: Braga LL, Melo RMV, Mistro S, Nascimento HF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) secondary to systemic hypertension (HTN) may be associated with left atrial (LA) functional abnormalities.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>We aimed to characterize LA mechanics in HCM and HTN and determine any correlation with the extent of left ventricular (LV) fibrosis measured by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) in HCM patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Two-dimensional speckle tracking-derived longitudinal LA function was acquired from apical views in 60 HCM patients, 60 HTN patients, and 34 age-matched controls. HCM patients also underwent CMR, with measurement of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) extension. Association with LA strain parameters was analyzed. Statistical significance was set at p&lt;0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Mean LV ejection fraction was not different between the groups. The E/e&#8217; ratio was impaired in the HCM group and preserved in the control group. LA mechanics was significantly reduced in HCM, compared to the HTN group. LA strain rate in reservoir (LASRr) and in contractile (LASRct) phases were the best discriminators of HCM, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.8, followed by LA strain in reservoir phase (LASr) (AUC 0.76). LASRr and LASR-ct had high specificity (89% and 91%, respectively) and LASr had sensitivity of 80%. A decrease in 2.79% of LA strain rate in conduit phase (LASRcd) predicted an increase of 1cm in LGE extension (r<sup>2</sup>=0.42, &#946; 2.79, p=0.027).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>LASRr and LASRct were the best discriminators for LVH secondary to HCM. LASRcd predicted the degree of LV fibrosis assessed by CMR. These findings suggest that LA mechanics is a potential predictor of disease severity in HCM.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Left Ventricular Hypertrophy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <related-article related-article-type="correction-forward" id="r02" xlink:href="10.36660/abc.20240582i" ext-link-type="doi"/>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the main cause of mortality in Brazil and in the world.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In Brazil, they account for 29% of deaths in individuals &#8805; 20 years old, according to the Informatics Department of the Brazilian Unified Health System (DATASUS), in 2015.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Among the CVDs, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) stands out: a disease of which pathogeny is intrinsically related to modifiable or non-modifiable risk factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>High levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol play an important role in the ASCVD risk. Lipid-lowering therapies to reduce LDL levels are essential in this scenario, and statins are efficient and effective in preventing cardiovascular outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> It is estimated that, for each 39mg / dL decrease in LDL cholesterol with statins, there is a relative reduction in major cardiovascular events in the order of 21%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Pro-protein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors are a new class of medication for hypercholesterolemia, represented in the Brazilian market by evolocumab and alirocumab. PCSK9 is a protease capable of inhibiting the recycling of LDL receptors (LDL-R) expressed on the surface of hepatocytes, decreasing the hepatic uptake of LDL and increasing its plasma levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Consequently, the inhibition of PCSK9 enables the recycling of LDL-R and increases the clearance of circulating LDL-cholesterol.</p>
        <p>The FOURIER study demonstrated an additional 59% reduction in LDL cholesterol levels and 15% in cardiovascular outcomes with the use of evolocumab (compared with placebo) in patients at high cardiovascular risk already using statins.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> According to updates of the specialty guidelines, evolocumab is recommended for the secondary prevention of events in patients treated with a high-potency statin who have not reached the recommended LDL cholesterol levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Economic analyses of the use of these new drugs are still very scarce but extremely necessary, since their direct cost is very high. A recent North-American study showed that evolocumab was not cost-effective when compared to statin use alone.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The present study aims to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of using evolocumab in comparison to the standard therapy for patients at high risk of cardiovascular events monitored in the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS, <italic>Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de</italic>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design and sampling</title>
          <p>This is a cost-effectiveness economic evaluation study that compared the standard lipid-lowering therapy with atorvastatin 80 mg/day <italic>versus</italic> atorvastatin 80 mg/day combined with evolocumab 140 mg/mL every 15 days, in the estimated reduction of cardiovascular atherosclerotic events in patients with a previous history of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Costs and benefits were assessed from the perspective of society, particularly in the context of the Brazilian public health system.</p>
          <p>The economic model of the study was applied using a convenience sample obtained from a prospective cohort of patients undergoing secondary prevention followed at the coronary artery disease (CAD) outpatient clinic in a public referral hospital in the state capital city of Salvador, state of Bahia, Brazil. The inclusion criteria for this cohort were ACS occurring less than 1 year ago, associated with failure to achieve an LDL target of less than 50 mg/dL under conventional treatment with a high-potency statin, with or without ezetimibe, for at least 12 weeks. The exclusion criteria included: concomitant disease outside the therapeutic perspective, estimated survival of less than 1 year, and participation in another similar research protocol. The eligibility criteria were applied only to patients who agreed to participate in the study and signed an informed free and informed consent form.</p>
          <p>From this cohort, patients who additionally met the eligibility criteria for the FOURIER<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> clinical trial were selected for the study, namely: age between 40 and 85 years, LDL-cholesterol level &#8805; 70 mg/dL, and optimized use of a high-potency statin or, at least, 20mg daily dose of atorvastatin.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the variables of interest in the sample. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to verify the normality of continuous variables, with p values &gt; 0.05 indicating a normal distribution. Continuous variables with normal distribution were described as means and standard deviations, and categorical variables were described as their absolute and percentage values.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Economic model</title>
          <p>The patients included in the study had their risk of outcomes resulting from ASCVD stratified in 10 years, according to the presence of comorbidities, as shown in a previous publication.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The highest risk category in which the patient was classified was considered, and the risk was estimated by calculating the average of the risk interval, as described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>High-risk categories for cardiovascular disease at 10 years for patients on statin therapy, based on published clinical trial data</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Category</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Projected risk over 10 years (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Clinical ASCVD + diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">28-38</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">With chronic kidney disease</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">28-43</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Without chronic kidney disease</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">26-29</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Clinical ASCVD + chronic kidney disease</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">34-35</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Recent ACS (&lt;3 months)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">32</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">CAD + poorly controlled risk factors</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">28-41</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">CAD + Peripheral vascular disease</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">43-55</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">CAD + &#8805; 65 years old</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">21-54</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">IS/Transient ischemic attack</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">31</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">CAD + Familial hypercholesterolemia (LDL cholesterol &#8805; 190mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">41</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; ACS: acute coronary syndrome; CAD: coronary artery disease; IS: ischemic stroke. Adapted from Robinson et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Based on the estimated 10-year risk and a hypothetical intervention to reduce cardiovascular events with the PCSK9 inhibitor in these patients, a cardiovascular risk reduction model was developed with evolocumab for the study sample. This model was based on data from the FOURIER<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> clinical trial, which demonstrated an additional 59% reduction in LDL levels with evolocumab in patients already using statins, and data from the CTT<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> (Cholesterol Treatment Trialists) meta-analysis, which found that for every 39 mg/dL of decrease in the LDL-cholesterol value, there was a reduction in the number of cardiovascular events greater than 21%. Although the FOURIER study has a 26-month follow-up, the observed results were extrapolated to the 10-year period in the present study.</p>
          <p>The cost-effectiveness assessment was performed using a Markov model, as depicted in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref>, which used as a primary outcome the combination of major cardiovascular events: non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI); non-fatal ischemic stroke (IS), coronary revascularization (RV); and cardiovascular death. Although Robinson et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> do not consider RV as one of the evaluated outcomes, it is understood that coronary interventions are often performed after a MI, and, since its cost is not included in the payment for hospitalization for AM, this outcome was considered for the analysis.</p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Schematic representation of the Markov Model used in the comparison between Atorvastatin 80mg versus Atorvastatin + Evolocumab.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-0988-00690-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>The hospitalization costs for MI, IS and RV were obtained through the Management System of the List of Procedures, Medication, and Orthotics/Prosthetics and Special Materials - OPM (SIGTAP) of SUS, while the direct costs related to medication were obtained from data from the State Health Department of the state of Bahia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> The indirect costs related to early cardiovascular death were calculated according to the schematic representation shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">figure 2</xref>. The calculation was made by multiplying the number of years lost due to early death, considering the average life expectancy of the Brazilian individual and the average age of the assessed population, by the average annual financial gain of the Brazilian individual.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The salary used in this study was the average wage of the Brazilian population in 2017 corrected for the unemployment rate in the same period. Data was obtained through the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE, <italic>Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica</italic>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Formula used to estimate the cost of cardiovascular death. Adapted from Siqueira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-0988-00690-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>The costs related to the treatment with high-potency statins were estimated based on the wholesale purchase price by our institution of a unit of atorvastatin tablet in the dose of 40mg. Regarding evolocumab, since it is not a medication acquired in the context of SUS, the retail price of a syringe unit at the dose of 140mg was used.</p>
          <p>The results were presented using the Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER), defined as the additional cost of the therapy with evolocumab, expressed in R$, divided by the additional achieved health gain, expressed by avoided cardiovascular outcome, when compared with standard therapy with high potency atorvastatin. For the calculation, a discount rate of 5% per year was considered.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sensitivity analysis</title>
          <p>To assess the robustness of the model, deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed. In the deterministic analysis, the parameters of the model were varied by up to 20% more or less, to obtain a range of ICER variation. The probabilistic analysis was performed to assess the uncertainty of the ICER calculated values. To this end, a Monte Carlo analysis was conducted by microsimulation including 1,000 random attempts. From this analysis, the acceptability curve was generated to assess the probability that one treatment is more cost-effective than another, as a limit function of the willingness to pay for an additional unit of effectiveness. The analyses were performed using the TreeAge Pro 2020 R.2 software.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical considerations</title>
          <p>According to resolution 466/2012 of the National Health Council, the present study was approved by the local research ethics committee, CAAE number 68053317.9.0000.0045, and all procedures were performed in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>According to the inclusion criteria, 61 patients were evaluated in the present study and their clinical and demographic characteristics were compared to those of the population monitored by the FOURIER study, demonstrating a moderate heterogeneity between the two groups, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">table 2</xref>. The sample had a mean age of 63 (&#177;11) years old, 32 (52%) were males and the most prevalent cardiovascular risk factors were hypertension (83%), followed by diabetes mellitus (42%) and smoking (31%). Of these patients, 54% had suffered a previous MI and had an average LDL-cholesterol level of 111 (&#177;34) mg/dL, with 57% of them having an LDL value &#8805;100 mg/dL.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Clinical and demographic characteristics of the population of patients with coronary artery disease and in the FOURIER trial</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">SAMPLE</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">FOURIER</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Age, mean (&#177;SD)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">63 (11)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">63 (9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Male, N. (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">32 (52)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">20,795 (75)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Cardiovascular risk factors, N. (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Hypertension</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">51 (83)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">22,040 (80)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes Mellitus</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">26 (42)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9,333 (34)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Smoking</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">19 (31)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7,770 (28)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Previous vascular disease, N. (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">MI</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">33 (54)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">22,356 (71)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">IS</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5,330 (17)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Ezetimibe use, N. (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (10)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,393 (5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Lipid parameters</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LDL cholesterol, mean (&#177;SD), mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">111 (34)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">97 (28)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LDL cholesterol 70-99 mg/dL, No. (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">26 (43)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15,586 (57)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LDL cholesterol &#8805; 100mg/dL, No. (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">35 (57)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9,943 (36)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">HDL cholesterol, mean (&#177;SD), mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">45 (13)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">46 (13)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Triglycerides, mean (&#177;SD), mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">159 (97)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">149 (70)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>SD: standard deviation; MI: myocardial infarction; IS: ischemic stroke.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The average individual 10-year risk of MI, IS, RV or cardiovascular death among the study patients was 35%, if using isolated therapy with atorvastatin. The costs of hospitalization for MI, IS and RV were, respectively, R$ 588.12, R$ 463.21, and R$ 6,756.37, while the value of an atorvastatin 40mg tablet was R$ 1.00 and that of a 140 mg syringe of evolocumab was R$ 901.61.</p>
        <p>To calculate the cost of early cardiovascular death, the mean age of patients was 63 years old and the average age of death was 68 years considering that, in a period of 10 years, death would occur, on average, after 5 years. Adjusting to the proportion of men and women, the average life expectancy of the study sample was 75 years and 8 months with a loss of 7.7 years of life if the death event occurred, and the average annual gain corrected for the unemployment rate was R$ 22,128.00. Thus, an early cardiovascular death in the studied population would cost R$ 170,385.60.</p>
        <p>According to the estimate, treatment with evolocumab would reduce the average LDL-cholesterol level of the population from 111 mg/dL to 45.5 mg/dL, which would represent a relative risk reduction of 35% in comparison to the isolated use of atorvastatin 80mg/day. Thus, patients using the combined therapy of atorvastatin and evolocumab would have an individual risk of 22.75% of the occurrence of one of the events that constitute the composite outcome (MI, IS, RV, or cardiovascular death in 10 years), representing an absolute risk reduction projected over 10 years of 12.25%. When calculating the average costs for each of the outcomes, observing the proportion of their occurrence in the placebo group of the FOURIER<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> study, an average value of R$ 23,145.40 was obtained, if one of the outcomes occurred.</p>
        <p>The cost of the drug for standard therapy with atorvastatin 80mg/day for 10 years would be R$ 7,300.00 per treated patient, while it would be R$ 223,686.40 per patient for 10 years for therapy with atorvastatin 80mg/day + evolocumab 140mg administered every 15 days. When considering the global cost per patient, which includes the probability of occurrence and the costs of negative outcomes, the global cost of treatment with atorvastatin monotherapy was R$ 46,522.44, <italic>versus</italic> R$ 236,141.85 for the combined therapy, with an overall effectiveness of 0.54 and 0.73, respectively.</p>
        <p>When considering the average costs and effectiveness observed in the model, an incremental cost of R$ 189,619.41 and incremental effectiveness of 0.19 were obtained, which resulted in an ICER of R$ 1,011,188.07 for an avoided cardiovascular outcome. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3</xref> summarizes the comparison of the cost-effectiveness ratio between the two alternatives analyzed in the study.</p>
        <fig id="f7">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cost-effectiveness comparison between Atorvastatin and Atorvastatin + Evolocumab in reducing cardiovascular outcomes. ICER: Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-0988-00690-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref> shows the results of the cost and effectiveness measures resulting from the economic model, with the respective sensitivity analysis obtained through the Monte Carlo simulation.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Monte Carlo simulation in the cost-effectiveness assessment of the combined therapy of atorvastatin and evolocumab versus standard therapy with atorvastatin alone</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Therapy</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Attribute</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Measure</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Atorvastatin</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Atorvastatin + Evolocumab</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Cost (R$)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Mean</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">46,122.35</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">220,373.82</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Standard deviation</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,136.05</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,450.45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Median</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">46,065.31</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">220,404.32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.5<sup>th</sup> Percentile</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">41,643.23</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">217,668.81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10<sup>th</sup> Percentile</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">43,402.22</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">218,484.95</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">90<sup>th</sup> Percentile</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">48,845.06</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">222.212.71</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">97.5<sup>th</sup>Percentile</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">50,186.16</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">223,240.95</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Effectiveness</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Mean</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.55</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.73</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Standard deviation</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Median</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.55</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.73</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.5<sup>th</sup> Percentile</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.53</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.72</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10<sup>th</sup> Percentile</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.54</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.72</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">90<sup>th</sup> Percentile</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.56</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.74</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">97.5<sup>th</sup> Percentile</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.56</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.75</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>In the deterministic sensitivity analysis, with variation in the cost and effectiveness values of each of the strategies, a range of ICER variation was obtained, from R$ 864,498.95 to R$ 1,296,748.43 and through the analysis of the acceptability (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4</xref>), it was possible to observe that the combined therapy with evolocumab was more likely to be more cost-effective only after an increase of R$ 1,000,000.00 in the availability to pay.</p>
        <fig id="f8">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Acceptability curve according to the willingness to pay when comparing Atorvastatin versus Atorvastatin + Evolocumab in reducing cardiovascular outcomes.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-0988-00690-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In the present study, a cardiovascular risk reduction model demonstrated by the FOURIER clinical trial was extrapolated to 10 years and used to assess the cost-effectiveness of adding evolocumab to a sample monitored through SUS. The patients had proven CAD, with recent ACS and elevated LDL-cholesterol levels, despite optimized high-potency statin therapy. The cost-effectiveness analysis showed that adding evolocumab 140mg every 15 days to the standard therapy, considering the current purchase value of both drugs, would result in an incremental cost in 10 years of R$ 189,619.41 per patient. Thus, it would be necessary to invest R$ 1,011,188.07 with additional evolocumab therapy for each additional cardiovascular event (fatal or not) avoided in the sample.</p>
        <p>PCSK9 inhibitors have emerged as a promising therapy in the secondary prevention for patients at high risk of cardiovascular events, and with high levels of LDL- cholesterol refractory to high-potency statin therapy, with a greater absolute risk reduction and a lower number needed treat (NNT) in patients with higher residual levels of LDL-cholesterol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> However, the importance of the economic analysis in health before deciding about the implementation of new technologies, including medications, in the public health system is increasingly understood, since new technologies are almost always accompanied by high financial increments to the system. This knowledge would allow the allocation of economic resources to be carried out in a more systematic than intuitive way by health managers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Thus, concerning evolocumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody, studies like this are necessary to decide about its implementation in SUS.</p>
        <p>Many countries, aiming to standardize a value to guide decisions about the incorporation of new technologies into health systems, have established a cost-effectiveness threshold. This is represented by a ratio, between the monetary cost in the numerator and the measure of health gain in the denominator, a measure that can vary, below which the technology is considered cost-effective. In Brazil, the Ministry of Health has not yet established a cost-effectiveness threshold.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> The use of values established by other countries in national studies is questionable, since the definition of the threshold is context-specific depending on the local wealth, availability and ability to pay, characteristics of the health system, and social preferences.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Studies published in Brazil, however, have already used the cost-effectiveness threshold suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO) of three times the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) <italic>per capita</italic> for years of life using the quality-adjusted life year (QALY), even if not using the same measure of health gain.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> So, if we compared the result of this study with the threshold suggested by the WHO (R$ 95,500.00/QALY, considering Brazil's GDP <italic>per capita</italic> in 2017), we would have a non-cost-effective result.</p>
        <p>Despite this, there are similar experiences in the literature. A study carried out in the United States (2017) intending to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of evolocumab in patients with ASCVD concluded that adding PCSK9 inhibitor to the standard lipid-lowering therapy would result in an incremental cost of U$ 105,398.00 and an increase in QALY of 0.39. This would represent an ICER of U$ 268,637.00 per achieved QALY, which exceeds the threshold of U$ 150,000.00 per QALY used by the study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Even though the health gain unit considered by the present analysis was distinct, since it deals with studies with similar population and methodological characteristics, if QALY were considered the measure of health gain, it is believed that evolocumab would not be cost-effective in SUS, as it exceeds the threshold of U$ 150,000.00.</p>
        <p>In Spain, on the other hand, a study carried out in 2017 evaluated the cost-effectiveness of evolocumab in two subgroups: patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) and patients undergoing secondary prevention for cardiovascular events. A threshold of &#8364; 30,000.00 to &#8364; 45,000.00 per achieved QALY was considered. The results of the study demonstrated an ICER of &#8364; 30,893.00 for the HF group and &#8364; 45,340.00 for the secondary prevention group, concluding that the addition of evolocumab to the standard statin therapy can be considered a cost-effective alternative for these subgroups in the context of the Spanish National Health System.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> This favorable result for the implementation of evolocumab is probably explained by the high values attributed to hospitalizations resulting from cardiovascular outcomes. Compared with the list used by SUS for hospitalization reimbursement, the value considered by the Spanish study was 47 times the tabulated value for MI, 110 times the value for IS, and 8 times the value for RV.</p>
        <p>A meta-analysis published in 2019 assessed the cost-effectiveness of PCSK9 inhibitors in cardiovascular disease, analyzing 16 studies carried out in different countries with estimated results for life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> The study found a wide variation in the considered cost-effectiveness thresholds and in the annual costs of therapy with PCSK9 inhibitors, with ICER values ranging from U$ 51,687 to U$ 1,336,221 and the need for a 20% to 88% reduction in the purchase values of PCSK9 inhibitors for the therapy to be considered cost-effective. Thus, as suggested in the present study, despite its proven efficacy, the high cost of therapy with PCSK9 inhibitors makes it non-cost-effective for the general population. Reductions in the price of the drug have been implemented in some countries and it is necessary for further analysis to be carried out, considering the decrease in the cost of therapy.</p>
        <p>In the national context, it is important to highlight the chronic underfunding of SUS, which can, at least in part, justify the observed results. A clear example is the underestimated values found in the SUS list: the reference standard for payment for services provided by establishments that provide service to the public health network. These pre-established values often do not cover the real costs of providing a service or carrying out a procedure,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> which can be partly explained by the lag in the values in the SUS list that have not kept up with inflation rates in recent years. Therefore, the financial impact of reducing hospital admissions for MI, IS, and RV through the addition of evolocumab could be greater. Consequently, this would result in a lower incremental cost, since the high expense of adding evolocumab to the standard therapy would be offset by greater financial savings due to the prevention of cardiovascular outcomes.</p>
        <p>Similarly, it should be considered that the costs of standard treatment with atorvastatin were estimated from their wholesale value, through the acquisition in our institution, which is financed by SUS. On the other hand, the costs related to evolocumab were obtained from its retail sales value. Taking this into account, we believe that variations in cost values are included in the performed sensitivity analysis, showing a lower ICER margin of R$ 864,498.95, which is still too high to demonstrate the cost-effectiveness of the therapy.</p>
        <p>The study has other limitations. Initially, while the FOURIER study evaluated the prevention of cardiovascular outcomes during an average follow-up of 26 months, the values found were extrapolated here for a period of 10 years. During this period, if the benefits in preventing outcomes differed from the FOURIER study or if significant adverse effects occurred, the cost-effectiveness estimate could change. A progressive decrease in cardiovascular events was observed throughout the clinical trial, so the total benefit of evolocumab in reducing cardiovascular events may have been underestimated.</p>
        <p>A potential limitation, since the amount related to early retirement was not considered in the calculation of the cost of the assessed outcomes, is not applicable. This happens, because the average age of the patient sample is older than the average retirement age by contribution time (55.6 years for men and 52.8 years for women), according to data from the Brazilian National Social Security Institute (INSS &#8211; <italic>Instituto Nacional de Seguridade Social</italic>) as of 2018. Thus, there is no financial impact in the case of evolution with incapacity for work or early death, in addition to those estimated by the reduction in GDP. The absence of a well-established Brazilian cost-effectiveness threshold with a health gain unit, like the one used in the present study, made it difficult to accurately conclude whether the strategy is cost-effective or not. Also, the economic analysis of evolocumab was based on a specific sample of patients undergoing secondary prevention and at high risk for cardiovascular events and should not be extrapolated to the primary prevention scenario or other populations at lower cardiovascular risk.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Although there are no national standards for acceptability in cost-effectiveness analyses, the observed data suggest that the strategy of associating evolocumab with statin therapy is not cost-effective at the moment. The reduction of treatment values and/or the selection of candidates for therapy with a higher risk profile would help to achieve better cost-effectiveness values. Therefore, future discussions on the topic should involve health professionals and SUS managers assessing groups of patients at higher cardiovascular risk, allowing the availability of effective therapies to improve the population's health.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Erratum</label>
          <p>
            <bold>November 2021 Issue, vol. 117(5), pages 988-996</bold>
          </p>
          <p>In the Original Article &#8220;Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Evolocumab Therapy in Patients at High Risk of Cardiovascular Events in the Context of the Brazilian Unified Health System&#8221;, with DOI: https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20200690, published in the journal Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 117(5):988-996, on page 1, change the name of the author Luiza Latado to: Luisa Latado.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
