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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">cBQrg5VQhQDywBPSV9hhjvB</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021005012202</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001300924</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200600</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200600</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Desempenho do Eletrocardiograma no Diagn&#243;stico da Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda em Hipertensos Idosos e Muito Idosos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9774-4406</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Povoa</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Focaccia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Luna</surname>
            <given-names>Braulio</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6746-8327</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bianco</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Tria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amodeo</surname>
            <given-names>Celso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Povoa</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9603-6072</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bombig</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Teresa Nogueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1582-7268</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Dischinger</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fischer</surname>
            <given-names>Simone Matheus</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Izar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9911-4598</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco A. H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil.</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Henrique Tria Bianco &#8226;</bold> Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina - Rua Loefgren, 1350. CEP <postal-code>04040-001</postal-code> , S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>henriquetria@uol.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Povoa FF, Povoa R, Miranda RD, Fonseca FAH; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Povoa FF, Povoa R, Fonseca FAH; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Povoa FF, Bianco HT, Amodeo C, Povoa R, Bombig MTN, Fonseca FAH; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Luna Filho B, Bianco HT; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Povoa FF, Bianco HT, Povoa R, Fischer SM, Izar MCO, Fonseca FAH; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Povoa FF, Luna Filho B, Bianco HT, Amodeo C, Povoa R, Bombig MTN, Izar MCO, Fonseca FAH.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>924</fpage>
      <lpage>931</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) &#233; um importante fator de risco cardiovascular, independente da hipertens&#227;o arterial. Apesar da evolu&#231;&#227;o dos exames de imagem, o eletrocardiograma (ECG) ainda &#233; o mais utilizado na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial, por&#233;m, com baixa sensibilidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar o desempenho dos principais crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos para HVE em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos idosos e muito idosos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Em coorte de hipertensos foram realizados ECGs e EcoDopplercardiogramas (ECO), e separados em tr&#234;s grupos et&#225;rios: &lt;60 anos, Grupo I; 60-79 anos Grupo II; e &#8805;80 anos, Grupo III. Os crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos mais utilizados foram aplicados para o diagn&#243;stico da HVE: Per&#250;gia; Peguero-Lo Presti; Gubner-Ungerleider; Narita; (Rm+Sm) x dura&#231;&#227;o; Cornell voltagem; Cornell voltagem dura&#231;&#227;o; Sokolow-Lyon voltagem; R de aVL &#8805;11 mm; RaVL dura&#231;&#227;o. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o do desempenho desses crit&#233;rios, al&#233;m da sensibilidade (Sen) e especificidade (Esp), foram analisadas as &#8220;Odds Ratios diagn&#243;stico&#8221; (DOR). Consideramos p-valor &lt;0,05 para as an&#225;lises, com testes bi-caudais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Em 2.458 pacientes, a HVE estava presente pelo ECO em 781 (31,7%). Nos Grupos I e II, os melhores desempenhos foram para os crit&#233;rios de Narita, Per&#250;gia, (Rm+Sm) x dura&#231;&#227;o, sem diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas entre eles. No Grupo III (muito idosos) os crit&#233;rios de Per&#250;gia e (Rm+Sm) x dura&#231;&#227;o tiveram os melhores desempenhos: Per&#250;gia [44,7/89,3; (Sen/Esp)] e (Rm+Sm) dura&#231;&#227;o [39,4%/91,3%; (Sen/Esp), p&lt;0,05)], com os melhores resultados de DOR:6,8. Isto sugere que nessa popula&#231;&#227;o de muito idosos esses crit&#233;rios t&#234;m maior poder discriminat&#243;rio para separar pacientes com HVE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Nos hipertensos muito idosos os crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos de Per&#250;gia e (Rm+Sm) x dura&#231;&#227;o apresentaram os melhores desempenhos diagn&#243;sticos para HVE.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Idoso</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertrofia Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Acidente Vascular Cerebral</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="33"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) &#233; um importante preditor de eventos cardiovasculares. Quando diagnosticada pelo eletrocardiograma (ECG), associa-se com aumento do risco de eventos como acidente vascular cerebral, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, morte s&#250;bita e insufici&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica. Tais desfechos independem, inclusive, da presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Nesse cen&#225;rio, o ECG &#233; uma ferramenta de baixo custo econ&#244;mico amplamente utilizada, apesar da baixa sensibilidade (Sen) diagn&#243;stica para HVE. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Diversos crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos para HVE j&#225; foram publicados, com diferentes Sens e especificidades (Esps). Todavia, poucos s&#227;o utilizados na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Isso decorre, em geral, da baixa precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica desses crit&#233;rios quando aplicados em popula&#231;&#227;o com diferentes manifesta&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares e caracter&#237;sticas epidemiol&#243;gicas pr&#243;prias, tais como idade, ra&#231;a, antecedentes patol&#243;gicos, etc. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Esses crit&#233;rios apresentam boa Esp, mas baixa Sen. Al&#233;m disso, a Sen apresenta amplas varia&#231;&#245;es, dependendo da popula&#231;&#227;o e das doen&#231;as que desencadearam a hipertrofia ventricular. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Com o envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o, cresce em import&#226;ncia o conhecimento sobre as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, e a HAS desponta com maior preval&#234;ncia. Nesse sentido, o ECG tem papel fundamental n&#227;o apenas no diagn&#243;stico, mas tamb&#233;m na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de indiv&#237;duos idosos, propiciando identificar situa&#231;&#245;es que ainda n&#227;o tiveram express&#227;o cl&#237;nica. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Em pacientes idosos (&#8805; 60 e &lt; 80 anos) e muito idosos (&#8805; 80 anos), s&#227;o escassos os estudos em hipertensos em que o ECG foi testado em precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica para HVE. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Por conseguinte, o objetivo deste estudo &#233; avaliar o desempenho dos principais crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos no diagn&#243;stico da HVE em amostra ambulatorial de pacientes hipertensos idosos e muito idosos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Foram analisados 2458 ECGs e ecocardiogramas (ECOs) de pacientes hipertensos em tratamento e acompanhamento no Setor de Cardiopatia Hipertensiva da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, no per&#237;odo entre 2006 a 2019. Todos os pacientes faziam uso regular de medica&#231;&#245;es anti-hipertensivas. Foram exclu&#237;dos indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a orovalvar, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana aguda ou cr&#244;nica, dist&#250;rbios de ritmo card&#237;aco, bloqueios de ramo do feixe de His, s&#237;ndrome de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o, dist&#250;rbios eletrol&#237;ticos ou altera&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica que pudessem interferir na an&#225;lise, conforme fluxograma ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref> ). Os pacientes foram classificados em tr&#234;s faixas et&#225;rias: Grupo I, idade &lt; 60 anos; Grupo II, idoso (60-79 anos) e Grupo III, muito idoso (&#8805; 80 anos). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> </p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Fluxograma da coorte estudada. ECG: eletrocardiograma.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-0924-00600-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo- Escola Paulista de Medicina (CAAE: 29732020.6.0000.5505).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>ECG</title>
        <p>O ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es em repouso foi realizado com o paciente em posi&#231;&#227;o supina, na velocidade padr&#227;o de 25 mm/s e calibra&#231;&#227;o padronizada para 1,0 mv/cm (aparelho Dixtal EP3<sup>&#174;</sup> e Cardiocare 2000 Bionet<sup>&#174;</sup>). O tra&#231;ado foi analisado com paqu&#237;metro devidamente calibrado e lupa de alta precis&#227;o, permitindo aumento de aproximadamente cinco vezes, para maior precis&#227;o da an&#225;lise. Essas an&#225;lises foram realizadas por um observador, cardiologista experiente, que desconhecia as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e epidemiol&#243;gicas dos pacientes. Foram aferidas as seguintes vari&#225;veis: o eixo e dura&#231;&#227;o dos complexos QRS, a dist&#226;ncia entre as ondas R (intervalo R-R), intervalo QT, amplitudes da onda R em D<sub>I</sub>, aVL, V<sub>5</sub> e V<sub>6</sub>, as amplitudes da onda S em V<sub>1</sub>, V<sub>2</sub>, V<sub>3</sub> e V<sub>4</sub>, padr&#227;o <italic>strain</italic> em V<sub>5</sub> e V<sub>6</sub>, al&#233;m da maior amplitude das ondas R e S nas deriva&#231;&#245;es do plano horizontal. Esses dados foram alocados em uma planilha de Excel<sup>&#174;</sup>, dedicada para a respectiva an&#225;lise.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise de reprodutibilidade das medidas e da aplica&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos foi realizada por dois cardiologistas do Setor de Cardiopatia Hipertensiva, que interpretaram de forma independente 100 tra&#231;ados de ECG retirados aleatoriamente da amostra. Esses tra&#231;ados foram selecionados por meio de lista gerada por <italic>software</italic> dedicado, em que os quatro primeiros d&#237;gitos eram associados ao registro dos pacientes no banco de dados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Descritores de HVE avaliados:</title>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>(Rm&#225;x + Sm&#225;x) x dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS: somat&#243;ria da maior amplitude da onda S com a maior amplitude da onda R no plano horizontal (em mm), multiplicando-se o total pela dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS (em segundos). Estabelece-se o diagn&#243;stico de HVE se o resultado for &#8805; 2,8 mm.s. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> </p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Crit&#233;rio de Sokolow-Lyon voltagem: SV<sub>1</sub> + RV<sub>5</sub> ou V<sub>6</sub> &#8805; 30 mm e &#8805; 35 mm. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> </p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Crit&#233;rio de Cornell voltagem: RaVL + SV<sub>3</sub> &#8805; 20 mm para mulheres e &#8805; 28 mm para homens. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> </p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Crit&#233;rio de Cornell dura&#231;&#227;o: (RaVL + SV<sub>3</sub>).dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS. Para mulheres adicionar 8 mm &#8805; 2440 mm.ms. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> </p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Escore de pontos de Romhilt-Estes: amplitude de R ou S &#8805; 30 mm no plano horizontal ou &#8805; 20 mm no plano frontal, padr&#227;o <italic>strain</italic> em V<sub>5</sub> ou V<sub>6</sub> (se em uso de digital vale apenas um ponto) e crescimento do &#225;trio esquerdo pelo &#237;ndice de Morris &#8211; esses dados individualmente somam tr&#234;s pontos; eixo el&#233;trico de &#194;QRS acima de menos 30 graus soma dois pontos; dura&#231;&#227;o de QRS &#8805; 90 ms em V<sub>5</sub> ou V<sub>6</sub> ou tempo de ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular &#8805; 50 ms em V<sub>5</sub> ou V<sub>6</sub> somam um ponto. Por esse escore, a HVE &#233; diagnosticada quando a soma dos pontos &#233; &#8805; 5. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> </p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Onda R de aVL &#8805; 11 mm. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> </p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Escore de Per&#250;gia: HVE &#233; diagnosticada pela presen&#231;a de um ou mais dos seguintes achados: crit&#233;rio de Cornell, considerando o limite para mulheres &#8805; 20 mm e para homens &#8805; 24 mm, escore de Romhilt-Estes e padr&#227;o <italic>strain</italic> . <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> </p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Crit&#233;rio de Peguero-Lo Presti: maior S em qualquer deriva&#231;&#227;o + SV<sub>4</sub>. Se o resultado for &#8805; 2,8 mV em homens e &#8805; 2,3 mV em mulheres, estabelece-se o diagn&#243;stico de HVE. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> </p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Crit&#233;rio de Narita: onda R de D<sub>1</sub> + onda S de V<sub>4</sub>, se &#8805; 1.6 mV em homem e &#8805; 1.4 mV em mulheres. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> </p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Escore de Gubner-Ungerleider: RD<sub>1</sub> +SV<sub>3</sub> &gt; 25 mm. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> </p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>RaVL produto: RaVL x dura&#231;&#227;o QRS &#8805; 1030 mm.ms. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> </p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Rela&#231;&#227;o V<sub>6</sub>/V<sub>5</sub> &gt; 1. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> </p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ecodopplercardiograma transtor&#225;cico</title>
        <p>Todos os exames foram realizados no Setor de Ecodopplercardiografia do Hospital S&#227;o Paulo/Unifesp com aparelhos ATL<sup>&#174;</sup> 1500, USA, de acordo com protocolos e diretrizes especializadas, sendo executados por profissionais qualificados e com mais de 15 anos de experi&#234;ncia. O paciente era posicionado em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo, com imagens obtidas a partir das janelas estudadas (paraesternal longitudinal eixo longo, paraesternal longitudinal eixo curto, quatro c&#226;meras, duas c&#226;meras e modo M) simultaneamente ao registro do ECG. As seguintes medidas foram estudadas, de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Conven&#231;&#227;o de Penn: tamanho do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) em s&#237;stole e di&#225;stole, espessura do septo interventricular e da parede posterior do VE no final da di&#225;stole, volumes diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico finais. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> A massa do VE foi indexada para a superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea para ajuste das diferen&#231;as do tamanho do cora&#231;&#227;o, a depender de cada paciente.</p>
        <p>A massa do VE para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a de HVE foi calculada pelo Eco-Dopplercardiograma, conforme as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography/European Association of Echocardiograph</italic> , de 2015, considerando HVE quando o &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (IMVE) for &#8805; 96 g/m<sup>2</sup> para a popula&#231;&#227;o feminina e &#8805; 116 g/m<sup>2</sup> para a popula&#231;&#227;o masculina. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas em m&#233;dia (DP). Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas apresentadas em percentagens. Para an&#225;lise do desempenho dos crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos na HVE, foram utilizadas as medidas de Sen e Esp com os respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%), al&#233;m da raz&#227;o de chance diagn&#243;stioca ( <italic>diagnostic odds ratio</italic> , DOR), que expressa a efic&#225;cia global de uma medida sem sofrer influ&#234;ncia da preval&#234;ncia, como ocorre com o valor preditivo positivo e negativo. Constru&#237;mos tamb&#233;m as curvas <italic>receiver operating characteristic</italic> (ROC) para os tr&#234;s grupos (GI, GII, GIII), considerando os crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos que tiveram os melhores desempenhos. A DOR tamb&#233;m &#233; uma medida de precis&#227;o, usada para estimar o poder discriminativo e comparar a precis&#227;o entre os testes. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>A reprodutibilidade interobservador foi avaliada pelo m&#233;todo de Kappa. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> Nesse teste, admite-se que valores acima de 0,75 sejam considerados excelentes; entre 0,40 e 0,75; como boa concord&#226;ncia; e abaixo de 0,40, como de pobre concord&#226;ncia. Para a verifica&#231;&#227;o de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, foi aplicado o teste de McNemar. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> Este teste foi aplicado para avaliar as diferen&#231;as estat&#237;stica entre os resultados dos crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos para a HVE em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s Sens e Esps.Considerou-se estatisticamente significante quando o p obtido era &lt;0,05. Todas as an&#225;lises foram executadas em programa SPSS<sup>&#174;</sup> (vers&#227;o 17.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Dos 2.458 participantes, 753 eram homens (30,6%) e 1.705 mulheres (69,4%). Desse total, 1.270 pacientes (51,6%) constitu&#237;ram o Grupo I (&lt;60 anos); 1103 (44,8%) o Grupo II (faixa et&#225;ria entre 60 a 79 anos); e 85 (3,5%) o Grupo III (idade igual ou superior a 80 anos). A presen&#231;a de HVE no ECO ocorreu em 345 (27,1%) no Grupo I; 398 (36,0%) no Grupo II (idosos) e em 38 (44,7%) no Grupo III (muito idosos), como mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> .</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada conforme faixa et&#225;ria, g&#234;nero, idade e presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de HVE pelo ecocardiograma</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="24%">
            <col width="1%"/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Faixa et&#225;ria</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">&lt;60 anos</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">60-79 anos</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">&#8805;80 anos</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">N total: (2458)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1270</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1103</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">85</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="5" valign="middle">
                <bold>Sexo, n (%)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Feminino</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">908 (71,5%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">738 (66,9%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">59 (69,4%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Masculino</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">362 (28,5%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">365 (33,1%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">26 (30,5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Idade (anos), m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">50,1 (7,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">67 (5,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">84 (3,9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Peso (kg), m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">74,4 (16,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">70,5 (12,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">64,8 (12,8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Altura (m), m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,61 (0,09)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,60 (0,07)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,59 (0,09)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">IMC, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">28,58 (5,61)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">27,53 (4,63)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">25,65 (4,51)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">SC (m<sup>2</sup>), m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,75 (0,21)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,70 (0,18)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,63 (0,18)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="5" valign="middle">
                <bold>Cavidades do VE (cm), m&#233;dia (DP)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Septo IV</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,98 (0,17)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,00 (0,17)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,02 (0,15)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Parede posterior</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,95 (0,16)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,96 (0,15)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,96 (0,13)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,78 (0,52)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,79 (0,57)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,80 (0,65)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Sem HVE no ECO</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">924</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">705</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">47</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">HVE no ECO, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">345 (27,1%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">398 (36,0%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">38 (44,7%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">IMVE (g/m<sup>2</sup>), m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">93,03 (28,79)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">98,33 (27,65)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">102,70 (32,74)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; SC: superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; Septo IV: septo interventricular; HVE: hipertrofia ventricular wesquerda; ECO: Ecocardiograma; IMVE: &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Nota: os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia (DP).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> encontram-se descritas a Sen e a Esp dos crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos para HVE e os respectivos IC95%s. As DORs dos crit&#233;rios avaliados est&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> . Observou-se nos pacientes do Grupo I e II desempenhos similares para os crit&#233;rios de Narita, Per&#250;gia e (Rm&#225;x+Sm&#225;x) x dura&#231;&#227;o, que despontaram com os melhores resultados. J&#225; o Grupo III, com pacientes muito idosos, tiveram melhor desempenho apenas os crit&#233;rios de Perugia (Sen 44,7% e Esp de 89,3%) e (Rm&#225;x+Sm&#225;x) x dura&#231;&#227;o (Sen 39,4% e Esp 91,3%). As DORs desses crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos tamb&#233;m apresentaram maior resultado (DOR =6,8), demonstrando melhor efic&#225;cia para detectar ou excluir a HVE ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;stica da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada conforme a faixa et&#225;ria, g&#234;nero, idade e presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de HVE pelo ecocardiograma</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="14%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Crit&#233;rios de HVE</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">GI (&lt;60 anos)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">GII (60-79 anos)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">GIII (&#8805;80 anos)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Sensibilidade</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Especificidade</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Sensibilidade</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Especificidade</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Sensibilidade</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Especificidade</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">(IC95%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">(IC95%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">(IC95%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">(IC95%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">(IC95%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">(IC95%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Per&#250;gia</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">32,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">91,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">35,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">88,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">44,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">89,3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(27,3-37,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(89,8-93,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(31,1-40,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(85,9-90,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(30,1-60,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(77,4-95,3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>(Rm&#225;x+Sm&#225;x) x dura&#231;&#227;o</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">33,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">88,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">32,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">88,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">39,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">91,3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(29,0-38,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(86,7-90,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(28,0-37,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(86,4-91,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(25,6-55,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(79,6-96,5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Peguero-Lo Presti</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">20,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">96,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">17,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">96,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">34,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">89,3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(16,3-24,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(95,2-97,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(14,3-21,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(95,1-97,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(21,2-50,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(77,4-95,3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Narita</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">39,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">89,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">38,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">87,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">26,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">91,4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(34,5-44,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(87,2-91,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(33,5-43,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(84,8-89,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(14,9-42,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(80,0-96,6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Romhilt-Estes</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">16,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">96,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">14,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">95</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">21</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">93,6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(12,6-20,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(95,0-97,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(11,4-18,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(93,1-96,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(11,0-36,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(82,8-97,8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Cornell voltagem: [&#8805;28 mm (h); &#8805;20mm (m)]</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">18,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">97,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">17,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">90,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">21</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">91,4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(14,5-22,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(95,9-98,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(13,9-21,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(88,3-92,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(11,0-36,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(80,0-96,6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Sokolow-Lyon voltagem (&#8805;30 mm)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">23,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">92,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">20,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">92,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">21</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">93,6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(19,5-28,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(90,1-93,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(17,1-25,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(90,4-94,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(11,0-36,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(82,8-97,8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Sokolow-Lyon voltagem (&#8805;35 mm)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">14,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">97,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">12</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">97,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">15,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">97,8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(11,3-18,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(95,9-98,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(9,2-15,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(95,6-98,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(7,4-30,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(88,8-99,6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Cornell Voltagem dura&#231;&#227;o (&#8805;2440 mm.ms)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">20,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">96,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">20,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">95,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">21</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">91,4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(16,6-25,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(94,6-97,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(16,4-24,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(93,5-96,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(11,0-36,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(80,0-96,6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Gubner-Ungerleider (&#8805;25 mV)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">18,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">97,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">16</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">97</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">15,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">93,6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(14,7-22,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(96,0-98,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(12,8-20,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(95,4-98,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(7,4-30,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(82,8-97,8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>RaVL (&#8805;11 mm)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">11,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">96,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">12,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">95,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">15,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">93,6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(8,8-15,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(95,2-97,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(9,4-15,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(94,1-97,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(7,4-30,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(82,8-97,8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>V<sub>6</sub>/V<sub>5</sub> (&gt;1)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">15,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">88,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">14</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">90</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">13,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">87,2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(11,9-19,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(86,9-90,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(11,0-17,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(87,6-92,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(5,7-27,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(74,8-94,0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>RaVL x dura&#231;&#227;o</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">98,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">11,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">97,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">97,8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(6,3-12,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(97,2-98,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(9,0-15,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(96,1-98,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(2,7-20,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">(88,8-99,6)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>HVE: hipertrofia ventricular esquerda. Nota: Os valores de sensibilidade e especificidade s&#227;o expressos com seus respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%), com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo estat&#237;stico de McNemar.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>DOR dos crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos descritores de HVE conforme a faixa et&#225;ria</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Crit&#233;rios de HVE</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">GI (&lt;60 anos)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">GII (60-79 anos)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">GIII (&#8805;80 anos)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Perugia</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5,2 (3,8-7,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,2 (3,1-5,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6,8 (2,2-20,9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>(Rm&#225;x + Sm&#225;x) produto</bold> &#8805;2,8 mm.s</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,1 (3,0-5,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,8 (2,8-5,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6,8 (2,0-23,0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Peguero-Lo Presti</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7,3 (4,6-11,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6,4 (3,9-10,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,3 (1,3-13,7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Narita</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5,5 (4,0-7,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,3 (3,2-5,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,8 (1,09-13,4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Romhilt-Estes</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5,2 (3,3-8,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,2 (2,1-5,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,9 (0,9-15,9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Cornell Voltagem:</bold> &#8805;28 mm (h);&#8805;20 mm (m)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7,6 (4,7-12,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,0 (1,4-2,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,8 (0,7-10,3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Sokolow-Lyon voltagem</bold> &#8805;30 mm</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,6 (2,5-5,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,3 (2,2-4,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,9 (0,95-15,9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Sokolow-Lyon voltagem</bold> &#8805;35 mm</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5,9 (3,6-9,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,6 (2,7-8,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8,6 (0,99-75,12)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Cornell Voltagem dura&#231;&#227;o</bold> &#8805;2440 mm.ms</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6,3 (4,1-9,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5,1 (3,3-7,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,8 (0,7-10,3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Gubner-Ungerleider</bold> &#8805;25 mV</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8,1 (5,0-13,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6,2 (3,7-10,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,7 (0,6-11,8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>RaVL</bold> &#8805;11 mm</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,8 (2,3-6,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,2 (2,0-5,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,9 (0,3-12,1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>V<sub>6</sub>/V<sub>5</sub></bold> &gt;1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,3 (0,9-1,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,4 (1,0-2,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,03 (0,29-3,6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>RaVL.dur QRS</bold> &gt;103 mm.ms</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5,5 (3,0-10,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5,4 (3,0-9,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,9 (0,39-39,5)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>Nota: Dados expressos como a DOR e respectivo intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%). HVE: hipertrofia ventricular esquerda; DOR: raz&#227;o de chance diagn&#243;stica (diagnostic odds ratio).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o da reprodutibilidade na an&#225;lise eletrocardiogr&#225;fica, o n&#237;vel de concord&#226;ncia entre os dois observadores foi de 0,82 e 0,94 (&#237;ndice de kappa), considerados excelentes. O primeiro valor corresponde &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS e o &#250;ltimo &#224; concord&#226;ncia dos crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos. Foram constru&#237;das curvas ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic), para os tr&#234;s grupos estudados ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref> ).</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Curvas ROC dos grupos estudados. Grupo I (idade &lt;60 anos); b) Grupo II (idade 60 a 79 anos); c) Grupo III (idade &#8805;80 anos). ROC: Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves; AUC: &#225;rea sob a curva.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-0924-00600-gf02.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A HVE &#233; um importante fator de risco cardiovascular independente de outras manifesta&#231;&#245;es ou comorbidades. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> Consequentemente, sua detec&#231;&#227;o por m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos de baixo custo e f&#225;cil acesso &#233; extremamente relevante. Em pacientes hipertensos, a HVE &#233; uma das manifesta&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;-cl&#237;nicas mais frequentes de les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;o alvo cuja identifica&#231;&#227;o leva &#224; mudan&#231;a na estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco e maior agressividade no tratamento. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> Por sua vez, o ECG &#233; um exame de baixo custo que, embora apresente baixa Sen, tem alta Esp e reprodutibilidade, e por isso &#233; amplamente utilizado. Sofre, entretanto, influ&#234;ncia de diversos fatores, como obesidade, tabagismo, g&#234;nero e, principalmente, idade. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>A melhor avalia&#231;&#227;o da massa ventricular &#233; feita pela resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica; por&#233;m, o custo econ&#244;mico torna impratic&#225;vel o emprego rotineiro na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes hipertensos. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> Nesse sentido, o ECO &#233; utilizado como padr&#227;o ouro na avalia&#231;&#227;o da massa ventricular esquerda com alto grau de correla&#231;&#227;o e excelente reprodutibilidade intra e inter observador. No presente estudo, a refer&#234;ncia para o diagn&#243;stico de HVE foi o ECO-transtor&#225;cico. Foi aplicada a f&#243;rmula de Devereux-modificada para o c&#225;lculo da massa do VE, que apresenta boa correla&#231;&#227;o com a massa real do cora&#231;&#227;o (r = 0,90; p &lt; 0,001). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o de idosos e muito idosos cresce cada vez mais no mundo. J&#225; foi reconhecido que o controle dos fatores de risco, altamente prevalente nessa faixa et&#225;ria, aumenta a expectativa de vida dessa popula&#231;&#227;o. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> Por outro lado, sabe-se que a idade &#233; um dos fatores que interfere na Sen do ECG na detec&#231;&#227;o da HVE. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref> Com o objetivo de identificar os melhores crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos para o diagn&#243;stico a presen&#231;a de HVE em indiv&#237;duos idosos, cen&#225;rio cada vez mais frequente nos consult&#243;rios e ambulat&#243;rios, avaliamos os principais &#237;ndices eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos descritos na literatura e que foram utilizados em estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos.</p>
      <p>Em nossa coorte, o crit&#233;rio de Per&#250;gia foi o que teve a maior Sen (44,7 %) nos pacientes muito idosos e idosos (35,6%), sem perda significante da Esp. Esse crit&#233;rio foi descrito por Schillaci et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> em 1994 e faz o diagn&#243;stico de HVE em pacientes hipertensos que apresentam no ECG pelo menos um entre os tr&#234;s par&#226;metros seguintes: padr&#227;o <italic>strain</italic> ; crit&#233;rio de Cornell voltagem modificado: SV<sub>3</sub> + RaVL &gt; 2,4mV no homem e 2,0 mV na mulher; ou escore de Romhilt-Estes &#8805; 5. Os autores relataram Sen de 34% e Esp de 93%, havendo uma melhora razo&#225;vel na Sen individual dos tr&#234;s crit&#233;rios e sem redu&#231;&#227;o da Esp. Embora abordem o desempenho do crit&#233;rio proposto em rela&#231;&#227;o ao g&#234;nero e grau da massa do VE, n&#227;o fazem alus&#227;o &#224; influ&#234;ncia da idade. Em nosso estudo, os pacientes com menos de 60 anos (Grupo I) apresentaram Sen e 32,2% e Esp de 91,7%, percentuais semelhantes aos relatados por Schillaci et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> e houve um aumento progressivo da Se nos idosos (Grupo II) e muito idosos (Grupo III).</p>
      <p>O crit&#233;rio que considerou a somat&#243;ria da maior amplitude da onda R com a maior onda S multiplicada pela dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS [(Rm&#225;x + Sm&#225;x) x dura&#231;&#227;o] tamb&#233;m apresentou boa Sen na popula&#231;&#227;o de muito idosos (39,4%) com Esp de 91,3%. Na publica&#231;&#227;o original, n&#227;o houve distin&#231;&#227;o de idade, e a Sen e a Esp foram de 35,2% e 88,7%, respectivamente. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Este crit&#233;rio, apesar de simples, teve resultado equivalente ao crit&#233;rio de Per&#250;gia, pois n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significante entre eles.</p>
      <p>Recentemente um novo crit&#233;rio eletrocardiogr&#225;fico para HVE foi proposto. Denominado como crit&#233;rio de Peguero-Lo Presti apresentava Sen de 62% e Esp de 90%. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> Em nosso estudo, com pacientes muito idosos, (Grupo III) encontramos Sen de 34,2% e Esp de 89,3%. J&#225; nos pacientes idosos (Grupo II), a Sen e Esp foram de 17,8% e 96,7%, respectivamente. Por fim, em 1270 pacientes com menos de 60 anos (Grupo I) a Sen foi de 20,2% e a Esp de 96,6%, resultados distintos dos relatados. Consideramos que as duas casu&#237;sticas s&#227;o diferentes; os pacientes da amostra de Peguero- Lo Presti eram formados com paciente mais graves e alta preval&#234;ncia de HVE (60%). Evidentemente que, em uma popula&#231;&#227;o com indiv&#237;duos mais graves, os testes diagn&#243;sticos tendem a ter maior Sen.</p>
      <p>Na nossa casu&#237;stica, a porcentagem de HVE nos grupos muito idoso, idoso e jovem foram respectivamente 44,7%, 36,0% e 27,1%. O crit&#233;rio de Narita, que considera a somat&#243;ria da R em D<sub>I</sub> com a amplitude da onda S em V<sub>4</sub>, apresentou boa Sen nos jovens e idosos (39,6% e 38,1%), respectivamente; entretanto, nos muito idosos a Sen foi de apenas 26,3%. Os crit&#233;rios de Romhilt-Estes, Cornell voltagem e dura&#231;&#227;o e Sokolow-Lyon &#8805; 35 mm, apresentaram Sen muito semelhante nas tr&#234;s faixas de idade estudadas, com valores relativamente baixos que variaram entre 16,1 e 21%. Embora recomendados por diversas diretrizes de hipertens&#227;o arterial, esses crit&#233;rios tiveram desempenho inferior. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref> Os demais crit&#233;rios avaliados em nossa coorte n&#227;o apresentaram resultados satisfat&#243;rios em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; Sen, que variou de 8,9 a 18,5%.</p>
      <p>Os &#237;ndices eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos que tiveram melhor desempenho levaram em conta a amplitude da onda S em V<sub>3</sub> ou V<sub>4</sub> ou maior onda S. Provavelmente isso ocorre pelo fato de a HVE gerar maior proje&#231;&#227;o vetorial do complexo QRS no plano horizontal de orienta&#231;&#227;o posterior. Na HVE a cavidade cresce posteriormente e para a esquerda, mudando a dire&#231;&#227;o e a magnitude do vetor principal da despolariza&#231;&#227;o. Desta forma nas precordiais V<sub>3</sub> e V<sub>4</sub> haver&#225; um incremento da amplitude da onda S.</p>
      <p>Constatamos que a maioria dos crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos utilizados no diagn&#243;stico da HVE perde Se com o aumento da idade da amostra. Isso, todavia, n&#227;o ocorreu em rela&#231;&#227;o ao crit&#233;rio de Per&#250;gia e (Rm&#225;x+Sm&#225;x) x dura&#231;&#227;o, principalmente no Grupo III. Quando analisamos a DOR, que avalia a efic&#225;cia de uma mensura&#231;&#227;o independente da influ&#234;ncia da preval&#234;ncia e permite estimar a efic&#225;cia global do par&#226;metro, observamos que o crit&#233;rio de Per&#250;gia e (Rm&#225;x+Sm&#225;x) x dura&#231;&#227;o apresentaram os maiores valores: DOR = 6,8. Dessa forma, nos Grupos I e II, a melhor Sen (39,6 e 38,1%) foi observada para o crit&#233;rio de Narita, que tamb&#233;m apresentou alta Esp (89,3% e 87,5%). Todavia, para os pacientes muito idosos (Grupo III), os melhores desempenhos para o diagn&#243;stico da HVE ocorreram com os crit&#233;rios de Per&#250;gia, e (Rm&#225;x+Sm&#225;x) x dura&#231;&#227;o, com Sen de 44,7% e 39,4%; e Esp de 89,3% e 91,3%, respectivamente. O crit&#233;rio de Sokolow-Lyon, amplamente utilizado em diversos estudos, e talvez o mais conhecido pelo m&#233;dico devido &#224; simplicidade de an&#225;lise, mostrou baixa Se em todas as faixas et&#225;rias.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo mostrou que na idade avan&#231;ada existe perda de desempenho de v&#225;rios crit&#233;rios para diagn&#243;stico de HVE, justamente para esta popula&#231;&#227;o de alto risco cardiovascular. Assim, a principal contribui&#231;&#227;o de nossas observa&#231;&#245;es foi o de detectar dois crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos que se revelaram superiores na detec&#231;&#227;o da HVE em hipertensos muito idosos. Ainda, em muitas regi&#245;es e locais de atendimento n&#227;o h&#225; a pronta disponibilidade para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos por imagem, como o ECO. Dessa forma, o ECG no diagn&#243;stico da HVE, utilizando-se dos crit&#233;rios com melhor desempenho, pode ser ferramenta &#250;til, de f&#225;cil acesso, n&#227;o oneroso, de pr&#225;tica interpreta&#231;&#227;o, e aplic&#225;vel, sobretudo nas faixas et&#225;rias dos mais idosos.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>A exclus&#227;o de doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria neste estudo foi realizada pela hist&#243;ria, por exames de imagem espec&#237;ficos, ou pela presen&#231;a de ondas q patol&#243;gicas no eletrocardiograma. Menor n&#250;mero de pacientes no grupo muito idosos em compara&#231;&#227;o com os jovens.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Os resultados obtidos neste estudo sugerem que, em hipertensos muito idosos, os crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos de Per&#250;gia e [(Rm&#225;x+Sm&#225;x) x dura&#231;&#227;o] apresentaram os melhores desempenhos diagn&#243;sticos para a presen&#231;a de HVE.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Fernando Focaccia Povoa pela Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Performance of the Electrocardiogram in the Diagnosis of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Older and Very Older Hypertensive Patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9774-4406</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Povoa</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Focaccia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Luna</surname>
            <given-names>Braulio</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6746-8327</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bianco</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Tria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amodeo</surname>
            <given-names>Celso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Povoa</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9603-6072</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bombig</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Teresa Nogueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1582-7268</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Dischinger</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fischer</surname>
            <given-names>Simone Matheus</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Izar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9911-4598</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco A. H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil.</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Henrique Tria Bianco &#8226;</bold> Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina - Rua Loefgren, 1350. Postal Code <postal-code>04040-001</postal-code> , S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>henriquetria@uol.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Povoa FF, Povoa R, Miranda RD, Fonseca FAH; Acquisition of data: Povoa FF, Povoa R, Fonseca FAH; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Povoa FF, Bianco HT, Amodeo C, Povoa R, Bombig MTN, Fonseca FAH; Statistical analysis: Luna Filho B, Bianco HT; Writing of the manuscript: Povoa FF, Bianco HT, Povoa R, Fischer SM, Izar MCO, Fonseca FAH; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Povoa FF, Luna Filho B, Bianco HT, Amodeo C, Povoa R, Bombig MTN, Izar MCO, Fonseca FAH.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is an important cardiovascular risk factor, regardless of arterial hypertension. Despite the evolution of imaging tests, the electrocardiogram (ECG) is still the most used in the initial evaluation, however, with low sensitivity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the performance of the main electrocardiographic criteria for LVH in elderly and very elderly hypertensive individuals.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>In a cohort of hypertensive patients, ECGs and doppler echocardiographies (ECHO) were performed and separated into three age groups: &lt;60 years, Group I; 60-79 years Group II; and &#8805;80 years, Group III. The most used electrocardiographic criteria were applied for the diagnosis of LVH: Perugia; Pegaro-Lo Presti; Gubner-Ungerleider; Narita; (Rm+Sm) x duration; Cornell voltage; Cornell voltage duration; Sokolow-Lyon voltage; R of aVL &#8805;11 mm; RaVL duration. In evaluating the performance of these criteria, in addition to sensitivity (Sen) and specificity (Esp), the &#8220;Diagnostic Odds Ratios&#8221; (DOR) were analyzed. We considered p-value &lt;0.05 for the analyses, with two-tailed tests.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>In 2,458 patients, LVH was present by ECHO in 781 (31.7%). In Groups I and II, the best performances were for the criteria of Narita, Perugia, (Rm+Sm) x duration, with no statistical differences between them. In Group III (very elderly) the Perugia criteria and (Rm+Sm) x duration had the best performances: Perugia [44,7/89.3; (Sen/Esp)] and (Rm+Sm) duration [39.4%/91.3%; (Sen/Esp), p&lt;0.05)], with the best PAIN results:6.8. This suggests that in this very elderly population, these criteria have greater discriminatory power to separate patients with LVH.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>In very elderly hypertensive patients, the Perugia electrocardiographic criteria and (Rm+Sm) x duration showed the best diagnostic performance for LVH.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Aged</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is an important predictor of cardiovascular events. When diagnosed by electrocardiogram (ECG), it is associated with increased risk of events such as stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure, sudden death, and peripheral vascular disease. Indeed, these outcomes are independent of the presence or absence of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> In this scenario, ECG is a widely used low-cost tool, despite its low diagnostic sensitivity (Se) for LVH. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Several ECG criteria for LVH have already been published, with different Ses and specificities (Sps). However, few are used in the clinical practice. This usually results from the low diagnostic accuracy of these criteria when applied in a population with different cardiovascular manifestations and with specific epidemiological characteristics, such as age, race, clinical history, etc. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> These criteria have good Sp, but low Se. Furthermore, Se varies greatly, depending on the population and on the diseases that led to ventricular hypertrophy. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>With population aging, it has become increasingly important to improve understanding on cardiovascular diseases, and SAH stands out with the highest prevalence. In this sense, ECG has an essential role not only on the diagnosis but also on the risk stratification of older individuals, enabling to identify situations that had no clinical expression yet. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Few studies in older (&#8805; 60 and &lt; 80 years) and very older (&#8805; 80 years) patients with hypertension investigated the diagnostic accuracy of ECG for LVH. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess the performance of the main ECG criteria in the diagnosis of LVH in an outpatient sample of older and very older hypertensive patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>The present study assessed 2458 ECGs and echocardiographies (ECHOs) of hypertensive patients under treatment and follow-up at the Department of Hypertensive Heart Disease of Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo from 2006 to 2019. All patients made regular use of antihypertensive drugs. Individuals with the following conditions were excluded: orovalvar disease, acute or chronic coronary artery disease, cardiac rhythm disorders, His bundle branch blocks, pre-excitation syndrome, electrolytic disorders, or ECG changes that could interfere with the analysis, as shown in the flowchart ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Fig.1</xref> ). Patients were classified into three age groups: Group I, age &lt; 60 years; Group II, older adults (60-79 years); and Group III, very older adults (&#8805; 80 years). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> </p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Flowchart of the study cohort. ECG: electrocardiogram.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-0924-00600-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>The study protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo-Escola Paulista de Medicina (CAAE: 29732020.6.0000.5505).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>ECG</title>
          <p>The 12-lead resting ECG was performed with the patient in the supine position, at a standard velocity of 25 mm/s, and in equipment calibrated for 1.0 mv/cm (Dixtal EP3<sup>&#174;</sup>and Cardiocare 2000 Bionet<sup>&#174;</sup>). ECG tracings were analyzed using a duly calibrated caliper and a high-precision magnifying glass, allowing for a nearly five-fold magnification in order to achieve a more accurate analysis. These analyses were conducted by an experienced cardiologist who had no knowledge of patients&#8217; clinical and epidemiological characteristics. The following variables were measured: axis, QRS duration, the distance between R waves (R-R interval), QT interval, the amplitude of R waves in leads D<sub>1</sub>, aVL, V<sub>5</sub>and V<sub>6</sub>, the amplitudes of the S wave in V<sub>1</sub>, V<sub>2</sub>, V<sub>3</sub>and V<sub>4</sub>, and the strain pattern in V<sub>5</sub>and V<sub>6</sub>, as well as the largest amplitude of R and S waves in the horizontal plane leads. These data were entered into an Excel<sup>&#174;</sup>spreadsheet specifically designed for the analysis.</p>
          <p>The analysis of reproducibility of measures and application of ECG criteria was conducted by two cardiologists working at the Department of Hypertensive Heart Disease, who independently interpreted 100 ECG tracings randomly selected from the sample. These tracings were selected from a list generated by a dedicated software, in which the first four numbers were associated with patients&#8217; records on the database.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>LVH descriptors assessed:</title>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>(Rmax + Smax) x QRS duration: sum of the greatest amplitude of S wave and the greatest amplitude of R wave in the horizontal plane (em mm), multiplied by QRS duration (in seconds). The diagnosis of LVH is established if the result is &#8805; 2.8 mm.s. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Sokolow-Lyon voltage criteria: SV<sub>1</sub>+ RV<sub>5</sub>or V<sub>6</sub>&#8805; 30 mm and &#8805; 35 mm. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Cornell's voltage criteria: RaVL + SV<sub>3</sub>&#8805; 20 mm for women and &#8805; 28 mm for men. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Cornell's duration criteria: (RaVL + SV<sub>3</sub>) x QRS duration. For women add 8 mm, &#8805; 2440 mm.ms. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Romhilt-Estes point score system: amplitude of R or S &#8805; 30 mm on the horizontal plane or &#8805; 20 mm on the frontal plane, strain pattern in V<sub>5</sub>or V<sub>6</sub>(when using digital, the score is only one point) and left atrial growth by the Morris index &#8211; these data individually add three points; electrical axis (&#194;QRS) above less than 30 degrees adds two points; QRS duration &#8805; 90 ms in V<sub>5</sub>or V<sub>6</sub>or ventricular activation time &#8805; 50 ms in V<sub>5</sub>or V<sub>6</sub>add one point. Using this score, LVH is diagnosed when the sum of the points is &#8805; 5. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>R wave in aVL &#8805; 11 mm. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Perugia score: HVE is diagnosed by the presence of one or more of the following findings: Cornell's criteria, considering the values &#8805; 20 mm and &#8805; 24 mm as limits for women and men, respectively; Romhilt-Estes score; presence of strain pattern. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Peguero-Lo Presti criterion: deepest S wave in any lead + SV<sub>4</sub>. The diagnosis of LVH is established if the result is &#8805; 2.8 mV for men and &#8805; 2.3 mV for women. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Narita criterion: R wave in limb lead 1 D<sub>1</sub>+ S wave in V<sub>4</sub>, if &#8805; 1.6 mV in men and &#8805; 1.4 mV in women. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Gubner-Ungerleider score: RD<sub>1</sub>+SV<sub>3</sub>&gt; 25 mm. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>RaVL product: RaVL x QRS duration &#8805; 1030 mm.ms. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>V<sub>6</sub>/V<sub>5</sub>ratio &gt; 1. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> </p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Transthoracic Doppler ECHO</title>
          <p>The tests were performed in the Service of Doppler Echocardiography of Hospital S&#227;o Paulo/Unifesp with the device ATL<sup>&#174;</sup>1500, USA, according to specialized protocols and guidelines, by skilled professionals with more than 15 years of experience. The patient was placed on the left lateral decubitus position and the images were obtained from the assessed views (paraesternal long axis, paraesternal short axis, four-chamber, two-chamber, and M-mode views) simultaneously with the recording of the ECG. According to the recommendations of the Penn Convention, the following measurements were obtained: left ventricle (LV) size in systole and diastole; interventricular septum in diastole; end diastolic left ventricular posterior wall thickness; end systolic and diastolic volumes. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> LV mass was indexed for body surface area to adjust differences in heart size, depending on each patient.</p>
          <p>LV mass for the diagnosis of HVE was calculated by Doppler ECHO, according to 2015 recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography/European Association of Echocardiograph, considering LVH when the left ventricular mass index (LVMI) is &#8805; 96 g/m<sup>2</sup>for women and &#8805; 116 g/m<sup>2</sup>for men. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Continuous variables were expressed in mean (SD). Categorical variables were presented in percentages. For the analysis of the performance of the ECG criteria in LVH, measures of Se and Sp with their respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs), in addition to diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), which expresses the overall efficacy of a measure without the influence of prevalence, as it occurs with positive and negative predictive value. We also built receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for the three groups (GI, GII, GIII), considering the ECG criteria that had the best performances. DOR was also a measure of accuracy, used to estimate the discriminative power and to compare the accuracy between the tests. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>Interobserver reproducibility was assessed by the kappa method. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> In this test, values above 0.75 are defined as excellent agreement; from 0.40 to 0.75, as good agreement; and bellow 0.40, as poor agreement. Statistical significance was investigated using the McNemar's test. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> This test was applied to assess the statistical differences between the results for ECG criteria for LVH with regard to Se and Sp. The level of significance was set at p &lt; 0.05. All analyses were executed with the software SPSS<sup>&#174;</sup>(version 17.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Of the 2458 participants, 753 were men (30.6%) and 1705 were women (69.4%). Of this total, 1270 (51.6%) were included in Group I (&lt;60 years); 1103 (44.8%) in Group II (from 60 to 79 years); and 85 (3.5%) in Group III (age 80 years or older). The presence of LVH in ECHO occurred in 345 (27.1%) in Group I; 398 (36.0%) in Group II (older adults), and in 38 (44.7%) in Group III (very older adults), as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref> .</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characteristics of the sample according to age group, gender, age, and presence or absence of LVH on echocardiography</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="24%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Age group</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">&lt;60 years</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">60-79 years</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">&#8805;80 years</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">N total: (2458)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1270</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1103</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">85</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="5" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Sex, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Male</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">362 (28.5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">365 (33.1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">26 (30.5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Female</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">908 (71.5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">738 (66.9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">59 (69.4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Age (years), mean (SD)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">50.1 (7.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">67 (5.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">84 (3.9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Weight (kg), mean (SD)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">74.4 (16.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">70.5 (12.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">64.8 (12.8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Height (m), mean (SD)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.61 (0.09)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.60 (0.07)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.59 (0.09)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">BMI, mean (SD)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28.58 (5.61)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">27.53 (4.63)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">25.65 (4.51)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">BS (m<sup>2</sup>), mean (SD)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.75 (0.21)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.70 (0.18)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.63 (0.18)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="5" valign="middle">
                  <bold>LF cavities (cm), mean (SD)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">IV septum</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.98 (0.17)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.00 (0.17)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.02 (0.15)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Posterior wall</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.95 (0.16)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.96 (0.15)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.96 (0.13)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Diastolic diameter</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.78 (0.52)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.79 (0.57)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.80 (0.65)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">No LVH on ECO</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">924</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">705</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">47</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">LVH on ECHO, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">345 (27.1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">398 (36.0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">38 (44.7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">LVMI (g/m<sup>2</sup>), mean (SD)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">93.03 (28.79)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">98.33 (27.65)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">102.70 (32.74)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>BMI: body mass Index; BS: body surface; LV: left ventricle; IV Septum: interventricular septum; LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy; ECHO: echocardiography; LVMI: left ventricle mass index. Note: data are expressed as mean (SD).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref> describes Se and Sp for the ECG criteria for LVH and their respective 95%CIs. DOR for the assessed criteria are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref> . Patients in Group I and II were found to have similar performances for the Narita, Perugia and (Rmax + Smax) x duration criteria, which showed the best results. Conversely, Group III, with very older patients, had a better performance only in the Perugia (Se 44.7% and Sp 89.3%) and (Rmax + Smax) x duration (Se 39.4% and Sp 91.3%) criteria. The DOR of these ECG criteria also showed better results (DOR = 6.8), showing better efficacy to detect or rule out LVH ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref> ).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characteristics of the study population according to age group, gender, age, and presence or absence of LVH on echocardiography</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Criteria for LVH</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">GI (&lt; 60 years)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">GII (60-79 years)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">GIII (&#8805; 80 years)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Sensitivity</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Specificity</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Sensitivity</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Specificity</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Sensitivity</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Specificity</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">(95%CI)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">(95%CI)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">(95%CI)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">(95%CI)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">(95%CI)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">(95%CI)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Perugia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">32.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">91.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">35.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">88.5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">44.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">89.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(27.3-37.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(89.8-93.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(31.1-40.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(85.9-90.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(30.1-60.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(77.4-95.3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>(Rmax + Smax) x duration</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">33.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">88.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">32.4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">88.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">39.4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">91.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(29.0-38.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(86.7-90.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(28.0-37.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(86.4-91.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(25.6-55.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(79.6-96.5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Peguero-Lo Presti</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">20.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">96.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">17.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">96.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">34.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">89.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(16.3-24.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(95.2-97.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(14.3-21.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(95.1-97.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(21.2-50.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(77.4-95.3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Narita</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">39.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">89.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">38.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">87.5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">26.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">91.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(34.5-44.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(87.2-91.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(33.5-43.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(84.8-89.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(14.9-42.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(80.0-96.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Romhilt-Estes</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">16.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">96.4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14.5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">95</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">21</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">93.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(12.6-20.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(95.0-97.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(11.4-18.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(93.1-96.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(11.0-36.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(82.8-97.8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Cornell's voltage [&#8805; 28 mm (m); &#8805; 20mm (f)]</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">18.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">97.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">17.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">90.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">21</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">91.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(14.5-22.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(95.9-98.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(13.9-21.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(88.3-92.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(11.0-36.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(80.0-96.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Sokolow-Lyon voltage (&#8805; 30 mm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">23.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">92.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">20.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">92.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">21</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">93.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(19.5-28.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(90.1-93.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(17.1-25.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(90.4-94.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(11.0-36.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(82.8-97.8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Sokolow-Lyon voltage (&#8805; 35 mm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">97.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">97.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">97.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(11.3-18.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(95.9-98.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(9.2-15.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(95.6-98.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(7.4-30.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(88.8-99.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Cornell's voltage duration (&#8805; 2440 mm.ms)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">20.5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">96.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">20.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">95.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">21</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">91.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(16.6-25.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(94.6-97.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(16.4-24.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(93.5-96.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(11.0-36.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(80.0-96.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Gubner-Ungerleider (&#8805; 25 mV)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">18.5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">97.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">16</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">97</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">93.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(14.7-22.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(96.0-98.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(12.8-20.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(95.4-98.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(7.4-30.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(82.8-97.8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>RaVL (&#8805; 11 mm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">96.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">95.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">93.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(8.8-15.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(95.2-97.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(9.4-15.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(94.1-97.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(7.4-30.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(82.8-97.8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>V<sub>6</sub>/V<sub>5</sub>(&gt; 1)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">88.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">90</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">87.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(11.9-19.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(86.9-90.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(11.0-17.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(87.6-92.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(5.7-27.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(74.8-94.0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>RaVL x duration</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">98.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">97.5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">97.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(6.3-12.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(97.2-98.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(9.0-15.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(96.1-98.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(2.7-20.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(88.8-99.6)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy. Note: Values of sensitivity and specificity are expressed with their respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs), using the McNemar's statistical test.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>DOR for ECG criteria for LVH according to age group</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Criteria for LVH</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">GI (&lt; 60 years)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">GII (60-79 years)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">GIII (&#8805; 80 years)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Perugia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5.2 (3.8-7.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.2 (3.1-5.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6.8 (2.2-20.9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">(Rmax + Smax) product &#8805; 2.8 mm.s</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.1 (3.0-5.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.8 (2.8-5.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6.8 ( 2.0-23.0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Peguero-Lo Presti</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7.3 (4.6-11.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6.4 (3.9-10.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.3 (1.3-13.7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Narita</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5.5 (4.0-7.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.3 (3.2-5.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.8 (1.09-13.4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Romhilt-Estes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5.2 (3.3-8.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.2 (2.1-5.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.9 (0.9-15.9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Cornell's voltage: &#8805; 28 mm (h); &#8805; 20 mm (m)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7.6 (4.7-12.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.0 (1.4-2.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.8 (0.7-10.3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sokolow-Lyon voltage &#8805; 30 mm</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.6 (2.5-5.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.3 (2.2-4.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.9 (0.95-15.9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sokolow-Lyon voltage &#8805; 35 mm</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5.9 (3.6-9.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.6 (2.7-8.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8.6 (0.99-75.12)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Cornell's voltage duration &#8805; 2440 mm.ms</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6.3 (4.1-9.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5.1 (3.3-7.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.8 (0.7-10.3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Gubner-Ungerleider &#8805; 25 mV</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8.1 (5.0-13.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6.2 (3.7-10.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.7 (0.6-11.8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">RaVL &#8805; 11 mm</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.8 (2.3-6.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.2 (2.0-5.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.9 (0.3-12.1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">V<sub>6</sub>/V<sub>5</sub>ratio &gt; 1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.3 (0.9-1.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.4 (1.0-2.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.03 (0.29-3.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">RaVL.dur QRS &gt; 103 mm.ms</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5.5 (3.0-10.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5.4 (3.0-9.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.9 (0.39-39.5)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>Note: Data expressed as DOR and its respective 95% confidence interval (95%CI). HVE: left ventricular hypertrophy; DOR: diagnostic odds ratio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>In the assessment of reproducibility of ECG analysis, the level of interobserver agreement was 0.82 and 0.94 (kappa index), which are considered excellent numbers. The first figure corresponded to QRS duration, and the latter to the agreement of ECG criteria. ROC curves were constructed for the three groups studied with their respective areas under the curve (AUC) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref> ).</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ROC curve and area under the curve of the three studied grups.Group I (age &lt;60 years); b) Group II (age 60-79 years); c) (age &#8805;80 years). OC: Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves, AUC: area under the curve.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-0924-00600-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>LVH is an important cardiovascular risk factor, regardless of other manifestations or comorbidities. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> Therefore, its detection by low-cost, easily available diagnostic methods is extremely relevant. In hypertensive patients, LVH is one of the most frequent pre-clinical manifestations of lesion of target-organ whose identification leads to changes in risk stratification and a more aggressive treatment. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> Conversely, ECG is a low-cost test that has low Se but high Sp and reproducibility, which explains its wide use. However, this test may be influenced by several factors, such as obesity, smoking, gender and especially age. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>The best assessment of ventricular mass is achieved by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI); nevertheless, economic reasons make its routine use unfeasible in the evaluation of hypertensive patients. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> In this sense, ECHO is used as a gold standard for the assessment of left ventricular mass with a high level of correlation and excellent intra- and interobserver reproducibility. In the present study, the reference test for the diagnosis of LVH was transthoracic ECHO. The modified Devereux formula was applied to calculate LV mass, which has a good correlation with the actual heart mass (r = 0.90; p &lt; 0.001). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>The older and very older population has been increasingly growing worldwide. It has already been acknowledged that the control of risk factors, which are highly prevalent in this population, increases their life expectancy. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> Conversely, age is known to interfere with ECG Se in the detection of LVH. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref> With the purpose of identifying the best ECG criteria to diagnose the presence of LVH in older adults, an increasingly more frequent situation in doctor's offices and outpatient clinics, we assessed the main ECG indices described in the literature and used in epidemiological studies.</p>
        <p>In our cohort, Perugia score was the criterion with the highest Se (44.7 %) in older and very older patients (35.6%) without leading to a significant loss in Sp. This criterion was described by Schillaci et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> in 1994 and diagnoses LVH in hypertensive patients whose ECG findings show at least one of the three following parameters (strain pattern; modified Cornell's voltage criteria: SV<sub>3</sub>+ RaVL &gt; 2.4mV in men and 2.0 mV in women; or Romhilt-Estes score &#8805; 5). The authors reported Se of 34% and Sp of 93%, with a fair improvement in individual Se for the three criteria with no decrease in Sp. Although these authors investigate the performance of the proposed criteria with regard to gender and degree of LV mass, they did not mention the influence of age. In our study, patients younger than 60 years of age (Group I) had Se of 32.2% and Sp of 91.7%, percentages similar to those reported by Schillaci et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> and there was a progressive increase in Se among older (Group II) and very older adults (Group III). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>The criterion that considered the sum of the highest amplitude of the R wave and the highest S wave multiplied by QRS duration [(Rmax + Smax) x duration] also showed good Se in the very old population (39.4%), with Sp of 91.3%. In the original publication, there was no distinction between age groups, and Se and Sp were 35.2% and 88.7%, respectively. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Although being simple, this criterion had a result equivalent to that of Perugia score, because there was no statistically significant difference between the two criteria.</p>
        <p>Recently, a new ECG criterion was proposed. The so-called Peguero-Lo Presti criterion had Se of 62% and Sp of 90%. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> In our study, Se 34.2% and Sp of 89.3% in very older patients (Group III), and of 17.8% and 96.7% in older patients (Group II), respectively. Finally, 1270 patients younger than 60 years of age (Group I) showed Se 20.2% and Sp of 96.6%, results different from those reported here. We considered that the two samples were different; the sample assessed by Peguero- Lo Presti consisted of more severe patients with a high prevalence of LVH (60%). Obviously, diagnostic tests tend to have greater Se in a population of individuals with more severe disease.</p>
        <p>In our sample, the percentage of LVH in the group of young, older, and very older adults were 44.7%, 36.0%, and 27.1%, respectively. The Narita criterion, which considers the sum of R wave in D<sub>1</sub>and the amplitude of S wave in V<sub>4</sub>, showed good Se in young and older adults (39.6% and 38.1%), respectively, but it reached only 26.3% in very older adults. Romhilt-Estes score, Cornell's voltage and duration, and Sokolow-Lyon &#8805; 35 mm had very similar Se in the three age groups studied, with relatively low values ranging from 16.1 to 21%. Although recommended by several guidelines on arterial hypertension, these criteria had a lower performance. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref> The remaining assessed criteria in our cohort did not show satisfactory results with regard to Se, ranging from 8.9 to 18.5%.</p>
        <p>The ECG indices that had the best performance took into account the amplitude of the S wave in V<sub>3</sub>or V<sub>4</sub>or the greatest S wave. This may be due to the fact that LVH generates higher vector projection of the QRS complex to the posterior horizontal plane. In LVH, the cavity grows posteriorly and to the left, changing the direction and the magnitude of the main depolarization vector. Hence, there will be an increase in the amplitude of the S wave in precordial V<sub>3</sub>and V<sub>4</sub>.</p>
        <p>We found that most ECG criteria used in the diagnosis of LVH lose Se as sample age increases. However, this did not occur with regard to Perugia score and (Rmax + Smax) x duration criterion, especially in Group III. When we assessed the DOR, which evaluates the efficacy of a measure independently from prevalence and allows to estimate the overall efficacy of the parameter, we observed that the Perugia score and the (Rmax + Smax) x duration criterion yielded the highest values: DOR = 6.8. Thus, in Groups I and II, the greatest Se (39.6 and 38.1%) was observed for the Narita criterion, which also demonstrated high Sp (89.3% and 87.5%). However, for very old patients (Group III), the best performances for the diagnosis of LVH were found for Perugia score and the (Rmax + Smax) x duration, with Se of 44.7% and 39.4%; and Sp of 89.3% and 91.3%, respectively. The Sokolow-Lyon criteria, which have been widely used in several studies and may be the most well-known to physicians, due to the simplicity of its analysis, exhibited low Se in all age groups.</p>
        <p>Our study showed that advanced age leads to loss of performance for several diagnostic criteria for LVH, exactly for a population at high cardiovascular risk. Therefore, the main contribution of our observations was detecting two ECG criteria that revealed to be superior in the detection of LVH among very older hypertensive patients. Furthermore, diagnostic imaging methods such as ECHO are not promptly available in many regions and health care facilities. Hence, ECG may be a useful, easily accessible and low-cost tool of practical interpretation and applicable to the diagnosis of LVH, using the criteria with better performance, especially in the very older population.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>In this study, coronary artery disease was ruled out by clinical history, specific imaging tests, or by the presence of pathological q waves on ECG. There was a lower number of patients in the group of very older adults compared to younger patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>The results obtained in this study suggest that, in very old adults with hypertension, the ECG criteria of Perugia and [(Rmax + Smax) x duration] showed the best diagnostic performance for the presence of LVH.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Fernando Focaccia Povoa, from Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
