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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">fbSQC8hZKbzwScwrBgHDqSd</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021005012201</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001300934</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200462</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200462</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Determinantes da Capacidade Funcional em Pacientes com Doen&#231;a de Chagas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5783-1820</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Whesley Tanor</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1426-7246</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Silveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Henrique Scheidt</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia Maria Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6629-0915</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio Silva Martins da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#193;vila</surname>
            <given-names>Matheus Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendon&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa Amaral</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lacerda</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Cristina Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8801-1828</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Carmo Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4721-1767</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Manoel Ot&#225;vio Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas e da Sa&#250;de</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Escola de Fisioterapia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Diamantina</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular, Escola de Fisioterapia, Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas e da Sa&#250;de, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, MG - Brasil.</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Faculdade de Medicina e Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Whesley Tanor Silva &#8226;</bold> Rodovia MGT 367 - Km 583, n&#186; 5000. CEP <postal-code>39100-000</postal-code> , Alto da Jacuba. Diamantina, MG - Brasil. E-mail: <email>whesleytanor@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Costa HS, Figueiredo PHS, Lima MMO, Mendon&#231;a VA, Rocha MOC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Silva WT, Costa HS, &#193;vila MR, Lacerda ACR; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Figueiredo PHS, Lima MMO, Lima VP, Nunes MCP; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Costa FSM, Lacerda ACR, Nunes MCP, Rocha MOC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: &#193;vila MR; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Silva WT, Costa HS, Lima VP, Mendon&#231;a VA, Nunes MCP, Rocha MOC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>934</fpage>
      <lpage>941</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A doen&#231;a de Chagas leva &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional. Entretanto, o est&#225;gio em que o comprometimento funcional &#233; detect&#225;vel permanece obscuro.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>O presente estudo teve como objetivo comparar a capacidade funcional de pacientes em diferentes est&#225;gios da doen&#231;a de Chagas e de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e verificar os determinantes do consumo de oxig&#234;nio de pico (VO2pico).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Em um estudo transversal, foram selecionados 160 indiv&#237;duos, 35 saud&#225;veis e 125 com doen&#231;a de Chagas. No grupo chag&#225;sico, 61 (49%) estavam na forma indeterminada da doen&#231;a, 45 (36%) com cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica (CC) e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca preservada e 19 (15%) com disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e CC dilatada. Os dados foram analisados por meio de an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o univariada e multivariada. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi fixada em 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Pacientes na forma indeterminada da doen&#231;a apresentaram capacidade funcional semelhante a indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis (p&gt; 0,05). Pacientes com ChC e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca preservada apresentaram VO2pico menor que os pacientes na forma indeterminada (p &lt;0,05), mas apresentaram valores de VO2pico semelhantes ao ChC dilatado (p = 0,46). A idade, sexo masculino, classe funcional da NYHA, press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, raz&#227;o entre a velocidade do fluxo transmitral diast&#243;lico precoce e a velocidade anular mitral diast&#243;lica precoce, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) e o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foram associados &#224; capacidade funcional. Por&#233;m, apenas idade, sexo masculino, FEVE e classe funcional da NYHA permaneceram associados ao VO2pico no modelo final (R2 ajustado = 0,60).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Pacientes com CC apresentam menor capacidade funcional do que pacientes na forma indeterminada. FEVE, idade, sexo masculino e classe funcional da NYHA foram determinantes do VO2pico em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Teste de Esfor&#231;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Tromboembolia</kwd>
        <kwd>Trypanosoma Cruzi</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="33"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a de Chagas, uma infec&#231;&#227;o causada pelo protozo&#225;rio <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> , continua sendo um problema s&#233;rio de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica mais de 100 anos ap&#243;s ter sido descoberta. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> A doen&#231;a afeta cerca de 6 a 7 milh&#245;es de pessoas na Am&#233;rica Latina, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> com um aumento dr&#225;stico em &#225;reas n&#227;o end&#234;micas, tais como os Estados Unidos e a Europa. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Na fase cr&#244;nica, a maioria das pessoas mant&#234;m-se assintom&#225;ticas, embora infectadas, na forma indeterminada da doen&#231;a. Na forma indeterminada, os indiv&#237;duos infectados t&#234;m progn&#243;stico semelhante ao de sujeitos saud&#225;veis. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Portanto, os pacientes geralmente s&#227;o chamados de pacientes assintom&#225;ticos ou chag&#225;sicos sem cardiopatia aparente. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Achados cl&#237;nicos na forma indeterminada da doen&#231;a incluem pequenas altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas tais como incompet&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica, arritmias ventriculares induzidas por esfor&#231;o, e altera&#231;&#245;es segmentares no ecocardiograma, sem altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e sem altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas significativas. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Cerca de 30 a 40% desses pacientes desenvolvem a forma card&#237;aca. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>A forma card&#237;aca, tamb&#233;m chamada de cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica (CCH) &#233; a manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica mais grave e mais comum, com altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas importantes, piora progressiva da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica com dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular. A CCH dilatada, o est&#225;gio final da doen&#231;a card&#237;aca, pode evoluir com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, tromboembolismo e arritmias malignas. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Fadiga e dispneia s&#227;o achados cl&#237;nicos comuns de envolvimento card&#237;aco <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> e, consequentemente, &#233; esperada a redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional e da toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio. Entretanto, n&#227;o est&#225; claro em que est&#225;gio o comprometimento funcional pode ser detectado. Alguns autores relataram que a capacidade funcional reduzida somente pode ser detectada em CCH dilatada devido a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Outros demonstraram que o comprometimento funcional pode ocorrer nos est&#225;gios iniciais da cardiopatia, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> at&#233; mesmo antecedendo a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica.</p>
      <p>A identifica&#231;&#227;o do est&#225;gio &#233; desej&#225;vel para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco e para a ado&#231;&#227;o de medidas preventivas eficientes. Portanto, o presente estudo foi conduzido para avaliar a capacidade funcional em v&#225;rios est&#225;gios da doen&#231;a de Chagas, para comparar a capacidade funcional, bem como as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, demogr&#225;ficas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, em v&#225;rios est&#225;gios da doen&#231;a e em compara&#231;&#227;o com sujeitos saud&#225;veis, e para verificar os fatores associados ao VO2pico em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este estudo transversal foi realizado no Ambulat&#243;rio de Refer&#234;ncia em Doen&#231;a de Chagas e em um Laborat&#243;rio de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular no Brasil, entre junho de 2013 e junho de 2018. Todos os pacientes deram o consentimento informado por escrito voluntariamente antes de participar do estudo. A pesquisa foi realizada de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> e foi aprovada pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica institucional.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
        <p>A amostra incluiu sujeitos saud&#225;veis e pacientes com um amplo espectro de doen&#231;a de Chagas. Os c&#225;lculos de tamanho da amostra post hoc foram realizados utilizando-se o software GPower, vers&#227;o 3.1. Considerando que 125 sujeitos com doen&#231;a de Chagas foram avaliados para conveni&#234;ncia, um erro alfa de 5% e 4 preditores, obteve-se um poder estat&#237;stico de 95%. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o no grupo de doen&#231;a de Chagas foram a presen&#231;a de dois ou mais testes sorol&#243;gicos com resultado positivo para <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> . A amostra saud&#225;vel foi composta de sujeitos sem altera&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas significativas ou doen&#231;as sist&#234;micas.</p>
        <p>O grupo chag&#225;sico foi estratificado de acordo com a apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica (forma indeterminada, CCH com fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca preservada ou CCH dilatada). Pacientes com a forma indeterminada devem apresentar uma aus&#234;ncia de sintomas cl&#237;nicos significativos que sugerissem o comprometimento funcional devido &#224; doen&#231;a de Chagas, e um raio X do t&#243;rax com uma silhueta card&#237;aca normal e ECG convencional dentro dos limites de normalidade. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o no grupo de CCH foram achados cl&#237;nicos, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos ou ecocardiogr&#225;ficos compat&#237;veis com CCH <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> e condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica est&#225;vel. Pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no grupo de CCH dilatada, quando demonstraram fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (FEVE) abaixo de 52% (para homens) ou 54% (para mulheres) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> e di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDFVE) acima de 55mm. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o de todos os pacientes foram a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca ou sist&#234;mica por qualquer outra causa, comorbidades associadas, e a incapacidade de realizar o teste ergom&#233;trico.</p>
        <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o geral do estudo foi submetida a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, ecocardiografia e teste ergom&#233;trico m&#225;ximo. O ecocardiograma foi realizado de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic> (Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> A FEVE foi obtida pela regra de Simpson modificada. A raz&#227;o entre a velocidade da onda E do fluxo mitral e da velocidade diast&#243;lica e&#8217; do anel mitral (Rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217;) foi calculada. Todos os sujeitos realizaram um teste ergom&#233;trico limitado por sintomas em uma esteira (Digistress Pulsar, Micromed, Bras&#237;lia, Brasil) utilizando o protocolo padr&#227;o de Bruce. O pico de consumo de oxig&#234;nio (VO2pico), que foi estimado por uma f&#243;rmula espec&#237;fica [VO2pico (mL/kg/min) = 2,33 (tempo em minutos) + 9,48], <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> foi considerada para a avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o normal dos dados foi analisada utilizando-se o teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o (distribui&#231;&#227;o normal) ou mediana e faixa interquartil (distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal), e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como n&#250;mero absoluto e porcentagem.</p>
        <p>Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas pelo teste Qui-quadrado. Foram verificadas diferen&#231;as entre grupos pelo ANOVA de uma via com corre&#231;&#245;es de Bonferroni, ou teste de Kruskal-Wallis com teste de compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas de Dunn para an&#225;lises post hoc, conforme apropriado. Os determinantes do VO2pico foram verificados por regress&#227;o linear univariada e multivariada reversa. As vari&#225;veis associadas ao VO2pico na an&#225;lise univariada (p&lt;0,1) foram inclu&#237;das no modelo multivariado. Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear, quatro premissas foram adotadas: linearidade, distribui&#231;&#227;o de res&#237;duos, homocedasticidade, e a aus&#234;ncia de multicolinearidade. A linearidade das vari&#225;veis independentes e res&#237;duos foi verificada por gr&#225;ficos de dispers&#227;o, e a distribui&#231;&#227;o de res&#237;duos foi analisada pelo histograma. A homocedasticidade foi verificada pelo gr&#225;fico de dispers&#227;o e caracterizada pela distribui&#231;&#227;o equ&#226;nime de res&#237;duos na linha de regress&#227;o. A aus&#234;ncia de multicolinearidade foi definida como valores de fator de infla&#231;&#227;o de vari&#226;ncia (VIF) abaixo de 10,0. Al&#233;m disso, a autocorrela&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis foi verificada pelo teste de Durbin-Watson, e valores entre 1,5 e 2,5 demonstram que n&#227;o existe autocorrela&#231;&#227;o nos dados. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida em 5%. Os dados foram analisados com o software SPSS, vers&#227;o 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Um total de 160 indiv&#237;duos foram selecionados e avaliados: 35 (22%) indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, 61 (38%) pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas na forma indeterminada, 45 (28%) com CCH e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca preservada, e 19 (12%) com CCH dilatada. Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas, ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e funcionais da amostra s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> , estratificadas por apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas, ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e funcionais da amostra avaliada, estratificadas por apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica (n=160)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="16%">
            <col width="1%"/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Vari&#225;veis</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis (n=35)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" valign="middle">Pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p-valor <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref> </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Forma indeterminada (n=61)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">CCH e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca preservada (n=45)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">CCH dilatada (n=19)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Idade (anos)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">47,0 (36.7-52.0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">43,5 (38.0-51.0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">52,0 (43.7-61.5)<sup>a,b</sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">52,5 (45.7-58.2)<sup>a,b</sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">
                <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Sexo masculino (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">21 (60)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">28 (46)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">16 (35)<sup>a</sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (63)<sup>c</sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,083</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">IMC (kg/m&#178;)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">25,9 (23,8-29,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">25,9 (23,6-29,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">26,8 (23,5-29,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">25,6 (22,2-30,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,875</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="6" valign="middle">Classe funcional NYHA</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">
                <bold>0,035</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">35 (100)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">61 (100)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">32 (71)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (26)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">II</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">13 (29)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (32)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">III</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (42)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">PAS (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">127,3&#177;14,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">120,0&#177;12,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">118,7&#177;19,8<sup>a</sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">102,3&#177;17,0<sup>a,b,c</sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">
                <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">PAD (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">86,3&#177;8,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">84,1&#177;7,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">74,2&#177;9,8<sup>a,b</sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">66,5&#177;7,0<sup>a,b,c</sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">
                <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">FC (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">69,4&#177;7,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">72,2&#177;11,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">71,6&#177;18,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">64,8&#177;11,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,255</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217;</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5,1 (4,3 &#8211; 6,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5,7 (4,4 &#8211; 7,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8,5 (6,7 &#8211; 11,4)<sup>a,b</sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">9,7 (6,8 &#8211; 12,3)<sup>a,b</sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">
                <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">FEVE (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">70,0&#177;5,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">68,1&#177;5,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">64,9&#177;7,1<sup>a</sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">38,8&#177;7,9<sup>a,b,c</sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">
                <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">DDFVE (mm)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">47,2&#177;5,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">48,6&#177;4,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">48,7&#177;4,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">62,9&#177;10,6<sup>a,b,c</sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">
                <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Dados apresentados como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o (distribui&#231;&#227;o normal), mediana e faixa interquartil (distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal), ou n&#250;mero absoluto e porcentagem (vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas). IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; NYHA: classe funcional da New York Heart Association; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda; DDFVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; Rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217;: raz&#227;o entre a velocidade da onda E do fluxo mitral e da velocidade diast&#243;lica e&#8217; do anel mitral.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p-valor da compara&#231;&#227;o entre os quatro grupos por ANOVA de uma via. a, b, c representam um p-valor &lt;0,05 verificado por an&#225;lises post hoc de Bonferroni em compara&#231;&#227;o a: asujeitos saud&#225;veis; bpacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas na forma indeterminada; ccardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica com fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca preservada.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Diferen&#231;as entre sujeitos saud&#225;veis e pacientes com formas cl&#237;nicas diferentes da doen&#231;a de Chagas</title>
        <p>Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas na forma indeterminada, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa em nenhuma das vari&#225;veis. Em contraste, pacientes com CCH e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca preservada eram predominantemente do sexo feminino (p=0,025), mais velhos, com classe funcional NYHA pior, valores mais baixos de press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica, capacidade funcional mais baixa, rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217; mais alta, e FEVE mais baixa (p&lt;0,001 para todos), em compara&#231;&#227;o a indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis.</p>
        <p>Pacientes com CCH dilatada eram mais velhos, com classe funcional NYHA pior, valores mais baixos de press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica, capacidade funcional mais baixa, rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217; mais alta, FEVE mais baixa, e DDFVE mais alto (p&lt;0,001 para todos), em compara&#231;&#227;o a indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Diferen&#231;as demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas, ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e funcionais entre as formas cl&#237;nicas da doen&#231;a de Chagas</title>
        <p>Pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas na forma indeterminada eram mais jovens, apresentaram classe funcional NYHA melhor, press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica mais alta, e rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217; mais alta (p&lt;0.001 para todos) quando comparado a CCH e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca preservada. Al&#233;m disso, pacientes na forma indeterminada eram mais jovens, apresentaram classe funcional NYHA melhor, press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica mais alta, rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217; mais alta, FEVE mais alta e DDFVE mais baixo (p&lt;0.001 para todos) quando comparado a pacientes com CCH dilatada.</p>
        <p>Por &#250;ltimo, pacientes com CCH e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca preservada s&#227;o predominantemente do sexo feminino (p=0,040) quando comparado a CCH dilatada, bem como com classe funcional da NYHA, valores mais altos de press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica, FEVE mais alta e DDFVE mais baixo (p&lt;0.001 para todos).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Diferen&#231;as entre sujeitos saud&#225;veis e pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas, e entre as formas cl&#237;nicas da doen&#231;a de Chagas</title>
        <p>Os resultados da avalia&#231;&#227;o de capacidade funcional s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref> . Na popula&#231;&#227;o geral do estudo, houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos (p&lt;0,001). Pacientes com a forma indeterminada da doen&#231;a de Chagas tinham VO2pico semelhante aos dos sujeitos saud&#225;veis. Pacientes com CCH e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca preservada apresentaram uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da capacidade funcional em rela&#231;&#227;o aos participantes saud&#225;veis e os pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas na forma indeterminada (p&lt;0,001 para ambos), com m&#233;dias de diferen&#231;as de 15,7 mL.kg.min (IC 95% 10,5 &#8211; 20,8) e 16,1 mL.kg.min (IC 95% 11,6 &#8211; 20,6), respectivamente. Por &#250;ltimo, pacientes com CCH dilatada tiveram VO2pico mais baixo em compara&#231;&#227;o a sujeitos saud&#225;veis e pacientes na forma indeterminada (p&lt;0,001 para ambos), com m&#233;dias de diferen&#231;as de 20,0 mL.kg.min (IC 95% 13,3 &#8211; 26,6) e 20,3 mL.kg.min (IC 95% 14,2 &#8211; 26,5), respectivamente. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as de VO2pico entre pacientes com CCH dilatada e com CCH e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca preservada (p=0,467).</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Pico de consumo de oxig&#234;nio (VO2pico) em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas com formas cl&#237;nicas diferentes. <sup>a</sup>: p&lt;0,001 comparado a indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis; <sup>b</sup>: p&lt;0.001 comparado a indiv&#237;duos com a forma indeterminada de doen&#231;a de Chagas.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-0934-00462-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Determinantes do VO2pico em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas</title>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise univariada, idade, sexo masculino, classe funcional da NYHA, press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217;, FEVE e DDFVE foram associados ao VO2pico. Entretanto, no modelo multivariado final, apenas idade, sexo masculino, classe funcional da NYHA e FEVE se mantiveram como determinantes do VO2pico, com R&#178; padronizado de 0,60 ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fatores associados ao VO2pico nas an&#225;lises univariada e multivariada da popula&#231;&#227;o Chag&#225;sica (n=125)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="11%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" valign="middle">An&#225;lise univariada</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" valign="middle">An&#225;lise multivariada <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref> </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Coeficiente B</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">IC 95%</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">r</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p-valor</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Coeficiente B</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">IC 95%</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p-valor</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Estat&#237;sticas de colinearidade (valores VIF)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Constante</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">29,5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13,5 a 46,4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,8 a -0,5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,5 a -0,2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>0,038</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>1,13</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10,9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7,5 a 14,3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9,6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6,3 a 13,4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>1,18</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,7 a -0,1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,209</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>-</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Classe NYHA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-11,8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-14,9 a -8,6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-4,2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-8,3 a -0,1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>0,041</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>1,92</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,1 a 0,1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,352</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">PAD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,2 a 0,5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">FC (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,1 a 0,1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,982</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>-</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-1,5 a 0,7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,3 a 0,6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,2 a 0,5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>1,99</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">DDFVE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,6 a -0,1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>0,003</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>r: coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; NYHA: classe funcional da New York Heart Association; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; bpm: batimentos por minuto; Rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217;: rela&#231;&#227;o entre velocidade diast&#243;lica precoce de fluxo de transmiss&#227;o e velocidade diast&#243;lica precoce do anel mitral; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda; DDFVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VIF: fator de infla&#231;&#227;o de vari&#226;ncia.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>O valor R&#178; para o modelo multivariado final foi de 0,60.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise visual das premissas de regress&#227;o linear, a linearidade das vari&#225;veis independentes, a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e a homocedasticidade dos res&#237;duos foram verificados. O teste de Durbin-Watson demonstrou a aus&#234;ncia da autocorrela&#231;&#227;o nos dados (d = 1,6). Al&#233;m disso, os valores de VIF destacam a aus&#234;ncia de multicolinearidade ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas geralmente evoluem com fadiga progressiva e dispneia, e a intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio &#233; um achado cl&#237;nico comum nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> Entretanto, o est&#225;gio da doen&#231;a em que o comprometimento funcional &#233; detect&#225;vel ainda n&#227;o est&#225; claro. Os principais achados do presente estudo foram: (1) Pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas na forma indeterminada tinham capacidade funcional semelhante &#224; dos sujeitos saud&#225;veis; (2) o VO2pico em pacientes com CCH era significativamente mais baixo do que em pacientes com a forma indeterminada, e (3) o FEVE, juntamente com idade, sexo masculino e classe funcional da NYHA, explicam 60% das varia&#231;&#245;es da capacidade funcional. O presente estudo sugere que, mesmo sem danos mioc&#225;rdicos significativos, pacientes com CCH e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca preservada t&#234;m comprometimento funcional. Esses achados s&#227;o &#250;teis para o entendimento do impacto da doen&#231;a na capacidade funcional e estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco do paciente, e demonstram a import&#226;ncia da avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional peri&#243;dica nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, como tamb&#233;m ajudam na identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes que precisam de treinamento de esfor&#231;o supervisionado.</p>
      <p>Pacientes com a forma indeterminada da doen&#231;a de Chagas s&#227;o reconhecidamente assintom&#225;ticos e t&#234;m um bom progn&#243;stico de m&#233;dio prazo. Entretanto, estudos demonstram que exames mais precisos, tais como testes de esfor&#231;o, s&#227;o capazes de detectar altera&#231;&#245;es nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, em compara&#231;&#227;o a sujeitos saud&#225;veis. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> Costa et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> relataram a preval&#234;ncia mais alta de arritmias ventriculares induzidas por esfor&#231;o e disfun&#231;&#227;o vagal por arritmias sinusais respirat&#243;rias em pacientes indeterminados em compara&#231;&#227;o a sujeitos saud&#225;veis. Entretanto, os autores n&#227;o identificaram diferen&#231;as na capacidade funcional (p&gt;0,05). Durante os testes ergom&#233;tricos, Rocha et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> demonstraram um aumento na preval&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares induzidas por exerc&#237;cio e incompet&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca em compara&#231;&#227;o a sujeitos saud&#225;veis, sem diferen&#231;a na capacidade funcional (p&gt;0,05). Da mesma forma, o presente estudo n&#227;o identificou diferen&#231;as na capacidade funcional entre os dois grupos. Acredita-se que altera&#231;&#245;es subcl&#237;nicas possam estar presentes em pacientes com a forma indeterminada da doen&#231;a de Chagas, por&#233;m, sem altera&#231;&#245;es na capacidade ergom&#233;trica.</p>
      <p>Por outro lado, pacientes com a forma card&#237;aca da doen&#231;a, tanto com fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca preservada quanto com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, e capacidade funcional em rela&#231;&#227;o a pacientes com a forma indeterminada da doen&#231;a de Chagas e a indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis. V&#225;rios estudos n&#227;o conseguiram determinar o est&#225;gio da doen&#231;a em que o comprometimento funcional &#233; detect&#225;vel. Um estudo anterior demonstrou que a redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional ocorre nos est&#225;gios iniciais da doen&#231;a card&#237;aca. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Outros estudos demonstraram que o comprometimento funcional &#233; detect&#225;vel em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas apenas na presen&#231;a de cardiomiopatia avan&#231;ada. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> Recentemente, uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica com meta-an&#225;lise <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> relatou que o comprometimento funcional ocorre na CCH, mesmo em pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada. Entretanto, essa an&#225;lise incluiu poucos estudos e os resultados devem ser interpretados com cautela. Poucos estudos inclu&#237;ram as principais formas de doen&#231;a de Chagas em um &#250;nico manuscrito. Nossos resultados s&#227;o consistentes com os da an&#225;lise sistem&#225;tica, demonstrando que pacientes com CCH e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca preservada tinham valores de VO2pico e FEVE mais baixos do que os apresentados por indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas na forma indeterminada, at&#233; mesmo com valores dentro de limites normais. A CCH dilatada apresentou VO2pico mais baixo que indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e todas as outras formas de doen&#231;a de Chagas.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, os resultados deste estudo apresentaram uma redu&#231;&#227;o na fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em pacientes com CCH e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca preservada, em compara&#231;&#227;o com os grupos de forma indeterminada e com indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, o que poderia levar a uma redu&#231;&#227;o do VO2pico. Na verdade, a rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217; foi associada ao VO2pico em an&#225;lise univariada. Entretanto, ela n&#227;o foi mantida no modelo multivariado final. Portanto, parece que a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, embora reduzida no grupo com CCH e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca preservada, n&#227;o &#233; um determinante de capacidade funcional em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas.</p>
      <p>O presente estudo tamb&#233;m demonstrou os fatores associados &#224; capacidade funcional em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas. A FEVE &#233; um determinante de capacidade funcional, e, juntamente com idade, sexo masculino e classe funcional da NYHA, explica 60% das varia&#231;&#245;es de VO2pico. Idade e sexo s&#227;o preditores bem estabelecidos de capacidade funcional na popula&#231;&#227;o geral. H&#225; uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversamente proporcional entre idade e capacidade ergom&#233;trica, assim como a mulheres tendem a ter um VO2pico mais baixo do que os homens. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> Na verdade, a massa muscular e a for&#231;a podem ser reduzidas em 30% a 50% entre os 30 e os 80 anos, pela perda de fibra muscular e atrofia da fibra muscular tipo II. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo, as mulheres t&#234;m c&#226;maras ventriculares esquerdas menores e volumes sist&#243;licos mais baixos, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> enchimento diast&#243;lico mais baixo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> maior preval&#234;ncia de obesidade <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> e menor massa magra do que os homens, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> o que poderia explicar a menor capacidade ergom&#233;trica.</p>
      <p>V&#225;rios estudos n&#227;o conseguiram demonstrar uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre FEVE e capacidade funcional, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> relatando que outros fatores, tais como fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita e &#225;trio esquerdo, s&#227;o mais relacionados a exerc&#237;cio que &#224; FEVE. Entretanto, outro estudo encontrou diferen&#231;as significativas em pacientes com CCH e FEVE preservada e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref> j&#225; que tanto o VO2pico quanto a FEVE tendem a diminuir com o avan&#231;o da doen&#231;a. Acredita-se que a redu&#231;&#227;o da FEVE leva &#224; m&#225; perfus&#227;o da musculatura esquel&#233;tica durante o exerc&#237;cio, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> causando fadiga e dispneia, e contribuindo para a intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio. Entretanto, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos mais detalhados para confirmar a hip&#243;tese.</p>
      <p>O presente estudo tem limita&#231;&#245;es e pontos fortes. Uma limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi a realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste de esfor&#231;o utilizando-se os testes ergom&#233;tricos m&#225;ximos, sem gasometria. Estabeleceu-se que a avalia&#231;&#227;o indireta do VO2pico est&#225; correlacionado &#224; medi&#231;&#227;o direta, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref> enquanto outros autores relataram uma discrep&#226;ncia consider&#225;vel entre os valores de VO2pico estimados e avaliados. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref> Apesar dos resultados conflitantes, deve-se destacar que &#225;reas end&#234;micas da doen&#231;a de Chagas geralmente t&#234;m poucos recursos tecnol&#243;gicos e, de acordo com uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica recente, 77% dos estudos com objetivo de verificar a capacidade funcional na popula&#231;&#227;o utilizaram a medi&#231;&#227;o indireta do VO2pico sem gasometria. Portanto, acredita-se que o uso do VO2pico estimado para a avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional &#233; uma limita&#231;&#227;o, mas n&#227;o invalida os resultados, especialmente considerando-se o contexto da doen&#231;a de Chagas. Al&#233;m disso, a amostra foi composta por pacientes monitorados em um ambulat&#243;rio de refer&#234;ncia no tratamento de doen&#231;as parasit&#225;rias, que s&#227;o avaliados regularmente e est&#227;o em tratamento otimizado. Apesar da import&#226;ncia dos achados dessa popula&#231;&#227;o negligenciada, os resultados podem n&#227;o refletir a capacidade funcional de todos os pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas, especialmente os que est&#227;o em &#225;rea end&#234;mica. Al&#233;m disso, a an&#225;lise intra e interobservador na avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional n&#227;o foi verificada. Entretanto, todos os testes foram realizados por apenas dois cardiologistas experientes, certificados pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, o que possivelmente reduziu o vi&#233;s e pode n&#227;o ter alterado os resultados da avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional. Por &#250;ltimo, o presente estudo incluiu apenas um par&#226;metro de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217;), e &#233; necess&#225;rio verificar se outras vari&#225;veis de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica est&#227;o associadas &#224; capacidade funcional dessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Como ponto forte, o presente estudo foi o primeiro a demonstrar a FEVE como um determinante de capacidade funcional. Al&#233;m disso, a redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de VO2pico em pacientes com CCH, comparada com a de pacientes com a forma indeterminada da doen&#231;a, sugere que pacientes com CCH, independentemente da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, devem passar por treinamento ergom&#233;trico supervisionado para evitar o comprometimento funcional grave.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Pacientes com CCH, mesmo com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada, tinham menor capacidade funcional que pacientes com a forma indeterminada. Em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas, FEVE, idade, sexo masculino e classe funcional da NYHA s&#227;o determinantes da capacidade funcional.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM) sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE 16379719.5.0000.5108. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Determinants of Functional Capacity in Patients with Chagas Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5783-1820</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Whesley Tanor</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1426-7246</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Silveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Henrique Scheidt</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia Maria Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6629-0915</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio Silva Martins da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#193;vila</surname>
            <given-names>Matheus Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendon&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa Amaral</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lacerda</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Cristina Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8801-1828</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Carmo Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4721-1767</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Manoel Ot&#225;vio Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Diamantina</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular, Escola de Fisioterapia, Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas e da Sa&#250;de, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, MG - Brazil.</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Faculdade de Medicina e Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Whesley Tanor Silva &#8226;</bold> Rodovia MGT 367 - Km 583, n&#186; 5000. Postal Code <postal-code>39100-000</postal-code> , Alto da Jacuba. Diamantina, MG - Brazil. E-mail: <email>whesleytanor@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Costa HS, Figueiredo PHS, Lima MMO, Mendon&#231;a VA, Rocha MOC; Acquisition of data: Silva WT, Costa HS, &#193;vila MR, Lacerda ACR; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Figueiredo PHS, Lima MMO, Lima VP, Nunes MCP; Statistical analysis: Costa FSM, Lacerda ACR, Nunes MCP, Rocha MOC; Writing of the manuscript: &#193;vila MR; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Silva WT, Costa HS, Lima VP, Mendon&#231;a VA, Nunes MCP, Rocha MOC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Chagas disease leads to reduced functional capacity. However, the stage at which functional impairment is detectable remains unclear.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>The present study was addressed to compare the functional capacity of patients at different stages of Chagas disease and healthy individuals and to verify the determinants of peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>In a cross-sectional study, 160 individuals were selected, 35 healthy and 125 with Chagas disease. In the Chagasic group, 61 (49%) were in the indeterminate form of the disease, 45 (36%) with Chagas cardiomyopathy (ChC) and preserved cardiac function and 19 (15%) with cardiac dysfunction and dilated ChC. The data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate regression analysis. Statistical significance was set at 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Patients in the indeterminate form of disease showed similar functional capacity to healthy individuals (p&gt;0.05). Patients with ChC and preserved cardiac function had lower VO2peak than patients in the indeterminate form (p&lt;0.05), but showed similar VO2peak values than dilated ChC (p=0.46). The age, male sex, NYHA functional class, diastolic blood pressure, ratio of the early diastolic transmitral flow velocity to early diastolic mitral annular velocity, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricular end-diastolic diameter were associated with functional capacity. However, only age, male sex, LVEF and NYHA functional class, remained associated with VO2peak in the final model (adjusted R2=0.60).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Patients with ChC had lower functional capacity than patients in the indeterminate form. LVEF, age, male sex and NYHA functional class were determinants with VO2peak in patients with Chagas disease.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Chagas Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise Test/methods/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Thromboembolism</kwd>
        <kwd>Trypanosoma Cruzi</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Chagas disease, an infection caused by the protozoan <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> , still remains a serious public health problem more than 100 years after its discovery. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> The disease affects about six to seven million people in Latin America, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> with a dramatic increase in non-endemic areas such as the United States and Europe. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Most people remain asymptomatic in the chronic phase but infected in the indeterminate form of the disease. In the indeterminate form, infected individuals have similar prognosis to healthy subjects. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Therefore, patients are usually referred to as asymptomatic or Chagasic patients without apparent cardiopathy. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Clinical findings in the indeterminate form include minor echo or electrocardiographic changes, such as chronotropic incompetence, exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias, and segmental changes on the echocardiogram, with no changes in left ventricular systolic function and with no significant electrocardiographic changes. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> About 30% to 40% of these patients will develop the cardiac form. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>The cardiac form, also called Chagas cardiomyopathy (ChC), is the most common and severe clinical manifestation, with important electrocardiographic changes, progressive worsening of the systolic function with ventricular dilation. Dilated ChC, the end stage of heart disease, may evolve with heart failure, thromboembolism, and malignant arrhythmias. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Fatigue and dyspnea are common clinical findings of cardiac involvement <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> and, consequently, the reduction in functional capacity and exercise tolerance is expected. However, it remains unclear at what stage functional impairment can be detected. Some authors have reported that the reduced functional capacity is detectable only in dilated ChC due to heart failure. Others demonstrated that functional impairment may occur in the early stages of cardiopathy, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> even preceding systolic dysfunction.</p>
        <p>The stage identification is desirable for risk stratification and the adoption of effective preventive measures. Thus, the present study was addressed to evaluate the functional capacity in different stages of Chagas disease in order to compare the functional capacity, as well as clinical, demographic, and echocardiographic variables, at different stages of the disease, as compared to healthy patients, and to verify the factors associated with VO2peak in patients with Chagas disease.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Referral Outpatient Center for Chagas Disease and at a Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Laboratory, Brazil, between June 2013 and June 2018. All the patients voluntarily gave their written informed consent prior to participating in this study. The research was carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> and was approved by the institutional ethics committee.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>The sample was comprised of healthy subjects and patients with a wide spectrum of Chagas disease. The post hoc sample size calculations were performed using the software GPower, version 3.1. Considering that 125 subjects with Chagas disease were evaluated for convenience, an alpha error of 5% and 4 predictors, a statistical power of 95% was obtained. The criteria for inclusion in the Chagas disease group were the presence of two or more positive serological tests for <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> . The healthy sample consisted of subjects without significant clinical changes or systemic diseases.</p>
          <p>The Chagasic group was stratified according to the clinical presentation (indeterminate form, ChC with preserved cardiac function or dilated ChC). Patients in the indeterminate form should present an absence of significant clinical symptoms suggestive of functional impairment due to Chagas disease and a chest X-ray with a normal cardiac silhouette and conventional ECG within the normal limits. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>Criteria for inclusion for ChC were clinical, electrocardiographic, or echocardiographic findings compatible with ChC <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> and a stable clinical condition. Patients were included in the dilated ChC group when they demonstrated a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of lower than 52% (for men) or 54% (for women) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> and a left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVDd) of higher than 55mm. Exclusion criteria for all patients were the presence of systemic or heart disease by any other causes, associated comorbidities, and the inability to perform exercise testing.</p>
          <p>The overall study population underwent clinical evaluation, echocardiography, and a maximal exercise test. Echocardiography was performed according to recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> LVEF was obtained through the modified Simpson&#180;s rule. Early diastolic velocity (e&#8217;) at the medial border of the mitral annulus was obtained and the ratio between peak mitral E and e&#8217; (E/e&#8217; ratio) was calculated. All subjects performed a symptom-limited exercise test on a treadmill (Digistress Pulsar, Micromed, Brasilia, Brazil), using the standard Bruce protocol. Peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), which was estimated by a specific formula [VO2peak (mL/kg/min) = 2.33 (time in min) + 9.48], <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> was considered for functional evaluation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The normal distribution of data was assessed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Continuous variables were shown as mean and standard deviation (normal distribution) or median and interquartile range (non-normal distribution), while categorical variables were demonstrated as absolute number and percentage.</p>
          <p>Categorical variables were compared by the Chi-squared test. Differences among groups were verified by one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni corrections or the Kruskall Wallis test with Dunn&#8217;s multiple comparison test for post-hoc analyses, as appropriate. The determinants of VO2peak were verified by univariate and backward multivariate linear regression. The variables associated with VO2peak in the univariate analysis (p&lt;0.1) were included in the multivariate model. In the linear regression analysis, four assumptions were adopted: linearity, distribution of residuals, homoscedasticity, and the absence of multicollinearity. The linearity of the independent variables and residuals was checked by scatter plots and the distribution of residuals was analyzed by the histogram. The homoscedasticity was verified by the scatter plot and characterized by the residuals equally distributed in the regression line. The absence of multicollinearity was defined as the variance inflation factor (VIF) values below 10.0. Additionally, the auto-correlation of the variables was verified by the Durbin-Watson test and values between 1.5 and 2.5 show that there is no auto-correlation in the data. Statistical significance was set at 5%. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 160 individuals were selected and evaluated: 35 (22%) healthy individuals, 61 (38%) patients with Chagas disease in the indeterminate form, 45 (28%) with ChC and preserved cardiac function, and 19 (12%) with dilated ChC. Demographic, clinical, echocardiographic, and functional features of the sample are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref> , stratified by clinical presentation.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Demographic, clinical, echocardiographic, and functional characteristics of the evaluated sample stratified by clinical presentation (n=160)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="16%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Variables</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Healthy individuals (n=35)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" valign="middle">Patients with Chagas disease</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref> </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Indeterminate form (n=61)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">ChC and preserved cardiac function (n=45)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Dilated ChC (n=19)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">47.0 (36.7-52.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">43.5 (38.0-51.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">52.0 (43.7-61.5)<sup>a,b</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">52.5 (45.7-58.2)<sup>a,b</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Male sex (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">21 (60)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28 (46)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">16 (35)<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (63)<sup>c</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.083</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">25.9 (23.8-29.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">25.9 (23.6-29.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">26.8 (23.5-29.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">25.6 (22.2-30.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.875</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="6" valign="middle">NYHA functional class</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>0.035</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">I</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">35 (100)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">61 (100)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">32 (71)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (26)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">II</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13 (29)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (32)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">III</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (42)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">SBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">127.3&#177;14.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">120.0&#177;12.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">118.7&#177;19.8<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">102.3&#177;17.0<sup>a,b,c</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">DBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">86.3&#177;8.5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">84.1&#177;7.5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">74.2&#177;9.8<sup>a,b</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">66.5&#177;7.0<sup>a,b,c</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">HR (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">69.4&#177;7.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">72.2&#177;11.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">71.6&#177;18.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">64.8&#177;11.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.255</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">E/e&#8217; ratio</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5.1 (4.3 &#8211; 6.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5.7 (4.4 &#8211; 7.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8.5 (6.7 &#8211; 11.4)<sup>a,b</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9.7 (6.8 &#8211; 12.3)<sup>a,b</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">LVEF (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">70.0&#177;5.4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">68.1&#177;5.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">64.9&#177;7.1<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">38.8&#177;7.9<sup>a,b,c</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">LVDd (mm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">47.2&#177;5.5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">48.6&#177;4.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">48.7&#177;4.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">62.9&#177;10.6<sup>a,b,c</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>Data presented as mean and standard deviation (normal distribution). median and interquartile range (non-normal distribution) or number and percentage (categorical variables). BMI: body mass index; NYHA: New York Heart Association functional class; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HR: heart rate; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVDd: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; E/e&#8217; ratio: ratio of the early diastolic transmitral flow velocity to early diastolic mitral annular velocity.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p-value of the comparison among the four groups by One-way ANOVA. a. b. c represent a p-value &lt; 0.05 verified by Bonferroni post-hoc analyses when compared to: ahealthy subjects; bpatients with Chagas disease in the indeterminate form; cChagas cardiomyopathy with preserved cardiac function.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Differences between healthy subjects and patients in different clinical forms of Chagas disease</title>
          <p>In the comparison between healthy individuals and patients with Chagas disease in the indeterminate form, there was no significant difference in any variables. In contrast, patients with ChC and preserved cardiac function were predominantly female (p=0.025), older, with worse NYHA functional class, lower values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, lower functional capacity, higher E/e&#8217; ratio, and a lower LVEF (p&lt;0.001 for all), when compared to healthy individuals.</p>
          <p>Patients with dilated ChC were older, with a worse NYHA functional class, lower values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, lower functional capacity, higher E/e&#8217; ratio, lower LVEF, and higher LVDd (p&lt;0.001 for all), when compared to healthy individuals.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Demographic, clinical, echocardiographic, and functional differences among the clinical forms of Chagas disease</title>
          <p>Patients with Chagas disease in the indeterminate form were younger, showed better NYHA functional class, higher diastolic blood pressure, and a lower E/e&#8217; ratio (p&lt;0.001 for all), when compared to ChC and preserved cardiac function. Additionally, patients in the indeterminate form were younger, showed a better NYHA functional class, higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures, a lower E/e&#8217; ratio, a higher LVEF and a lower LVDd (p&lt;0.001 for all), when compared to patients with dilated ChC.</p>
          <p>Finally, patients with ChC and preserved cardiac function are predominantly female (p=0.040), when compared to dilated ChC, as well as with a better NYHA functional class, higher values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, a higher LVEF, and a lower LVDd (p&lt;0.001 for all).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Functional differences between healthy subjects and patients with Chagas disease, and among the clinical forms of Chagas disease</title>
          <p>The results of the functional capacity assessment are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref> . In the overall study population, significant differences were found among the groups (p&lt;0.001). Patients in the indeterminate form of Chagas disease presented a VO2peak that was similar to healthy patients. Patients with ChC and preserved cardiac function showed a significant reduction in functional capacity in relation to healthy participants and patients with Chagas disease in the indeterminate form (p&lt;0.001 for both), with a mean of difference of 15.7 mL.kg.min (95% CI 10.5 &#8211; 20.8) and 16.1 mL.kg.min (95% CI 11.6 &#8211; 20.6), respectively. Finally, patients with dilated ChC had a lower VO2peak when compared to healthy subjects and patients in the indeterminate form (p&lt;0.001 for both), and the mean differences were of 20.0 mL.kg.min (95% CI 13.3 &#8211; 26.6) and 20.3 mL.kg.min (95% CI 14.2 &#8211; 26.5), respectively. No difference was found in VO2peak between patients with dilated ChC and with ChC and preserved cardiac function (p=0.467).</p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) in healthy individuals and in patients with Chagas disease with different clinical forms.<sup>a</sup>: p&lt;0.001 compared to healthy individuals;<sup>b</sup>: p&lt;0.001 compared to the indeterminate form of Chagas disease.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-0934-00462-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Determinants of VO2peak in patients with Chagas disease</title>
          <p>In the univariate analysis, age, male sex, NYHA functional class, diastolic blood pressure, E/e&#8217; ratio, LVEF, and LVDd were associated with the VO2peak. However, in the final multivariable model, only age, male sex, NYHA functional class, and LVEF remained as determinants of the VO2peak, with an adjusted R <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> of 0.60 ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Factors associated with the VO2peak in the uni and multivariate analysis of the Chagasic population (n=125)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="11%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Variables</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="4" valign="middle">Univariate analysis</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="4" valign="middle">Multivariate analysis <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref> </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">B-coefficient</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">95% CI</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">r</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p-valor</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">B-coefficient</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">95% CI</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Collinearity statistics (VIF values)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Constant</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">29.5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">13.5 to 46.4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.6</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.8 a -0.5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.5 to -0.2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <bold>0.038</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <bold>1.13</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Male sex</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">10.9</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">7.5 a 14.3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">9.6</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">6.3 to 13.4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <bold>1.18</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.7 to -0.1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.209</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <bold>-</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">NYHA class</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-11.8</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-14.9 a -8.6</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-4.2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-8.3 to -0.1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <bold>0.041</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <bold>1.92</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">SBP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.1 to 0.1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.352</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">DBP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.2 a 0.5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">HR (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.1 a 0.1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.982</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <bold>-</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">E/e&#8217; ratio</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-1.5 a 0.7</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">LVEF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.3 a 0.6</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.2 a 0.5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <bold>1.99</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">LVDd (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.6 to -0.1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">
                    <bold>0.003</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <p>r: correlation coefficient; LV: left ventricular; BMI: body mass index; NYHA: New York Heart Association functional class; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HR: heart rate; bpm - beats per minute; E/e&#8217; ratio: ratio of the early diastolic transmitral flow velocity to early diastolic mitral annular velocity; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVDd: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; VIF: variance inflation factor.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>The R2 value for the final multivariate model was 0.60.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>In the visual analysis of the linear regression assumptions, the linearity of the independent variables, the normal distribution and the homoscedasticity of the residuals were verified. The Durbin-Watson test demonstrated the absence of auto-correlation in the data (d = 1.6). In addition, VIF values highlight the absence of multicollinearity ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Patients with Chagas disease usually evolve with progressive fatigue and dyspnea, and exercise intolerance is a common clinical finding in this population. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> However, the stage of the disease at which functional impairment is detectable remains unclear. The main findings of the present study were: (1) Chagas disease patients in the indeterminate form had similar functional capacity to healthy patients; (2) the VO2peak in patients with ChC was significantly lower than in patients in the indeterminate form; and (3) the LVEF, together with age, male sex, and NYHA functional class, explains 60% of the variations in functional capacity. The present study suggests that, even without significant myocardial damage, patients with ChC and preserved cardiac function have functional impairment. These findings are useful in understanding the impact of the disease in the functional capacity and risk stratification of the patient, and demonstrate the importance of periodic functional assessment in this population, as well as assist in identifying patients who need supervised exercise training.</p>
        <p>Patients in the indeterminate form of Chagas disease are known to be asymptomatic and have a good medium-term prognosis. However, studies have shown that more accurate examinations, such as exercise testing, are able to detect changes in this population when compared to healthy individuals. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> Costa et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> reported the higher prevalence of exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias and vagal dysfunction by respiratory sinus arrhythmias in indeterminate patients versus healthy subjects. However, the authors found no difference in functional capacity (p&gt;0.05). During exercise testing, Rocha et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> demonstrated an increased prevalence of exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias and chronotropic incompetence in patients with Chagas disease without heart disease, as compared to healthy subjects, with no difference in the functional capacity (p&gt;0.05). Similarly, the present study also found no difference in functional capacity between the two groups. It is believed that subclinical changes may be present in patients in the indeterminate form of Chagas disease but without changes in exercise capacity.</p>
        <p>On the other hand, patients in the cardiac form of the disease, both with preserved cardiac function and with ventricular dysfunction, showed a reduction in the systolic function, diastolic function, and functional capacity in relation to patients in the indeterminate form of Chagas disease and healthy individuals. Many studies have failed to determine the stage of the disease at which functional impairment is detectable. A previous study has shown that the reduction of functional capacity occurs in the early stages of heart disease. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Another study demonstrated that functional impairment is detectable in patients with Chagas disease only in the presence of advanced cardiomyopathy. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> Recently, a systematic review with meta-analysis <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> reported that functional impairment occurs in ChC, even in patients with preserved ventricular function. However, this review included few studies and the results should be interpreted with caution. Few studies have included the main forms of Chagas disease in a single manuscript. Moreover, our results are consistent with the systematic review, showing that patients with ChC and preserved cardiac function presented lower a VO2peak and LVEF values than healthy individuals and patients with Chagas disease in the indeterminate form, even with values within normal limits. Dilated ChC showed lower VO2peak than healthy individuals and all other forms of Chagas disease.</p>
        <p>In addition, our results showed a reduction in the diastolic function in patients with ChC and preserved cardiac function when compared to the indeterminate and healthy groups, which could lead to a reduction in VO2peak. In fact, the E/e&#8217; ratio was associated with the VO2peak in the univariate analysis; however, it did not remain in the final multivariate model. Thus, it seems that the diastolic function, although reduced in the group with ChC and preserved cardiac function, is not a determinant of functional capacity in patients with Chagas disease.</p>
        <p>The present study also demonstrated the factors associated with functional capacity in patients with Chagas disease. The LVEF is a determinant of functional capacity, and together with age, male sex, and NYHA functional class, it explains 60% of variations in the VO2peak. Age and sex are well-established predictors of functional capacity in the general population. There is an inverse relationship between age and exercise capacity, just as women tend to have a lower VO2peak than men. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> In fact, muscle mass and strength can be reduced by 30% to 50% between 30 and 80 years of age by the loss of muscle fibers and atrophy of the type II muscle fiber. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> Regarding sex, women have smaller left ventricular chambers and lower stroke volumes, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> lower diastolic compliance, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> greater prevalence of obesity, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> and less lean mass than men, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> which would explain the lower exercise capacity.</p>
        <p>Regarding LVEF, many studies failed to demonstrate an association between LVEF and functional capacity, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> reporting that other factors, such as right ventricular function and left atrium, are more related to exercise than LVEF. However, another study has found significant differences in patients with ChC and preserved LVEF and ventricular dysfunction, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref> since both the VO2peak and LVEF tend to decrease with disease progression. It is believed that the reduction in LVEF leads to poor skeletal muscle perfusion during exercise, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> causing fatigue and dyspnea, and contributing to exercise intolerance. However, further studies are needed to confirm the hypothesis.</p>
        <p>The present study has limitations and strengths. One limitation of this study was the performance of the stress test using conventional maximal exercise testing, without gas analysis. The indirect assessment of the VO2peak has been established to be correlated with the direct measurement, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref> while other authors have reported a considerable discrepancy between the estimated and evaluated VO2peak values. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref> Despite the conflicting results, it is emphasized that the endemic areas in Chagas disease generally have few technological resources and, according to a recent systematic review, 77% of the studies that aimed to verify the functional capacity in this population used the indirect measure of the VO2peak without gas analysis. Therefore, we believe that the use of the estimated VO2peak for functional assessment is a limitation, but it does not invalidate the results, especially considering the setting of Chagas disease. In addition, our sample consisted of patients followed up by a referral center for the treatment of parasitic diseases, and they are regularly evaluated and are undergoing optimized therapy. Despite the importance of the findings of this neglected population, the results may not reflect the functional capacity of all patients with Chagas disease, especially those in an endemic area. Moreover, the intra and interobserver analysis in the assessment of functional capacity was not verified. However, all tests were performed by only two experienced cardiologists, certified by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology, which possibly reduced the bias and may not have changed the results of the functional assessment. Finally, the present study included only one parameter of diastolic function (E/e&#8217; ratio), which is necessary to verify whether other diastolic function variables are associated with the functional capacity of this population. As a strength, the present study was the first that demonstrated the LVEF as a determinant of functional capacity. Furthermore, the significant reduction in the VO2peak in patients with ChC,a s compared to those in the indeterminate form, suggests that patients with ChC, regardless of cardiac function, should undergo supervised exercise training to prevent severe functional impairment.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Patients with ChC, even with preserved ventricular function, presented a lower functional capacity than did patients in the indeterminate form. In patients with Chagas disease, LVEF, age, male sex, and NYHA functional class are determinants of functional capacity.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM) under the protocol number CAAE 16379719.5.0000.5108. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
