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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">RjG3DJhB5ndnZnzKpSCcqPC</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021005017201</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001300978</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200399</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200399</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Progn&#243;stico da Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana em um Hospital P&#250;blico no Brasil: Achado do Estudo ERICO</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3110-6708</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bruno</surname>
            <given-names>Tatiana Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio Sommer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Quidim</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra V. L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3212-8466</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Itamar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lotufo</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bensenor</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goulart</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Hospital Universit&#225;rio de S&#227;o Paulo - Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Tatiana Cristina Bruno &#8226; USP - Hospital Universit&#225;rio - Av. Lineu Prestes, 2565. CEP 05508-900, Butant&#227;, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>taticbruno@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Bruno TC, Bittencourt MS, Santos I, Lotufo P, Bensenor I, Goulart A; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Bruno TC, Bittencourt MS, Quidim AVL, Santos I, Bensenor I, Goulart A; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Bruno TC, Bittencourt MS, Santos I, Bensenor I, Goulart A; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Bruno TC, Bittencourt MS, Santos I, Goulart A; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Bruno TC, Bittencourt MS, Quidim AVL, Lotufo P, Bensenor I, Goulart A; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Bruno TC, Bittencourt MS, Quidim AVL, Santos I, Lotufo P, Bensenor I, Goulart A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>978</fpage>
      <lpage>985</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O progn&#243;stico de longo prazo p&#243;s s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda (SCA) no cuidado secund&#225;rio n&#227;o &#233; bem conhecido. A gravidade da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) como preditor de mortalidade no longo prazo foi avaliada em um hospital p&#250;blico no Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o progn&#243;stico de curto e longo prazo ap&#243;s um evento de SCA, de acordo com a gravidade da doen&#231;a obstrutiva, em pacientes atendidos em um hospital p&#250;blico secund&#225;rio para um coorte prospectivo sobre DAC no Brasil (o Estudo de Registro de Insufici&#234;ncia Coronariana, estudo ERICO)</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Foram realizadas an&#225;lises de sobrevida por curvas de Kaplan-Meier e modelo de risco proporcional de Cox [raz&#227;o de risco (RR) com o respectivo intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95% para avaliar mortalidade cumulativa global, por DCV e DAC, de acordo com a obstru&#231;&#227;o arterial coron&#225;ria: sem obstru&#231;&#227;o (grupo de refer&#234;ncia), doen&#231;a de um vaso, doen&#231;a de dois vasos, doen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplos vasos] entre 800 adultos do estudo ERICO durante 4 anos de monitoramento. As RR s&#227;o apresentadas como dados brutos e posteriormente padronizadas quanto a poss&#237;veis fatores de confus&#227;o, no per&#237;odo de 180 dias at&#233; 4 anos de monitoramento ap&#243;s a SCA. O p-valor &lt;0.05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Taxas de sobrevida mais baixas foram detectadas entre indiv&#237;duos com a doen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplos vasos (global, DCV e DAC, p de teste de Log-rank &lt;0,0001). Depois da padroniza&#231;&#227;o multivariada, a doen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplos vasos [RR; 2,33 (IC 95%; 1,10-4,95)] e doen&#231;a de um vaso obstru&#237;do [RR; 2,44 (IC 95%; 1,11-5,34)] tiveram o risco mais alto de mortalidade global comparadas aos &#237;ndices dos sujeitos sem obstru&#231;&#227;o no monitoramento de 4 anos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> N&#227;o s&#243; os pacientes com doen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplos vasos como tamb&#233;m os com doen&#231;a de um vaso tiveram alto risco de mortalidade no longo prazo p&#243;s-SCA. Esses achados destacam a import&#226;ncia de se ter uma abordagem melhor no tratamento e no controle de fatores de risco cardiovascular, mesmo em indiv&#237;duos com risco aparentemente baixo, atendidos em cuidado secund&#225;rio.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Sobreviv&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospital P&#250;blico</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="25"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV), especialmente a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), ainda s&#227;o a principal causa de mortalidade em todo o mundo, inclusive no Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda (SCA), que inclui angina inst&#225;vel (AI), infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (STEMI) e sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (NSTEMI), representa uma carga significativa em pa&#237;ses com renda baixa e m&#233;dia, incluindo o Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Estat&#237;sticas nacionais revelam uma carga mais alta de mortalidade entre os que est&#227;o nas camadas sociais mais baixas, popula&#231;&#227;o trabalhadora e mais jovem, em compara&#231;&#227;o a popula&#231;&#245;es mais ricas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A maior parte dos dados que relatou um progn&#243;stico de longo prazo em DAC vem de estudos prospectivos realizados em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Nesses estudos de centros especializados com unidades de cardiologia com n&#237;vel de cuidado terci&#225;rio, taxas de mortalidade em longo prazo mais altas foram descritas entre aqueles com n&#250;mero mais alto de art&#233;rias obstru&#237;das e gravidade de DAC comparados com os pacientes sem obstru&#231;&#227;o (&lt;50%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Nesse cen&#225;rio, a sobrevida em longo prazo ap&#243;s um evento SCA ainda n&#227;o &#233; bem conhecida entre pacientes avaliados no cuidado secund&#225;rio ou prim&#225;rio. Al&#233;m disso, a falta de acesso a abordagens cardiol&#243;gicas mais especializadas e tratamento ap&#243;s um evento coron&#225;rio agudo &#233; um enorme problema de sa&#250;de, especialmente em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento. Por exemplo, estudos anteriores j&#225; indicaram um progn&#243;stico pior em pacientes com DAC admitidos em cuidado prim&#225;rio e secund&#225;rio, sem indica&#231;&#227;o para cuidado especializado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> O mesmo se aplica ao Brasil, onde as dificuldades de acessar o cuidado terci&#225;rio tamb&#233;m parecem ser respons&#225;veis por &#237;ndices de mortalidade mais altos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o progn&#243;stico de curto e longo prazo ap&#243;s um evento de SCA de acordo com a gravidade da doen&#231;a obstrutiva em pacientes atendidos em um hospital p&#250;blico secund&#225;rio de um coorte prospectivo sobre DAC no Brasil (o Estudo de Registro de Insufici&#234;ncia Coronariana, estudo ERICO)</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho e popula&#231;&#227;o da amostra</title>
        <p>Todos os pacientes eram participantes do estudo ERICO, um coorte prospectivo de indiv&#237;duos com SCA recrutados no Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HU-USP) de fevereiro de 2009 a dezembro de 2013. Mais detalhes sobre o estudo ERICO s&#227;o apresentados em outro lugar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Resumidamente, o estudo ERICO &#233; um coorte cont&#237;nuo do HU-USP, um hospital p&#250;blico de cuidado secund&#225;rio com 260 leitos, localizado no bairro do Butant&#227;, que tinha uma popula&#231;&#227;o de 428.000 habitantes em 2010.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Embora o Butant&#227; tenha alguns indicadores socioecon&#244;micos acima da m&#233;dia da cidade (por exemplo, renda familiar m&#233;dia), &#233; uma regi&#227;o caracterizada por grande desigualdade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Aqui, avaliamos todos os participantes (n=800/1085, 73,7%) admitidos na emerg&#234;ncia do HU-USP, como SCA confirmada, submetidos a angiografia invasiva para o diagn&#243;stico de obstru&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria, e decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica posterior &#224; fase aguda (tratamento exclusivamente cl&#237;nico, interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP) ou enxerto de bypass na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria (CABG)). Todos os exames foram realizados em nossa principal cl&#237;nica de refer&#234;ncia durante a fase aguda do evento coronariano, o Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), um centro de refer&#234;ncia em cardiologia a aproximadamente oito quil&#244;metros do HU-USP. Como o HU-USP n&#227;o &#233; um hospital especializado, n&#227;o h&#225; disponibilidade de procedimentos de cateterismo card&#237;aco ou de CABG.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o de S&#237;ndrome Coron&#225;ria Aguda (SCA)</title>
        <p>Todos os pacientes com suspeita de SCA na emerg&#234;ncia do HU-USP passaram por triagem para participar do estudo ERICO. Os crit&#233;rios de qualifica&#231;&#227;o para participar do ERICO exigem que o paciente seja diagnosticado como tendo tido infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (STEMI), sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (NSTEMI) ou angina inst&#225;vel (AI). Os crit&#233;rios usados para definir a SCA foram:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio: a presen&#231;a de sintomas consistentes com isquemia card&#237;aca em um per&#237;odo de 24 horas antes da entrada no hospital e n&#237;veis de troponina I acima do 99&#186; percentil com um coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fico de teste &lt;10%. <list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>1a) Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST&gt; presen&#231;a de crit&#233;rios para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) mais um dos seguintes: supradesnivelamento do segmento ST persistente maior ou igual a 1 mm em duas deriva&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas cont&#237;guas ou a presen&#231;a de um novo, ou presumidamente novo, bloqueio de ramo esquerdo.</p></list-item><list-item><p>1b) Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST: presen&#231;a de crit&#233;rios para infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, mas n&#227;o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST</p></list-item></list> </p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Angina inst&#225;vel: sintomas consistentes com isquemia card&#237;aca 24 horas antes da admiss&#227;o hospitalar, aus&#234;ncia de crit&#233;rios de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, e pelo menos um dos seguintes: hist&#243;rico de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; teste de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria positivo (invasivo ou n&#227;o invasivo); altera&#231;&#245;es tempor&#225;rias no segmento ST maiores ou iguais a 0,5 mm em duas deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas, nova invers&#227;o de onda T maior ou igual a 1 mm e/ou pseudonormaliza&#231;&#227;o de ondas T invertidas anteriormente; troponina I maior ou igual a 0,4 ng/ml (o que garante que os n&#237;veis de troponina I est&#227;o acima do 99&#186; percentil independentemente do kit utilizado); ou concord&#226;ncia diagn&#243;stica de dois m&#233;dicos independentes.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</title>
        <p>A classifica&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria foi baseada na presen&#231;a de obstru&#231;&#227;o &#8805;50% de pelo menos 1 art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria principal ou qualquer uma de suas deriva&#231;&#245;es: art&#233;ria descendente anterior (DA), art&#233;ria circunflexa (CX) e art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (ACD). As seguintes categorias de obstru&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria consistiram em: Grupo 1: sem obstru&#231;&#227;o, quando todos os vasos tinham &lt;50% de obstru&#231;&#227;o; Grupo 2: doen&#231;a de um vaso, quando &#8805;50% de obstru&#231;&#227;o estava presente em uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria principal ou qualquer um de seus ramos; Grupo 3: doen&#231;a de dois vasos, quando havia &#8805;50% de obstru&#231;&#227;o em duas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias principais ou em seus ramos principais; e Grupo 4: doen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplos vasos, com obstru&#231;&#227;o de todas as tr&#234;s coron&#225;rias principais (ou seus principais ramos), ou obstru&#231;&#227;o &#8805;50% da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda principal (ACE), ou presen&#231;a de enxerto de bypass na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria (CABG).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocolo do estudo</title>
        <p>Na admiss&#227;o hospitalar por SCA, ap&#243;s a assinatura do consentimento informado, todos os participantes forneceram informa&#231;&#245;es de linha de base com base em question&#225;rios padronizados que inclu&#237;ram dados sociodemogr&#225;ficos, principais fatores de risco cardiovascular (hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, obesidade, dislipidemia, tabagismo, hist&#243;rico familiar ou pessoal de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, sedentarismo, uso de coca&#237;na ou menopausa) e o uso anterior de medicamentos. As condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas foram autorrelatadas.</p>
        <p>Tr&#234;s m&#233;dicos foram independentemente respons&#225;veis por analisar as informa&#231;&#245;es e validar os casos de SCA. O protocolo do estudo tamb&#233;m incluiu amostra sangu&#237;nea para exames laboratoriais, tais como: troponina I, creatina quinase MB, hemograma e perfil lip&#237;dico (incluindo colesterol total, HDL e LDL- colesterol (C), e triglic&#233;rides).</p>
        <p>Depois de 30 dias do evento agudo, todos os participantes foram convidados a atualizar suas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre riscos cardiovasculares. Aos seis meses e anualmente ap&#243;s o evento inicial, os pacientes foram contactados por telefone para atualizar suas informa&#231;&#245;es, seu status vital, seu hist&#243;rico cardiovascular e o uso de medicamentos. Sempre que um paciente relatava um novo poss&#237;vel evento de SCA, era iniciada uma investiga&#231;&#227;o para coletar mais informa&#231;&#245;es. O ERICO foi descrito em outro lugar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre tr&#234;s desfechos fatais, mortalidade global, por DCV ou por DAC, foram registradas pelo estudo ERICO. O status vital foi atualizado por meio de prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos e certid&#245;es de &#243;bito. Os dados de mortalidade foram confirmados por certid&#245;es oficiais de &#243;bito em colabora&#231;&#227;o com o sistema de estat&#237;sticas de sa&#250;de da cidade de S&#227;o Paulo (PRO-AIM, Programa de Aprimoramento das Informa&#231;&#245;es de Mortalidade do munic&#237;pio de S&#227;o Paulo), com os &#243;rg&#227;os estaduais de sa&#250;de (SEADE - Funda&#231;&#227;o Sistema Estadual de An&#225;lise de Dados Estat&#237;sticos), e com o Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de do Brasil. A equipe de pesquisa preparou, regularmente, uma lista de indiv&#237;duos que foram relatados como mortos ou com quem o contato foi perdido. Os &#243;rg&#227;os de sa&#250;de estaduais e municipais pesquisaram em seus bancos de dados certid&#245;es de &#243;bito relatando resultados &#224; equipe de pesquisa do estudo ERICO. No presente estudo, a causa b&#225;sica da morte foi utilizada. Dois m&#233;dicos analisaram independentemente as certid&#245;es de nascimento e, quando necess&#225;rio, a causa da morte subjacente foi reclassificada. Caso houvesse discord&#226;ncia entre eles, um terceiro m&#233;dico realizava a an&#225;lise da certid&#227;o de &#243;bito, seguida de discuss&#227;o e decis&#227;o por consenso. A causa de morte dos participantes era definida como causa cardiovascular (&#8220;mortalidade cardiovascular&#8221;) quando poderia ter sido definida como &#8220;Doen&#231;a do sistema circulat&#243;rio&#8221; de acordo com a Classifica&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Doen&#231;as (CID-10), cap&#237;tulo IX, ou se a causa morte fosse identificada de acordo com o c&#243;digo R57.0 do CID-10, &#8220;Choque cardiog&#234;nico&#8221;. Cada evento identificado foi adjudicado utilizando-se crit&#233;rios internacionais pr&#233;-definidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> A mortalidade dos participantes foi classificada como &#8220;mortalidade p&#243;s-IM&#8221;, sempre que uma DAC fatal foi identificada como a principal causa de morte. Para a causa de morte por DAC, usou-se a defini&#231;&#227;o de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (I21.X), tamb&#233;m presente no Cap&#237;tulo IX sobre doen&#231;as circulat&#243;rias, CID-10. A mortalidade global se refere &#224;s mortes independentemente das causas subjacentes.</p>
      <p>O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de An&#225;lise Institucional relacionado a pesquisa em seres humanos. Todos os sujeitos forneceram um formul&#225;rio de consentimento informado por escrito para o estudo.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As an&#225;lises descritivas dos participantes do ERICO foram apresentadas de acordo com os grupos pr&#233;-definidos de obstru&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria descritos acima. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, apresentadas como frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas, foram analisadas pelo teste qui-quadrado. Como n&#227;o se observou distribui&#231;&#227;o param&#233;trica pelo teste de normalidade de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o apresentadas como valores medianos com a respectiva faixa interquartil (FIQ), e a distribui&#231;&#227;o entre os subgrupos de obstru&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria foi comparada utilizando-se os testes de Kruskal-Wallis.</p>
        <p>Foram realizadas an&#225;lises de sobrevida por curvas de Kaplan-Meier<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> e modelo de risco proporcional de Cox (raz&#227;o de risco (RR) com o respectivo intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC de 95%)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> para avaliar mortalidade cumulativa global, por DCV e DAC, de acordo com o n&#250;mero de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias principais obstru&#237;das, ou qualquer um de seus ramos principais (sem obstru&#231;&#227;o (grupo de refer&#234;ncia), doen&#231;a de um vaso, doen&#231;a de dois vasos, doen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplos vasos). Para todos os pacientes na amostra houve um per&#237;odo de monitoramento de 7 anos, com o tempo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento de 1.460 dias, o correspondente a 4 anos. Portanto, optou-se por fazer a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o de Cox e a Raz&#227;o de risco aos 180 dias e anualmente at&#233; 4 anos ap&#243;s um evento agudo. Os modelos de regress&#227;o de Cox foram calculados da seguinte maneira: brutos, padronizados para idade e sexo, e modelo completo padronizado com hist&#243;rico de DAC pr&#233;via, subtipo de SCA (AI, NSTEMI, STEMI), tabagismo (ex-fumante, fumante e nunca fumou), hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, dislipidemia e tipo de procedimento realizado (tratamento m&#233;dico, percut&#226;neo ou cir&#250;rgico). Modelos adicionais padronizados quanto ao colesterol LDL, uso anterior de aspirina, medicamentos redutores de lip&#237;deos, inibidores de enzima conversora da angiotensina (ECA), e &#946;-bloqueadores tamb&#233;m foram avaliados.</p>
        <p>Todos os testes foram bicaudais, com uma signific&#226;ncia de &lt;0,05. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando-se o programa SPSS&#174; Statistics vers&#227;o 25.0 disponibilizado pela IBM&#174;.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Casu&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Dos 800 participantes que passaram por angiografia invasiva (de fevereiro de 2009 a dezembro de 2013), 343 (42,9%) foram submetidos a um tratamento conservador, incluindo pelo menos tr&#234;s dos seguintes medicamentos: aspirina, &#946; bloqueador, inibidor ECA ou inibidor de enzima conversora da angiotensina II, e medicamentos redutores de lip&#237;deos (estatinas ou fibratos). Entre os que faziam o tratamento conservador, 15 (4,4%) sofreram tromb&#243;lise qu&#237;mica. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas invasivas, 400 participantes (50,0%) passaram por interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP), com implante de stent (75,8% com stent de metal, 13,3% com angioplastia por bal&#227;o, 10,9% com stent farmacol&#243;gico), e 57 (7,2%) passaram por CABG.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e sociodemogr&#225;ficas</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e sociodemogr&#225;ficas de acordo com o n&#250;mero de principais art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias obstru&#237;das s&#227;o apresentadas na Tabela 1. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; presen&#231;a de principais art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias obstru&#237;das, foram: 107 (13,4%) sem obstru&#231;&#227;o, 304 (38,0%) doen&#231;a de um vaso, 169 (21,1%) doen&#231;a de dois vasos e 220 (27,5%) doen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplos vasos.</p>
        <p>A maior parte dos fatores de risco cardiovascular (FRC) eram mais frequentes entre pacientes com doen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplos vasos. Entretanto, frequ&#234;ncias mais altas de fumantes atuais e pacientes com STEMI e n&#237;veis de LDL-C ligeiramente mais altos foram observados entre indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a de um vaso, em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles com doen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplos vasos. Tamb&#233;m foi encontrada uma diferen&#231;a significativa no hist&#243;rico de DAC pr&#233;via entre os subgrupos: sem obstru&#231;&#227;o, 15 (15,6%); doen&#231;a de um vaso, 57 (19,9%); doen&#231;a de dois vasos, 36 (22,4%); e doen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplos vasos, 74 (36,1%), com p&lt;0,0001. Al&#233;m disso, o hist&#243;rico pr&#233;vio de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca era mais frequente quanto mais alto era o n&#237;vel de obstru&#231;&#227;o: sem obstru&#231;&#227;o, (24,5%); doen&#231;a de um vaso, (13,6 %); doen&#231;a de dois vasos, (13,5%); e doen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplos vasos, (26,2%), com p=0,001. Da mesma forma, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o era mais baixa quanto mais alta era a gravidade da obstru&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria, (mediana 59, FIQ: 43-66); doen&#231;a de um vaso, (mediana 60, FIQ: 50-67); doen&#231;a de dois vasos, (mediana 60, FIQ: 45-67); e doen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplos vasos (mediana 51, FIQ: 41-65), p=0,001).</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; terapia medicamentosa na admiss&#227;o do hospital, pacientes com doen&#231;a de um vaso tinham a menor porcentagem de administra&#231;&#227;o de &#946; bloqueadores (25,2%), comparados aos demais (p=0,048). N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso de medicamentos-padr&#227;o para DAC durante o monitoramento, independentemente do n&#250;mero de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias principais obstru&#237;das ( <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="">Tabela suplementar 1</inline-supplementary-material> ).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Mortalidade e sobrevida</title>
        <p>Em geral, foram observadas 140 mortes p&#243;s-SCA (88 mortes devido a DCV, das quais 52 eram devidas a DAC). Taxas de sobrevida mais baixas tamb&#233;m foram detectadas entre indiv&#237;duos com a doen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplos vasos (global, DCV e DAC, p de teste de Log-rank &lt;0,0001) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figuras 1-3</xref> ). Depois da padroniza&#231;&#227;o multivariada que incluiu idade, sexo e principais FRC, indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplos vasos ou com doen&#231;a de um vaso tinham risco mais de duas vezes mais alto de mortalidade global em compara&#231;&#227;o aos sem obstru&#231;&#227;o, no monitoramento de 4 anos (Tabela 2).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Curva de sobrevida de Kaplan Meyer para mortalidade global durante 4 anos de monitoramento</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-0978-00399-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Curva de sobrevida de Kaplan Meyer para mortalidade por DCV durante 4 anos de monitoramento</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-0978-00399-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>
                <italic>Curva de sobrevida de Kaplan Meyer para mortalidade por DAC durante 4 anos de monitoramento.</italic>
              </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-0978-00399-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Tamb&#233;m foram encontradas RR mais altas (padronizadas por idade e sexo) para mortalidade por DCV aos 180 dias, e para mortalidade por DAC aos 180 dias, 1, 2 e 4 anos de monitoramento, entre os pacientes com doen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplos vasos. Entretanto, ap&#243;s a padroniza&#231;&#227;o multivariada, n&#227;o foram detectados riscos significativos de mortalidade por DCV ou DAC de acordo com a obstru&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria durante o monitoramento (Tabelas 3 e 4). As an&#225;lises de sensibilidade, exceto aquelas com STEMI, n&#227;o alteraram a dire&#231;&#227;o de nossos principais achados em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade global ap&#243;s 4 anos entre os pacientes com doen&#231;a de um vaso [RR; 2,09 (IC 95%; 0,64-6,78); p = 0,22] e entre os com doen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplos vasos [RR; 2,39 (IC 95%; 0,76-7,44); p = 0,13]. Outras padroniza&#231;&#245;es quanto ao colesterol LDL, uso anterior de aspirina, medicamentos redutores de lip&#237;deos, inibidores de enzima conversora da angiotensina (ECA), e &#946;-bloqueadores n&#227;o alteraram nossos achados principais.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>No estudo ERICO, foi encontrado um risco mais alto de morte (mortalidade global) em ambos os subgrupos com doen&#231;a de um vaso e doen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplos vasos em compara&#231;&#227;o aos indiv&#237;duos sem obstru&#231;&#227;o (obstru&#231;&#227;o &lt;50%) quatro anos ap&#243;s o evento agudo. Entre os pacientes com doen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplos vasos, tamb&#233;m foram observadas raz&#245;es de risco mais altas para mortalidade por DCV e DAC, mas n&#227;o ap&#243;s a padroniza&#231;&#227;o multivari&#225;vel.</p>
      <p>Os resultados est&#227;o de acordo com a maioria dos dados publicados sobre DAC que descreveram mortalidade alta e sobrevida baixa entre os pacientes com doen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplos vasos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Entretanto, tamb&#233;m foi descrita a alta mortalidade entre os portadores da doen&#231;a de um vaso. Da mesma forma, Porter et al., descreveram o progn&#243;stico de longo prazo entre a amostra de jovens adultos que foram submetidos a angiografia coronariana ap&#243;s um evento isqu&#234;mico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Este estudo descreveu um progn&#243;stico compar&#225;vel entre pacientes com doen&#231;a de um vaso e os com doen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplos vasos (pacientes com doen&#231;a de um vaso tinham uma taxa de sobrevida mais baixa (63%) em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; doen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplos vasos (65%) p=0,001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Assim como em nossa amostra, a maior parte do participantes era do sexo masculino (88%) com frequ&#234;ncia mais alta para fumantes atuais (58%). Talvez essas semelhan&#231;as possam ter contribu&#237;do para resultados semelhantes em ambos os coortes.</p>
      <p>Ao analisar os fatores de risco da linha de base que possam ter levado a um progn&#243;stico de longo prazo para pacientes com doen&#231;a de um vaso, observaram-se as frequ&#234;ncias mais altas de STEMI, fumantes atuais, e a frequ&#234;ncia mais baixa de usu&#225;rios de betabloqueadores na admiss&#227;o hospitalar no estudo ERICO. Nosso estudo mostra semelhan&#231;as com outros estudos que apresentaram uma taxa de mortalidade mais alta associada ao tabagismo na presen&#231;a de DAC. No estudo de Yudi et al., que foi realizado em indiv&#237;duos com SCA, aqueles que continuaram a fumar t&#234;m um risco 80% mais alto de sobrevida baixa, enquanto os que pararam de fumar t&#234;m sobrevida compar&#225;vel &#224;s daqueles que nunca fumaram.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Embora n&#227;o se tenham informa&#231;&#245;es sobre tabagismo durante o monitoramento, o status de tabagismo pode levar ao mau progn&#243;stico entre os participantes com doen&#231;a de um vaso.</p>
      <p>Ao se analisar os medicamentos tomados, na linha de base, particularmente os pacientes com doen&#231;a de um vaso tomaram menos &#946;-bloqueadores do que aqueles com doen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplos vasos (25,2% vs. 28,1%, p=0,048). Em um estudo brasileiro realizado por Nicolau et al., a administra&#231;&#227;o precoce de &#946;-bloqueadores na admiss&#227;o hospitalar diminuiu a taxa de sobrevida sob monitoramento de longo prazo. Nesse estudo, demonstrou-se que a administra&#231;&#227;o de &#946;-bloqueadores nas primeiras 24 horas em pacientes NSTEMI contribuiu para um progn&#243;stico melhor no longo prazo: tempo m&#233;dio de sobrevida mais alto (11,86 &#177;0,4 anos vs. 9,92 &#177;0,39 anos, p&lt;0,001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, outro estudo multic&#234;ntrico brasileiro mostra que a preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria &#224;s DAC de acordo com diretrizes est&#225; associada a renda mais alta e melhor acesso aos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de. Em geral, a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira que vive com renda baixa-m&#233;dia tem algumas barreiras para acessar os servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de p&#250;blicos. Al&#233;m disso, como mencionado anteriormente, os participantes do ERICO vieram de um bairro marcado por grande desigualdade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a de um ano, que tiveram a frequ&#234;ncia mais baixa de usu&#225;rios de &#946;-bloqueadores e a frequ&#234;ncia mais alta de fumantes na linha de base, tiveram o subtipo mais grave de SCA (STEMI). A an&#225;lise de sensibilidade, com exce&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com STEMI, resultou em um risco n&#227;o significativo de mortalidade entre aqueles com doen&#231;a de um vaso. Embora este estudo tenha considerado subtipo de SCA, tabagismo e uso de &#946;-bloqueadores como vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o nos modelos de regress&#227;o de Cox, n&#227;o se pode excluir a possibilidade de efeito residual da baixa ades&#227;o e baixo controle de FRC poderia interferir no alto risco de mortalidade entre os indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a de um vaso no estudo ERICO.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, o progn&#243;stico de DAC tamb&#233;m est&#225; relacionado &#224; &#225;rea do mioc&#225;rdio em risco, e analisando a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria mais atingida em pacientes com doen&#231;a de um vaso, identificou-se que 45,4% dos casos envolveram a art&#233;ria descendente anterior (DA). A DA &#233; respons&#225;vel por alimentar uma grande parte do mioc&#225;rdio e, portanto, o fato de que pacientes com doen&#231;a de um vaso t&#234;m uma alta porcentagem de obstru&#231;&#227;o dessa art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria pode ter levado a um progn&#243;stico pior nesses pacientes.</p>
      <p>Como nossos resultados diferem daqueles encontrados em outros estudos, em sua maioria realizados no cuidado terci&#225;rio em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com doen&#231;a de um vaso, a compara&#231;&#227;o de taxas de mortalidade de acordo com o n&#250;mero de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias principais p&#243;s-SCA deve ser interpretada com prud&#234;ncia. N&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;as entre como as DAC obstrutivas podem ser classificadas. Al&#233;m disso, tamb&#233;m h&#225; diferen&#231;as na sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes e nas op&#231;&#245;es de tratamento oferecidas nos hospitais. Al&#233;m disso, o advento da tecnologia do tratamento nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas pode ser parcialmente respons&#225;vel pelos resultados diferentes obtidos.</p>
      <p>Este estudo tem alguns pontos fortes. Ele oferece evid&#234;ncias consistentes sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o maior n&#250;mero de principais art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias com DAC, mortalidade mais alta e taxas de sobrevida mais baixas. Nosso estudo relatou informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o progn&#243;stico para pacientes com doen&#231;a de um vaso que precisam ser entendidas como n&#227;o sendo t&#227;o benignas quanto parecem. Esse fato refor&#231;a a import&#226;ncia de tratamento adequado e controle de fatores de risco cardiovascular ap&#243;s o evento SCA. A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo ERICO tem n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico baixo e &#233; atendida em um hospital p&#250;blico, por&#233;m com a possibilidade de ser transferida para um centro de refer&#234;ncia em cardiologia sem dificuldade. Al&#233;m disso, monitoramos os medicamentos indicados para o tratamento da SCA em um per&#237;odo de um ano e avaliamos o consumo de acordo com a extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a obstrutiva. Todos esses fatores, juntamente com o n&#250;mero significativo de pacientes em nosso estudo e o per&#237;odo de monitoramento de quatro anos, proporcionam uma oportunidade &#250;nica para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre taxas de mortalidade (global, DCV e DAC) de acordo com a gravidade da doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria quatro anos ap&#243;s o evento agudo. Entretanto, &#233; necess&#225;rio destacar algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. A angiografia invasiva para o diagn&#243;stico de obstru&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria n&#227;o foi realizada por um profissional individualmente ou uma equipe restrita de profissionais, e isso pode ter gerado uma fonte de vi&#233;s. Entretanto, um cardiologista do estudo ERICO revisou todos os casos e realizou a classifica&#231;&#227;o de acordo com a extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a obstrutiva.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>No estudo ERICO, a doen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplos vasos, bem como a doen&#231;a de um vaso, apresentaram uma mortalidade global alta em longo prazo ap&#243;s a SCA. Portanto, este estudo refor&#231;a a import&#226;ncia de se desenhar uma abordagem melhor para controlar e tratar pacientes em todas as faixas de risco cardiovascular, incluindo aqueles que eram aparentemente de baixo risco, atendidos no cuidado secund&#225;rio.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Tatiana Cristina Bruno pela Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do HU-USP sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE: 82801318-0-0000-0076 / Registro CEP/HU/USP 1692/18. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <app-group>
      <app id="app1">
        <title>* Material suplementar</title>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2021/11702/2020-0399_material_suplementar.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link> .</p>
      </app>
    </app-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Prognosis of Coronary Artery Disease in a Brazilian Community Hospital: Findings from the ERICO Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3110-6708</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bruno</surname>
            <given-names>Tatiana Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio Sommer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Quidim</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra V. L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3212-8466</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Itamar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lotufo</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bensenor</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goulart</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Hospital Universit&#225;rio de S&#227;o Paulo - Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Tatiana Cristina Bruno &#8226; USP - Hospital Universit&#225;rio - Av. Lineu Prestes, 2565. Postal Code 05508-900, Butant&#227;, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: taticbruno@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Bruno TC, Bittencourt MS, Santos I, Lotufo P, Bensenor I, Goulart A; Acquisition of data: Bruno TC, Bittencourt MS, Quidim AVL, Santos I, Bensenor I, Goulart A; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Bruno TC, Bittencourt MS, Santos I, Bensenor I, Goulart A; Statistical analysis: Bruno TC, Bittencourt MS, Santos I, Goulart A; Writing of the manuscript: Bruno TC, Bittencourt MS, Quidim AVL, Lotufo P, Bensenor I, Goulart A; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Bruno TC, Bittencourt MS, Quidim AVL, Santos I, Lotufo P, Bensenor I, Goulart A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Long-term prognosis post-acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in secondary care is not well-known. The severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) as a predictor of long-term mortality was evaluated in a community hospital in Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>We aimed to compare short and long-term prognosis after an ACS event according to severity of obstructive disease in patients attended in a secondary community hospital from prospective CAD cohort in Brazil (the Strategy of Registry of Acute Coronary Syndrome, ERICO study).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Survival analyses were performed by Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazard models (hazard ratios (HR) with respective 95% confidence interval (CI) to evaluate cumulative all-cause, CVD and CAD mortality according the coronary artery obstruction: no-obstruction (reference group), 1-vessel-disease, 2-vessel-disease, multivessel-disease) among 800 adults from an ERICO study during a 4-year-follow-up. HR are presented as crude and further adjusted for potential confounders from 180 days to 4-year follow-up after ACS. A p-value &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Poorer survival rates were detected among individuals with multivessel-disease (all-cause, CVD and CAD, p-log rank&lt; 0.0001). After multivariate adjustments, multivessel-disease |(HR; 2.33 (CI 95%; 1.10-4.95)) and 1-vessel-disease obstructed (HR; 2.44 (CI 95%; 1.11-5.34)) had the highest risk for all-cause mortality compared to those with no obstruction at 4-year follow-up.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>Not only multivessel-disease, but also 1-vessel-disease patients showed a high long-term mortality risk post-ACS. These findings highlight the importance of having a better approach in the treatment and control of cardiovascular risk even in apparently low-risk individuals attended to in secondary care.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Survivorship</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary artery disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Public Hospital</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular disease (CVD), particularly coronary artery disease (CAD), is still the main cause of death worldwide, including in Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS), which includes unstable angina (UA), acute myocardial infarction (MI) with segment elevation (STEMI) and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), places a substantial burden on low- to middle-income countries, including Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> National statistics reveal a higher burden of mortality among those with lower social strata, working, and younger age populations when compared to more affluent populations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Most data reporting long-term prognosis in CAD comes from prospective studies performed in developed countries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> In those studies from specialized centers with tertiary care level cardiology units, higher long-term mortality rates were described among those with a higher number of obstructed arteries and CAD severity when compared to those patients with no obstruction (&lt;50%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In this scenario, long-term survival after an ACS event is not well-known among patients evaluated in secondary and primary care. Moreover, the lack of access to more specialized cardiologic approach and treatment after an acute coronary event is a huge public healthcare problem, particularly in developing countries. For instance, previous studies have already indicated a worse prognosis in CAD patients admitted into primary and secondary care who were not referred to specialized care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The same is true for Brazil, where the difficulties to access tertiary care also seems to be responsible for higher mortality rates.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Thus, this study sought to compare short and long-term prognosis after an ACS event according to the severity of obstructive disease in patients attended to at a secondary community hospital from a prospective CAD cohort in Brazil (the Strategy of Registry of Acute Coronary Syndrome, ERICO study).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Sample design and population</title>
          <p>All patients were participants in the ERICO study, a prospective cohort of ACS individuals recruited at the University Hospital from the University of S&#227;o Paulo (HU-USP, in Portuguese) from February 2009 to December 2013. Further details about the ERICO study are presented elsewhere.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In brief, the ERICO study is an ongoing cohort from HU-USP, a secondary community hospital with 260 hospital beds in the district of Butant&#227;, which ha a population of 428,000 inhabitants in 2010.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Although Butant&#227; has some socioeconomic indicators above the city&#8217;s average (e.g., average family income), it is a region characterized by broad inequalities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Here, the present study evaluated all participants (n=800/1085, 73.7%), admitted to the emergency department of HU-USP, with confirmed ACS submitted to invasive angiography for the diagnosis of coronary obstruction and posterior clinical decision after acute phase (exclusive clinical treatment, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)). All exams were performed during the acute phase of a coronary event in our main cardiologic referral center, <italic>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</italic> (InCor), a reference center in cardiology nearly eight kilometers from HU-USP. Since HU-USP is a non-specialized hospital, there is no availability of cardiac catheterization procedures or CABG.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Definition of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)</title>
          <p>All patients with suspected ACS at the emergency department of HU-USP were screened to participate in the ERICO study. The eligibility for taking part in the ERICO study requires the patient to be diagnosed as having an ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), a non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), or unstable angina (UA); the criteria used to define ACS were:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Myocardial infarction: the presence of symptoms consistent with cardiac ischemia within 24 hours of hospital admission and troponin I levels above the 99<sup>th</sup>percentile with a test-specific coefficient of variation &lt; 10%. <list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>1a) ST elevation myocardial infarction: the presence of criteria for coronary artery disease (CAD) plus one of the following: persistent ST segment elevation equal to or greater than 1mm in two contiguous electrocardiographic leads or the presence of a new or presumably new left bundle branch block.</p></list-item><list-item><p>1b) Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction: the presence of criteria for myocardial infarction but not STEMI.</p></list-item></list> </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Unstable angina: symptoms consistent with cardiac ischemia 24 hours prior to hospital admission, absence of myocardial infarction criteria, and at least one of the following: history of coronary artery disease; positive coronary disease stratification test (invasive or noninvasive); transient ST segment changes equal to or greater than 0.5mm in two contiguous leads, new T-wave inversion equal to or greater than 1mm and/or pseudonormalization of previously inverted T-waves; troponin I equal to or greater than 0.4 ng/ml (which guarantees troponin I levels above the 99<sup>th</sup>percentile regardless of the utilized kit); or diagnostic concordance of two independent doctors.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coronary artery disease classification</title>
          <p>The classification of coronary disease was based on the presence of &#8805;50% obstruction of at least 1 major coronary artery or any of its major branches: anterior descending artery (AD), circumflex artery (CX), and right coronary artery (RCA). The following categories of coronary obstruction was made up of: Group 1: no obstruction when all vessels had &lt;50% obstruction, Group 2: 1-vessel-disease when &#8805;50% obstruction was present in one major coronary artery or any of its major branches, Group 3: 2-vessel-disease coronary obstruction &#8805;50% in two major coronary arteries or its major branches, and Group 4: multivessel-disease with obstruction in all three major coronary artieries (or its major branches) or Left Main(LM) &#8805;50% obstruction or presence of previous coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study Protocol</title>
          <p>Upon hospital admission for ACS, after having signed the informed consent form, all participants provided baseline information based on standardized questionnaires that included sociodemographic data, main cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia, smoking, personal or family history of coronary artery disease, physical inactivity, cocaine use, and menopause) and the use of previous medication. Clinical conditions were self-reported.</p>
          <p>Three physicians were independently responsible for reviewing information and validating ACS cases. The study protocol also included a blood sample for laboratory testing, such as: troponin I, MB-creatine kinase, hemogram, and lipid profile (including total cholesterol, HDL and LDL- cholesterol (C), and triglycerides).</p>
          <p>After 30 days of the acute event, all participants were invited to update their information about cardiovascular risks. At six months and annually after the initial event, patients were contacted by phone to update their information, their vital status, cardiovascular history, and medication use. Whenever a patient reported a new potential ACS event, an investigation was initiated to acquire further information. ERICO has been described in detail elsewhere.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Information on the three fatal endpoints: all-cause, CVD and CAD mortality were record by the ERICO study. Vital status was updated through medical records and death certificates. Mortality data was confirmed by official death certificates in collaboration with the city of S&#227;o Paulo&#8217;s health statistics system (PRO-AIM, Program for Improvement of Mortality Information in the Municipality of S&#227;o Paulo) and State&#8217;s health offices (SEADE foundation, Healthcare Data Analysis System of the State of S&#227;o Paulo&#8217;s Health) and the Brazilian Ministry of Health. On a regular basis, the research team prepared a list of individuals who were reported as dead or with whom contact had been lost. State and municipal health agencies searched their databases for death certificates reporting results to the ERICO study research team. In the present study, the basic cause of death was used. Two physicians independently analyzed the death certificate and, when necessary, the underlying cause of death was reclassified. If there was disagreement between them, a third doctor performed the analysis of the death certificate, followed by a discussion and consensual decision. Participants were defined to have died from cardiovascular cause (&#8220;cardiovascular mortality&#8221;) when the cause of death could be classified as &#8220;Diseased of Circulatory System&#8221;, according to the International Classification of Diseases, version 10 (ICD-10), chapter IX, or if the cause of death was identified following ICD-10 code R57.0 &#8220;Cardiogenic Shock&#8221;. Each identified event was adjudicated using predefined international criteria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Participants&#8217; mortality was classified as &#8220;post-IM mortality&#8221; whenever fatal CAD was identified as the main cause of death. For CAD as the cause of death, the definition of myocardial infarction (I21.X) was used, which was also present in Chapter IX of circulatory diseases of the ICD-10. All-cause mortality refers to the deceases regardless of underlying causes.</p>
        <p>The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board addressing research in human beings. All subjects provided a written informed consent form for the study.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>Descriptive analyses of ERICO participants were presented according to the predefined groups of coronary obstruction described above. Categorical variables, presented in absolute and relative frequencies, were analyzed using the chi-squared test. As no parametric distribution was observed by a normality test of Kolmogorov-Smirnov, continuous variables are presented as median values with a respective interquartile range (IQR) and the distribution among coronary obstruction subgroups were compared using Kruskal-Wallis tests.</p>
          <p>Survival analyses were performed by applying Kaplan-Meier curves<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> and Cox proportional hazards models (hazard ratios (HR) with respective 95% CI)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> to evaluate cumulative all-cause, CVD, and CAD mortality according the number of obstructed major coronary arteries or any of their major branches (no-obstruction: reference group, 1-vessel-disease, 2-vessel-disease, multivessel-disease). For all patients in this sample there was a 7-year follow-up period, with the median follow up time of 1,460 days, corresponding to 4 years. Therefore, we opted to do Cox Regression analysis and Hazard Ratio in 180 days and yearly up to 4 years after an acute event. The Cox regression models were calculated as follows: crude, adjusted for age-sex, and the full model adjusted for the history of the previous CAD, ACS subtype (UA, NSTEMI, STEMI), smoking (past, current, and never), hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and type of procedure performed (medical therapy, percutaneous or surgical). Additional models adjusted for LDL-cholesterol, previous use of aspirin, lipid-lowering drugs, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE), and &#946;-blocker were also evaluated.</p>
          <p>All tests were two-tailed with a significance of &lt;0.05. All statistical analyses were performed using the statistics program, SPSS&#174; Statistics, version 25.0, made available by IBM&#174;.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Casuistic</title>
          <p>Of the 800 participants who underwent invasive angiography (February 2009 and December 2013), 343 (42.9%) underwent conservative treatment, including at least three of the following medications: aspirin, &#946; blocker, ACE inhibitor or angiotensin II converting enzyme inhibitor, and lipid lowering medications (statin or fibrate). Among those under conservative treatment, 15 (4.4%) underwent chemical thrombolysis. Regarding invasive therapeutic strategies, 400 participants (50.0%) underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with a stent implant (75.8% metal stent, 13.3% balloon angioplasty, 10.9% drug-eluting stent) and 57 (7.1%) underwent CABG.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical and sociodemographic characteristics</title>
          <p>Clinical and sociodemographic characteristics according to the number of obstructed major coronary arteries are shown in Table 1. The presence of obstructed major coronary arteries was as follows: 107 (13.4%) with no obstruction, 304 (38.0%) 1-vessel-disease, 169 (21.1%) 2-vessel-disease, and 220 (27.5%) multivessel-disease.</p>
          <p>Most cardiovascular risk (CVRF) were more frequent among those patients with multivessel-disease. However, higher frequencies of current smokers, STEMI and slightly higher levels of LDL-C were noticed among individuals with 1-vessel-disease when compared to those with multivessel-disease. A significant difference was also found in the history of previous CAD across subgroups: with no obstruction, 15 (15.6%); 1-vessel-disease, 57 (19.9%); 2-vessel-disease, 36 (22.4%); and multivessel-disease, 74 (36.1%), with p&lt;0.0001. Further, the higher the level of obstruction, the more frequent the previous history of heart failure: no obstruction (24.5%), 1-vessel-disease (13.6 %), 2-vessel-disease (13.5%). and multivessel-disease (26.2%), with p=0.001. Likewise, the higher the severity of coronary obstruction, the lower the ejection fraction: with no obstruction (median 59, IQR: 43-66), 1-vessel-disease (median 60, IQR: 50-67), 2-vessel-disease (median 60, IQR:45-67), and multivessel-disease (median 51, IQR: 41-65), p=0.001).</p>
          <p>Regarding drug therapy upon hospital admission, patients with 1-vessel-disease had the lowest percentage of &#946; blocker administration (25.2%) when compared to the others (p=0.048). No significant differences were identified regarding standard medication use for CAD during follow-up, regardless of the number of obstructed major coronary arteries ( <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="">Supplemental Table 1</inline-supplementary-material> ).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Mortality and survival</title>
          <p>Overall, the present study observed 140 deaths post-ACS (88 deaths due to CVD, of which 52 were due to CAD). The poorer survival rates were also detected among individuals with multivessel-disease (all-cause, CVD, and CAD, p-log rank&lt; 0.0001) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figures 1-3</xref> ). After multivariate adjustment that included age, sex, and main CVRF, either individuals with multivessel disease or those with 1-vessel-disease had a higher risk of more than twice for all-cause mortality as compared to those without obstruction at 4-year follow-up (Table 2).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Kaplan Meyer survival curve for all-cause mortality during 4 years of follow-up.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-0978-00399-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Kaplan Meyer survival curve for CVD mortality during 4 years of follow-up.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-0978-00399-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>
                  <italic>Kaplan Meyer survival curve for CAD mortality during 4 years of follow-up.</italic>
                </title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-0978-00399-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>We also found higher HRs (adjusted by age and sex) for CVD mortality at 180 days and for CAD mortality at 180 days, and 1, 2, and 4 years of follow-up among those with multivessel disease. However, after multivariate adjustments, no significant risks were detected for CVD and CAD mortality according coronary obstruction during the follow-up (Tables 3 and 4). Sensitivity analysis, excluding those with STEMI, did not change the direction of our main findings regarding all-cause mortality after 4 years among those with 1-vessel-disease [HR; 2.09 (CI 95%; 0.64-6.78); p = 0.22] and for those with multivessel-disease [HR; 2.39 (CI 95%; 0.76-7.44); p = 0.13]. Further adjustments for LDL-cholesterol, previous use of aspirin, lipid-lowering drugs, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE), and &#946;-blocker did not change our main findings.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In the ERICO study, our study found a higher risk of death (all-cause mortality) in both subgroups with 1-vessel-disease and multivessel-disease compared to individuals with no obstruction (&lt; 50% obstruction) four years after the acute event. Among those with multivessel-disease, higher hazard ratios for CVD and CAD mortality were also observed but not after the multivariable adjustment.</p>
        <p>Our results are in accordance with most data published in CAD that described high mortality and poor survival among patients with multivessel disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> However, our study also described high mortality among those with 1-vessel disease. Similarly, Porter et al. described the long-term prognosis within a sample of young adults who underwent a coronary angiography after an ischemic event.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> This study described comparable prognosis among patients with a 1-vessel-disease with those with multivessel-disease (1-vessel-disease had a lower survival rate (63%) vs. multivessel-disease (65%) p=0.001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> As in our sample, most participants were male (88%), with a higher frequency of current smokers (58%). These similarities may well have contributed to similar results in both cohorts.</p>
        <p>By reviewing baseline risk factors that may have led to worse long-term prognosis for 1-vessel-disease patients, this study observed the highest frequencies of STEMI and current smokers, and the lowest frequency of beta-blocker users upon hospital admission in the ERICO study. Our study shows similarity with other studies that showed a higher mortality rate when associated with smoking in the presence of CAD. In the study of Yudi et al., which was performed with individuals with ACS, those who continued to smoke have an 80% risk of lower survival, while those who quit showed a survival rate comparable to lifelong non-smokers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Although information about smoking during follow-up is scarce, the smoking status can lead to a poor prognosis among 1-vessel-disease participants.</p>
        <p>When the medication was analyzed, at baseline, 1-vessel-disease patients in particular have taken less &#946;-blockers than those with multivessel-disease (25.2% versus 28.1%, p=0.048). In a Brazilian study conducted by Nicolau et al., the early administration of &#946;-blockers during hospital admission decreased the survival rate in a long-term follow-up. This study showed that &#946;-blocker administration within the first 24 hours in NSTEMI patients contributed to a better prognosis over the long-term: higher mean survival time (11.86 &#177;0.4 years vs 9.92 &#177;0.39 years p&lt;0.001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Furthermore, another Brazilian multicenter study showed that the secondary prevention to CAD according to guidelines is linked to higher income and better access to health services. Overall, most of the Brazilian population living with a lower-middle income has some barriers to access public health care services. Moreover, as previously mentioned, the ERICO participants come from a neighborhood characterized by broad inequalities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In addition, 1-vessel-disease individuals, who were the lowest frequency of &#946;-blocker users and the highest frequency of smokers at baseline, had the most severe subtype of ACS (STEMI). Sensitivity analysis, excluding those with STEMI, resulted in a non-significant mortality risk among those with 1-vessel. Although our study considered the ACS subtype, smoking, and &#946;-blocker use as confounding variables in the Cox regression models, one cannot rule out the possibility that a residual effect of low adherence and poor control of CVRF could interfere in the high risk of mortality among individuals with only 1-vessel-disease in the ERICO study.</p>
        <p>Moreover, the prognosis of CAD is also related to the area of the myocardium at risk and analyzing the most affected coronary artery in patients with 1-vessel-disease, this study found that 45.4% of the cases involved the anterior descending artery (AD). The AD is responsible for supplying a large part of the myocardium; therefore, the fact that 1-vessel-disease patients have a high percentage of obstruction of this coronary artery may have led to a worse prognosis in those patients.</p>
        <p>Since our results differ from those found in other studies, mostly performed in tertiary care in developed countries,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> regarding patients with 1-vessel-disease, the comparison of mortality rates according to the number of major coronary arteries in post-ACS must be interpreted with prudence. There are differences in how obstructive CAD can be classified. Furthermore, there are also differences in the selection of patients and treatment options offered at hospitals. Moreover, the advent of technology in treatment in recent decades may be partially responsible for the differing results in our study.</p>
        <p>Our study has some strengths. It provides consistent evidence about the relationship between the larger number of major coronary arteries with CAD, higher mortality, and lower survival rates. Our study reported information of prognosis for 1-vessel-disease that needs to be considered less benign than they seem. This fact reinforces the importance of adequate treatment and control of cardiovascular risk factors after an ACS event. The ERICO population study has low socioeconomic level and was attended to at a community hospital, but with the ability to transfer patients to a specialized cardiology referral center without difficulty. In addition, we monitored the medications indicated for the treatment of ACS over a period of one year and evaluated the intake according to the extent of the obstructive disease. All of these factors, coupled with the significant number of patients in our study and the four-year follow-up time frame provides a single opportunity to evaluate the association among mortality rates (all-cause, CVD, and CAD) according to the severity of coronary disease four years after the acute event. Nonetheless, some limitations need to be pointed out here. Invasive angiography for the diagnosis of coronary obstruction was not performed by a single or a restricted team of professionals which might have generated a source of bias. However, a cardiologist from the ERICO study revised all cases and performed the classification according the extension of the obstructive disease.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In the ERICO study, multivessel-disease, as well as 1-vessel-disease, presented high long-term all-cause mortality after ACS. Therefore, our study reinforces the importance of designing a better approach to controlling and treating patients within all cardiovascular risk ranges, including those at apparently low risk attended to in secondary care.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Tatiana Cristina Bruno, from Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the HU-USP under the protocol number CAAE: 82801318-0-0000-0076 / Registro CEP/HU/USP 1692/18. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <app-group>
        <app id="app01001">
          <title>* Supplemental Materials</title>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2021/11702/2020-0399_material_suplementar.pdf">click here</ext-link> .</p>
        </app>
      </app-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
