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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">zCsKMcxdwSDPRn3LVGg9Bfr</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021005010205</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001300911</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200733</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200733</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o da Hipertens&#227;o com a Gravidade e a Mortalidade de Pacientes Hospitalizados com COVID-19 em Wuhan, China: Estudo Unic&#234;ntrico e Retrospectivo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Deng</surname>
            <given-names>You-ping</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn_ast1">
            <sup>*</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xie</surname>
            <given-names>Wen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn_ast1">
            <sup>*</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4202-8218</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Liu</surname>
            <given-names>Tao</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Shou-yi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Mei-rong</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zan</surname>
            <given-names>Yu-xing</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5056-2253</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Meng</surname>
            <given-names>Xiao-bo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1762-8526</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Deng</surname>
            <given-names>Yu-qing</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4028-0639</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Xiong</surname>
            <given-names>Hai-rong</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fu</surname>
            <given-names>Xue-dong</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Pediatrics</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Zhongnan Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Wuhan University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Wuhan</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Pediatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Clinical Laboratory</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Zhongnan Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Wuhan University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Wuhan</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Urology</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Zhongnan Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Wuhan University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Wuhan</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Institute of Medical Virology</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">School of Basic Medical Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Wuhan University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Wuhan</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">State Key Laboratory of Virology/ Institute of Medical Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Xue-dong Fu e Hai-rong Xiong &#8226; Xue-dong Fu, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China E-mail: <email>wb001865@whu.edu.cn</email> , <email>hrxiong@whu.edu.cn</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Hai-rong X, Xue-dong F; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: You-ping D, Xie W, Liu T, Shou-yi W, Yu-xing Z, Xiao-bo M; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Xie W, Mei-rong W; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Yu-qing D; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: You-ping D, Hai-rong X.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="equal" id="fn_ast1">
          <label>*</label>
          <p> Os autores contribu&#237;ram igualmente para este trabalho</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>911</fpage>
      <lpage>921</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A doen&#231;a Coronav&#237;rus 2019 (COVID-19), causada pela s&#237;ndrome respirat&#243;ria aguda grave Coronav&#237;rus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), espalhou-se pelo mundo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a hipertens&#227;o e a gravidade/mortalidade de pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19 em Wuhan, China.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Um total de 337 pacientes diagnosticados com COVID-19 no S&#233;timo Hospital da cidade de Wuhan, de 20 de janeiro a 25 de fevereiro de 2020, foram inseridos e analisados em um estudo de caso unic&#234;ntrico e retrospectivo. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Dos 337 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico confirmado de COVID-19, 297 (87.8%) tiveram alta do hospital e 40 pacientes (22,9%) morreram. A idade m&#233;dia foi de 58 anos (variando de 18 a 91 anos). Havia 112 (33,2%) pacientes diagnosticados com hipertens&#227;o no momento da interna&#231;&#227;o (idade m&#233;dia, 65,0 anos [varia&#231;&#227;o, 38-91 anos]; sendo 67 homens [59,8%, IC95%: 50,6%-69,0%], p=0,0209). Pacientes com hipertens&#227;o apresentaram uma por&#231;&#227;o significativamente maior de casos graves (69 [61,6%, IC95%: 52,5%-70,8%] vs. 117 [52,0%, IC95%: 45,4%-58,6%] em pacientes graves e 23 [19,3%, IC95%: 12,9%-28,1%] vs. 27 [12,0%, IC95%: 7,7%-16,3%] em pacientes cr&#237;ticos, p=0,0014) e maiores taxas de mortalidade (20 [17,9%, IC95%: 10,7%-25,1%] vs. 20 [8,9%, IC95%: 5,1%-12,6%, p=0,0202). Al&#233;m disso, pacientes hipertensos apresentaram n&#237;veis anormais de v&#225;rios indicadores, como linfopenia e inflama&#231;&#227;o, e nas fun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, hep&#225;ticas, renais e pulmonares no momento da interna&#231;&#227;o. O grupo de pacientes com hipertens&#227;o tamb&#233;m demonstrou n&#237;veis maiores de TNT e creatinina pr&#243;ximo da alta.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> A hipertens&#227;o est&#225; altamente associada &#224; gravidade ou mortalidade da COVID-19. Um tratamento agressivo deve ser considerado para pacientes hipertensos com COVID-19, principalmente com rela&#231;&#227;o a les&#245;es card&#237;acas e dos rins.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>COVID-19/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Betacoronav&#237;rus</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Respirat&#243;ria Aguda Grave</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Comorbidades</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="23"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A nova doen&#231;a Coronav&#237;rus 2019 (COVID-19), causada pela s&#237;ndrome respirat&#243;ria aguda grave Coronav&#237;rus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), surgiu em Wuhan em dezembro de 2019 e se espalhou pelo mundo, gerando grande preocupa&#231;&#227;o para a economia e a sa&#250;de p&#250;blica global.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A SARS-CoV-2 foi identificada como o pat&#243;geno da COVID-19 em janeiro de 2020, e pertence a um clado do subg&#234;nero Sarbecovirus, da subfam&#237;lia Orthocoronavirinae.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Este novo coronav&#237;rus &#233; um v&#237;rus envelopado constitu&#237;do por RNA de cadeia simples e senso positivo, e reconhece a enzima conversora da angiotensina 2 (ECA2) como o receptor funcional de entrada da c&#233;lula. A ECA2 &#233; membro da fam&#237;lia da enzima conversora da angiotensina (ECA) e tem papel importante nas fun&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas do ser humano, especialmente na regula&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Dados recentes reportaram os aspectos cl&#237;nicos gerais e as caracter&#237;sticas epidemiol&#243;gicas de pacientes com COVID-19, e muitos relatos demonstraram que a les&#227;o card&#237;aca est&#225; associada ao maior risco de mortalidade em pacientes com COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>H&#225; alta preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o pelo mundo, principalmente na China. No geral, a hipertens&#227;o esteve presente em 23,2% da popula&#231;&#227;o chinesa adulta de 2012 a 2015.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A hipertens&#227;o &#233; um fator de risco importante para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, a principal causa de morte na China.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Com a urbaniza&#231;&#227;o, o aumento da renda e a popula&#231;&#227;o mais velha, a carga de hipertens&#227;o de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares est&#225; crescendo na China.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Evid&#234;ncias sugerem que a hipertens&#227;o pode estar relacionada a um crescente fator de mortalidade hospitalar devido &#224; COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Assim, iniciamos este estudo retrospectivo para analisar dados de um centro em Wuhan, China, e examinar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre hipertens&#227;o e COVID-19. Tamb&#233;m monitoramos as mudan&#231;as din&#226;micas de importantes biomarcadores entre os pacientes hospitalizados, o que pode trazer recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o manejo cl&#237;nico de pacientes hipertensos com COVID-19.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Inclus&#227;o dos pacientes</title>
        <p>O Comit&#234; de &#201;tica Institucional do Hospital Zhongnan, da Universidade de Wuhan, aprovou este projeto (n.2020056K). O S&#233;timo Hospital de Wuhan foi um dos primeiros hospitais designados para a COVID-19, e foi consignado ao Hospital de Zhongnan, da Universidade de Wuhan, desde janeiro de 2020. Um total de 337 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico confirmado de COVID-19 hospitalizados em quatro enfermarias do S&#233;timo Hospital de Wuhan foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo, realizado de 20 de janeiro a 25 de fevereiro de 2020. Todos os pacientes foram diagnosticados com COVID-19 e classificados em tipos cl&#237;nicos diferentes, de acordo com as diretrizes diagn&#243;sticas e de tratamento da COVID-19 da Comiss&#227;o Nacional de Sa&#250;de Chinesa (vers&#227;o 3-7).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Como os pacientes com mais complica&#231;&#245;es foram enviados a hospitais m&#243;veis de campanha devido &#224; hierarquia do sistema m&#233;dico durante o in&#237;cio da pandemia, todos os pacientes envolvidos neste estudo tinham casos moderados (101), graves (186) e cr&#237;ticos (50) da COVID-19. Os casos cr&#237;ticos foram transferidos para a UTI. As amostras de <italic>swab</italic> da garganta foram coletadas e enviadas para a detec&#231;&#227;o no laborat&#243;rio.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de dados</title>
        <p>Os registros m&#233;dicos, incluindo informa&#231;&#245;es b&#225;sicas (idade, g&#234;nero, comorbidades etc.), tratamento e resultados de cada paciente com resultados positivos para SARS-CoV-2 foram coletados. A data do in&#237;cio da doen&#231;a foi especificada como o dia em que os sintomas foram observados. Os resultados cl&#237;nicos foram avaliados e registrados no momento da alta ou transfer&#234;ncia para a unidade de terapia intensiva. A confirma&#231;&#227;o laboratorial de SARS-CoV-2 foi majoritariamente realizada no laborat&#243;rio cl&#237;nico do Hospital Zhongnan, da Universidade de Wuhan, e parcialmente no laborat&#243;rio cl&#237;nico do S&#233;timo Hospital de Wuhan ap&#243;s o sistema de detec&#231;&#227;o ter sido localmente estabelecido desde o fim de fevereiro. A SARS-CoV-2 foi verificada em tempo real utilizando o teste RT-PCR, com o protocolo j&#225; descrito previamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> A detec&#231;&#227;o dos &#225;cidos nucleicos virais com a amostra de <italic>swab</italic> da garganta foi realizada durante o processo terap&#234;utico. Al&#233;m disso, as amostras de pacientes tamb&#233;m mostraram outras infec&#231;&#245;es, como o v&#237;rus influenza, parainfluenza, Coxsackie, adenov&#237;rus, ecov&#237;rus, v&#237;rus sincicial respirat&#243;rio, citomegalov&#237;rus etc. Todos os pacientes realizaram tomografia computadorizada ou raio-x. Um exame radiol&#243;gico de acompanhamento e o teste negativo para SARS-CoV-2 foram considerados como crit&#233;rios para cura e alta hospitalar.</p>
        <p>As manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas foram resumidas, incluindo febre, tosse, expectora&#231;&#227;o, mialgia, fadiga, dor de cabe&#231;a, palpita&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, diarreia, dispneia etc. Os exames laboratoriais foram realizados na interna&#231;&#227;o e conforme a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a, como exames de sangue de rotina, bioqu&#237;mica sangu&#237;nea, concentra&#231;&#227;o de gases no sangue, eletr&#243;litos do sangue, coagula&#231;&#227;o, procalcitonina (PCT), prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR), soro amiloide A (SAA), creatina quinase e enzima do mioc&#225;rdio. Os tratamentos m&#233;dicos foram registrados, j&#225; que a maioria dos pacientes recebeu o tratamento antiviral ou uma media&#231;&#227;o patenteada da China. Os pacientes tamb&#233;m receberam corticosteroides, gama-globulina, probi&#243;ticos ou assist&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria quando necess&#225;rio.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Dados categ&#243;ricos foram apresentados como frequ&#234;ncia e porcentagem, e dados cont&#237;nuos foram descritos usando mediana e intervalo interquartil (IIQ). As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram testadas pela distribui&#231;&#227;o gaussiana utilizando o teste de normalidade D&#8217;Agostino-Pearson; depois, foram analisados com o teste de Mann-Whitney, quando apropriado. As frequ&#234;ncias das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas com o teste Qui-quadrado, com o teste exato de Fisher e o teste de Kruskal-Wallis, quando apropriado. As curvas de sobreviv&#234;ncia foram geradas pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier, com compara&#231;&#227;o entre grupos realizada com a an&#225;lise de sobreviv&#234;ncia, SPSS, vers&#227;o 19.0. Outras an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas e gr&#225;ficos foram gerados com o software GraphPad Prism, vers&#227;o 6.00 (GraphPad Software Inc). O valor de p menor que 0,05 foi considerado como estatisticamente significante.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas</title>
        <p>O estudo incluiu um total de 337 pacientes hospitalizados com diagn&#243;stico confirmado de COVID-19, incluindo 112 (33,2%) pacientes diagnosticados com hipertens&#227;o no momento da interna&#231;&#227;o. A idade m&#233;dia de todos os pacientes foi 58 anos (18-91), e 171 (50,7%) dos pacientes eram homens. As comorbidades subjacentes mais comuns eram diabetes (49, 14,5%), doen&#231;a cardiovascular (43, 12.8%) e doen&#231;a no f&#237;gado (24, 7,1%). Dos 337 pacientes, 101 (30,0%) foram categorizados como moderados; 186 (55,2%), como graves; e 50 (14,8%) como cr&#237;ticos. Desses 337 pacientes, 297 (87,8%) receberam alta hospitalar e 40 (11,9%) morreram.</p>
        <p>Em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes normotensos, os hipertensos eram mais velhos e, na sua maioria, homens. Al&#233;m disso, os pacientes com hipertens&#227;o apresentaram taxas significativamente mais altas de comorbidades, incluindo diabetes, doen&#231;a cardiovascular, doen&#231;as do f&#237;gado, doen&#231;a renal e doen&#231;a cerebrovascular. Pacientes hipertensos apresentaram a maior por&#231;&#227;o de casos graves, sendo 69 [61,6%] vs. 117 [52,0%] em pacientes graves e 23 [19,3%] vs. 27 (12,0%) em pacientes cr&#237;ticos. As taxas de mortalidade foram significativamente mais altas dentre os pacientes hipertensos (20 [17,9%] vs. 20 [8,9%]). ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas de pacientes com COVID-19</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="4">No. (%)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="5" style="font-weight:normal">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                  <th>Total (n=337)</th>
                  <th>Normotensos (n=225)</th>
                  <th>Hipertensos (n=112)</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade m&#233;dia (varia&#231;&#227;o)</td>
                  <td align="center">58(18-91)</td>
                  <td align="center">54(18-88)</td>
                  <td align="center">65(38-91)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,0001<sup>a</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">,0209<sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">166(49,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">121(53,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">45(40,2)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">171(50,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">104(46,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">67(59,8)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fumante</td>
                  <td align="center">26(7,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">18(8,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">8(7,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00 <sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>In&#237;cio dos sintomas at&#233; interna&#231;&#227;o, mediana (IIQ), d</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (6-13)</td>
                  <td align="center">9(6-12)</td>
                  <td align="center">10(7-15)</td>
                  <td align="center">,1596 <sup>a</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, mediana (IIQ), d</td>
                  <td align="center">15(11-23)</td>
                  <td align="center">15,5(11-24)</td>
                  <td align="center">15(11-22)</td>
                  <td align="center">,9117 <sup>a</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Comorbidade&#8212;N. (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a cardiovascular</td>
                  <td align="center">43(12,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">11(4,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">32(28,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,0001<sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a cerebrovascular</td>
                  <td align="center">6(1,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">6(5,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0012<sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">49(14,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">15(6,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">34(30,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,0001<sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bronquite cr&#244;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">8(2,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">4(2,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">4(3,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">,4480 <sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Asma</td>
                  <td align="center">1(0,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1(0,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0(0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 <sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Malignidade</td>
                  <td align="center">18(5,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">9(4,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">9(8,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">,2924 <sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica</td>
                  <td align="center">24(7,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">9(4,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">15(13,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">,0028 <sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a renal</td>
                  <td align="center">17(5,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">5(2,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">12(10,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">,0022 <sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Alergias</td>
                  <td align="center">13(3,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">11(4,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">2(1,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">,2332 <sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Complica&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Infec&#231;&#227;o bacteriana</td>
                  <td align="center">36(10,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">23(10,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">13(11,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">,7106 <sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acidose metab&#243;lica</td>
                  <td align="center">14(4,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">6(2,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">8(7,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">,0784 <sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center">20(5,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">10(4,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">10(8,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">,1398 <sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ARDS</td>
                  <td align="center">42(12,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">18(8,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">24(21,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">,0007 <sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Les&#227;o hepatica aguda</td>
                  <td align="center">17(5,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">11(4,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">6(5,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 <sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Les&#227;o renal aguda</td>
                  <td align="center">19(5,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">8(3,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">11(9,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">,0244 <sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DIC</td>
                  <td align="center">4(1,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1(0,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">3(2,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">,1089 <sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Tratamentos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tratamento antiviral</td>
                  <td align="center">276(81,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">193(85,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">83(74,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0107 <sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antibi&#243;ticos</td>
                  <td align="center">302(89,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">200(88,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">102(91,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,5763 <sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Medicamento chin&#234;s</td>
                  <td align="center">186(55,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">122(54,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">64(57,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6430 <sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glicocorticoide</td>
                  <td align="center">150(44,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">90(40,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">60(53,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0202 <sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Imunoglobulina</td>
                  <td align="center">56(16,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">36(15,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">21(18,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3445 <sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Apoio respirat&#243;rio</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,0041 <sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>C&#226;nula nasal</td>
                  <td align="center">226(67,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">158(70,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">68(60,7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-invasiva</td>
                  <td align="center">26(7,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">10(4,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">16(14,3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ventila&#231;&#227;o invasiva</td>
                  <td align="center">16(4,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">9(4,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">7(6,3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Gravidade da doen&#231;a</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,0014 <sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Moderada</td>
                  <td align="center">101(30,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">81(36,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">20(17,9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Grave</td>
                  <td align="center">186(55,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">117(52,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">69(61,6)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cr&#237;tica</td>
                  <td align="center">50(14,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">27(12,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">23(20,5)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Resultados cl&#237;nicos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">,0202 <sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Alta</td>
                  <td align="center">297(87,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">205(90,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">92(82,1)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Morte</td>
                  <td align="center">40(11,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">20(8,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">20(17,9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>ARDS: s&#237;ndrome de afli&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria aguda; CID: coagula&#231;&#227;o intravascular disseminada; IIQ: intervalo interquartil. a: a diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica (vari&#225;vel num&#233;rica) entre grupos de pacientes normotensos e hipertensos foi avaliada com o teste U de Mann-Whitney. b: a diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica (vari&#225;vel categ&#243;rica) entre grupos de pacientes normotensos e hipertensos foi avaliada com o teste de Chi-quadrado.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Resultados laboratoriais na interna&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Como demonstrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> , no estudo geral da popula&#231;&#227;o de 337 pacientes, o n&#237;vel m&#233;dio de PCR e SAA foi alto, e a contagem de linf&#243;citos, prote&#237;nas e albumina decresceu. Por&#233;m, os outros indicadores laboratoriais estavam normais, incluindo outras contagens sangu&#237;neas, lip&#237;dios e eletr&#243;litos, biomarcadores card&#237;acos, an&#225;lise de gases sangu&#237;neos e outros marcadores da fun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica e renal.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Resultados laboratoriais entre os diferentes grupos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Mediana (IIQ)</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="5" style="font-weight:normal">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                  <th>Total (n=337)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Normotensos (n=225)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Hipertensos (n=112)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Valor de p<sup>a</sup></th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Contagem das c&#233;lulas sangu&#237;neas</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Contagem de leuc&#243;citos, &#215;10<sup>9</sup>/L (varia&#231;&#227;o normal 3,5-9,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,81(3.81-6.57)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,65(3,63-5,97)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,61(4,08-7,82)</td>
                  <td align="center">,0005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Contagem de neutr&#243;filos, &#215;10<sup>9</sup>/L (varia&#231;&#227;o normal 1,6-6,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,24(2.25-5.02)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,96(2,13-4,25)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,91(2,89-6,78)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Contagem de linf&#243;citos, &#215;10<sup>9</sup>/L (varia&#231;&#227;o normal 1,1-3,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,89(0.63-1.25)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97(0,66-1,33)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,76(0,58-1,10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0011</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Contagem de mon&#243;citos, &#215;10<sup>9</sup>/L (varia&#231;&#227;o normal 0,1-0,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,37(0.26-0.50)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,36(0,26-0,49)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,41(0,26-0,54)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1051</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Contagem de plaquetas, &#215;10<sup>9</sup>/L (varia&#231;&#227;o normal 125-350)</td>
                  <td align="center">181(132-232)</td>
                  <td align="center">181,5(132,8-227,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">180(130-238)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8235</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Lip&#237;dios do sangue e eletr&#243;litos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Colesterol total, mmol/L, (varia&#231;&#227;o normal 2,8-5,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,53(3.01-4.17)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,43(2,99-4,13)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,70(3,06-4,17)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1034</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglic&#233;rides, mmol/L, (varia&#231;&#227;o normal 0,56-1,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93(0.69-1.35)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,88(0,64-1,31)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01(0,77-1,58)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0127</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL, mmol/L, (varia&#231;&#227;o normal 0,9-2,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,1(0.92-1.31)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,11(0,93-1,31)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,09(0,90-1,30)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6562</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL, mmol/L, (varia&#231;&#227;o normal 1-3,35)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,02(1.64-2.48)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,92(1,63-2,44)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,1(1,67-2,61)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0463</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>sdLDL, mmol/L, (varia&#231;&#227;o normal 95-538)</td>
                  <td align="center">121(86-184)</td>
                  <td align="center">115,0(81-174)</td>
                  <td align="center">131(93-194)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0976</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Soro</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pot&#225;ssio, mmol/L (varia&#231;&#227;o normal 3,5-5,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,71(3.38-4.07)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,72(3,43-4,05)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,71(3,29-4,17)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,7970</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>C&#225;lcio, mmol/L (varia&#231;&#227;o normal 2,11-2,52)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,16(2.07-2.26)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,17(2,09-2,27)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,14(2,05-2,24)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0612</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Biomarcadores inflamat&#243;rios</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCRas, mg/L (varia&#231;&#227;o normal 0-3)</td>
                  <td align="center">31,70(9.08-65,52)</td>
                  <td align="center">27,2(6,6-61,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">44,2(14,55-76,05)</td>
                  <td align="center">,015</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Procalcitonina, ng/mL (varia&#231;&#227;o normal 0-0,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,065(0.04-0,14)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0525(0,04-0,12)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,09 (0,05-0,21)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SAA, mg/L (varia&#231;&#227;o normal 0-10)</td>
                  <td align="center">93,61(32.24-196,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">104,7(27,57-223,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">86,16(38,77-159,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">,5855</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Biomarcadores card&#237;acos</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TnT, ng/mL (varia&#231;&#227;o normal 0-0,014)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,009(0.006-0,014)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,008(0,005-0,013)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,012(0,008-0,0215)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinina-quinase-MB, ng/mL (varia&#231;&#227;o normal 0-6,22)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,12(0.68-2.31)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00 (0,66-1,93)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,53(0,93-3,05)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mioglobina, ng/mL (varia&#231;&#227;o normal 7,4-105,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">47,20(27.80-86,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">40,9(25,90-67,45)</td>
                  <td align="center">67,20(30,65-131,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NT-proBNP, pg/mL (varia&#231;&#227;o normal 0-222)</td>
                  <td align="center">198,4(55.38-488,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">124,8(47,75-386,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">243,8(107,1-809,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0021</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>An&#225;lise de gases do sangue</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PaO2, mm Hg (varia&#231;&#227;o normal 70-107)</td>
                  <td align="center">85,0(62.3-118.0</td>
                  <td align="center">93(74-121,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">77(56,0-110,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0095</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PaO2/FiO2, mm Hg</td>
                  <td align="center">376,2(229.3-469,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">390,5(274,5-504,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">293,1(168.3-419,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PaCO2, mm Hg (varia&#231;&#227;o normal 35-45)</td>
                  <td align="center">38(33-44)</td>
                  <td align="center">39(34-44)</td>
                  <td align="center">36(32-44)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0829</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PH (varia&#231;&#227;o normal 7,35-7,45)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,42(7.40-7.46)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,42(7,40-7,45)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,43(7,40-7,46)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,4852</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BE, mmol/L, (varia&#231;&#227;o normal -3-3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,3(-0.7-3.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,4(0-3,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6(-1,9-2,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0646</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Fun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica e renal</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Alanina Aminotransferase, IU/L (varia&#231;&#227;o normal 9-50)</td>
                  <td align="center">25,0(16.0-38.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">23(15,75-34)</td>
                  <td align="center">27,0(16,0-47,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0252</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aspartato Aminotransferase, IU/L (varia&#231;&#227;o normal 15-40)</td>
                  <td align="center">28,0(19.0-40.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">26(18,0-37,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">29(20,0-45,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0382</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prote&#237;na total, g/L (varia&#231;&#227;o normal 65-85)</td>
                  <td align="center">63,7(60.2-67.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">64,10(60,3-67,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">63,5(59,5-67,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,5332</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Albumina, g/L (varia&#231;&#227;o normal 40-55)</td>
                  <td align="center">36,5(33.0-39.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">37,4(34,1-40,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">33,7(31,3-38,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Globulina, g/L, (varia&#231;&#227;o normal 20-40)</td>
                  <td align="center">27,0 (25.1-30.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">26,5(24,5-29,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">28,6(26,2-32,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bilirrubina total, &#956;mol/L (varia&#231;&#227;o normal 2-23)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,8(5.6-11.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,2(5,3-9,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,6(6,6-12,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bilirrubina direta, &#956;mol/L (varia&#231;&#227;o normal 0-8)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,0(2.2-4.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,9(2,1-4,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,3(2,4-4,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0138</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinina, &#956;mol/L (varia&#231;&#227;o normal 57-97)</td>
                  <td align="center">64,0(53.0-75.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">62(52,3-73,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">68(54,5-85,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0144</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nitrog&#234;nio ureico, &#956;mol/L (varia&#231;&#227;o normal 3,1-8)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,24(3.36-5.80)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,13(3,34-5,37)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,88(3,51-6,26)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0113</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>IIQ: interval interquartil; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; sdLDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade pequena e densa; PCRas: prote&#237;na C reativa de alta sensibilidade; TnT: troponina T; NT-proBNP: pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral N-terminal. a: a diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica (vari&#225;vel num&#233;rica) entre os grupos de pacientes normotensos e hipertensos foi avaliada com o Teste U de Mann-Whitney.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes normotensos, os hipertensos apresentaram contagem significativamente maior de leuc&#243;citos e neutr&#243;filos, e contagem menor de linf&#243;citos. A contagem de mon&#243;citos e plaquetas desses dois grupos n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;as.</p>
        <p>Os n&#237;veis de colesterol total, lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL) e lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade pequena e densa (sdLDL) n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as entre o grupo de pacientes hipertensos e normotensos, mas pacientes com hipertens&#227;o apresentaram n&#237;veis mais altos de triglic&#233;rides e lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL). Os biomarcadores inflamat&#243;rios, incluindo PCR de alta sensibilidade, procalcitonina e globulina foram significativamente maiores em pacientes hipertensos.</p>
        <p>Vale a pena observar que pacientes hipertensos apresentaram n&#237;veis anormais de v&#225;rios indicadores relacionados &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o, f&#237;gado, rins e pulm&#227;o. Os pacientes hipertensos apresentaram n&#237;veis significativamente maiores de biomarcadores de les&#227;o card&#237;aca, incluindo troponina T, creatinina quinase-banda mioc&#225;rdica, mioglobina e pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral N-terminal (NT-proBNP). Al&#233;m disso, pacientes hipertensos apresentaram disfun&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias mais graves, com press&#227;o parcial de oxig&#234;nio (PaO2) mais baixa, e fra&#231;&#227;o inspirada de oxig&#234;nio (FiO2). Pacientes hipertensos tamb&#233;m apresentaram n&#237;veis mais altos de creatinina e nitrog&#234;nio ureico. Pacientes hipertensos apresentaram n&#237;veis mais altos de alanina aminotransferase, aspartato aminotransferase, bilirrubina total, bilirrubina direta e n&#237;veis mais baixos de albumina.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Tratamento, complica&#231;&#245;es e resultado cl&#237;nico</title>
        <p>O tempo m&#233;dio desde o in&#237;cio dos sintomas foi de dez dias (IIQ, 7-15) em pacientes hipertensos, assim como pacientes normotensos ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa no tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o entre ambos os grupos. Durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, pacientes hipertensos desenvolveram complica&#231;&#245;es mais frequentes relacionadas &#224; s&#237;ndrome de afli&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria aguda e les&#227;o renal aguda em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes normotensos ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ). Mas n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; incid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda e insufici&#234;ncia hep&#225;tica aguda entre os dois grupos.</p>
        <p>Um total de 268 pacientes (79,5%) precisou de assist&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria, e o uso de c&#226;nulas nasais, ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-invasiva e ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica invasiva foi necess&#225;rio para 226 (67,1%), 26 (7,7%), e 16 pacientes (4,7%), respectivamente. A maioria dos pacientes recebeu terapia antiviral (276 [81,9%]) e terapia antibacteriana (302 [89,6%]) durante a interna&#231;&#227;o. A propor&#231;&#227;o do tratamento com medicamentos chineses, glicocorticoides e imunoglobulina foi de 186 (55,2%), 150 (44,5%) e 56 (16,6%), respectivamente. Al&#233;m disso, as taxas desses tratamentos n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos com e sem hipertens&#227;o. Por&#233;m, vale observar que pacientes hipertensos receberam tratamento com glicocorticoide.</p>
        <p>De acordo com os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos, havia 73 (65,1%) pacientes com hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio I; 24 (21,4%) com hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio II; e 15 (13,4%) com hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio III, respectivamente. Todos os pacientes do est&#225;gio III apresentaram os tipos graves ou cr&#237;ticos de COVID-19. Mais da metade dos pacientes do est&#225;gio III faleceram ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; A associa&#231;&#227;o entre o est&#225;gio de hipertens&#227;o e a gravidade da doen&#231;a em pacientes hipertensos com COVID-19</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="3">Est&#225;gio da hipertens&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="6" style="font-weight:normal">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Total (n=112)</th>
                  <th>I (n=73)</th>
                  <th>II (n=24)</th>
                  <th>III (n=15)</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Gravidade da doen&#231;a</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,0003<sup>a</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Moderado</td>
                  <td align="center">20(17,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">12(16,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">8(33,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0(0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Grave</td>
                  <td align="center">69(61,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">50(68,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">13((54,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">6(40)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cr&#237;tico</td>
                  <td align="center">23(19,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">11(15,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">3(12,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">9(60)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Resultados cl&#237;nicos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,0006<sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Alta</td>
                  <td align="center">92(82,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">64(87,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">21(87,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">7(467)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Morte</td>
                  <td align="center">20(17,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">9(12,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">3(12,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">8(53,3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>a: Teste de Kruskal-Wallis foi usado para analisar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a gravidade da doen&#231;a e os est&#225;gios da hipertens&#227;o. b: R X C O teste de Qui-quadrado foi usado para analisar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre resultados cl&#237;nicos e est&#225;gios de hipertens&#227;o.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Oitenta e quatro (75%) pacientes hipertensos receberam tratamento anti-hipertensivo durante a interna&#231;&#227;o. Entre eles, 20 pacientes (17,8%) usaram inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina (IECAs)/ bloqueadores de receptores da angiotensina (BRAs), e 64 (57,1%) receberam outros medicamentos anti-hipertensivos. A gravidade da doen&#231;a e os resultados cl&#237;nicos entre os grupos IECA/BRA e o n&#227;o-IECA/BRA n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as significativas ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Associa&#231;&#227;o entre o uso de IECA/BRA e a gravidade da doen&#231;a em pacientes hipertensos com hipertens&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="3">Tratamento anti-hipertensivo</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="6" style="font-weight:normal">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Total (n=112)</th>
                  <th>Tratamento com IECA/BRA (n=20)</th>
                  <th>Outros medicamentos hipotensivos (n=64)</th>
                  <th>Nenhum tratamento hipotensivo (n=28)</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Gravidade da doen&#231;a</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,3487<sup>a</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Moderada</td>
                  <td align="center">20(17,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">3(15)</td>
                  <td align="center">11(17,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">6(21,4)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Grave</td>
                  <td align="center">69(61,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">13(65)</td>
                  <td align="center">36(56,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">20(71,4)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cr&#237;tica</td>
                  <td align="center">23(19,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">4(20)</td>
                  <td align="center">17(26,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">2(7,1)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Resultado cl&#237;nico</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1,0000 <sup>a</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Alta</td>
                  <td align="center">92(82,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">16(80)</td>
                  <td align="center">49(76,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">27(96,4)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Morte</td>
                  <td align="center">20(17,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">4(20)</td>
                  <td align="center">15(23,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1(3,6)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>
                  <italic>IECA: inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina; BRA: bloqueadores de receptores da angiotensina. a: R X C o teste de Qui-quadrado foi usado para analisar a diferen&#231;a entre os grupos.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Mudan&#231;as din&#226;micas nos n&#237;veis durante a interna&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>J&#225; que os pacientes com hipertens&#227;o apresentaram n&#237;veis mais altos de PCR, TnT, creatinina e ALT, em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes normotensos, analisamos a mudan&#231;a din&#226;mica desses quatro marcadores laboratoriais durante a interna&#231;&#227;o entre os pacientes sobreviventes ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). Como demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1A</xref> , o n&#237;vel de TnT em pacientes hipertensos aumentou significativamente durante o progresso da interna&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes normotensos (mediana [IIQ], 0,011 [0,008-0,021] vs. 0,008 [0,005-0,014], p=0,0027 na interna&#231;&#227;o e 0,012 [0,008-0,165] vs. 0,006 [0,005-0,012], p=0,0077 pr&#243;ximo &#224; alta). N&#227;o foi observada a ascens&#227;o din&#226;mica nos n&#237;veis de TnT em pacientes normotensos. Da mesma forma, o n&#237;vel de creatinina em pacientes hipertensos aumentou significativamente durante a interna&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o aos normotensos (mediana [IIQ], 69,0 [59,5-85,5] vs. 63,0 [51,3-75,8], p=0,0227 na interna&#231;&#227;o e 70,0 [59,0-84,0] vs. 64,0 [51,0-75], p=0,0220) pr&#243;ximo &#224; alta ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1B</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Mudan&#231;a din&#226;mica nos n&#237;veis de TnT, Creatinina, PCR e ALT durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. A.TnT; B. Creatinina; C.PCR; D.ALT. Os dados foram demonstrados pela mediana e IIQ. O teste U de Mann-Whitney foi utilizado. (*p &lt; 0,05, **p &lt; 0,01, ***p &lt; 0,001).</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-0911-00733-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Ambos os grupos de pacientes tinham n&#237;veis altos de PCR durante a interna&#231;&#227;o. A PCR de pacientes normotensos foi controlada a n&#237;veis normais (mediana [IIQ], 2,75[1,0-8,075]), sem diferen&#231;as significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo dos hipertensos (mediana [IIQ], 3,8[2,2-10,00]) pr&#243;ximo &#224; alta ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1C</xref> ). Da mesma forma, n&#227;o havia diferen&#231;as significativas no n&#237;vel de ALT entre esses dois grupos no momento pr&#243;ximo &#224; alta ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1D</xref> ).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>A hipertens&#227;o aumenta a taxa de mortalidade em pacientes com COVID-19</title>
        <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre hipertens&#227;o e morte foi um dos focos do nosso estudo. Verificamos que as taxas de mortalidade em grupos com hipertens&#227;o eram maiores do que grupos sem hipertens&#227;o. Enquanto isso, a hipertens&#227;o esteve associada a quase 2,2 mais chances de morrer devido &#224; COVID-19 (OR: 2,093 [IC95%: 1,094-4,006], p=0,024), de acordo com o teste de Qui-quadrado.</p>
        <p>Realizamos uma an&#225;lise de curva de sobreviv&#234;ncia utilizando o m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier. Pacientes hipertensos e normotensos apresentaram curvas de sobreviv&#234;ncia diferentes desde a interna&#231;&#227;o at&#233; o acompanhamento (m&#233;dia=31.664, SED=1.424; m&#233;dia=34,79, SED=0,882; p=0,0155), como demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2A</xref> . Considerando a dura&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a no momento da interna&#231;&#227;o, tamb&#233;m observamos que a curva de sobreviv&#234;ncia dos pacientes com e sem hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;as significativas durante o tempo entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e o acompanhamento (m&#233;dia=51.984, SE=2.703; m&#233;dia=55.625, SE=2.139; p&gt;0,05, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2B</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Teste de Kaplan&#8211;Meier para calcular a probabilidade de sobreviv&#234;ncia em pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19. A. Curvas de sobreviv&#234;ncia de Kaplan-Meier para mortalidade durante o per&#237;odo ap&#243;s interna&#231;&#227;o. B. Curvas de sobreviv&#234;ncia de Kaplan-Meier para mortalidade durante o per&#237;odo ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos sintomas.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-0911-00733-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O mundo atualmente est&#225; sofrendo com uma doen&#231;a infecciosa &#8211; COVID-19, que tinha 30.949.804 casos confirmados e 959.116 mortes at&#233; 21 de setembro de 2020.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> V&#225;rios estudos demonstraram que a hipertens&#227;o foi a comorbidade mais relacionada a pacientes com COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Na amostra deste estudo, detalhamos as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e os fatores de risco associados aos resultados cl&#237;nicos da COVID-19 em pacientes hipertensos e normotensos. A taxa geral de mortalidade na China foi de 5,5% (4.642 mortes dos 84.393 casos confirmados at&#233; 3 de maio de 2020).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o em pacientes com COVID-19 foi de 33,2%, o que est&#225; de acordo com estudos anteriores que reportaram a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com COVID-19 com hipertens&#227;o variando entre 19,4 e 32,6%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> A mortalidade hospitalar em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o &#233; muito maior do que em pacientes normotensos (17,9% vs. 8,9%, p=0,0202), similar a estudos anteriores.</p>
      <p>Como se sabe, a ECA2, como uma enzima do sistema renina-angiotensina (SRA), &#233; receptora para o SARS-CoV-2, e essencial para a entrada viral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> A ECA2 n&#227;o s&#243; se expressa na c&#233;lula epitelial alveolar tipo 2 nos pulm&#245;es, mas tamb&#233;m no t&#250;bulo renal, nos rins; cardiomi&#243;citos, no cora&#231;&#227;o; epit&#233;lio do intestino delgado, no trato intestinal; c&#233;lulas epiteliais dos ductos biliares e c&#233;lulas Leydig, nos test&#237;culos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Assim, pacientes com COVID-19 apresentaram m&#250;ltiplas manifesta&#231;&#245;es extrapulmonares e poss&#237;veis complica&#231;&#245;es. Na nossa amostra, pacientes hipertensos com COVID-19 tinham mais comorbidades, como diabetes, doen&#231;a cardiovascular, doen&#231;as no f&#237;gado, doen&#231;a renal e doen&#231;a cerebrovascular. Assim, pacientes hipertensos com COVID-19 apresentaram n&#237;veis anormais de v&#225;rios indicadores relacionados &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, hep&#225;tica, renal e pulmonar no momento da interna&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, pacientes com COVID-19 com hipertens&#227;o tinham n&#237;veis mais altos de triglic&#233;rides e bilirrubina direta. Tamb&#233;m resumimos outros par&#226;metros laboratoriais que podem estar associados &#224; piora da COVID-19 em pacientes hipertensos. Vale lembrar que pacientes hipertensos apresentaram contagem de leuc&#243;citos e neutr&#243;filos significativamente mais alta, e contagem de linf&#243;citos mais baixa, o que indica que o n&#237;vel de linfopenia &#233; maior em pacientes hipertensos com COVID-19, que possuem contagem mais baixa de linf&#243;citos e contagem mais alta de leuc&#243;citos e rela&#231;&#227;o de neutr&#243;filos/linf&#243;citos (RNL),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> com n&#250;mero extremamente menor de subpopula&#231;&#245;es de linf&#243;citos e maior n&#237;vel de citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias, incluindo IL-2, IL-6 e IL-10.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> &#201; importante determinar se pacientes com COVID-19 com hipertens&#227;o tamb&#233;m apresentaram desregula&#231;&#227;o grave da resposta imunol&#243;gica em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes normotensos, mas a vigil&#226;ncia da linfopenia pode ajudar no tratamento de pacientes hipertensos com COVID-19.</p>
      <p>Tamb&#233;m analisamos as mudan&#231;as din&#226;micas em quatro biomarcadores durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, e verificamos que ALT (les&#227;o no f&#237;gado) e PCR (biomarcadores inflamat&#243;rios) n&#227;o mudaram significativamente entre os grupos com e sem hipertens&#227;o. Embora o grupo com hipertens&#227;o tenha mostrado uma rela&#231;&#227;o um pouco maior de infec&#231;&#245;es bacterianas, sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, descobrimos que a infec&#231;&#227;o bacteriana levou a mais chances de mortalidade (OR: 5.867, IC95%: 2.537-13.568, p&lt;0,001). Por&#233;m, a hipertens&#227;o ainda era um fator de risco independentemente relacionado &#224; mortalidade ap&#243;s o ajuste do efeito da infec&#231;&#227;o bacteriana (OR: 2.029, IC95%: 1.035-3.976, p&lt;0,05), e o m&#233;dico deve prestar aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o bacteriana secund&#225;ria no grupo com hipertens&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o aos n&#237;veis mais altos de PCR. Por&#233;m, os n&#237;veis de TnT e creatinina no grupo com hipertens&#227;o estavam significativamente mais altos do que no grupo sem hipertens&#227;o durante a interna&#231;&#227;o e pr&#243;ximo &#224; alta, o que implica que um manejo cl&#237;nico mais agressivo em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; les&#227;o card&#237;aca e renal pode ser necess&#225;rio para pacientes hipertensos com COVID-19. Observou-se que os componentes do SRA podem ter papel patog&#234;nico na COVID-19, j&#225; que a ECA2 age diretamente na hipertens&#227;o e na transmiss&#227;o da SARS-CoV-2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> O equil&#237;brio da via SRA pode estabelecer a ocorr&#234;ncia de les&#227;o tecidual, principalmente no cora&#231;&#227;o e nos rins.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Nossos dados refor&#231;aram a influ&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o na gravidade da COVID-19, principalmente na les&#227;o card&#237;aca e renal.</p>
      <p>N&#227;o &#233; surpreendente que pacientes hipertensos com COVID-19 estejam vivenciando a maior frequ&#234;ncia, formas graves e mais complica&#231;&#245;es da COVID-19. Nossas an&#225;lises demonstraram que o est&#225;gio da hipertens&#227;o esteve associado &#224; gravidade da doen&#231;a e ao resultado cl&#237;nico em pacientes hipertensos com COVID-19. Por&#233;m, os mecanismos que baseiam a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a hipertens&#227;o e a COVID-19 n&#227;o s&#227;o bem compreendidos. Como a ECA2 age como receptora para que a SARS-CoV-2 entre nas c&#233;lulas, h&#225; preocupa&#231;&#245;es crescentes sobre o uso cl&#237;nico do IECA/BRA, ou seja, se esses medicamentos podem ou n&#227;o aumentar a suscetibilidade a uma infec&#231;&#227;o de SARS-CoV-2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Nossos dados demonstraram que o IECA/BRA n&#227;o aumentaria a gravidade da doen&#231;a ou risco de mortalidade em pacientes hipertensos com COVID-19. Recentemente, um estudo multic&#234;ntrico incluindo 1.128 pacientes hipertensos com COVID-19 mostrou que o uso hospitalar do IECA/BRA esteve associado a taxas mais baixas de mortalidade em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes que n&#227;o utilizaram IECA/BRA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Combinados com nossos resultados, esses achados sugerem que o uso cont&#237;nuo de IECA/BRA durante a interna&#231;&#227;o deve ser mantido para controlar a press&#227;o arterial para o benef&#237;cio do paciente, j&#225; que pacientes com COVID-19 usando IECA/BRA n&#227;o apresentaram riscos maiores para resultados adversos.</p>
      <p>Por&#233;m, este estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiro, os pacientes sem grandes complica&#231;&#245;es foram destinados a centros tempor&#225;rios de tratamento (hospitais m&#243;veis de campanha), devido aos recursos m&#233;dicos limitados, e todos os pacientes do estudo tinham casos relativamente graves de COVID-19. Em segundo lugar, os dados do acompanhamento m&#233;dico estavam incompletos, j&#225; que casos cr&#237;ticos foram transferidos para a UTI ou para um hospital superior. Essas medidas foram conduzidas de acordo com estrat&#233;gias nacionais para preven&#231;&#227;o e controle da epidemia, considerando a emerg&#234;ncia do surto da COVID-19, que tem grande import&#226;ncia para mitigar a dissemina&#231;&#227;o do v&#237;rus. Em terceiro lugar, somente 20 pacientes receberam tratamento com IECA/BRA, o que pode ter limitado a determina&#231;&#227;o do uso potencial do IECA/BRA no tratamento da COVID-19. Mais investiga&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas s&#227;o necess&#225;rias.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo sugeriu que a hipertens&#227;o tem associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com a gravidade e a mortalidade da COVID-19. Pacientes hipertensos com COVID-19 apresentaram severas manifesta&#231;&#245;es e complica&#231;&#245;es em outros &#243;rg&#227;os, principalmente les&#245;es no mioc&#225;rdio e nos rins, o que implica que tratamentos agressivos devam ser considerados para pacientes hipertensos diagnosticados com COVID-19. A observa&#231;&#227;o de longo prazo e um estudo prospectivo sobre a efetividade dos tratamentos espec&#237;ficos para a COVID-19 em pacientes hipertensos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Gostar&#237;amos de agradecer a equipe m&#233;dica do S&#233;timo Hospital e do Hospital Zhongnan, da Universidade de Wuhan, por seu esfor&#231;o em cuidar dos pacientes com COVID-19.</p>
    </ack>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Association of Hypertension with Severity and Mortality in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A Single-centered, Retrospective Study</article-title>
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            <given-names>You-ping</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn_ast1001">
            <sup>*</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
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          <name>
            <surname>Xie</surname>
            <given-names>Wen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn_ast1001">
            <sup>*</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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          <name>
            <surname>Liu</surname>
            <given-names>Tao</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>3</sup>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Mei-rong</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
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            <surname>Zan</surname>
            <given-names>Yu-xing</given-names>
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            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
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          <name>
            <surname>Meng</surname>
            <given-names>Xiao-bo</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
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          <name>
            <surname>Deng</surname>
            <given-names>Yu-qing</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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          <name>
            <surname>Xiong</surname>
            <given-names>Hai-rong</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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            <surname>Fu</surname>
            <given-names>Xue-dong</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Pediatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">State Key Laboratory of Virology/ Institute of Medical Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Xue-dong Fu and Hai-rong Xiong &#8226; Xue-dong Fu, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China E-mail: wb001865@whu.edu.cn, hrxiong@whu.edu.cn</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Hai-rong X, Xue-dong F; Acquisition of data: You-ping D, Xie W, Liu T, Shou-yi W, Yu-xing Z, Xiao-bo M; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Xie W, Mei-rong W; Statistical analysis: Yu-qing D; Writing of the manuscript: You-ping D, Hai-rong X.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="equal" id="fn_ast1001">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>Os autores contribu&#237;ram igualmente para este trabalho</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spread worldwide.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To investigate the association between hypertension and severity/mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>A total of 337 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 at the Seventh Hospital of Wuhan City, from January 20 to February 25, 2020, were enrolled and analyzed in a retrospective, single-center case study. The significance level adopted in the statistical analysis was 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Of the 337 patients with confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19, 297 (87.8%) were discharged from the hospital and 40 patients (22.9%) died. The median age was 58 years (range, 18-91 years). There were 112 (33.2%) patients diagnosed with hypertension at admission (median age, 65.0 years [range, 38-91 years]; 67 [59.8%, 95%CI: 50.6%-69.0%] men, p=0.0209). Patients with hypertension presented a significantly higher portion of severe cases (69 [61.6%, 95%CI:52.5%-70.8%] vs. 117 [52.0%, 95%CI: 45.4%-58.6%] in severe patients and 23 [19.3%, 95%CI:12.9%-28.1%] vs. 27 [12.0%, 95%CI: 7.7%-16.3%] in critical patients, p=0.0014) and higher mortality rates (20 [17.9%, 95%CI: 10.7%-25.1%] vs. 20 [8.9%, 95%CI: 5.1%-12.6%, p=0.0202). Moreover, hypertensive patients presented abnormal levels of multiple indicators, such as lymphopenia, inflammation, heart, liver, kidney, and lung function at admission. The hypertension group still displayed higher levels of TnT and creatinine at approaching discharge.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>Hypertension is strongly associated with severity or mortality of COVID-19. Aggressive treatment may be considered for COVID-19 patients with hypertension, especially regarding cardiac and kidney injury.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>COVID-19/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Betacoronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratoty Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Comorbidities</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The novel Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV2), emerged in Wuhan in December, 2019, and has spread worldwide, which resulted in great concern to global public health and economics.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> SARS-CoV-2 was identified as the pathogen of COVID-19 in January 2020, and belongs to a unique clade of the subgenus sarbecovirus, Orthocoronavirinae subfamily.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> This novel coronavirus is an enveloped, single stranded, positive-sense RNA virus, and recognizes angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) as the functional receptor for host cell entry. ACE2 is a member of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) family and plays an important role in human physiological functions, especially in blood pressure regulation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Emerging data reported the general clinical features and epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 patients, among which several reports demonstrated that cardiac injury is associated with higher risk of mortality in patients with COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>There is a high prevalence of hypertension worldwide, especially in China. Overall, hypertension was present in 23.2% of the adult Chinese population from 2012 to 2015.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death in China.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> With urbanization, rising incomes and an aging population, China&#8217;s burden of hypertension and cardiovascular disease is increasing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Accumulated evidence suggested that hypertension may be related to a growing factor of in-hospital fatality due to COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Therefore, we initiated this retrospective study to analyze data from a single center in Wuhan, China, and examine the association between hypertension and COVID-19. We also monitored the dynamic changes of important biomarkers among the hospitalized patients, which may bring recommendations for the clinical management of hypertensive patients with COVID-19.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Patients&#8217; enrollment</title>
          <p>The institutional Ethics board of Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, approved this project (No.2020056K). No.7 Hospital of Wuhan was one of the first COVID-19 designated hospitals, and has been consigned to the Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University since January 2020. A total of 337 patients with confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 hospitalized in four inpatient wards of No.7 Hospital of Wuhan were enrolled in this study, which was conducted from January 20 to February 25, 2020. All patients were diagnosed with COVID-19 and classified in distinct clinical types, according to the diagnostic and treatment guidelines of COVID-19 from the Chinese National Health Commission (version 3-7).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Since patients without major complications were assigned to the mobile cabin hospital due to the hierarchical medical system during the early stage of the epidemic, all the patients involved in this study had moderate (101), severe (186), and critical (50) COVID-19. The critical cases were further transferred to the ICU. The throat swab samples were collected and applied for laboratory detection.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection</title>
          <p>The medical records, including basic information (age, gender, comorbidities etc.), clinical characteristics, laboratory findings and radiological examinations, as well as treatment and outcomes of each patient with positive SARS-CoV-2 results, were collected. The date of disease onset was specified as the day when any symptom was observed. Clinical outcomes were evaluated and recorded at the time of discharge or transfer to the assigned intensive care hospital. Laboratory confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 was primarily performed in the clinical laboratory at the Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, and partially in the clinical laboratory at No.7 Hospital of Wuhan after the detection system was locally established since late February. SARS-CoV-2 was verified by real-time RT-PCR using the protocol as previously described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> The viral nucleic acid detection from throat-swab specimen was performed during the therapeutic process. Besides, the patient samples were also detected for other pathogen infections, such as influenza virus, parainfluenza, Coxsackie virus, adenovirus, echovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, cytomegalovirus etc. All the patients underwent chest computed tomography (CT-scan) or X-ray. Follow-up radiological examination and negative SARS-CoV-2 test results were considered as criteria for cure and hospital discharge.</p>
          <p>Clinical manifestations were summarized, including fever, cough, expectoration, myalgia, fatigue, headache, heart palpitations, diarrhea, dyspnea etc. Laboratory examinations were conducted at admission and as the disease progressed, such as routine blood tests, blood biochemistry, blood gas level, blood electrolytes, coagulation function, procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA), serum creatine kinase and myocardial enzyme spectrum. Medical treatments were recorded, as most patients received the antiviral treatment or a Chinese patent medicine. Patients also received corticosteroid, gamma globulin, probiotics, or respiratory support when necessary.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Categorical data were presented as frequencies and percentage rates, and continuous data were described using median and interquartile range (IQR) values. The continuous variables were tested for Gaussian distribution using the D&#8217;Agostino-Pearson test for normality and further analyzed by the Mann-Whitney test, when appropriate. The frequencies of categorical variables were compared using the chi-square test, Fisher&#8217;s exact test, and Kruskal-Wallis when appropriate. Survival curves were generated by the Kaplan-Meier method, with comparisons between groups performed with the log-rank test, SPSS version 19.0. Other statistical analyses and graphs were generated and plotted using the GraphPad Prism software, version 6.00 (GraphPad Software Inc). <italic>P</italic> value lower than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Demographics and clinical characteristics</title>
          <p>The study enrolled a total of 337 patients hospitalized with confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19, including 112 (33.2%) patients diagnosed as hypertensive at admission. The median age for all patients was 58 years (18-91), and 171 (50.7%) patients were male. The most common underlying comorbidities were diabetes (49, 14.5%), cardiovascular disease (43, 12.8%), and liver disease (24, 7.1%). Of the 337 patients, 101 (30.0%) were categorized as moderate patients; 186 (55.2%) as severe patients; and 50 (14.8%) as critical patients. Of these 337 patients, 297 (87.8%) were discharged from the hospital and 40 (11.9%) patients died.</p>
          <p>Compared with non-hypertensive patients, hypertensive patients were older and most were male. Moreover, patients with hypertension presented significantly higher rates of comorbidities, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, liver disease, kidney disease and cerebrovascular disease. Patients with hypertension presented a significantly higher portion of severe cases, as 69 [61.6%] vs. 117 [52.0%] in severe patients and 23 [19.3%] vs. 27 [12.0%] in critical patients. Mortality rates were significantly higher among patients with hypertension (20 [17.9%] vs. 20 [8.9%]). ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Demographics and clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="4">No. (%)</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" colspan="5" style="font-weight:normal">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Characteristic</th>
                    <th>Total (n=337)</th>
                    <th>Normotension (n=225)</th>
                    <th>Hypertension (n=112)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mean age (range)</td>
                    <td align="center">58(18-91)</td>
                    <td align="center">54(18-88)</td>
                    <td align="center">65(38-91)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.0001<sup>a</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sex</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">.0209<sup>b</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female</td>
                    <td align="center">166(49.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">121(53.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">45(40.2)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male</td>
                    <td align="center">171(50.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">104(46.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">67(59.8)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smoking</td>
                    <td align="center">26(7.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">18(8.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">8(7.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00<sup>b</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Onset of symptoms to hospital admission, median (IQR), d</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (6-13)</td>
                    <td align="center">9(6-12)</td>
                    <td align="center">10(7-15)</td>
                    <td align="center">.1596<sup>a</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hospitalization, median (IQR), d</td>
                    <td align="center">15(11-23)</td>
                    <td align="center">15.5(11-24)</td>
                    <td align="center">15(11-22)</td>
                    <td align="center">.9117<sup>a</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Comorbidity&#8212;No. (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cardiovascular disease</td>
                    <td align="center">43(12.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">11(4.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">32(28.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.0001<sup>b</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cerebrovascular disease</td>
                    <td align="center">6(1.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">6(5.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0012<sup>b</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes</td>
                    <td align="center">49(14.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">15(6.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">34(30.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.0001<sup>b</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Chronic bronchitis</td>
                    <td align="center">8(2.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">4(2.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">4(3.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">.4480<sup>b</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Asthma</td>
                    <td align="center">1(0.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">1(0.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0(0)</td>
                    <td align="center">1<sup>b</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Malignancy</td>
                    <td align="center">18(5.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">9(4.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">9(8.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">.2924<sup>b</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Liver disease</td>
                    <td align="center">24(7.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">9(4.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">15(13.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">.0028<sup>b</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Kidney disease</td>
                    <td align="center">17(5.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">5(2.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">12(10.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">.0022<sup>b</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Allergic physique</td>
                    <td align="center">13(3.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">11(4.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">2(1.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">.2332<sup>b</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Complication</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Bacterial infection</td>
                    <td align="center">36(10.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">23(10.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">13(11.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">.7106<sup>b</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Metabolic acidosis</td>
                    <td align="center">14(4.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">6(2.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">8(7.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">.0784<sup>b</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Heart failure</td>
                    <td align="center">20(5.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">10(4.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">10(8.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">.1398<sup>b</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ARDS</td>
                    <td align="center">42(12.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">18(8.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">24(21.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">.0007<sup>b</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Acute liver injury</td>
                    <td align="center">17(5.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">11(4.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">6(5.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">1<sup>b</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Acute kidney injury</td>
                    <td align="center">19(5.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">8(3.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">11(9.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">.0244<sup>b</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>DIC</td>
                    <td align="center">4(1.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">1(0.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">3(2.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">.1089<sup>b</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Treatments</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Antiviral treatment</td>
                    <td align="center">276(81.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">193(85.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">83(74.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0107<sup>b</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Antibiotics</td>
                    <td align="center">302(89.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">200(88.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">102(91.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.5763<sup>b</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Chinese Medicine</td>
                    <td align="center">186(55.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">122(54.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">64(57.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.6430<sup>b</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Glucocorticoid</td>
                    <td align="center">150(44.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">90(40.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">60(53.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0202<sup>b</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Immune globulin</td>
                    <td align="center">56(16.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">36(15.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">21(18.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.3445<sup>b</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Respiratory support</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.0041</bold>
                      <sup>
                        <bold>b</bold>
                      </sup>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Nasal cannula</td>
                    <td align="center">226(67.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">158(70.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">68(60.7)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Non-invasive ventilation</td>
                    <td align="center">26(7.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">10(4.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">16(14.3)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Invasive ventilation</td>
                    <td align="center">16(4.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">9(4.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">7(6.3)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Disease severity</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.0014</bold>
                      <sup>
                        <bold>b</bold>
                      </sup>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Moderate</td>
                    <td align="center">101(30.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">81(36.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">20(17.9)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Severe</td>
                    <td align="center">186(55.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">117(52.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">69(61.6)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Critical</td>
                    <td align="center">50(14.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">27(12.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">23(20.5)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Clinical outcomes</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>.0202</bold>
                      <sup>
                        <bold>b</bold>
                      </sup>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Discharge</td>
                    <td align="center">297(87.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">205(90.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">92(82.1)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Death</td>
                    <td align="center">40(11.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">20(8.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">20(17.9)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; DIC: Disseminated intravascular coagulation; IQR: interquartile range. a: statistical difference (numerical variable) between normotension and hypertension groups were evaluated by the Mann-Whitney U test. b: statistical difference (categorical variable) between normotension and hypertension groups were evaluated by the Chi-square test.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Laboratory findings at Admission</title>
          <p>As shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> , in the overall study population of 337 patients, the median level of CRP and SAA was elevated, and lymphocyte count, total protein and albumin were decreased. However, the other laboratory indicators were within the normal range, including other blood cell counts, blood lipids and electrolytes, cardiac biomarkers, blood gas analysis and other liver and renal function biomarkers.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Laboratory results among different groups</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Median (IQR)</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" colspan="5" style="font-weight:normal">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Characteristic</th>
                    <th>Total (n=337)</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Normotension (n=225)</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Hypertension (n=112)</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">p-value<sup>a</sup></th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Blood cell count</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>White blood cell count, &#215;10<sup>9</sup>/L (normal range 3.5-9.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.81(3.81-6.57)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.65(3.63-5.97)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.61(4.08-7.82)</td>
                    <td align="center">.0005</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Neutrophil count, &#215;10<sup>9</sup>/L (normal range 1.6-6.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.24(2.25-5.02)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.96(2.13-4.25)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.91(2.89-6.78)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lymphocyte count, &#215;10<sup>9</sup>/L (normal range 1.1-3.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.89(0.63-1.25)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.97(0.66-1.33)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.76(0.58-1.10)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0011</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Monocyte count, &#215;10<sup>9</sup>/L (normal range 0.1-0.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.37(0.26-0.50)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.36(0.26-0.49)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.41(0.26-0.54)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.1051</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Platelet count, &#215;10<sup>9</sup>/L (normal range 125-350)</td>
                    <td align="center">181(132-232)</td>
                    <td align="center">181.5(132.8-227.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">180(130-238)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.8235</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Blood lipids and electrolytes</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total cholesterol, mmol/L, (normal range 2.8-5.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.53(3.01-4.17)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.43(2.99-4.13)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.70(3.06-4.17)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.1034</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Triglyceride, mmol/L, (normal range 0.56-1.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.93(0.69-1.35)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.88(0.64-1.31)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.01(0.77-1.58)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0127</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HDL, mmol/L, (normal range 0.9-2.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.1(0.92-1.31)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.11(0.93-1.31)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.09(0.90-1.30)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.6562</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDL, mmol/L, (normal range 1-3.35)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.02(1.64-2.48)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.92(1.63-2.44)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.1(1.67-2.61)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0463</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>sdLDL, mmol/L, (normal range 95-538)</td>
                    <td align="center">121(86-184)</td>
                    <td align="center">115.0(81-174)</td>
                    <td align="center">131(93-194)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0976</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Serum</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Potassium, mmol/L (normal range 3.5-5.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.71(3.38-4.07)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.72(3.43-4.05)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.71(3.29-4.17)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.7970</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Calcium, mmol/L (normal range 2.11-2.52)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.16(2.07-2.26)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.17(2.09-2.27)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.14(2.05-2.24)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0612</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Inflammatory biomarkers</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>hsCRP, mg/L (normal range 0-3)</td>
                    <td align="center">31.70(9.08-65.52)</td>
                    <td align="center">27.2(6.6-61.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">44.2(14.55-76.05)</td>
                    <td align="center">.015</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Procalcitonin, ng/mL (normal range 0-0.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.065(0.04-0.14)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0525(0.04-0.12)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.09 (0.05-0.21)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SAA, mg/L (normal range 0-10)</td>
                    <td align="center">93.61(32.24-196.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">104.7(27.57-223.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">86.16(38.77-159.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">.5855</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Cardiac biomarkers</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TnT, ng/mL (normal range 0-0.014)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.009(0.006-0.014)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.008(0.005-0.013)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.012(0.008-0.0215)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Creatine kinase-MB, ng/mL (normal range 0-6.22)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.12(0.68-2.31)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00 (0.66-1.93)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.53(0.93-3.05)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0005</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Myoglobulin, ng/mL (normal range 7.4-105.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">47.20(27.80-86.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">40.9(25.90-67.45)</td>
                    <td align="center">67.20(30.65-131.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0004</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NT-proBNP, pg/mL (normal range 0-222)</td>
                    <td align="center">198.4(55.38-488.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">124.8(47.75-386.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">243.8(107.1-809.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0021</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Blood gas analysis</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PaO2, mm Hg (normal range 70-107)</td>
                    <td align="center">85.0(62.3-118.0</td>
                    <td align="center">93(74-121.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">77(56.0-110.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0095</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PaO2/FiO2, mm Hg</td>
                    <td align="center">376.2(229.3-469.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">390.5(274.5-504.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">293.1(168.3-419.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0003</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PaCO2, mm Hg (normal range 35-45)</td>
                    <td align="center">38(33-44)</td>
                    <td align="center">39(34-44)</td>
                    <td align="center">36(32-44)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0829</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PH (normal range 7.35-7.45)</td>
                    <td align="center">7.42(7.40-7.46)</td>
                    <td align="center">7.42(7.40-7.45)</td>
                    <td align="center">7.43(7.40-7.46)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.4852</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BE, mmol/L, (normal range -3-3)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.3(-0.7-3.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.4(0-3.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.6(-1.9-2.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0646</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Liver and renal function</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Alanine Aminotransferase, IU/L (normal range 9-50)</td>
                    <td align="center">25.0(16.0-38.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">23(15.75-34)</td>
                    <td align="center">27.0(16.0-47.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0252</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Aspartate Aminotransferase, IU/L (normal range 15-40)</td>
                    <td align="center">28.0(19.0-40.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">26(18.0-37.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">29(20.0-45.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0382</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total Protein, g/L (normal range 65-85)</td>
                    <td align="center">63.7(60.2-67.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">64.10(60.3-67.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">63.5(59.5-67.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.5332</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Albumin, g/L (normal range 40-55)</td>
                    <td align="center">36.5(33.0-39.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">37.4(34.1-40.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">33.7(31.3-38.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Globulin, g/L, (normal range 20-40)</td>
                    <td align="center">27.0 (25.1-30.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">26.5(24.5-29.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">28.6(26.2-32.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total bilirubin, &#956;mol/L (normal range 2-23)</td>
                    <td align="center">7.8(5.6-11.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">7.2(5.3-9.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">9.6(6.6-12.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Direct bilirubin, &#956;mol/L (normal range 0-8)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.0(2.2-4.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.9(2.1-4.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.3(2.4-4.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0138</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Creatinine, &#956;mol/L (normal range 57-97)</td>
                    <td align="center">64.0(53.0-75.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">62(52.3-73.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">68(54.5-85.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0144</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Urea nitrogen, &#956;mol/L (normal range 3.1-8)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.24(3.36-5.80)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.13(3.34-5.37)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.88(3.51-6.26)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0113</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>IQR: interquartile range; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; sdLDL: small dense Low-Density Lipoprotein; hsCRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; TnT: troponin T; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro&#8211;brain natriuretic peptide. a: statistical difference (numerical variable) between normotension and hypertension groups were evaluated by the Mann-Whitney U test.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Compared with non-hypertensive patients, hypertensive patients presented with significantly higher white blood cell and neutrophil count, and lower lymphocyte count. The monocyte and platelet counts of these two groups were similar.</p>
          <p>Total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and small dense Low-Density Lipoprotein (sdLDL) levels did not differ between hypertensive and non-hypertensive patients, but hypertensive patients had higher levels of triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). The inflammatory biomarkers, including highly sensitive CRP, procalcitonin, and globulin were significantly higher in hypertensive patients.</p>
          <p>It is worth noting that hypertensive patients presented abnormal levels of multiple indicators concerning the heart, liver, kidney, and lung function. Hypertensive patients presented significantly higher levels of cardiac injury biomarkers, including troponin T, creatine kinase-myocardial band test, myoglobin and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). Moreover, hypertensive patients showed more severe respiratory dysfunction, with lower partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), and PaO2/fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2). Furthermore, hypertensive patients also had higher levels of creatinine and urea nitrogen. Hypertensive patients presented higher levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and lower levels of albumin.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Treatment, complications, and clinical outcome</title>
          <p>The median time from symptom onset to admission was ten days (IQR, 7-15) in hypertensive patients, and similar with non-hypertensive patients ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ). There was no significant difference in hospitalization time between both groups. During hospitalization, hypertensive patients developed more frequent complications regarding acute respiratory distress syndrome, and acute renal injury when compared with non-hypertensive patients ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ). But there were no significant differences regarding the incidence of acute heart failure and acute liver injury between these two groups.</p>
          <p>A total of 268 patients (79.5%) underwent respiratory support, and the use of nasal cannula, non-invasive ventilation and invasive mechanical ventilation was necessary for 226 (67.1%), 26 (7.7%), and 16 patients (4.7%), respectively. Most patients received antiviral therapy (276 [81.9%]) and antibacterial therapy (302 [89.6%]) during hospitalization. The proportion of treatment with the Chinese Medicine, glucocorticoid and immunoglobulin was 186 (55.2%), 150 (44.5%) and 56 (16.6%), respectively. Overall, the rates of these treatments had no significant differences in therapies between the group with and without hypertension. However, it is worth noting that hypertensive patients received treatment with glucocorticoid.</p>
          <p>According to the diagnostic criteria, there were 73 (65.1%) patients with Grade I, 24 (21.4%) with Grade II and 15 (13.4%) with Grade III hypertension, respectively. All Grade III patients presented the severe or critical type of COVID-19. More than half of the patients with Grade III hypertension died ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; The association between hypertension grade and disease severity in COVID-19 patients with hypertension</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="3">Hypertension grade</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" colspan="6" style="font-weight:normal">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Total (n=112)</th>
                    <th>I (n=73)</th>
                    <th>II (n=24)</th>
                    <th>III (n=15)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Disease severity</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.0003<sup>a</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Moderate</td>
                    <td align="center">20(17.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">12(16.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">8(33.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0(0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Severe</td>
                    <td align="center">69(61.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">50(68.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">13((54.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">6(40)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Critical</td>
                    <td align="center">23(19.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">11(15.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">3(12.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">9(60)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Clinical outcomes</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.0006<sup>b</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Discharge</td>
                    <td align="center">92(82.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">64(87.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">21(87.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">7(46.7)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Death</td>
                    <td align="center">20(17.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">9(12.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">3(12.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">8(53.3)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>a: Kruskal-Wallis was used to analyze the relationship between disease severity and hypertension grades. b: R X C The Chi-square test was used to analyze the relationship between clinical outcomes and hypertension grades.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Eighty-four (75%) hypertensive patients received antihypertensive treatment during hospitalization. Among them, 20 patients (17.8%) used angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs)/angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), and 64 (57.1%) received other antihypertensive drugs. The disease severity and clinical outcomes between the ACEI/ARB group and non-ACEI/ARB group did not present significant differences ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; The association between ACEI/ARB use and disease severity in COVID-19 patients with hypertension</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="3">Antihypertensive treatment</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" colspan="6" style="font-weight:normal">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Total (n=112)</th>
                    <th>ACEI/ARB treatment (n=20)</th>
                    <th>Other hypotensive drug (n=64)</th>
                    <th>No hypotensive treatment (n=28)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Disease severity</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.3487<sup>a</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Moderate</td>
                    <td align="center">20(17.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">3(15)</td>
                    <td align="center">11(17.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">6(21.4)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Severe</td>
                    <td align="center">69(61.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">13(65)</td>
                    <td align="center">36(56.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">20(71.4)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Critical</td>
                    <td align="center">23(19.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">4(20)</td>
                    <td align="center">17(26.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">2(7.1)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Clinical outcome</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1.0000<sup>a</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Discharge</td>
                    <td align="center">92(82.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">16(80)</td>
                    <td align="center">49(76.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">27(96.4)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Death</td>
                    <td align="center">20(17.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">4(20)</td>
                    <td align="center">15(23.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">1(3.6)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>ACEIs: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs: angiotensin II receptor blockers. a: R X C Chi-square test was used to analyze the difference between groups.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Dynamic changes of levels during hospitalization</title>
          <p>Since hypertensive patients presented higher levels of CRP, TnT, Creatinine, and ALT compared to normotensive patients, we further analyzed the dynamic change of these four laboratory markers during hospitalization among the surviving patients ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ). As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1A</xref> , the TnT level in hypertensive patients increased significantly during the course of hospitalization compared to non-hypertensive patients (median [IQR], 0.011 [0.008-0.021] vs. 0.008 [0.005-0.014], p=0.0027 at hospitalization and 0.012 [0.008-0.165] vs. 0.006 [0.005-0.012], p=0.0077 at approaching discharge). And no such dynamic escalation of TnT levels was observed in non-hypertensive patients. Likewise, the creatinine level in hypertensive patients increased significantly during the course of hospitalization compared to non-hypertensive patients (median [IQR], 69.0 [59.5-85.5] vs. 63.0 [51.3-75.8], p=0.0227 at hospitalization and 70.0 [59.0-84.0] vs. 64.0 [51.0-75], p=0.0220) at approaching discharge ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1B</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Dynamic change of TnT, Creatinine, CRP, and ALT during hospitalization. A.TnT; B. Creatinine; C.CRP; D.ALT. The data were expressed as the median and IQR. Mann-Whitney U test was used. (*p &lt; 0.05, **p &lt; 0.01, ***p &lt; 0.001).</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-0911-00733-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Both groups of patients exhibited high levels of CRP during the course of hospitalization. The CRP of non-hypertensive patients were controlled to normal range (median [IQR], 2.75[1.0-8.075]) with no significant differences comparing to the hypertensive group (median [IQR], 3.8[2.2-10.00]) at the time of approaching discharge ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1C</xref> ). Similarly, there were no significant differences in the ALT level between these two groups when approaching discharge ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1D</xref> ).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Hypertension increases the death rate of patients with COVID-19</title>
          <p>The relationship between hypertension and death was one of the focuses in our study. We found that mortality rates in hypertensive groups were higher than in normotensive groups. Meanwhile, hypertension was associated with nearly 2.2 more chances of dying due to COVID-19 (OR: 2.093 [95%CI: 1.094-4.006], p=0.024) according to the Chi-square test.</p>
          <p>We further conducted a survival curve analysis using the Kaplan-Meier method. Patients with hypertension and those without hypertension had different survival curves during the time from admission to follow-up (mean=31,664, SED=1,424; mean=34.79, SED=0.882; p=0.0155) as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2A</xref> . Considering the duration of the illness at the time of admission, we also found that the survival curve of patients with hypertension and those without hypertension had no significant differences during the time from symptom onset to follow-up (mean=51,984, SE=2,703; mean=55,625, SE=2,139; p&gt;0.05, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2B</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Kaplan&#8211;Meier plots of survival probability in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. A. Kaplan-Meier survival curves for mortality during the time from admission. B. Kaplan-Meier survival curves for mortality during the time from symptom onset.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-05-0911-00733-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The world is currently suffering from an emerging infectious disease &#8211; COVID-19, which had 30,949,804 confirmed cases and 959,116 deaths until 21 September, 2020.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Several studies demonstrated that hypertension has been the most common comorbidity in patients with COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In this cohort study, we provided detailed clinical characteristics and risk factors associated with clinical outcomes in COVID-19 hypertensive or normotensive patients. The overall case fatality rate in mainland China was 5.5% (4,642 deaths out of 84,393 confirmed cases on May 3, 2020).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> In our study, the prevalence of hypertension in COVID-19 patients was 33.2%, which is consistent with previous studies that reported the proportion of COVID-19 patients with hypertension ranging from 19.4 to 32.6%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> The in-hospital mortality in patients with hypertension is markedly higher than in normotensive patients (17.9% vs. 8.9%, p=0.0202), in line with previous findings.</p>
        <p>As we know, the angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2), as an enzyme of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), is the receptor for SARS-CoV-2 and essential for viral entry.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> ACE2 is not only expressed in type 2 alveolar epithelial cell in the lungs, but also in the renal tubules of the kidneys, cardiomyocytes in the heart, small intestinal epithelium in the gastrointestinal tract, bile duct epithelial cells and Leydig cells in the testis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Therefore, COVID-19 patients presented multiple extrapulmonary manifestations and possible complications. In our patient cohort, COVID-19 patients with hypertension had more comorbidities, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, liver disease, kidney disease and cerebrovascular disease. In this sense, hypertensive patients with COVID-19 presented abnormal levels of multiple indicators concerning the heart, liver, kidney, and lung function at hospital admission. Besides, COVID-19 patients with hypertension displayed higher levels of triglyceride and direct bilirubin. We also summarized other laboratory parameters that may be associated with worse progression of COVID-19 patients with hypertension. It is worth noting that hypertensive patients presented with significantly higher white blood cell count, neutrophil count, and lower lymphocyte count, which indicates that the level of lymphopenia is higher in COVID-19 patients with hypertension. It has been reported that lymphopenia is a common feature in patients with severe COVID-19, who display lower lymphocyte count, higher leukocyte count and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> with a dramatically reduced number of lymphocyte subsets and higher proinflammatory cytokine levels, including IL-2, IL-6, and IL-10.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> It is curious to determine if COVID-19 patients with hypertension also presented with severe dysregulation of the immune response compared to normotensive patients, but the surveillance of lymphopenia may be helpful in the treatment of COVID-19 patients with hypertension.</p>
        <p>We further analyzed the dynamic changes of four biomarker levels during hospitalization, and found that ALT (liver injury) and CRP (inflammatory biomarkers) did not significantly differ between the hypertensive and the normotensive groups. Although the hypertension group displayed a slightly higher ratio of bacterial infection without statistical significance, we found that bacterial infection caused higher chances of death (OR: 5,867, 95%CI: 2,537-13,568, p&lt;0.001). Nevertheless, hypertension was still a risk factor independently related to mortality after adjusting the effect of bacterial infection (OR: 2,029, 95%CI: 1,035-3,976, p&lt;0.05), and the clinician should pay more attention to the secondary bacterial infection in the group with arterial hypertension regarding the higher levels of CRP. However, the TnT and creatinine levels of the hypertensive group were remarkable higher than those in the normotensive group during hospitalization and at the time of approaching discharge, which implies that more aggressive clinical management regarding cardiac and renal injury may be required for COVID-19 patients with hypertension. It was observed that the components of renin-angiotensin systems may play a pathogenic role for COVID-19 since ACE2 acts directly in hypertension and in SARS-CoV-2 transmission.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The balance of the RAS pathway may determine the occurrence of tissue injury, especially in the heart and kidneys.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Our data underlined the influence of hypertension on the severity of COVID-19, especially cardiac and kidney injury.</p>
        <p>It is not surprising that COVID-19 patients with hypertension are experiencing higher frequency, severe forms, and more complications of COVID-19. Our further analyses found that the hypertension grade was associated with disease severity and clinical outcome in COVID-19 patients with hypertension. However, the mechanisms underlying the relationship between hypertension and COVID-19 are not well understood. As ACE2 acts as the receptor for SARS-CoV-2 to enter host cells, there are emerging concerns regarding the clinical use of ACEIs/ARBs, about whether or not these drugs could increase the susceptibility of a SARS-CoV-2 infection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Our data demonstrated that ACEIs/ARBs would not increase disease severity or the risk of death in COVID-19 patients with hypertension. Recently, a multi-center study including 1,128 COVID-19 patients with hypertension pointed out that the in-patient use of ACEI/ARB was associated with lower mortality in comparison with ACEI/ARB non-users.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Combined with our results, these findings suggested that the continuous use of ACEI/ARB during hospitalization should be maintained to control the blood pressure for the patients&#8217; benefit, since COVID-19 patients on ACEI/ARB were not at increased risk for adverse outcomes.</p>
        <p>However, the present study has several limitations. Firstly, patients without major complications were assigned to the temporary treatment centers (mobile cabin hospitals) due to the limited medical resources, and all of the patients involved in this study had relatively severe cases of COVID-19. Secondly, the follow-up medical data were incomplete, as some critical cases were transferred to the ICU or the a superior hospital. These measures were conducted in accordance with national strategies for major epidemic prevention and control considering the emergency of the COVID-19 outbreak, which have great importance to mitigate the spread of the virus. Thirdly, only 20 patients received the ACEI/ARBs treatment, which may limit the determination of the potential use of ACEI/ARBs in COVID-19 treatment. Further clinical investigations are required.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The present study suggested that hypertension has a significant association with disease severity and fatal outcomes of COVID-19. COVID-19 patients with hypertension presented with severe multiple organ manifestations and complications, especially myocardial and kidney injury, which implies that aggressive treatments may be considered for hypertensive patients diagnosed with COVID-19. Long-term observation and prospective study design on the effectiveness of treatments specific for COVID-19 patients with hypertension are required.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>We would like to thank all the clinical staff working in No.7 hospital and Zhongnan hospital of Wuhan University for their great effort in taking care of patients with COVID-19.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
