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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">NhW6h93NJFMVgMBx3h3Ypnt</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001300965</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210835</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210835</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Manifesta&#231;&#245;es Cardiovasculares na Popula&#231;&#227;o Pedi&#225;trica com COVID-19: Qual a Real Import&#226;ncia?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8534-5934</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Andressa Mussi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Bernardo Mussi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Evang&#233;lico de Cachoeiro de Itapemirim</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Cachoeiro de Itapemirim</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Evang&#233;lico de Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, ES &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o T&#233;cnico Educacional Souza Marques</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o T&#233;cnico Educacional Souza Marques, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Andressa Mussi Soares</bold> &#8226; Rua Papa Jo&#227;o XXIII, 1 apto 1202. CEP <postal-code>29303-297</postal-code>, Gilberto Machado, Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, ES - Brasil. Email: <email>amussisoares@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>965</fpage>
      <lpage>967</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronav&#237;rus</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Inflamat&#243;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarcadores</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Strain</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
        <page-count count="3"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Embora as manifesta&#231;&#245;es da COVID-19 sejam leves em crian&#231;as, a s&#237;ndrome inflamat&#243;ria multissist&#234;mica (SIM) pode ocorrer em 0,6 dos casos. A SIM pedi&#225;trica (SIM-P) j&#225; foi bem definida pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS) e &#233; caracterizada por hiperinflama&#231;&#227;o com tempestade de citocinas e n&#237;veis elevados de marcadores de les&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, com envolvimento de um ou mais &#243;rg&#227;os dos sistemas card&#237;aco, renal, respirat&#243;rio, gastrointestinal ou neurol&#243;gico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A combina&#231;&#227;o do momento de ocorr&#234;ncia da SIM-P com sorologia positiva e PCR negativo na maioria dos pacientes sugere que a SIM-P seja mais uma complica&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-infecciosa (at&#233; seis semanas ap&#243;s o insulto), mediada pelo sistema imune, que uma complica&#231;&#227;o da infec&#231;&#227;o aguda. Acredita-se que a fisiopatologia da SIM-P seja devido a uma resposta imune exacerbada em uma crian&#231;a geneticamente suscept&#237;vel. Os sintomas de SIM-P podem se sobrepor aos sintomas de doen&#231;a de Kawasaki, s&#237;ndrome do choque t&#243;xico, s&#237;ndrome de ativa&#231;&#227;o macrof&#225;gica, sepse bacteriana, e s&#237;ndrome de libera&#231;&#227;o de citocinas (&#8220;tempestade de citocinas&#8221;). A tempestade de citocinas &#233; caracterizada por febre persistente, com n&#237;veis elevados de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias, tais como a interleucina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> H&#225; evid&#234;ncias crescentes sobre o envolvimento cardiovascular na COVID-19 e na SIM-P.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em um recente estudo multic&#234;ntrico europeu, Valverde et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> demonstraram manifesta&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares agudas em 286 crian&#231;as com idade m&#233;dia de 8,4 anos (3,8 a 12,4 anos), cujas complica&#231;&#245;es mais frequentes foram choque, arritmia card&#237;aca, efus&#227;o peric&#225;rdica, dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, e eleva&#231;&#227;o da troponina em 93% dos casos. Foi registrada uma morte por arritmia ventricular e havia um paciente na lista de transplante card&#237;aco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Em outro estudo com 186 pacientes com SIM-P em 26 estados americanos, comprometimento card&#237;aco foi observado em 80% dos pacientes, e 33% desses apresentaram fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (FEVE) menor que 55%, e 5% apresentaram FEVE menor que 30%. N&#237;veis aumentados de troponina e pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo-B (BNP) foram observados em 50% e 73% dos pacientes, respectivamente, efus&#227;o peric&#225;rdica em 26%, arritmia card&#237;aca em 12%, e envolvimento card&#237;aco em 8%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Um estudo conduzido na Am&#233;rica Latina, com participa&#231;&#227;o de centros brasileiros, mostrou que crian&#231;as com COVID-19 e envolvimento cardiovascular tiveram apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica mais grave, com maiores altera&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais, instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica, necessidade de drogas vasoativas e maior n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#227;o em unidade de terapia intensiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os mecanismos potenciais de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica na COVID-19 variam desde cardiotoxicidade viral direta, conforme relatado pelo grupo do Instituto da Crian&#231;a do HCFMUSP-S&#227;o Paulo-Brasil em uma crian&#231;a de 11 anos de idade com SIM-P que desenvolveu taquicardia ventricular indo a &#243;bito dentro de 28 horas da admiss&#227;o, e teve part&#237;culas virais detectadas no tecido card&#237;aco,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> at&#233; outros fatores tais como microtrombose, disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular, estado hiperinflamat&#243;rio, hipoxemia, aumento da demanda metab&#243;lica e hipotens&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A ecocardiografia tem se destacado como um m&#233;todo robusto tanto para o diagn&#243;stico como para o seguimento de pacientes pedi&#225;tricos com COVID-19 e j&#225; foi indexada nas diretrizes cl&#237;nicas para SIM-P.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> V&#225;rios par&#226;metros s&#227;o avaliados pela ecocardiografia, tais como fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, efus&#227;o peric&#225;rdica, altera&#231;&#245;es valvares, comprometimento da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria incluindo hiperecogenicidade, irregularidades da parede, dilata&#231;&#227;o e aneurismas avaliados com as medidas dos di&#226;metros das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e analisados pelos z-scores. Em v&#225;rias s&#233;ries publicadas durante a pandemia, o envolvimento da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria em pacientes com SIM-P foi observado entre 8 e 36%, provavelmente devido &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial associada com tempestade de citocinas causada pelo SARS-CoV-2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>No estudo intitulado &#8220;O Cora&#231;&#227;o de Pacientes Pedi&#225;tricos com COVID-19: Novos Insights a Partir de um Estudo Ecocardiogr&#225;fico Sistem&#225;tico em um Hospital Terci&#225;rio no Brasil&#8221;,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> os autores avaliaram retrospectivamente 48 pacientes pedi&#225;tricos, 73% com doen&#231;as pr&#233;-existentes e 41,7% com SIM-P. Foram realizadas avalia&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas padronizadas, com adequadas variabilidades intraobservador e entre observadores. Anormalidades ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram significativamente associadas com SIM-P, interna&#231;&#227;o e maior perman&#234;ncia na unidade de terapia intensiva pedi&#225;trica, disfun&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os, suporte ventilat&#243;rio/vasoativo e morte. Observou-se uma interessante correla&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa dos achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos com altera&#231;&#245;es nos marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo apresentaram n&#237;veis mais elevados de D-d&#237;mero, prote&#237;na C reativa, ferritina e troponina, aqueles com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita apresentaram n&#237;veis mais elevados de D-d&#237;mero e prote&#237;na C-reativa e aqueles com anormalidades na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria apresentaram n&#237;veis mais elevados de D-d&#237;mero somente. Devido a esses achados, os autores destacam a import&#226;ncia da imunotrombose na SIM-P e levantam a hip&#243;tese de se bloquear a cascata de coagula&#231;&#227;o para diminuir a resposta inflamat&#243;ria, enfatizando as propriedades n&#227;o anticoagulantes da heparina, tais como inibi&#231;&#227;o da quimiotaxia de neutr&#243;filos e migra&#231;&#227;o de leuc&#243;citos, com consequente diminui&#231;&#227;o dos biomarcadores inflamat&#243;rios. O uso da heparina, al&#233;m da sua fun&#231;&#227;o antitromb&#243;tica, melhoraria a terapia anti-inflamat&#243;ria juntamente com a imunomodula&#231;&#227;o realizada pela imunoglobulina humana endovenosa, corticoides e agentes imunobiol&#243;gicos em pacientes com SIM-P. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Outra importante ferramenta que agrega valor &#224; ecocardiografia &#233; o uso da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (<italic>strain</italic>) avaliada pela t&#233;cnica de <italic>speckle tracking</italic> em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos com SIM-P tanto na fase aguda como no acompanhamento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). Matsubara et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> demonstraram que a disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica pode ocorrer com frequ&#234;ncia, provavelmente devido &#224; uma condi&#231;&#227;o similar &#224; miocardite. Mesmo em pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada, foram detectadas mudan&#231;as sutis na deforma&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, sugerindo uma disfun&#231;&#227;o subcl&#237;nica do mioc&#225;rdio. Al&#233;m disso, esses autores demonstraram que mesmo os pacientes cujos valores de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o foram normalizados continuaram com altera&#231;&#245;es diast&#243;licas ventriculares na avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica pelo <italic>speckle tracking</italic> ao longo do tempo, refor&#231;ando a necessidade do acompanhamento de pacientes com SIM-P e realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames complementares (troponina, pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral, eletrocardiograma, Holter, ecocardiograma, e resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica em alguns casos).</p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <label>Figura 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Adolescente de 13 anos com febre e dor tor&#225;cica, apresentou hiperemia conjuntival e troponina positiva. Ecocardiograma na fase aguda apresentou miopericardite, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (ACD) (z-score 2,3) e pequeno aneurisma na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda (ACE) (z-score: 4,5). Ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses da s&#237;ndrome inflamat&#243;ria multissist&#234;mica, apesar da normaliza&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (ao ecocardiograma bidimensional), o paciente ainda apresentava deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica anormal ao estudo com strain derivado do specke tracking (setas amarelas no bull's eye - post).</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-0965-10835-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    <p>As manifesta&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares da COVID-19 s&#227;o comuns em pacientes com SIM-P e podem levar a alta morbidade e consequente morte. O entendimento sobre a s&#237;ndrome relacionada &#224; SARS-CoV-2 na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica &#233; crescente. Todo conhecimento acumulado at&#233; o momento reflete as evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis atualmente, juntamente com a opini&#227;o de especialistas. H&#225; muito o que se aprender acerca da SIM-P na COVID-19 visando um melhor diagn&#243;stico, tratamento e acompanhamento desses pacientes.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: O Cora&#231;&#227;o de Pacientes Pedi&#225;tricos com COVID-19: Novos Insights a Partir de um Estudo Ecocardiogr&#225;fico Sistem&#225;tico em um Hospital Terci&#225;rio no Brasil</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiovascular Manifestations in the Pediatric Population with COVID-19, What is the Real Relevance?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8534-5934</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Andressa Mussi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Bernardo Mussi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Cachoeiro de Itapemirim</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Evang&#233;lico de Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, ES &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o T&#233;cnico Educacional Souza Marques, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Andressa Mussi Soares</bold> &#8226; Rua Papa Jo&#227;o XXIII, 1 apto 1202. Postal Code <postal-code>29303-297</postal-code>, Gilberto Machado, Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, ES - Brazil. Email: <email>amussisoares@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronavirus</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflammatory Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Dseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Child</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarkers</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Strain</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Although COVID-19 usually has mild manifestations in children, multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS) may occur in 0.6% of the cases. MIS in children (MIS-C), already well defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), is characterized by hyperinflammation with cytokine storm and high levels of myocardial injury markers, with involvement of one or more organs of the cardiac, renal, respiratory, gastrointestinal or neurological systems.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The combination of the timing of MIS-C cases with positive serology and negative PCR in most patients suggests that MIS-C is a post-infectious (up to six weeks after the insult), immune-mediated complication rather than of the acute infection. The pathophysiology of MIS-C is thought to be due to a hyperimmune response to the virus in a genetically susceptible child. The symptoms of MIS-C can overlap with those of Kawasaki disease, toxic shock syndrome, macrophage activation syndrome, bacterial sepsis, and cytokine release syndrome (&#8220;cytokine storm&#8221;). Cytokine storm is characterized by persistent fever, and markedly elevated inflammatory markers and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> There increasing evidence on cardiovascular involvement in COVID-19 and MIS-C.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In a recent European multicenter study, Valverde et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> demonstrated acute cardiovascular manifestations in 286 children with an average age of 8.4 years (3.8 to 12.4 years), whose most common complications were shock, cardiac arrhythmia, pericardial effusion, coronary dilation, and troponin elevation in 93% of the cases. There were one death due to ventricular arrhythmia and one patient listed for heart transplantation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In another study with 186 patients with MIS-C in 26 American states, cardiovascular involvement was observed in 80% of patients, and 33% of these had left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) less than 55% and 5% had LVEF less than 30%. Increased troponin and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) e levels were found in 50% and 73% of patients, respectively, pericardial effusion in 26%, cardiac arrhythmia in 12%, and coronary involvement in 8%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A Latin American study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> that also included the participation of Brazilian centers showed that children with COVID-19 with cardiovascular involvement had more severe clinical presentation, more laboratory abnormalities, greater hemodynamic instability and the greater need for vasoactive drugs and intensive care unit admission, when compared to those without cardiovascular involvement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The potential mechanisms of myocardial injury in COVID-19 range from direct viral cardiotoxicity, as first reported by the group of the Instituto da Crian&#231;a of HCFMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo - Brazil, about a case of an 11-year-old child affected by MIS-C, who developed ventricular tachycardia and died within 28 hours of admission, and had viral particles detected in the cardiac tissue,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> to several other factors such as microthrombosis, microvascular dysfunction, endothelial injury, hyperinflammatory state, hypoxemia, increased metabolic demand and hypotension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Echocardiography has emerged as a robust tool both in diagnosis and in clinical follow-up in the pediatric population with COVID-19 and has already been indexed in the clinical guideline for MIS-C.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Several parameters are evaluated by echocardiography, such as left ventricular systolic and diastolic function, pericardial effusion, valvular alterations, coronary involvement such as increased hyperechogenicity, parietal irregularities, dilation, and aneurysms by measurement of the of coronary artery diameter and analysis using z-score. In several series published during the pandemic, coronary involvement in MIS-C occurred from 8 to 36%, probably due to endothelial dysfunction associated with cytokine storm caused by SARS-CoV-2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In the study &#8220;The Heart of Pediatric Patients with COVID-19: New Insights from a Systematic Echocardiographic Study in a Tertiary Hospital in Brazil&#8221;,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> the authors retrospectively evaluated 48 pediatric patients, 73% with pre-existing diseases and 41.7% with MIS-C. Standardized echocardiographic assessments were performed with adequate intraobserver and interobserver variability. Echocardiographic abnormalities were significantly associated with MIS-C, admission and longer stay in the pediatric intensive care unit, multiple organ dysfunction, ventilatory/vasoactive support, and death. There was an interesting, statistically significant correlation of echocardiographic findings with changes in inflammatory markers and myocardial injury. Patients with left ventricular dysfunction had higher levels of D-dimer, C-reactive protein, ferritin and troponin; those with right ventricular dysfunction had higher levels of D-dimer and C-reactive protein; and those with coronary abnormalities had higher levels of D-dimer only. Due to these findings, the authors highlight the importance of immunothrombosis in MIS-C and raise the hypothesis of blocking the coagulation cascade to decrease the inflammatory response, emphasizing the non-anticoagulant properties of heparin, such as the inhibition of neutrophil chemotaxis and migration of leukocytes, with a consequent decrease in inflammatory biomarkers. The use of heparin, in addition to its antithrombotic function, would enhance the anti-inflammatory therapy together with the immunomodulation performed by intravenous human immunoglobulin, corticosteroids and immunobiological agents in patients with MIS-C.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Another important tool that has added value to echocardiography is the use of the strain assessed by the speckle tracking technique in pediatric patients with SIM-P both in the acute phase and in the follow-up (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>). Matsubara et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> demonstrated that systolic and diastolic cardiac dysfunctions might occur frequently, probably due to the presence of a state similar to myocarditis. Even in patients with preserved ejection fraction, subtle changes in myocardial deformation were detected, suggesting subclinical myocardial dysfunction. In addition, these authors demonstrated that even patients whose ejection fraction was normalized, remained with ventricular diastolic changes in the echocardiographic assessment by speckle tracking over time, reinforcing the need for the follow-up of patients with MIS-C with complementary exams (troponin, BNP, electrocardiogram, Holter, echocardiogram and magnetic resonance in some cases).</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>A 13-year-old teenager presenting with fever and chest pain, showed conjunctival hyperemia and positive troponin. Acute-phase echocardiogram revealed myopericarditis, left ventricular dysfunction, right coronary artery (RCA) dilation (z-score: 2.3) and small left main coronary artery (LMCA) aneurysm (z-score: 4.5). After three months of multisystem inflammatory syndrome, despite normalization of the left ventricular function (by two-dimensional echocardiogram), the patient still had abnormal myocardial strain (yellow arrows) and decreased global longitudinal strain (bull's eye-plot).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-0965-10835-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      <p>The cardiovascular manifestations of COVID-19 are frequent in patients with MIS-C and can lead to high morbidity and consequent deaths. The understanding of the SARS-CoV-2-related syndrome in the pediatric population is growing. All knowledge gained to date reflects the current evidence available together with expert opinion. There is a lot to learn about MIS-C in COVID-19, towards better diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of these patients.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: The Heart of Pediatric Patients with COVID-19: New Insights from a Systematic Echocardiographic Study in a Tertiary Hospital in Brazil</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
