<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">tGfkTWkhmJMR9Kc4MvxWV3C</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021005008204</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001300954</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200920</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200920</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Cora&#231;&#227;o de Pacientes Pedi&#225;tricos com COVID-19: Novos <italic>Insights</italic> a Partir de um Estudo Ecocardiogr&#225;fico Sistem&#225;tico em um Hospital Terci&#225;rio no Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6822-0304</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Diniz</surname>
            <given-names>Maria de F&#225;tima Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Maira Freire</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sawamura</surname>
            <given-names>Karen Saori Shiraishi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Menezes</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina Rocha Brito</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0840-0300</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lianza</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandro Cavalcanti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Fernanda Badue</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Litvinov</surname>
            <given-names>Nadia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferranti</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Forsait</surname>
            <given-names>Silvana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Watanabe</surname>
            <given-names>Andreia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Farhat</surname>
            <given-names>Sylvia Costa Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aikawa</surname>
            <given-names>Nadia Emi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia Maria Arruda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Delgado</surname>
            <given-names>Artur Figueiredo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carneiro-Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Magda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Werther Brunow de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Clovis Artur</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6600-2311</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Leal</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto da Crian&#231;a</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto da Crian&#231;a, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - Faculdade de Medicina,S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Faculdade de Medicina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Maria de F&#225;tima Rodrigues Diniz &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto da Crian&#231;a - Servi&#231;o Auxiliar de Diagn&#243;stico e Terapia - Avenida Dr. Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar, 647. CEP 05403-000, Cerqueira Cesar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>mariafrdiniz@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Diniz MFR, Silva CA, Leal GN; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Diniz MFR, Cardoso MF, Sawamura KSS, Menezes CRB, Lianza AC, Ferranti JF, Leal GN; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Diniz MFR, Cardoso MF, Sawamura KSS, Menezes CRB, Pereira MFB, Litvinov N, Forsait S, Delgado AF, Silva CA, Leal GN; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Leal GN; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Diniz MFR, Leal GN; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Lianza AC, Pereira MFB, Litvinov N, Ferranti JF, Forsait S, Watanabe A, Farhat SCL, Aikawa NE, Campos LMA, Delgado AF, Carneiro-Sampaio M, Carvalho WB, Silva CA, Leal GN.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>954</fpage>
      <lpage>964</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A pandemia da COVID-19 representa uma enorme carga para o sistema de sa&#250;de do mundo. Apesar de pacientes pedi&#225;tricos terem sido relativamente poupados em compara&#231;&#227;o a adultos, estudos recentes mostraram um n&#250;mero crescente de pacientes cr&#237;ticos com S&#237;ndrome Inflamat&#243;ria Multisist&#234;mica Pedi&#225;trica (SIM-P) com disfun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular importante. No entanto, pouco se conhece a respeito da rela&#231;&#227;o entre anormalidades card&#237;acas e biomarcadores inflamat&#243;rios e de coagula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Investigar anormalidades ecocardiogr&#225;ficas em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos com COVID-19 admitidos em um hospital terci&#225;rio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Este foi um estudo longitudinal retrospectivo, baseado na revis&#227;o de prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos e ecocardiogramas de pacientes (0-19 anos) admitidos em um hospital terci&#225;rio entre 30 de mar&#231;o e 30 de junho de 2020. Para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi estabelecido em 5% (p&lt;0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Foram inclu&#237;dos 48 pacientes, 73% com doen&#231;as pr&#233;-existentes, 20 (41,7%) com SIM-P. A idade mediana foi 7,5 (0-18,6) anos; 27 (56,2%) eram do sexo masculino. A dura&#231;&#227;o mediana de interna&#231;&#227;o foi 15,4 (2-92) dias e sete (14,6%) pacientes morreram. Um total de 70 ecocardiografias foram realizadas, 66,7% submeteram-se ao exame somente uma vez, e 33,3% v&#225;rias vezes. Vinte e tr&#234;s (48%) pacientes apresentaram anormalidades no ecocardiograma: oito (16.6%) disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, seis (12.5%) disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito, e 12 (25%) dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria (Z-score&gt;+2,5). Anormalidades ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram significativamente associadas com SIM-P, admiss&#227;o na unidade de terapia intensiva pedi&#225;trica, suporte ventilat&#243;rio/vasoativo, e morte ( <italic>p</italic> &lt;0,05). N&#237;veis significativamente mais altos de d-d&#237;mero (ng/mL) foram detectados em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda [16733(4157-115668) vs. 2406.5(190-95040)], disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita [25769(3422-115668) vs. 2803.5(190-95040)] e dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria [9652.5(921-115668) vs. 2724(190- 95040)] (p&lt;0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Anormalidades ecocardiogr&#225;ficas eram frequentes nos pacientes pedi&#225;tricos com COVID-19 e associadas com piores desfechos cl&#237;nicos. Exacerba&#231;&#227;o das vias de inflama&#231;&#227;o e coagula&#231;&#227;o pode exercer um importante papel na les&#227;o cardiovascular nesses pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Pandemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Betacoronav&#237;rus</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarcadores</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="29"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A pandemia da doen&#231;a por coronav&#237;rus-2019 (COVID-19) representa uma enorme carga para o sistema de sa&#250;de em todo o mundo. Em sua apresenta&#231;&#227;o mais grave, a COVID-19 &#233; uma doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica caracterizada por hiperinflama&#231;&#227;o, tempestade de citocinas, e n&#237;veis aumentados de marcadores de les&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O envolvimento card&#237;aco parece ser uma caracter&#237;stica importante da doen&#231;a em adultos, acometendo 20 a 30% dos pacientes internados e contribuindo para 40% das mortes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Apesar de as crian&#231;as terem sido relativamente poupadas quando comparadas aos adultos, estudos recentes mostraram um n&#250;mero crescente de pacientes cr&#237;ticos com S&#237;ndrome Infamat&#243;ria Multissist&#234;mica Pedi&#225;trica (SIM-P), acompanhada por uma grave disfun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, efus&#227;o peric&#225;rdica, regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar, e inflama&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria foram registrados em muitas s&#233;ries de casos. Um fen&#243;tipo do tipo Kawasaki tamb&#233;m foi descrito em alguns pacientes com SIM-P, apesar de a literatura recente sugerir que esses s&#227;o diferentes tipos de doen&#231;as com caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas que se sobrep&#245;em. At&#233; o presente, a SIM-P ocorre predominantemente em crian&#231;as mais velhas, com idade mediana de 9-10 anos, ao passo que a doen&#231;a de Kawasaki afeta tipicamente crian&#231;as menores de 5 anos. Choque cardiovascular, raramente encontrado na doen&#231;a de Kawasaki, &#233; uma caracter&#237;stica marcante da SIM-P.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Contudo, a real incid&#234;ncia de anormalidades card&#237;acas em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos com COVID-19 e sua import&#226;ncia para desfechos cl&#237;nicos precisam ainda ser determinados. Pouco se sabe sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre anormalidades card&#237;acas, e marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e de coagula&#231;&#227;o nesse grupo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Consequentemente, existe uma necessidade urgente de se melhor compreender as intera&#231;&#245;es entre COVID-19 e o cora&#231;&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica.</p>
      <p>O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar anormalidades ecocardiogr&#225;ficas de crian&#231;as com COVID-19 admitidos em um hospital terci&#225;rio de S&#227;o Paulo, o epicentro da pandemia da COVID-19 no Brasil. Poss&#237;veis associa&#231;&#245;es de dados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais com achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos tamb&#233;m foram exploradas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Delineamento e popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Este &#233; um estudo longitudinal retrospectivo, baseado na revis&#227;o de prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos e laudos de ecocardiograma de crian&#231;as e adolescentes (0-19 anos) admitidos na enfermaria de pediatria e na unidade de terapia intensiva por COVID-19, entre 30 de mar&#231;o e 30 de junho de 2020. Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes com e sem SIM-P, de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> O crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o foi aus&#234;ncia de ecocardiogramas durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais e terap&#234;uticos</title>
        <p>Os prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos eletr&#244;nicos dos pacientes foram cuidadosamente revisados quanto aos dados cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais e terap&#234;uticos. Doen&#231;as pr&#233;-existentes e ecocardiogramas pr&#233;vios tamb&#233;m foram registrados. O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes foram classificados como apresentando SIM-P se preenchessem os seguintes crit&#233;rios:</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>Crian&#231;as e adolescentes (0-19 anos) com febre por tr&#234;s dias ou mais.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>E pelo menos dois dos seguintes quadros: <list list-type="alpha-lower"><list-item><p><italic>Rash</italic> , conjuntivite bilateral n&#227;o purulenta, ou sinais de inflama&#231;&#227;o mucocut&#226;nea (oral, m&#227;os ou p&#233;s)</p></list-item><list-item><p>Hipotens&#227;o ou choque</p></list-item><list-item><p>Caracter&#237;sticas de disfun&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, pericardite, valvulite, ou anormalidades coron&#225;rias (incluindo achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos ou enzimas card&#237;acas elevadas)</p></list-item><list-item><p>Evid&#234;ncia de coagulopatia (n&#237;veis elevados de d-d&#237;mero, tempo de protrombina, tempo de tromboplastina parcialmente ativada)</p></list-item><list-item><p>Problemas gastrointestinais agudos (diarreia, v&#244;mito, ou dor abdominal).</p></list-item></list> </p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>E: n&#237;veis elevados de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios, tais como taxa de sedimenta&#231;&#227;o de eritr&#243;citos (TSE), prote&#237;na C- reativa, e procalcitonina.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>E: sem outra evid&#234;ncia de causa bacteriana de inflama&#231;&#227;o</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>E: infec&#231;&#227;o confirmada de s&#237;ndrome respirat&#243;ria aguda grave 2 (SARS-CoV-2) por rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia de polimerase em tempo real (RT-PCR) e/ou serologia, ou contato prov&#225;vel com pacientes com COVID-19.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>O exame de RT-PCR em amostras respirat&#243;rias foi realizado para detectar RNA de SARS-CoV-2. Testes sorol&#243;gicos inclu&#237;ram dois m&#233;todos diferentes durante a pandemia da COVID-19: teste imunocromatogr&#225;fico para detec&#231;&#227;o de anticorpo IgM/IgG espec&#237;fico para SARS-Cov-2 e ensaio de imunoabsor&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica (ELISA) para detec&#231;&#227;o de anticorpos IgG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Pacientes com SIM-P e sem SIM-P foram comparados quanto a idade, sexo, sinais e sintomas cl&#237;nicos na apresenta&#231;&#227;o, frequ&#234;ncia de anormalidades ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2 confirmada, e morte. Os seguintes dados laboratoriais foram comparados: frequ&#234;ncia de anemia, linfocitopenia e trombocitopenia, evid&#234;ncia de coagulopatia, pico s&#233;rico de d-d&#237;mero, PCR, ferritina, troponina, e creatinina quinase MB. Pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral (pro-BNP), procalcitonina e fibrinog&#234;nio n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise, uma vez que esses biomarcadores n&#227;o foram avaliados rotineiramente em todos os pacientes.</p>
        <p>Anemia foi definida como hemat&#243;crito igual ou menor que percentil 2,5 para idade, ra&#231;a e sexo;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> linfocitopenia como uma contagem de linf&#243;citos menor que 4500/mm<sup>3</sup> em crian&#231;as abaixo de oito meses de idade, e 1500/mm<sup>3</sup> para crian&#231;as acima dessa idade;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> e trombocitopenia foi definida como contagem de plaquetas menor que 1000 000/microL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ecocardiografia</title>
        <p>Todos os exames de ecocardiografia foram realizados por dois cardiologistas pedi&#225;tricos experientes, de acordo com as diretrizes da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia (ASE, <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> As an&#225;lises inclu&#237;ram o modo M e o modo bidimensional (2D), al&#233;m do exame padr&#227;o de Doppler colorido. O equipamento utilizado foi um aparelho Philips Affinity 70, CX50 e um ultrassom compacto Innosight, com transdutores multifrequ&#234;ncia (S5-1 e S8-3). Os exames de ecocardiografia tamb&#233;m seguiram as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da ASE sobre prote&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes e servi&#231;os de ecocardiografia durante a pandemia da COVID-19 (Statement on Protection of Patients and Echocardiography Service Providers During the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Outbreak).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Uma vez que um dos aparelhos utilizados em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o durante a pandemia da COVID-19 foi originalmente desenhado como um ultrassom &#8220;point-of-care&#8221; (Philips Innosight), ou seja, a ser usado &#224; beira do leito ou no local de atendimento do paciente, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel obter fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o bidimensional do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (m&#233;todo de Simpson) em todos os escaneamentos. Por isso, escolhemos a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o obtida pelo modo-M (m&#233;todo Teichholz), apesar de o m&#233;todo de Simpson ser sabidamente mais preciso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi definida como uma fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &lt; 55%, e foi considerada leve se a FEVE fosse &#8805;45% e &lt; 55%, moderada se a FEVE fosse &#8805; 30% e &lt;45%, e grave se a FEVE fosse &lt; 30%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) foi avaliada pela excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano anular tric&#250;spide (TAPSE). Disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD foi detectada quando o z-score da TAPSE fosse menor que -2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias foram avaliadas de acordo com as diretrizes da <italic>American Heart Association</italic> para o diagn&#243;stico, tratamento e manejo em longo prazo da doen&#231;a de Kawasaki.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Dilata&#231;&#227;o foi detectada quando o z-score do di&#226;metro do l&#250;men interno da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria fosse maior que +2,5.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Um z-score entre +2,5 e +5 foi usado para definir pequenos aneurismas, z-score entre +5 e +10 m&#233;dios aneurismas, e &#8805;+10, aneurismas gigantes. Outros sinais ecocardiogr&#225;ficos frequentemente descritos na inflama&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, como realce perivascular e aus&#234;ncia de afilamento, tamb&#233;m foram registrados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar (PSAP) foi estimada pela regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide; hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (HP) foi diagnosticada quando a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar foi maior que 35 mmHg. HP leve foi diagnosticada quando a PSAP era &gt; 35mmHg e &#8804; 45 mmHg, moderada quando a PSAP era &gt; 45mmHg e &#8804; 50 mmHg, e grave quando a PSAP era &gt; 50 mmHg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Presen&#231;a de efus&#227;o peric&#225;rdica tamb&#233;m foi descrita, bem como de sinais eventuais de tamponamento card&#237;aco.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes foram divididos de acordo com a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de anormalidades ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, e comparados quanto &#224; idade, sexo, presen&#231;a de SIM-P, admiss&#227;o na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) pedi&#225;trica, presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os, suporte ventilat&#243;rio/vasoativo, tratamento de substitui&#231;&#227;o renal, uso de imunoglobulina endovenosa, corticosteroides, &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico e heparina de baixo peso molecular, tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o, e morte.</p>
        <p>As imagens foram adquiridas digitalmente, e a variabilidade intraobservador e entre observadores para FEVE, TAPSE, e di&#226;metro das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias foi avaliada. O mesmo examinador repetiu a an&#225;lise de 10 exames selecionados aleatoriamente. Um segundo observador (CRB), que n&#227;o conhecia os resultados anteriores e a condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica do paciente, tamb&#233;m realizou as medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, de maneira <italic>offline</italic> .</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada usando o programa IBM SPSS Statistics 22. Os dados categ&#243;ricos foram descritos como porcentagens, e os dados cont&#237;nuos como m&#233;dia (desvio padr&#227;o, DP) ou mediana (intervalo). O teste exato de Fisher foi usado para comparar dados categ&#243;ricos. O teste de Kolmogorov e Smirnov foi usado para verificar se os dados tinham uma distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. O teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado foi usado para avaliar vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, e o teste de Mann-Whitney usado para avaliar vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi estabelecido em 5% (p&lt;0,05). Variabilidade intraobservador e entre observadores para as medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foi avaliada usando o gr&#225;fico de Bland-Altman e coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse (CCI), e um CCI &gt; 0,8 foi definido como uma boa correla&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</title>
        <p>Quarenta e oito pacientes pedi&#225;tricos foram hospitalizados por COVID-19 durante o per&#237;odo do estudo. A idade mediana foi 7,5 (0 &#8211; 18,6) anos; 21 (43,8%) eram do sexo feminino. O tempo mediano de interna&#231;&#227;o foi 15,4 (2 - 92) dias. At&#233; o final do estudo, 33 (68,7%) pacientes receberam alta com sucesso, oito (16,7%) ainda se encontravam na enfermaria ou na UTI pedi&#225;trica, e sete (14,6%) pacientes morreram. Todos os &#243;bitos ocorreram no grupo SIM-P. N&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre sobreviventes e pacientes que foram a &#243;bito quanto ao uso de corticosteroide, imunoglobulina endovenosa ou heparina de baixo peso molecular.</p>
        <p>Vinte (41,7%) pacientes preencheram os crit&#233;rios da OMS para SIM-P e 28 (58,3%) n&#227;o. Entre os pacientes com SIM-P, 11 (55%) apresentaram infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2 confirmada por RT-PCR e/ou sorologia, e nove (45%) n&#227;o. Todos os nove pacientes com SIM-P sem infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2 confirmada tiveram contato pr&#243;ximo com pacientes com COVID-19 nas quatro &#250;ltimas semanas anteriores aos sintomas. Cinco dos nove pacientes tamb&#233;m apresentaram achados t&#237;picos na tomografia computadorizada de t&#243;rax infectados (opacidades em vidro fosco circundada por anelo de consolida&#231;&#227;o (sinal do halo).</p>
        <p>Nos pacientes sem SIM-P (n=28), a infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2 foi confirmada por PCR e/ou sorologia.</p>
        <p>SIM-P foi associada com convuls&#245;es, choque, evid&#234;ncia de coagulopatia, anormalidades no ecocardiograma, e morte. Picos significativamente mais altos de d-d&#237;mero, PCR e troponina s&#233;ricos foram detectados em pacientes com SIM-P (p&lt;0,05). A incid&#234;ncia de sintomas respirat&#243;rios e gastrointestinais foi similar entre pacientes com e sem SIM-P (p&gt;0,05). Ainda, n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a na frequ&#234;ncia de anemia, linfocitopenia, trombocitopenia, ou doen&#231;as pr&#233;-existente entre os dois grupos de pacientes (p&gt;0,05). Somente um paciente apresentou sinais de inflama&#231;&#227;o mucocut&#226;nea. Nenhum paciente preencheu os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos para doen&#231;a de Kawasaki ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Dados demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos, e laboratoriais de pacientes pedi&#225;tricos com COVID-19 com e sem S&#237;ndrome Inflamat&#243;ria Multissist&#234;mica Pedi&#225;trica (SIM-P), segundo crit&#233;rios da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Dados demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais</th>
                  <th>MIS-c ( <italic>n</italic> = 20)</th>
                  <th>Sem MIS-c ( <italic>n</italic> = 28)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,4 (0,1-16,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,7 (0 &#8211; 18,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,33</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo (masculino)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (50%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (60,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,56</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;as pr&#233;-existentes</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (75%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (71,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sintomas respirat&#243;rios</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (50%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (50%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sintomas gastrointestinais</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (30%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (25%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,75</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><italic>Rash</italic> / Conjuntivite bilateral n&#227;o purulenta /sinais de inflama&#231;&#227;o mucocut&#226;nea</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,41</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Convuls&#245;es</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (25%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Choque</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (60%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Evid&#234;ncia de coagulopatia (&#8593;TP, &#8593;TTP, &#8593;D-d&#237;mero)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (64,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0028</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anemia*</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (70%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (75%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,75</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Trombocitopenia**</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (25%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Linfocitopenia***</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (40%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (50%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,56</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anormalidades ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (95%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (14,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>D-d&#237;meros (ng/ml)****</td>
                  <td align="center">9652,5 (921 - 115668)</td>
                  <td align="center">1722 (190 - 95040)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prote&#237;na C reativa (mg/L)****</td>
                  <td align="center">119,6 (0,38 - 447,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">14,6 (0,30 &#8211; 324)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0046</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ferritina (ng/ml)****</td>
                  <td align="center">1159 (58-35967)</td>
                  <td align="center">655 (25-2567)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Troponina (ng/L)****</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (9-385)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (3-1050)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,028</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatina quinase MB (ng/ml)****</td>
                  <td align="center">1,78 (0,3-30)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,65 (0,18-28,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Morte</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (35%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Infec&#231;&#227;o por Sars-CoV-2 confirmada (RT-PCR/sorologia)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (55%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>Valores expressos em n (%) ou mediana (intervalo). Teste exato de Fisher foi usado para comparar dados categ&#243;ricos. O teste de Mann-Whitney usado para comparar vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. *Hemat&#243;crito &#8804; percentil 2,5 para idade, sexo, e ra&#231;a na admiss&#227;o; ***Contagem de linf&#243;citos &lt; 4500/mm<sup>3</sup> na admiss&#227;o em crian&#231;as com idade abaixo de 8 meses e &lt; 1500/mm<sup>3</sup> em crian&#231;as acima dessa idade; ****Valores correspondem ao valor s&#233;rico mais alto obtido de cada paciente; TP: tempo de protrombina; TTP: tempo de tromboplastina parcialmente ativada</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Doen&#231;as pr&#233;-existentes foram detectadas em 35 (73%) pacientes: imunossupress&#227;o em 26 (54,2%), doen&#231;as malignas em 14 (40%), doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica em nove (25,7%), neuropatia cr&#244;nica em oito (22,8%), doen&#231;a card&#237;aca adquirida ou cong&#234;nita em cinco (14,2%), pneumopatia cr&#244;nica em cinco (14,2%), hepatopatia em quatro (11,4%), s&#237;ndromes dism&#243;rficas em tr&#234;s (6,3%), distrofia muscular de Duchenne em um (2.8%), l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico juvenil em um (2,8%), cirurgia ortop&#233;dica pr&#233;via em um (2,8%), cirurgia ginecol&#243;gica pr&#233;via em um (2,8%), transplante card&#237;aco em um (2,8%). Dois (4,2%) pacientes eram neonatos de m&#227;es com COVID-19, e um deles tamb&#233;m era prematuro. Entre os sete pacientes que foram a &#243;bito, tr&#234;s eram pacientes oncol&#243;gicos (dois com tumores s&#243;lidos e um com leucemia), um teve imunodefici&#234;ncia prim&#225;ria, um teve s&#237;ndrome de Edwards com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita, e dois eram sadios.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
        <p>Os 48 pacientes realizaram pelo menos um exame de ecocardiografia durante a interna&#231;&#227;o. Trinta e dois (66,7%) realizaram somente um exame e 16 (33,3%) submeteram-se ao exame v&#225;rias vezes. Um total de 70 exames foram realizados durante o per&#237;odo do estudo. Todos os pacientes com doen&#231;as pr&#233;-existentes j&#225; eram acompanhados em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o e apresentavam laudos de ecocardiograma em seus prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos. Cinco (14,2%) pacientes apresentavam anormalidades no ecocardiograma previamente: um com pequeno defeito do septo ventricular e v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide (s&#237;ndrome de Edwards), um com pequeno defeito residual do septo ventricular e discreta coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta, um com uma massa ecog&#234;nica invadindo a veia cava inferior (tumor adrenal), um com discreta hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo secund&#225;ria &#224; doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, e um com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica moderada no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo secund&#225;ria &#224; quimioterapia (sarcoma).</p>
        <p>Vinte e tr&#234;s (48%) pacientes apresentaram anormalidades ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, e 19 (39,6%) deles apresentaram novos achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos potencialmente associados com COVID-19: disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD e esquerdo, dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, e efus&#227;o peric&#225;rdica. Vale ressaltar que somente um paciente com anormalidades ecocardiogr&#225;ficas pr&#233;vias apresentou com novos achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos: disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo secund&#225;ria &#224; quimioterapia progrediu de moderada &#224; grave, e dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria tamb&#233;m foi detectada.</p>
        <p>Anormalidades ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram associadas a SIM-P, admiss&#227;o da UTI pedi&#225;trica, disfun&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os, suporte ventilat&#243;rio e vasoativo, uso de imunoglobulina endovenosa, corticosteroide, &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico e heparina de baixo peso molecular, e morte ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ). Pacientes com anormalidades ecocardiogr&#225;ficas tamb&#233;m apresentaram maior tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Dados demogr&#225;ficos e desfechos cl&#237;nicos segundo presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de anormalidades ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Dados demogr&#225;ficos, estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas e desfechos cl&#237;nicos</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Anormalidades ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Presentes ( <italic>n</italic> = 23)</th>
                  <th>Ausentes ( <italic>n</italic> = 25)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,8 (0,1-16,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,4 (0-18,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo (masculino)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (47,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (64%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,38</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SIM-P segundo crit&#233;rios da OMS</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (82,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Unidade de terapia intensiva pedi&#225;trica</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (65,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>S&#237;ndrome de disfun&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (34,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0013</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sistema respirat&#243;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (26%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sistema cardiovascular</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (26%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sistema renal</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (21,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sistema hep&#225;tico</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (8,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sistema neurol&#243;gico</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (17,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sistema hematol&#243;gico</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (17,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Suporte ventilat&#243;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (65,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (28%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Oxig&#234;nio por cateter nasal</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (34,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (12%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>M&#225;scara de Venturi</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (13%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>M&#225;scara sem <italic>rebreather</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Oxigenoterapia de alto fluxo</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (26%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (21,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica convencional</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (43,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (12%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ventila&#231;&#227;o de alta frequ&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Suporte com drogas vasoativas</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (43,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0015</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Epinefrina</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (17,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Norepinefrina</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (43,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Vasopressina</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (8,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Milrinona</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (21,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dobutamina</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (13%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tratamento de substitui&#231;&#227;o renal</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (21,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,23</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#225;lise peritoneal</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (8%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemodi&#225;lise convencional</td>
                  <td align="center">1(4,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemodi&#225;lise prolongada</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemodi&#225;lise cont&#237;nua</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (13%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Imunoglobulina endovenosa</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (60,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Corticosteroides</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (17,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#193;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (39%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heparina de baixo peso molecular</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (39,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0038</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (dias)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (2-92)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,3 (2-26)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0074</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mortes</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (26%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>Valores expressos em n (%) ou mediana (intervalo). Teste exato de Fisher foi usado para comparar os dados categ&#243;ricos. O teste de Mann-Whitney usado para comparar vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Dez (20,8%) dos 48 pacientes receberam heparina de baixo peso molecular durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, somente um paciente sem anormalidade ecocardiogr&#225;fica. Terapia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o foi introduzida em dois pacientes: um com z-score da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda de +10, e um com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica grave do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e trombose da veia subcl&#225;via. Os demais oito pacientes receberam heparina de baixo peso molecular profil&#225;tica devido ao tempo prolongado de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, doen&#231;as malignas concomitantes e uso prolongado de cateter.</p>
        <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi detectada em oito (16,6%) pacientes: seis com disfun&#231;&#227;o leve, um com disfun&#231;&#227;o moderada, e um com disfun&#231;&#227;o grave. Hipocinesia global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi detectada em todos os pacientes, exceto um, que apresentou acinesia apical, sugestivo de s&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo. Quatro pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo tamb&#233;m apresentaram anormalidades das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. Pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo apresentaram picos significativamente mais altos de d-d&#237;mero, PCR, ferritina e troponina ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ). Cinco pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo receberam imunoglobulina endovenosa e somente um recebeu corticosteroides. Nenhum paciente recebeu bloqueadores de interleucina. Cinco pacientes apresentaram melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda durante o acompanhamento.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Perfil laboratorial dos pacientes de acordo com anormalidades ecocardiogr&#225;ficas detectadas no estudo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="10%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Dados laboratoriais*</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Anormalidades da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Presente (n = 8)</th>
                  <th>Ausente (n = 40)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>Presente (n = 6)</th>
                  <th>Ausente (n = 42)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>Presente (n =12)</th>
                  <th>Ausente (n = 36)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>D-d&#237;mero (ng/ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">16733 (4157 -115668)</td>
                  <td align="center">2406,5 (190 - 95040)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0015</td>
                  <td align="center">25769 (3422 - 115668)</td>
                  <td align="center">2803,5 (190 - 95040)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,037</td>
                  <td align="center">9652,5 (921 - 115668)</td>
                  <td align="center">2724 (190 - 95040)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCR (mg/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">303,16 (30 - 423)</td>
                  <td align="center">35,9 (0,3 - 447,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0017</td>
                  <td align="center">113,95 (2 - 407,21)</td>
                  <td align="center">53,95 (0,3 - 447,70)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,46</td>
                  <td align="center">109,9 (0,38 &#8211; 423)</td>
                  <td align="center">33,75 (0,38 - 447)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ferritina (ng/ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">3734 (839 - 35967)</td>
                  <td align="center">499 (25 - 8000)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0026</td>
                  <td align="center">1301 (123 - 35967)</td>
                  <td align="center">663 (25 - 8000)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,18</td>
                  <td align="center">389,50 (58 - 35967)</td>
                  <td align="center">790 (25 - 8000)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Troponina (ng/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">88 (20 - 342)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (3 - 1050)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0018</td>
                  <td align="center">108,5 (3 - 385)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (3 - 1050)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                  <td align="center">19,5 (9 - 125)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (3 - 1050)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,57</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CK-MB (ng/ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,2 (0,7 - 28)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,6 (0,18 - 30,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,62</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (0,18 - 30,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,6 (0,3 -28,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,58</td>
                  <td align="center">1,78 (0,3 -18,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,65 (0,18 &#8211; 30,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>Teste de Mann-Whitney foi usado para comparar vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. *Valores correspondem aos valores s&#233;ricos mais altos obtidos de cada paciente, e s&#227;o expressos em mediana (intervalo). PCR: prote&#237;na C-reativa; CK-MB: creatina quinase-MB.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Seis (12,5%) pacientes apresentaram disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD. Esses pacientes apresentaram picos significativamente mais altos de d-d&#237;mero e troponina ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ). Dois pacientes apresentaram HP leve, e tr&#234;s tamb&#233;m apresentaram disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD foi observada em tr&#234;s pacientes durante o acompanhamento.</p>
        <p>Anormalidades da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria foram detectadas em 12 (25%) pacientes, e a maioria exibiu ectasia leve, exceto um adolescente (15 anos de idade) com z-score da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda de +10 ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). Al&#233;m de dilata&#231;&#227;o, seis pacientes apresentaram realce perivascular. Dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda encontrava foi detectada em 11 pacientes, com z-score mediano de +4 (+2,8 - +10); dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda (ADE) e, seis, com um z-score mediano de +4 (+3.6 - +4.2); dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria circunflexa em tr&#234;s, com um z-score mediano de +4.6 (+3.9 - +5); e dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (ACD), com um z-score mediano de +3.3 (+2.6 - +4.3). Pacientes com anormalidades da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria apresentaram picos significativamente mais altos de d-d&#237;mero ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ). Em quatro pacientes, anormalidades da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria n&#227;o estavam presentes na primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica, e foram detectadas em exames subsequentes.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; A) Ecocardiograma mostrando dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda (ACE) em uma adolescente de 15 anos; B) Tomografia computadorizada do mesmo paciente.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-0954-00920-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Onze (91,7%) dos 12 pacientes com dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria receberam imunoglobulina endovenosa. Em um paciente, a dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria foi detectada tardiamente, ap&#243;s estar afebril por mais de uma semana. Nove (75%) dos 12 pacientes com dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria receberam &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico, e tr&#234;s (25%) corticosteroides. &#193;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico foi contraindicado em tr&#234;s dos 12 pacientes com inflama&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, devido &#224; trombocitopenia e/ou &#250;lcera p&#233;ptica. Nenhum paciente teve normaliza&#231;&#227;o do z-score das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias durante o seguimento.</p>
        <p>Quatro pacientes apresentaram regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide e mitral leve, e um paciente regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica leve. Todos esses apresentavam SIM-P.</p>
        <p>Quatro (8,3%) pacientes apresentaram HP leve, o que foi associada &#224; SIM-P: quatro (20%) x 0 (0%); p = 0.0025.</p>
        <p>Oito (16,6%) pacientes apresentaram discreta efus&#227;o peric&#225;rdica transit&#243;ria, que foi associada com SIM-P: oito (40%) x 0 (0%); p = 0,0003. Cinco desses apresentaram disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, dois apresentaram disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD, e somente um HP.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Variabilidade intraobservador e entre observadores das medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</title>
        <p>A reprodutibilidade das medidas de FEVE, TAPSE e art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias foi considerada boa, como demonstrada pelo CCI &#8805; 0,85 para a variabilidade intraobservador e entre observadores. ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Reprodutibilidade para fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano anular tric&#250;spide (TAPSE) e di&#226;metro interno das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Par&#226;metro</th>
                  <th>Vi&#233;s</th>
                  <th>limite de concord&#226;ncia de 95%</th>
                  <th>ICC</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Variabilidade intraobservador</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,2</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,82 a 2,22</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TAPSE (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,09</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,42 a 0,24</td>
                  <td align="center">0,92</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,01 a 0,02</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ADE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,01 a 0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AC (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,02 a 0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">0,95</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACD (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,01 a 0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">0,98</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Variabilidade entre observadores</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">-3,95 a 4,75</td>
                  <td align="center">0,98</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TAPSE (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,08</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,49 a 0,33</td>
                  <td align="center">0,85</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,01 a 0,02</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ADE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,02 a 0,02</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AC (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,02 a 0,03</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACD (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,02 a 0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">0,98</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>
                  <italic>FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; TAPSE: excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano anular tric&#250;spide; ACE: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda; ADE: art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda; AC: art&#233;ria circunflexa; ACD: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo destaca-se pela avalia&#231;&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de uma coorte de pacientes pedi&#225;tricos com COVID-19, com alta preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as pr&#233;-existentes. Associa&#231;&#245;es significativas de anormalidades card&#237;acas com par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais e terap&#234;uticos foram claramente demonstrados, refor&#231;ando o papel importante do acompanhamento ecocardiogr&#225;fico dessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Estudos publicados desde abril de 2020, conduzidos no Reino Unido, na Fran&#231;a, It&#225;lia, Su&#237;&#231;a e Am&#233;rica do Norte relataram que a SIM-P &#233; temporariamente relacionada &#224; SARS-CoV-2, e frequentemente associada &#224; tempestade de citocina, disfun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular grave, admiss&#227;o &#224; UTI pedi&#225;trica, e morte.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Diferentemente do presente estudo, a maioria das crian&#231;as e adolescentes nesses estudos n&#227;o apresentavam comorbidades, o que pode ter contribu&#237;do para os melhores desfechos. Enquanto Feldstein et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> relataram 2% de mortes em uma popula&#231;&#227;o em que 73% eram indiv&#237;duos previamente sadios, este estudo mostrou uma taxa de mortalidade de 14,6% em uma popula&#231;&#227;o com 27% de indiv&#237;duos sadios. Similar &#224; maioria dos estudos publicados, os pacientes com SIM-P no presente estudo apresentaram menos testes de RT-PCR positivos que os pacientes sem SIM-P, sugerindo que essa s&#237;ndrome &#233; um fen&#244;meno p&#243;s-infeccioso relacionado a uma resposta imune exacerbada que ocorre algumas semanas ap&#243;s a fase aguda. Somente um paciente apresentou-se com sinais de inflama&#231;&#227;o mucocut&#226;nea, refor&#231;ando que a SIM-P e a doen&#231;a de Kawasaki s&#227;o doen&#231;as realmente diferentes, que compartilham algumas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O maior estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico global j&#225; publicado revelou presen&#231;a de anormalidades card&#237;acas e, 46% dos adultos com COVID-19 sem doen&#231;as card&#237;acas pr&#233;-existentes. O presente estudo descreve, pela primeira vez, anormalidades ecocardiogr&#225;ficas em 39,6% das crian&#231;as com COVID-19 avaliadas, potencialmente relacionadas &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A maioria dos estudos relatando anormalidades card&#237;acas em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos com COVID-19 envolveu muitos centros, sem um protocolo comum de avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica. At&#233; o momento, em uma das maiores s&#233;ries publicadas que incluiu 186 pacientes com SIM-P de 26 estados dos Estados Unidos, a FEVE foi avaliada quantitativamente ou qualitativamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> A padroniza&#231;&#227;o dos m&#233;todos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e a inclus&#227;o de testes de variabilidade intraobservador e entre observadores neste estudo pode ter contribu&#237;do para uma estimativa mais confi&#225;vel da incid&#234;ncia de anormalidades card&#237;acas em crian&#231;as com COVID-19. Por exemplo, foi detectado duas vezes mais disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em pacientes com SIM-P (40%) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao estudo de Feldstein et al. (20%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar de a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos com COVID-19 ter sido descrita extensivamente, os mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos envolvidos na les&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio foram pouco investigados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Part&#237;culas virais foram observadas no mioc&#225;rdio e no endot&#233;lio vascular em pacientes adultos com COVID-19 e choque cardiog&#234;nico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Ainda, aut&#243;psias mostraram infiltrados inflamat&#243;rios compostos por macr&#243;fagos, CD4+, e c&#233;lulas T, associados com regi&#245;es de necrose de cardiomi&#243;citos. Ainda n&#227;o est&#225; claro quanto da les&#227;o card&#237;aca pode ser diretamente atribu&#237;da &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o viral versus resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Apesar dos mecanismos envolvidos, pacientes adultos com n&#237;veis elevados de biomarcadores de les&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (troponina, pr&#243;-BNP) est&#227;o em risco significativamente maior de morte.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> No presente estudo, observamos n&#237;veis maiores de troponina nos pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e direito, o que destaca uma poss&#237;vel contribui&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca a piores desfechos nos pacientes pedi&#225;tricos com COVID-19. De fato, pacientes com anormalidades ecocardiogr&#225;ficas necessitaram de um suporte ventilat&#243;rio e de drogas vasoativas mais agressivo, maior tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o, e apresentaram uma maior taxa de mortalidade que aqueles com ecocardiogramas normais.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, sabe-se que n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios, tais como ferritina e PCR, s&#227;o mais elevados em pacientes com COVID-19 que sobreviveram que aqueles que foram a &#243;bito. Tal fato reflete os efeitos delet&#233;rios da resposta inflamat&#243;ria difusa em m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os, incluindo o cora&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> N&#237;veis mais altos de ferritina s&#233;rica e PCR foram detectados em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em nosso estudo, o que pode ter contribu&#237;do um baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, hipoperfus&#227;o tecidual, e disfun&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os.</p>
      <p>Vale enfatizar que nenhum paciente recebeu bloqueadores de interleucina durante o per&#237;odo do estudo, uma vez que naquele tempo, ainda existia pouca informa&#231;&#227;o sobre seu uso em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos com COVID-19.</p>
      <p>Outro mecanismo importante de dano do mioc&#225;rdio que deve ser destacado &#233; a les&#227;o microvascular, com forma&#231;&#227;o de microtrombos na vasculatura do mioc&#225;rdio e consequente isquemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Recentemente, Duarte-Neto et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> identificaram pequenos trombos nos vasos do mioc&#225;rdio utilizando aut&#243;psia minimamente invasiva guiada por ultrassom em adultos com COVID-19. Isso pode explicar por que n&#237;veis mais elevados de d-d&#237;mero foram observados em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD e ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Diretrizes recentes em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos com COVID-19 ainda n&#227;o recomendam anticoagula&#231;&#227;o profil&#225;tica para todos os pacientes com SIM-P. Ainda, a terapia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o &#233; restrita a pacientes com FEVE&lt;30% ou com aneurismas gigantes de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria (z-score da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria &#8805;+10).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Os achados do presente estudo sugerem um poss&#237;vel benef&#237;cio em se administrar, de maneira profil&#225;tica, heparina de baixo peso molecular a pacientes com SIM-P para prevenir isquemia do mioc&#225;rdio e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. S&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos prospectivos com um n&#250;mero maior de pacientes pedi&#225;tricos para confirmar nossa hip&#243;tese.</p>
      <p>Foi detectada uma alta incid&#234;ncia (25%) de anormalidades da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria nos pacientes estudados. De fato, a extens&#227;o do acometimento das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias em crian&#231;as com COVID-19 ainda &#233; motivo de preocupa&#231;&#227;o. Enquanto alguns autores descreveram uma taxa de 14% dos pacientes com SIM-P que apresentam dilata&#231;&#227;o de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> outros relataram uma taxa de 41% de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias ecog&#234;nicas e proeminentes na admiss&#227;o, apesar de di&#226;metros normais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Essas discrep&#226;ncias provavelmente refletem diferentes protocolos de avalia&#231;&#227;o: em alguns estudos, somente os z-scores da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria foram considerados, enquanto em outros, sinais precoces de inflama&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria tamb&#233;m foram inclu&#237;dos (como realce perivascular e aus&#234;ncia de afilamento). Ainda, o delineamento longitudinal do presente estudo pode ter viabilizado uma detec&#231;&#227;o mais precisa de anormalidades das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, uma vez que 33,3% dos pacientes foram submetidos aos exames de imagem v&#225;rias vezes durante a interna&#231;&#227;o. De fato, um ter&#231;o dos pacientes n&#227;o apresentaram anormalidades das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias no primeiro exame, somente em exames subsequentes.</p>
      <p>Anormalidades coron&#225;rias na COVID-19 foram recentemente associadas &#224; tempestade de citocinas na SIM-P, especialmente interleucna-6.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Os n&#237;veis mais altos de d-d&#237;mero nos pacientes com dilata&#231;&#227;o de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria em nosso estudo destacam uma importante via fisiopatol&#243;gica que necessita ser mais investigada em pacientes com SIM-P. Com base no papel crescente da imunotrombose nas doen&#231;as pedi&#225;tricas, tais como sepse e doen&#231;as reum&#225;ticas autoimunes, pode-se levantar a hip&#243;tese de que bloquear a cascata de coagula&#231;&#227;o pode contribuir para diminuir a resposta inflamat&#243;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> De fato, v&#225;rias publica&#231;&#245;es descreveram as propriedades n&#227;o anticoagulantes da heparina, tais como inibindo a quimiotaxia de neutr&#243;filos e a migra&#231;&#227;o de leuc&#243;citos, neutralizando o fator de complemento C5a carregado positivamente, e sequestrando prote&#237;nas de fase aguda, com consequente diminui&#231;&#227;o de biomarcadores inflamat&#243;rios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Portanto, a heparina tamb&#233;m atuaria como terapia anti-inflamat&#243;ria adjuvante em pacientes com SIM-P e inflama&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, juntamente com imunoglobulina endovenosa, corticosteroides e agentes imunobiol&#243;gicos.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>O presente estudo tem limita&#231;&#245;es dado seu car&#225;ter retrospectivo, embora as avalia&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas tenham sido padronizadas e a variabilidade intraobservador e entre observadores tenha sido adequada. O grupo de estudo foi formado predominantemente por pacientes com doen&#231;as pr&#233;-existentes, o que pode dificultar extrapola&#231;&#245;es dos resultados para crian&#231;as previamente sadias. Por exemplo, a not&#225;vel preval&#234;ncia de malignidades na popula&#231;&#227;o avaliada pode ter contribu&#237;do para o estado de hipercoagula&#231;&#227;o, e a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular subcl&#237;nica. Ainda, pacientes com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica ou doen&#231;as reumatol&#243;gicas eram mais propensos &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o necessariamente causada por COVID-19. Finalmente, imunossupress&#227;o pode ter contribu&#237;do para a baixa frequ&#234;ncia de sorologia positiva para SARS-CoV-2 em nossos pacientes com SIM-P.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Anormalidades ecocardiogr&#225;ficas em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos com COVID-19 s&#227;o frequentes e associadas a piores desfechos cl&#237;nicos. Associa&#231;&#245;es entre anormalidades ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e biomarcadores de inflama&#231;&#227;o/coagula&#231;&#227;o revelaram poss&#237;veis vias fisiopatol&#243;gicas para explicar a presen&#231;a de les&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio em nossos pacientes pedi&#225;tricos com COVID-19. Mais estudos devem ser conduzidos para determinar quais estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas ir&#227;o reduzir a disfun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, considerando os diferentes mecanismos de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. A ecocardiografia est&#225; bem posicionada para ajudar nesse entendimento, como uma tecnologia barata, port&#225;til e de amplo acesso.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Akhmerov A, Marb&#225;n E. COVID-19 and the Heart. Circulation Research. 2020;126:1443-55.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Akhmerov</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marb&#225;n</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>COVID-19 and the Heart</article-title>
          <source>Circulation Research</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>126</volume>
          <fpage>1443</fpage>
          <lpage>1455</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Shi S, Qin M, Shen B, Cai Y, Liu T, Yang F, et al. Association of cardiac injury with mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5(7):802-10.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Qin</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shen</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cai</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yang</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association of cardiac injury with mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China</article-title>
          <source>JAMA Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>802</fpage>
          <lpage>810</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Sanna G, Serrau G, Bassareo PP, Neroni P, Fanos V Marcialis MA. Children&#8217;s heart and COVID-19: Up-to-date evidence in the form of a systematic review. Eur J Pediatr. 2020 Jul;179(7):1079-87.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sanna</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Serrau</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bassareo</surname>
              <given-names>PP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neroni</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fanos</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marcialis</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Children&#8217;s heart and COVID-19: Up-to-date evidence in the form of a systematic review</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Pediatr</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <month>07</month>
          <volume>179</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>1079</fpage>
          <lpage>1087</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Henry BM, Benoit SW, Oliveira MHS, Hsieh WC, Benoit J, Ballout RA, et al. Laboratory abnormalities in children with mild and severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A pooled analysis and review. Clin Biochem. 2020 Jul;81:1-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Henry</surname>
              <given-names>BM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benoit</surname>
              <given-names>SW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>MHS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hsieh</surname>
              <given-names>WC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benoit</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ballout</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Laboratory abnormalities in children with mild and severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A pooled analysis and review</article-title>
          <source>Clin Biochem</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <month>07</month>
          <volume>81</volume>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. World Health Organization. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and adolescents temporally related to COVID-19 [Internet]. Geneva: WHO; 2020 [citado 9 dez. 2019]. Dispon&#237;vel em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-in-children-and-adolescents-with-covid-19">https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-in-children-and-adolescents-with-covid-19</ext-link> </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>World Health Organization</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and adolescents temporally related to COVID-19</source>
          <comment>Internet</comment>
          <publisher-loc>Geneva</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>WHO</publisher-name>
          <year>2020</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="cited-date">citado 9 dez. 2019</date-in-citation>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-in-children-and-adolescents-with-covid-19">https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-in-children-and-adolescents-with-covid-19</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Tang Y, Schmitz JE, Persing DH, Stratton CW. Laboratory Diagnosis of COVID-19: current issues and challenges. J Clin Microbiol. 2020;58(6):e00512-20.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schmitz</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Persing</surname>
              <given-names>DH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stratton</surname>
              <given-names>CW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Laboratory Diagnosis of COVID-19: current issues and challenges</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Microbiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>58</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <elocation-id>e00512-20</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Brugnara C, Oski FA, Nathan DG. Diagnostic approach to the anemic patient. In: Orkin SH, Fisher DE, Grinsburg D, Look T, Fisher DE, Lux S. Nathan and Oski&#8217;s Hematology and oncology of infancy and childhood. 8 ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2015. p. 293.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Brugnara</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oski</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nathan</surname>
              <given-names>DG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <chapter-title>Diagnostic approach to the anemic patient</chapter-title>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Orkin</surname>
              <given-names>SH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fisher</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grinsburg</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Look</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fisher</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lux</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Nathan and Oski&#8217;s Hematology and oncology of infancy and childhood</source>
          <edition>8</edition>
          <publisher-loc>Philadelphia</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>WB Saunders</publisher-name>
          <year>2015</year>
          <size units="pages">293</size>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. R&#233;gent A, Kluger N, B&#233;rezn&#233; A, Lassoued K, Mouthon L. Lymphocytopenia: aetiology and diagnosis, when to think about idiopathic CD4(+) lymphocytopenia? Rev Med Interne. 2012;33(11):628-34.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>R&#233;gent</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kluger</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>B&#233;rezn&#233;</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lassoued</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mouthon</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Lymphocytopenia: aetiology and diagnosis, when to think about idiopathic CD4(+) lymphocytopenia?</article-title>
          <source>Rev Med Interne</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>628</fpage>
          <lpage>634</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Lusher JM. Clinical and laboratory approach to the patient with bleeding. In: Nathan DG, Orkin SH, Look AT, Grinsburg D. Nathan and Oski&#8217;s hematology and oncology of infancy and childhood. 6 ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2003. p.1515.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lusher</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <chapter-title>Clinical and laboratory approach to the patient with bleeding</chapter-title>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nathan</surname>
              <given-names>DG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Orkin</surname>
              <given-names>SH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Look</surname>
              <given-names>AT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grinsburg</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Nathan and Oski&#8217;s hematology and oncology of infancy and childhood</source>
          <edition>6</edition>
          <publisher-loc>Philadelphia</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>WB Saunders</publisher-name>
          <year>2003</year>
          <size units="pages">1515</size>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Lopez L, Colan SD, Frommelt PC, Gregory JE, Kendall K, Younoszai AK, et al. Recommendations for quantification methods during the performance of a pediatric echocardiogram: a report from the pediatric measurements writing group of the American Society of Echocardiography Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease Council. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2010;23(5):465-95.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lopez</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colan</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Frommelt</surname>
              <given-names>PC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gregory</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kendall</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Younoszai</surname>
              <given-names>AK</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Recommendations for quantification methods during the performance of a pediatric echocardiogram: a report from the pediatric measurements writing group of the American Society of Echocardiography Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease Council</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>465</fpage>
          <lpage>495</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Kirkpatrick JN, Mitchell C, Taub C, Kort S, Hung J, Swaminathan M. ASE statement on protection of patients and echocardiography service providers during the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak: endorsed by the American College of Cardiology. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2020 Jun;33(6):648-53.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kirkpatrick</surname>
              <given-names>JN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mitchell</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taub</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kort</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hung</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Swaminathan</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>ASE statement on protection of patients and echocardiography service providers during the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak: endorsed by the American College of Cardiology</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <month>06</month>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>648</fpage>
          <lpage>653</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Koestenberger M, Ravekes W, Everett AD, Stueger HP, Heinzl B, Gamillscheg A, et al. Right ventricular function in infants, children and adolescents: reference values of the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) in 640 healthy patients and calculation of z score values. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2009 Jun;22(6):715-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Koestenberger</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ravekes</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Everett</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stueger</surname>
              <given-names>HP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heinzl</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gamillscheg</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Right ventricular function in infants, children and adolescents: reference values of the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) in 640 healthy patients and calculation of z score values</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <month>06</month>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>715</fpage>
          <lpage>719</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. McCrindle, Rowley AH, Newburger JW, Burns JC, Bolger AF, Michael Gewitz M, et al. Diagnosis, treatment, and long-term management of Kawasaki disease: a scientific statement for health professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017 Apr 25;135(17):e927-99.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>McCrindle</surname>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rowley</surname>
              <given-names>AH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Newburger</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burns</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bolger</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Michael Gewitz</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diagnosis, treatment, and long-term management of Kawasaki disease: a scientific statement for health professionals from the American Heart Association</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <month>04</month>
          <day>25</day>
          <volume>135</volume>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <fpage>e927</fpage>
          <lpage>e999</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Dallaire F, Dahdah N. New equations and a critical appraisal of coronary artery Z scores in healthy children. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2011 Jan;24(1):60-74.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dallaire</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dahdah</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>New equations and a critical appraisal of coronary artery Z scores in healthy children</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <month>01</month>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>60</fpage>
          <lpage>74</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Guimar&#227;es JI, Lopes AA, Martins RF, Aiello VD, Carvalho ACC, Almeida DR, et al. Guideline for diagnosis, evaluation and therapeutic of pulmonary hypertension. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2003;81(suppl 8):1-10.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
              <given-names>JI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopes</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martins</surname>
              <given-names>RF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aiello</surname>
              <given-names>VD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>ACC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Guideline for diagnosis, evaluation and therapeutic of pulmonary hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>81</volume>
          <supplement>suppl 8</supplement>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>10</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. Nakra NA, Blumberg DA, Herrera-Guerra A, Lakshminrusimha S. Multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) following SARS-CoV-2 infection: review of clinical presentation, hypothetical pathogenesis, and proposed management. Children (Basel). 2020;7(7):E69.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nakra</surname>
              <given-names>NA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blumberg</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herrera-Guerra</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lakshminrusimha</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) following SARS-CoV-2 infection: review of clinical presentation, hypothetical pathogenesis, and proposed management</article-title>
          <source>Children (Basel)</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <elocation-id>E69</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. Feldstein LR, Rose EB, Horwitz SM, Collins JP, Newhams MM, Son MBF, et al. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in U.S. children and adolescents. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(4):334-46.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Feldstein</surname>
              <given-names>LR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rose</surname>
              <given-names>EB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Horwitz</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Collins</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Newhams</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Son</surname>
              <given-names>MBF</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in U.S. children and adolescents</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>383</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>334</fpage>
          <lpage>346</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Dweck MR, Bularga A, Hahn RT, Bing R, Lee KK, Chapman AR, et al. Global evaluation of echocardiography in patients with COVID-19. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020;21(9):949-58.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dweck</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bularga</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hahn</surname>
              <given-names>RT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bing</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>KK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chapman</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Global evaluation of echocardiography in patients with COVID-19</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>949</fpage>
          <lpage>958</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Whittaker E, Bamford A, Kenny J, Kaforou M, Jones CE, Shah P, et al. Clinical characteristics of 58 children with a pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2. JAMA. 2020;324(3):259-69.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Whittaker</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bamford</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kenny</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kaforou</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jones</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shah</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Clinical characteristics of 58 children with a pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>324</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>259</fpage>
          <lpage>269</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. Cheung EW, Zachariah P, Gorelik M, Boneparth A, Kernie SG, Orange JS, et al. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome related to COVID-19 in previously healthy children and adolescents in New York City. JAMA. 2020;24(3):294-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cheung</surname>
              <given-names>EW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zachariah</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gorelik</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boneparth</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kernie</surname>
              <given-names>SG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Orange</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Multisystem inflammatory syndrome related to COVID-19 in previously healthy children and adolescents in New York City</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>294</fpage>
          <lpage>296</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. Tavazzi G, Pellegrini C, Maurelli M, Belliato M, Sciutti F, Bottazzi A, et al. Myocardial localization of coronavirus in COVID-19 cardiogenic shock. Eur J Heart Fail. 2020;22(5):911-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tavazzi</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pellegrini</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maurelli</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Belliato</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sciutti</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bottazzi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Myocardial localization of coronavirus in COVID-19 cardiogenic shock</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>911</fpage>
          <lpage>915</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22. Varga S, Flammer AJ, Steiger P, Haberecker M, Andermatt R, Zinkernagel AS, et al. Endothelial cell infection and endothelitis in COVID-19. Lancet. 2020;395(10234):1417-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Varga</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Flammer</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Steiger</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haberecker</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andermatt</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zinkernagel</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Endothelial cell infection and endothelitis in COVID-19</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>395</volume>
          <issue>10234</issue>
          <fpage>1417</fpage>
          <lpage>1418</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23. Shi S, Qin M, Shen B, Cai Y, Liu T, Yang F, et al. Association of cardiac injury with mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5(7):802-10.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Qin</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shen</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cai</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yang</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association of cardiac injury with mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China</article-title>
          <source>JAMA Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>802</fpage>
          <lpage>810</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24. Ruan Q, Yang K, Wang W, Jiang L, Song J. Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(5):846-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ruan</surname>
              <given-names>Q</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yang</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jiang</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Song</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China</article-title>
          <source>Intensive Care Med</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>46</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>846</fpage>
          <lpage>848</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25. Duarte-Neto AN, Monteiro RAA, Silva LFF, Malheiros DMAC, Oliveira EP, Theodoro Filho J, et al. Pulmonary and systemic involvement in COVID-19 assessed with ultrasound-guided minimally invasive autopsy. Histopathology. 2020;77(2):186-97.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Duarte</surname>
              <given-names>AN</given-names>
              <suffix>Neto</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Monteiro</surname>
              <given-names>RAA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>LFF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Malheiros</surname>
              <given-names>DMAC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>EP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Theodoro</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
              <suffix>Filho</suffix>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pulmonary and systemic involvement in COVID-19 assessed with ultrasound-guided minimally invasive autopsy</article-title>
          <source>Histopathology</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>77</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>186</fpage>
          <lpage>197</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26. Loi M, Branchford B, Kim J, Self C, Nuss R. COVID-19 anticoagulation recommendations in children. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2020;67(9):e28485.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Loi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Branchford</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Self</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nuss</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>COVID-19 anticoagulation recommendations in children</article-title>
          <source>Pediatr Blood Cancer</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>67</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <elocation-id>e28485</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27. Kaushik S, Aydin SI, Derespina KR, Bansal PB, Kowalsky S, Trachtman R, et al. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children associated with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection(MIS-C): a multi-institutional study from New York City. J Pediatr. 2020 Sep;224:24-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kaushik</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aydin</surname>
              <given-names>SI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Derespina</surname>
              <given-names>KR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bansal</surname>
              <given-names>PB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kowalsky</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Trachtman</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children associated with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection(MIS-C): a multi-institutional study from New York City</article-title>
          <source>J Pediatr</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <month>09</month>
          <volume>224</volume>
          <fpage>24</fpage>
          <lpage>29</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28. Franchi T, Eaton S, De Coppi P, Giuliani S. The emerging role of immunothrombosis in paediatric conditions. Pediatr Res. 2019;86(1):19-27.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Franchi</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eaton</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Coppi</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giuliani</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The emerging role of immunothrombosis in paediatric conditions</article-title>
          <source>Pediatr Res</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>86</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>19</fpage>
          <lpage>27</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29. Poterucha TJ, Libby P, Goldhaber SZ. More than an anticoagulant: do heparins have direct anti-inflammatory effects? Thromb Haemost. 2017;117(3):437-44.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Poterucha</surname>
              <given-names>TJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Libby</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldhaber</surname>
              <given-names>SZ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>More than an anticoagulant: do heparins have direct anti-inflammatory effects?</article-title>
          <source>Thromb Haemost</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>117</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>437</fpage>
          <lpage>444</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de p&#243;s-doutorado de Gabriela Nunes Leal pelo Departamento de pediatria da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 4.139.678. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Heart of Pediatric Patients with COVID-19: New Insights from a Systematic Echocardiographic Study in a Tertiary Hospital in Brazil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6822-0304</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Diniz</surname>
            <given-names>Maria de F&#225;tima Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Maira Freire</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sawamura</surname>
            <given-names>Karen Saori Shiraishi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Menezes</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina Rocha Brito</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0840-0300</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lianza</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandro Cavalcanti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Fernanda Badue</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Litvinov</surname>
            <given-names>Nadia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferranti</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Forsait</surname>
            <given-names>Silvana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Watanabe</surname>
            <given-names>Andreia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Farhat</surname>
            <given-names>Sylvia Costa Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aikawa</surname>
            <given-names>Nadia Emi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia Maria Arruda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Delgado</surname>
            <given-names>Artur Figueiredo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carneiro-Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Magda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Werther Brunow de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Clovis Artur</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6600-2311</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Leal</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto da Crian&#231;a, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - Faculdade de Medicina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Faculdade de Medicina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Maria de F&#225;tima Rodrigues Diniz &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto da Crian&#231;a - Servi&#231;o Auxiliar de Diagn&#243;stico e Terapia - Avenida Dr. Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar, 647. Postal Code 05403-000, Cerqueira Cesar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: mariafrdiniz@hotmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Diniz MFR, Silva CA, Leal GN; Acquisition of data: Diniz MFR, Cardoso MF, Sawamura KSS, Menezes CRB, Lianza AC, Ferranti JF, Leal GN; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Diniz MFR, Cardoso MF, Sawamura KSS, Menezes CRB, Pereira MFB, Litvinov N, Forsait S, Delgado AF, Silva CA, Leal GN; Statistical analysis: Leal GN; Writing of the manuscript: Diniz MFR, Leal GN; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Lianza AC, Pereira MFB, Litvinov N, Ferranti JF, Forsait S, Watanabe A, Farhat SCL, Aikawa NE, Campos LMA, Delgado AF, Carneiro-Sampaio M, Carvalho WB, Silva CA, Leal GN.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>COVID-19 pandemic represents a huge burden to the health system in the world. Although pediatric COVID-19 patients have been relatively spared compared with adults, recent reports showed an increasing number of critically ill patients with multisystemic inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-c), with marked cardiovascular impairment. Nevertheless, little is known about the relationship between cardiac abnormalities and inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>to investigate echocardiographic abnormalities in pediatric patients with COVID-19 admitted to tertiary hospital.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>this was a retrospective longitudinal study, based on the review of medical records and echocardiograms of patients (0-19 years) admitted to a tertiary hospital between March 30 and June 30, 2020. For statistical analysis, the significance level was set at 5% (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Forty-eight patients were enrolled, 73% with preexisting diseases, 20 (41.7%) with MIS-c. Median age was 7.5 (0-18.6) years; 27 (56.2%) were male. Median duration of hospitalization was 15.4 (2-92) days and seven (14.6%) patients died. A total of 70 echocardiograms were performed; 66.7% patients were scanned only once and 33.3% multiple times. Twenty-three (48%) patients showed echocardiographic abnormalities: eight (16.6%) left ventricle (LV) systolic dysfunction, six (12.5%) right ventricle (RV) systolic dysfunction and 12 (25%) coronary dilatation (Z-score&gt;+2.5). Echocardiographic abnormalities were significantly associated with MIS-c, admission to the pediatric intensive care unit, multiple organ dysfunction, ventilatory/vasoactive support, and death (p&lt;0.05). Significantly higher d-dimer (ng/mL) levels were detected in patients with LV dysfunction [16733(4157-115668) vs. 2406.5(190-95040)], RV dysfunction [25769(3422-115668) vs. 2803.5(190-95040)] and coronary artery dilation [9652.5(921-115668) vs. 2724(190- 95040)] (p&lt;0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>Echocardiographic abnormalities in COVID-19 pediatric patients were frequent and associated with worse clinical outcomes. Exacerbation of the inflammation and coagulation pathways may play an important role in cardiovascular injury in those patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Pandemics</kwd>
        <kwd>Betacoronavirus</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarkers</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflammation</kwd>
        <kwd>Child</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic represents a huge burden to the health system in the world. In its severe presentation, COVID-19 is a systemic illness characterized by hyperinflammation, cytokine storm and elevated myocardial injury markers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Cardiac involvement appears to be a prominent feature of the disease in adults, occurring in 20% to 30% of hospitalized patients and contributing to 40% of deaths.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Although children have been relatively spared compared to adults, recent reports showed an increasing number of critically ill children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C, multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children), accompanied by severe cardiovascular impairment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Ventricular dysfunction, pericardial effusion, valvar regurgitation and coronary artery inflammation were documented in many case series. A Kawasaki-like phenotype was also described in some MIS-C patients, although recent literature suggests these are two different illnesses with overlapping clinical features. To date, MIS-C occurs predominately in older children, with a median age of 9-10 years, whereas Kawasaki disease typically affects patients younger than five years. Cardiovascular shock, rarely seen in Kawasaki disease, is a striking feature of MIS-C.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Nevertheless, the real incidence of overall cardiac abnormalities among pediatric COVID-19 patients and their relevance to clinical outcomes are yet to be determined. Little is known about the relationship between cardiac abnormalities, and inflammatory and coagulation markers in this group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Consequently, there is an urgent need to better understand the interactions between COVID-19 and the heart in the pediatric population.</p>
        <p>The present study aimed to investigate echocardiographic abnormalities of pediatric COVID-19 patients admitted to a tertiary hospital in S&#227;o Paulo, the epicenter of coronavirus pandemic in Brazil. Possible associations of clinical and laboratory data with echocardiographic findings were also explored.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design and population</title>
          <p>This is a longitudinal retrospective study, based on the review of medical records and echocardiogram reports from children and adolescents (0-19 years) admitted to the pediatric ward and intensive care unit due to COVID-19, between March 30 and June 30, 2020. Patients with and without MIS-c were included, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Exclusion criterion was the absence of echocardiograms during the follow-up period.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical, laboratory and therapeutic parameters</title>
          <p>Patients&#8217; electronic medical records were carefully reviewed for clinical, laboratory and therapeutic data. Pre-existing diseases and previous echocardiogram reports were also registered. The Institutional Research Ethics Committee has approved the study.</p>
          <p>Patients were classified as having MIS-C if they fulfilled the following criteria:</p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Children and adolescents (0-19 years) with fever for three or more days;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>And at least two of the following: <list list-type="alpha-lower"><list-item><p>Rash, bilateral non-purulent conjunctivitis, or mucocutaneous inflammation signs (oral, hands or feet).</p></list-item><list-item><p>Hypotension or shock</p></list-item><list-item><p>Features of myocardial dysfunction, pericarditis, valvulitis, or coronary abnormalities (including echocardiographic findings or elevated cardiac enzymes).</p></list-item><list-item><p>Evidence of coagulopathy (by elevated d-dimers, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time)</p></list-item><list-item><p>Acute gastrointestinal problems (diarrhea, vomiting or abdominal pain).</p></list-item></list> </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>And: elevated inflammatory markers such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP) or procalcitonin.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>And: no other obvious microbial cause of inflammation</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>And: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) confirmed infection by real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and/or serology, or likely contact with patients with COVID-19.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>RT-PCR in respiratory specimens were performed to detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Serologic tests included two different methods during the COVID-19 pandemic: immunochromatography assay for SARS-Cov-2 specific IgM/IgG antibody detection and anti-SARS-CoV-2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for IgG antibodies detection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
          <p>MIS-C and non-MIS-C patients were compared regarding age, sex, clinical signs and symptoms at presentation, frequency of echocardiographic abnormalities, confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and death. The following laboratory data were compared: frequency of anemia, lymphocytopenia and thrombocytopenia, evidence of coagulopathy, peak levels of d-dimer, CRP, ferritin, troponin, and creatine kinase-MB. Pro-brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), procalcitonin and fibrinogen were not included in the analysis, because these biomarkers were not assessed routinely in all patients.</p>
          <p>Anemia was defined as hematocrit at or below the 2.5<sup>th</sup>percentile for age, race and gender;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> lymphocytopenia was defined as a lymphocyte count was lower than 4,500/mm<sup>3</sup>in children under eight months of age and 1500/mm<sup>3</sup>in older ones;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> and thrombocytopenia was defined as platelet count lower than 100,000/microL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiography</title>
          <p>All echocardiographic tests were performed by two experienced pediatric cardiologists, according to the guidelines of the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The analyses included M and two-dimensional (2D) modes, besides standard Doppler examinations with color flow mapping. The equipment used was a Philips Affinity 70, CX50 and Innosight compact ultrasound, with multi-frequency transducers (S5-1 and S8-3). Echocardiographic studies also followed the ASE statement on protection of patients and echocardiography service providers during COVID-19 outbreak.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Since one of the equipment used in our institution during the COVID-19 pandemic was originally designed as a point-of-care ultrasound (Philips Innosight), it was not possible to obtain 2D derived left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (Simpson&#8217;s method) in all scans. For that reason, M-mode derived LVEF (Teichholz method) was chosen for this study purpose, although Simpson&#8217;s method would be undoubtedly more accurate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction was defined as a LVEF lower than 55%; it was considered mild if the LVEF was &#8805; 45% and &lt; 55%, moderate if the LVEF was &#8805; 30% and &lt; 45%, and severe if the LVEF was &lt; 30%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Right ventricular (RV) systolic function was evaluated by tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE). RV systolic dysfunction was detected when TAPSE z-score was lower than -2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Coronary arteries were evaluated according to the American Heart Association Statement for Diagnosis, Treatment and Long-Term Management of Kawasaki Disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Dilation was detected when the coronary artery internal lumen diameter z-score was higher than higher than +2.5.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> A z-score between +2.5 and +5 defined small aneurisms; between +5 and +10, medium aneurisms; equal or greater than +10, giant aneurisms. Other echocardiographic signs frequently described in coronary artery inflammation, like enhanced perivascular brightness and lack of tapering, were also registered.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) was estimated through tricuspid regurgitation; pulmonary hypertension (PH) was diagnosed when the pulmonary artery systolic pressure was greater than 35 mmHg. Mild PH was diagnosed if 35 mmHg &lt; PASP &#8804; 45 mmHg, moderate if 45 mmHg &lt; PASP &#8804; 50 mmHg and severe if PASP &gt; 50 mmHg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Pericardial effusion presence was also described, as well as eventual signs of pericardial tamponade.</p>
          <p>Patients were divided according to the presence or absence of echocardiographic abnormalities and compared regarding age, gender, presence of MIS-c, pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission, presence of multiple organ dysfunction, ventilatory/vasoactive support, renal replacement therapy, use of intravenous (IV) immunoglobulin, corticosteroids, acetylsalicylic acid and low molecular weight heparin, length of hospital stay, and death.</p>
          <p>Images were digitally acquired, and intra and interobserver variability of LVEF, TAPSE and coronary arteries diameter was evaluated. The same examiner repeated analysis of 10 randomly selected exams. A second observer (CRB), unaware of previous results and of patient&#8217;s clinical condition, also performed offline echocardiographic measures.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 22. Categorical data were reported as percentages and continuous data as mean (standard deviation - SD) or median (range). Fisher exact test was chosen to compare categorical data. The Kolmogorov and Smirnov test was used to verify if data were sampled from a Gaussian distribution. Unpaired Student&#8217;s t test was used to assess continuous data with normal distribution, and the Mann-Whitney U test to assess continuous data without normal distribution. The significance level was set at 5% (p &lt; 0.05). Intra and interobserver variability for echocardiographic measures was assessed using Bland Altman Plot and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), with good correlation being defined as ICC &gt; 0.8.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical presentation</title>
          <p>Forty-eight pediatric patients were hospitalized due to COVID-19 during the study period. The median age was 7.5 (0 - 18.6) years; 21 (43.8%) were female. The median in-hospital stay was 15.4 (2 - 92) days. By the end of the study, 33 (68.7%) patients have been successfully discharged, eight (16.7%) were still in the pediatric ward or PICU, and seven (14.6%) patients died. All deaths occurred in the MIS-c group. There was no statistically significant difference between survivors and deceased patients regarding the use of corticosteroids, IV immunoglobulin or low molecular weight heparin.</p>
          <p>Twenty (41.7%) patients fulfilled the WHO criteria for MIS-c and 28 (58.3%) did not. Among MIS-c patients, 11 (55%) had confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection by RT-PCR and/or serology and nine (45%) patients did not. All nine MIS-c patients without confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection have had intimate contact with COVID-19 patients in the last four weeks before symptoms. Five of those nine patients had also typical findings on chest computed tomography (ground-glass opacities with surrounding consolidation (halo sign).</p>
          <p>In the non-MIS-c patients (n=28), the SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed by PCR and/or serology.</p>
          <p>MIS-c was associated with seizures, shock, evidence of coagulopathy, echocardiographic abnormalities, and death. Significantly higher peak values of serum d-dimer, CRP and troponin were detected among MIS-c patients (p&lt;0.05). The incidence of respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms was similar between MIS-c and non-MISC-c patients (p&gt;0.05). Likewise, there was no difference between the frequency of anemia, lymphocytopenia, thrombocytopenia or preexisting diseases between the two groups of patients (p&gt;0.05). Only one patient had with mucocutaneous inflammation signs. No patient fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for Kawasaki disease ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Demographic data, clinical and laboratory data of COVID-19 pediatric patients with and without multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), according to the World Health Organization criteria (WHO)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Demographic, clinical and laboratory data</th>
                    <th>MIS-C ( <italic>n</italic> = 20)</th>
                    <th>Non-MIS-C ( <italic>n</italic> = 28)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (years)</td>
                    <td align="center">8.4 (0.1-16.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.7 (0 &#8211; 18.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.33</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sex (male)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (50%)</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (60.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.56</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Preexisting diseases</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (75%)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (71.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Respiratory symptoms</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (50%)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (50%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Gastrointestinal symptoms</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (30%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (25%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.75</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Rash/ Non-purulent bilateral conjunctivitis/mucocutaneous inflammation signs</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.41</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Seizures</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (25%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.009</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Shock</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (60%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Evidence of coagulopathy (&#8593;PT, &#8593;PTT, &#8593;D-dimer)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (100%)</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (64.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0028</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Anemia*</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (70%)</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (75%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.75</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Thrombocytopenia**</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (20%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (25%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.74</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lymphocytopenia***</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (40%)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (50%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.56</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Echocardiographic abnormalities</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (95%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (14.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>D-dimers (ng/ml)****</td>
                    <td align="center">9652.5 (921 - 115668)</td>
                    <td align="center">1722 (190 - 95040)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0003</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>C-reactive protein (mg/L)****</td>
                    <td align="center">119.6 (0.38 - 447.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">14.6 (0.30 &#8211; 324)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0046</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ferritin (ng/ml)****</td>
                    <td align="center">1159 (58-35967)</td>
                    <td align="center">655 (25-2567)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.07</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Troponin (ng/L)****</td>
                    <td align="center">25 (9-385)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (3-1050)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.028</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Creatine kinase (CK-MB) (ng/ml)****</td>
                    <td align="center">1.78 (0.3-30)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.65 (0.18-28.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Death</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (35%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Confirmation of Sars-CoV-2 infection (RT-PCR/serology)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (55%)</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (100%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Values are expressed as n (%) or as median (range). Fisher exact test was used to compare categorical data. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare non-normally distributed continuous variables. *Hematocrit at or below 2.5<sup>th</sup>percentile for age, race, and sex at admission. **Platelet count &lt; 100000/microL at admission; ***Lymphocyte count &lt; 4,500/mm<sup>3</sup>in children under 8 months and &lt; 1500/mm<sup>3</sup>in older ones at admission; ****Values correspond to the highest serum level obtained from each patient. PT: prothrombin time; PTT: partial thromboplastin time</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Preexisting diseases were detected in 35 (73%) patients: immunosuppression in 26 (54.2%), malignancies in 14 (40%), chronic kidney disease in nine (25.7%), chronic neuropathy in eight (22.8%), congenital/acquired heart disease in five (14.2%), chronic pneumopathy in five (14.2%), hepatopathy in four (11.4%), dysmorphic syndromes in three (6.3%), Duchenne muscular dystrophy in one (2.8%), juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus in one (2.8%), previous orthopedic surgery in 1(2.8%), previous gynecologic surgery in one (2.8%) and previous heart transplantation in one (2.8%). Two (4.2%) patients were neonates born to COVID-19 mothers and one of them was also preterm. Among the seven deceased patients, three were oncologic (two solid tumors and one leukemia), one had primary immunodeficiency, one had Edwards syndrome with congenital heart disease and two were healthy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiographic evaluation</title>
          <p>The 48 patients had at least one echocardiogram performed during hospitalization. Thirty-two patients (66.7%) had only one exam and 16 (33.3%) were scanned multiple times. A total of 70 exams were carried out throughout the study. All patients with preexisting diseases were already followed at our institution and had previous echocardiogram reports in their medical records. Five (14.2%) patients had previous echocardiographic abnormalities: one with small ventricular septal defect and bicuspid aortic valve (Edward&#8217;s syndrome), one with small residual ventricular septal defect and discrete aortic coarctation, one with echogenic mass invading inferior vena cava (adrenal tumor), one with discrete left ventricle hypertrophy secondary to chronic kidney disease and one with moderate left ventricle systolic dysfunction secondary to chemotherapy (sarcoma).</p>
          <p>Twenty-three (48%) patients had echocardiographic abnormalities and 19 (39.6%) of them showed new echocardiographic findings potentially associated with COVID-19 as follows: left and RV systolic dysfunction, coronary dilation, PH, and pericardial effusion. Of note, only one patient with previous echocardiographic abnormalities presented with new echocardiographic findings: LV systolic dysfunction secondary to chemotherapy progressed from moderate to severe and coronary dilation was also detected.</p>
          <p>Echocardiographic abnormalities were associated with MIS-c, PICU admission, multiple organ dysfunction, ventilatory and vasoactive support, use of IV immunoglobulin, corticosteroid, acetylsalicylic acid and low molecular weight heparin, and death ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ). Patients with echocardiographic abnormalities also had significantly higher length of hospital stay.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Demographic data e clinical outcomes according to the presence or absence of echocardiographic abnormalities</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">Demographic data, treatment strategies and clinical outcomes</th>
                    <th colspan="3">Echocardiographic abnormalities</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Present ( <italic>n</italic> = 23)</th>
                    <th>Absent ( <italic>n</italic> = 25)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (years)</td>
                    <td align="center">7.8 (0.1-16.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.4 (0-18.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.87</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sex (male)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (47.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (64%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.38</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MIS-c according to WHO criteria</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (82.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pediatric Intensive Care Unit</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (65.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (20%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.003</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (34.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0013</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Respiratory system</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (26%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cardiovascular system</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (26%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Renal system</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (21.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hepatic system</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (8.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Neurological system</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (17.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hematological system</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (17.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ventilatory support</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (65.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (28%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.02</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Oxygen by nasal catheter</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (34.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (12%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Venturi mask</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (13%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (4%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Non-rebreather mask</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (4%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>High-flow oxygen therapy</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (26%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (4%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Noninvasive ventilation</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (21.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (4%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Conventional Mechanical ventilation</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (43.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (12%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>High-frequency ventilation</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (4.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Vasoactive drug support</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (43.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0015</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Epinephrine</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (17.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Norepinephrine</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (43.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (4%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Vasopressin</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (8.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Milrinone</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (21.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (4%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dobutamine</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (13%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Renal replacement therapy</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (21.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.23</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peritoneal dialysis</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (8%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Conventional hemodialysis</td>
                    <td align="center">1(4.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sustained low-efficiency dialysis</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (4.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Continuous hemodialysis</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (13%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IV Immunoglobulin</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (60.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Corticosteroids</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (17.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.04</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Acetylsalicylic acid</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (39%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0005</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Low molecular weight heparin</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (39.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0038</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Length of stay (days)</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (2-92)</td>
                    <td align="center">8.3 (2-26)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0074</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Deaths</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (26%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.04</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Values are expressed as n (%) or as median (range). Fisher exact test was used to compare categorical data. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare non-normally distributed continuous variables.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Ten (20.8%) of the 48 patients received low molecular weight heparin during hospitalization, only one patient without echocardiographic abnormalities. Therapeutic anticoagulation was introduced in two patients: one with left main coronary artery (LMCA) z-score of +10 and one with LV severe systolic dysfunction and subclavian vein thrombosis. The remaining eight patients received prophylactic low molecular weight heparin due to prolonged hospitalization, concomitant malignancies, and prolonged catheter use.</p>
          <p>LV systolic dysfunction was detected in eight (16.6%) patients: six with mild, one with moderate and one with severe dysfunction. Global hypokinesia of left ventricle was found in all but one patient, who exhibited apical akinesia suggestive of Takotsubo syndrome. Four patients with LV systolic dysfunction had also coronary arteries abnormalities. Patients with LV systolic dysfunction showed significantly higher peak levels of d-dimer, CRP, ferritin, and troponin ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ). Five patients with LV systolic dysfunction received IV immunoglobulin and only one received corticosteroids. No patient received interleukin blockers. Five patients showed improvement of LV systolic function during the follow-up.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Laboratorial profile of patients according to the echocardiographic abnormalities detected throughout the study</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">Laboratory*</th>
                    <th colspan="3">LV systolic dysfunction</th>
                    <th colspan="3">RV systolic dysfunction</th>
                    <th colspan="3">Coronary artery abnormalities</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Present (n = 8)</th>
                    <th>Absent (n = 40)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                    <th>Present (n = 6)</th>
                    <th>Absent (n = 42)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                    <th>Present (n =12)</th>
                    <th>Absent (n = 36)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>D-dimers (ng/ml)</td>
                    <td align="center">16733 (4157 -115668)</td>
                    <td align="center">2406.5 (190 - 95040)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0015</td>
                    <td align="center">25769 (3422 - 115668)</td>
                    <td align="center">2803.5 (190 - 95040)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.037</td>
                    <td align="center">9652.5 (921 - 115668)</td>
                    <td align="center">2724 (190 - 95040)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.04</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CRP (mg/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">303.16 (30 - 423)</td>
                    <td align="center">35.9 (0.3 - 447.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0017</td>
                    <td align="center">113.95 (2 - 407.21)</td>
                    <td align="center">53.95 (0.3 - 447.70)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.46</td>
                    <td align="center">109.9 (0.38 &#8211; 423)</td>
                    <td align="center">33.75 (0.38 - 447)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.10</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ferritin (ng/ml)</td>
                    <td align="center">3734 (839 - 35967)</td>
                    <td align="center">499 (25 - 8000)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0026</td>
                    <td align="center">1301 (123 - 35967)</td>
                    <td align="center">663 (25 - 8000)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.18</td>
                    <td align="center">389.50 (58 - 35967)</td>
                    <td align="center">790 (25 - 8000)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Troponin (ng/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">88 (20 - 342)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (3 - 1050)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0018</td>
                    <td align="center">108.5 (3 - 385)</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (3 - 1050)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.04</td>
                    <td align="center">19.5 (9 - 125)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (3 - 1050)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.57</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CK-MB (ng/ml)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.2 (0.7 - 28)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.6 (0.18 - 30.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.62</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (0.18 - 30.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.6 (0.3 -28.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.58</td>
                    <td align="center">1.78 (0.3 -18.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.65 (0.18 &#8211; 30.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.9</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare non-normally distributed continuous variables. *Values correspond to the highest level obtained from each patient and are expressed as median (range).</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Six (12.5%) patients showed RV systolic dysfunction. These patients showed significantly higher peak levels of d-dimer and troponin ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ). Two patients had mild PH and three had also LV systolic dysfunction. RV systolic function improved in three patients during follow-up.</p>
          <p>Coronary abnormalities were detected in 12 (25%) patients and most of them exhibited mild ectasia, except for an adolescent (15 years old) with a LMCA z-score of +10 ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure1</xref> ). Besides dilation, six patients had also enhanced perivascular brightness. Dilatation of the LMCA was observed in 11 patients, with a median z-score of +4 (+2.8 - +10); dilation of the left descending coronary artery (LDCA) in six, with a median z-score of +4 (+3.6 - +4.2); dilatation of the left circumflex coronary artery (LCCA) in three, with a median z-score of +4.6 (+3.9 - +5); and dilatation of the right coronary artery (RCA) in four, with a median z-score of +3.3 (+2.6 - +4.3). Patients with coronary arteries abnormalities had significantly higher peak levels of d-dimers ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ). In four patients, coronary abnormalities were not present in the first echocardiographic evaluation and were detected in subsequent scans.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; A) Echocardiogram showing dilated left main coronary artery (LMCA) in a 15-year old girl; B) Computed tomography of the same patient.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-0954-00920-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Eleven (91.7%) of the 12 patients with coronary dilatation received IV immunoglobulin. One had coronary dilatation detected belatedly, after being afebrile for more than one week. Nine (75%) of the 12 patients with coronary dilatation received acetylsalicylic acid and three (25%) corticosteroids. Acetylsalicylic acid was contraindicated in three of the 12 patients with coronary artery inflammation, due to thrombocytopenia and/or peptic ulcer. No patient exhibited normalization of coronary arteries z-score during the follow-up.</p>
          <p>Four patients had mild tricuspid and mitral regurgitation and one patient had mild aortic regurgitation. All of them were MIS-c patients.</p>
          <p>Four (8,3%) patients had mild PH, which was associated with MIS-c: 4 (20% with MIS-c) x 0 (0% Non-MIS-c).</p>
          <p>Eight (16.6%) patients had discrete transient pericardial effusion, which was also associated with MIS-c: eight (40%) x 0 (0%); <italic>p</italic> = 0.0003. Five patients had concomitant LV systolic dysfunction, two had RV systolic dysfunction and only one PH.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Intra- and interobserver variability of echocardiographic measures</title>
          <p>Reproducibility of LVEF, TAPSE and coronary arteries was considered good, as demonstrated by ICC &#8805; 0.85 for intra and interobserver variability ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Reproducibility for LV ejection fraction, TAPSE and coronary artery internal diameter</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Parameter</th>
                    <th>Bias</th>
                    <th>95% limits of agreement</th>
                    <th>ICC</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Intraobserver variability</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.2</td>
                    <td align="center">-1.82 a 2.22</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TAPSE (cm)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.09</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.42 a 0.24</td>
                    <td align="center">0.92</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LMCA (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.01 a 0.02</td>
                    <td align="center">0.9</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDCA (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.01 a 0.01</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LCCA (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.02 a 0.01</td>
                    <td align="center">0.95</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RCA (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.01 a 0.01</td>
                    <td align="center">0.98</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Interobserver variability</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV ejection fraction (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.4</td>
                    <td align="center">-3.95 a 4.75</td>
                    <td align="center">0.98</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TAPSE (cm)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.08</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.49 a 0.33</td>
                    <td align="center">0.85</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LMCA (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.01</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.01 a 0.02</td>
                    <td align="center">0.9</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDCA (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.02 a 0.02</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LCCA (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.02 a 0.03</td>
                    <td align="center">0.99</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RCA (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.02 a 0.01</td>
                    <td align="center">0.98</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; LMCA: left main coronary artery; LDCA: left descending coronary artery; LCCA: left circumflex coronary artery; RCA: right coronary artery.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The present study stands out for the systematic echocardiographic evaluation of a cohort of pediatric COVID-19 patients, with high prevalence of preexisting diseases. Significant associations of cardiac abnormalities with clinical, laboratorial and therapeutic parameters were clearly demonstrated, reinforcing the pivotal role of rigorous echocardiographic follow-up of this population.</p>
        <p>Studies published since April, 2020, conducted in the UK, France, Italy, Switzerland and North America have reported that MIS-c is temporally related to SARS-CoV-2, and is frequently associated with cytokine storm, severe cardiovascular impairment, PICU admission and death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Differently from the present study, most of their children and adolescents did not have underlying comorbidities, which may have contributed to the better clinical outcomes. While Feldstein et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> reported 2% of deaths in a population where 73% were previously healthy patients, this study showed 14.6% of deaths in a population with 27% of healthy subjects. Like in the majority of published papers, the present MIS-C patients had less positive RT-PCR tests than the non-MIS-C ones, suggesting that this syndrome is a post-infectious phenomenon related to a hyperimmune response, occurring a couple of weeks after the acute phase. Only one patient presented with mucocutaneous inflammation signs, reinforcing that MIS-c and Kawasaki disease are really different illnesses sharing some clinical features.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The largest global echocardiographic survey already published reveled cardiac abnormalities in 46% of adult patients with COVID-19, without preexisting cardiac diseases. Similarly, the present study documented non-previously described echocardiographic abnormalities in 39.6% of pediatric COVID-19 patients, potentially related to SARS-CoV-2 infection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Most studies reporting cardiac abnormalities in pediatric patients with COVID-19 enrolled many centers, without a common protocol of echocardiographic evaluation. To date, in one of the largest published series that included 186 patients with MIS-c from 26 states in the United States, LVEF was assessed either quantitatively or qualitatively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> The standardization of echocardiographic methods and the inclusion of intra/interobserver variability tests in this study may have contributed to more reliable estimation of the incidence of cardiac abnormalities among pediatric COVID-19 patients. For instance, twice as much LV systolic dysfunction was found in MIS-c patients (40%), compared with the study of Feldstein et al. (20%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although ventricular systolic dysfunction in pediatric patients with COVID-19 has been extensively described, the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in myocardial injury were scarcely investigated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Viral particles have been observed in the myocardium and vascular endothelium in adult patients with COVID-19 and cardiogenic shock.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> In addition, autopsies showed inflammatory infiltrates composed of macrophages, CD4+ and T cells, associated with regions of cardiomyocyte necrosis. It is still unclear how much of the cardiac injury can be directly attributable to viral infection versus systemic inflammatory response.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In spite of the mechanism involved, adult patients with elevated biomarkers of myocardial injury (troponin, pro-BNP) are at significantly higher risk of death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> In the present study, higher levels of troponin were found in patients with left and RV systolic dysfunction, highlighting the possible contribution of cardiac impairment to worse clinical outcomes in pediatric COVID-19 patients. Indeed, patients with echocardiographic abnormalities required more aggressive ventilatory and vasoactive drug support and longer hospitalization and had a higher mortality rate than those with normal echocardiograms.</p>
        <p>Serum levels of inflammatory markers such as ferritin and CRP are also known to be higher in non-survivors than in survivors of COVID-19, reflecting deleterious effects of amplified inflammatory response to multiple organs, including the heart.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Higher levels of serum ferritin and CRP were detected among patients with LV systolic dysfunction in the present study, which may have contributed to low cardiac output, tissue hypoperfusion and multiple organ dysfunction.</p>
        <p>It is important to emphasize that no patient received interleukin-blockers during the study period, since at that time there was still limited information regarding their use in pediatric patients with COVID-19.</p>
        <p>Another relevant mechanism of myocardial damage that must be pointed out is the microvascular injury, with microthrombi formation in the myocardial vasculature and consequent ischemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Recently, Duarte-Neto et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> have identified small thrombi in myocardial vessels by ultrasound-guided minimally invasive autopsy in adults with COVID-19. That may explain why higher levels of d-dimer were found among patients with left and RV systolic dysfunction. Interestingly, recent guidelines regarding pediatric patients with COVID-19 still do not advocate routine prophylactic anticoagulation for all MIS-c patients. Moreover, therapeutic anticoagulation is restricted to patients with LVEF &lt; 30% or with giant coronary aneurysms (coronary z-scores &#8805; +10).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> The present findings suggest there may be some benefit in administrating prophylactic low molecular weight heparin to MIS-c patients, aiming to prevent myocardial ischemia and ventricular dysfunction. Prospective studies with greater number of pediatric patients will be necessary to confirm our hypothesis.</p>
        <p>High incidence (25%) of coronary artery abnormalities was found among the patients studied. In fact, the extent of coronary artery involvement in children with COVID19 is still a matter of concern. Whereas some authors describe 14% of MIS-C patients with coronary dilatation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> others have found 41% of prominent and echogenic coronary arteries on admission, despite normal diameters.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> These discrepancies probably reflect different protocols of evaluation: in some studies, only coronary z-scores were considered, while in others, early signs of coronary artery inflammation were also included (like enhanced perivascular brightness and lack of tapering). Moreover, the longitudinal design of the present study may have enabled more accurate detection of coronary abnormalities, since 33.3% of patients were scanned multiple times throughout hospitalization. Indeed, one third of them did not have coronary arteries abnormalities in their first scan, only in subsequent evaluations.</p>
        <p>Coronary abnormalities in COVID-19 have been previously linked to cytokines storm in MIS-C, specially interleukine-6.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> The higher levels of d-dimer among patients with coronary dilation in the present study highlights an important pathophysiological pathway to be further investigated in MIS-C patients. Based on the emerging role of immunothrombosis in pediatric conditions, like sepsis and autoimmune rheumatic diseases, one can hypothesize that blocking coagulation cascade may contribute to dampen the inflammatory response.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> In fact, several publications have described the non-anticoagulant properties of heparin, such as inhibiting neutrophil chemotaxis and leukocyte migration, neutralizing the positively charged complement factor C5a and sequestering acute phase proteins, with a consequent decrease of inflammatory biomarkers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Thus, heparin could also work as an adjuvant anti-inflammatory therapy in MIS-c patients with coronary artery inflammation, together with IV immunoglobulin, corticosteroids and immunobiological agents.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>The present study is limited by its retrospective nature, although echocardiographic evaluations were reasonably standardized and intra/interobserver variability was proven adequate. The study group was formed predominantly by patients with preexisting diseases, which may make extrapolation of results to previously healthy children difficult. For instance, the striking prevalence of malignancies among the referred COVID-19 patients may have contributed to the hypercoagulation state, as well as to subclinical ventricular dysfunction. Likewise, patients with chronic kidney disease or rheumatologic diseases were prone to inflammation, not necessarily caused by COVID-19. Finally, immunosuppression may have contributed to the low frequency of SARS-CoV-2 positive serology among our MIS-c patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Echocardiographic abnormalities in pediatric patients with COVID-19 are frequent and associated with worse clinical outcomes. Associations between echocardiographic abnormalities and inflammation/coagulation biomarkers provided possible pathophysiological pathways to explain myocardial injury in our pediatric patients with COVID-19. Further studies should be conducted to determine which therapeutic strategies will reduce cardiovascular impairment in this population, taking into account the different mechanisms of myocardial damage. The follow-up of pediatric COVID-19 survivors with cardiac abnormalities will be necessary. Echocardiography is well placed to help further this understanding, as an inexpensive, portable, and widely accessible technology.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Gabriela Nunes Leal, from Departamento de pediatria da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP under the protocol number 4.139.678. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding:</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
