<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="letter" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">VzsktqKNhMMvSkY6qC8zbfG</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001200770</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20201236</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201236</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica Na Amaz&#244;nia Brasileira: Baixa Preval&#234;ncia Ou Subdiagn&#243;stico?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7214-6816</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ortiz</surname>
            <given-names>Jessica Vanina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6446-8858</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Couceiro</surname>
            <given-names>Katia do Nascimento</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4431-7099</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Doria</surname>
            <given-names>Susan Smith</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>D&#233;bora Raysa Teixeira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Manuel Condinho da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kesper</surname>
            <given-names>Norival</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guerra</surname>
            <given-names>Maria das Gra&#231;as Vale Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guerra</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Augusto de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8836-345X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa-Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Marcos Bemfica</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina Tropical</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Amazonas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Manaus</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AM</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina Tropical, Escola de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal </country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Lisboa - Portugal </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">FMUSP</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP-LIM49, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Manaus</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AM</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o Francisca Mendes</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Manaus</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AM</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o Francisca Mendes, Manaus, AM - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Jo&#227;o Marcos B. B. Ferreira &#8226; Universidade do Estado do Amazonas - Av. Carvalho Leal, 1777. CEP 69065-001, Manaus, AM - Brasil Email: <email>jmbemfica@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Ortiz JV, Barbosa-Ferreira JMB; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Ortiz JV, Couceiro KN, Sousa DRT, Barbosa-Ferreira JMB; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Ortiz JV, Couceiro KN, Doria SS, Sousa DRT, Silveira HMC, Kesper Junior K, Barbosa-Ferreira JMB; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Barbosa-Ferreira JMB; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Ortiz JV, Kesper Junior K; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Couceiro KN, Silveira HMC, Guerra MGVB, Guerra JAO, Barbosa-Ferreira JMB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>770</fpage>
      <lpage>774</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="20"/>
        <page-count count="5"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a de Chagas (DC) foi descoberta em 1909 pelo m&#233;dico brasileiro Carlos Chagas, que descreveu o agente etiol&#243;gico &#8211; um protozo&#225;rio flagelado denominado <italic>Trypanossoma cruzi</italic> &#8211; suas caracter&#237;sticas morfol&#243;gicas e seu ciclo de vida e de transmiss&#227;o, bem como manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Apesar de os insetos triatom&#237;neos serem os vetores prim&#225;rios de transmiss&#227;o da DC, a via oral por meio de alimentos contaminados foi considerada o meio principal de transmiss&#227;o na Amaz&#244;nia brasileira.</p>
      <p>A doen&#231;a apresenta duas fases cl&#237;nicas: uma infec&#231;&#227;o aguda, predominantemente assintom&#225;tica com elevada parasitemia, e uma infec&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica dividida em forma indeterminada assintom&#225;tica ou forma sintom&#225;tica (digestiva ou card&#237;aca).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica (CCC) &#233; caracterizada por uma cardiomiopatia dilatada causada por uma inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica, e &#233; a principal causa de morte entre pacientes com cardiomiopatia n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica na Am&#233;rica Latina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de estima que haja oito milh&#245;es de pessoas infectadas em todo o mundo, e aproximadamente 232 mil pessoas com CCC no Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> H&#225; poucos estudos publicados com indiv&#237;duos com DC cr&#244;nica e CCC na regi&#227;o da Amaz&#244;nia brasileira. O primeiro relato de casos cr&#244;nicos foi realizado em 1977,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> e o do primeiro caso de CCC em 2003.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Xavier et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> e Ferreira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m relataram novos casos de DC cr&#244;nica e CCC. Em dez anos, nenhum estudo atualizou as caracter&#237;sticas epidemiol&#243;gicas de CCC na regi&#227;o.</p>
      <p>O diagn&#243;stico de DC cr&#244;nica &#233; feito por dois testes sorol&#243;gicos diferentes: ensaios imunoenzim&#225;ticos (ELISA), imunofluoresc&#234;ncia indireta (IFI). Exame parasitol&#243;gico, teste de biologia molecular, e <italic>western blot</italic> s&#227;o usados como m&#233;todos complementares. T&#233;cnicas de biologia molecular t&#234;m sido amplamente utilizadas para identificar a linhagem do <italic>T. cruzi</italic> circulante na regi&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a preval&#234;ncia de DC em pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada de causa desconhecida na regi&#227;o da Amaz&#244;nia brasileira para tentar responder as seguintes perguntas: a CCC est&#225; sendo subdiagnosticada? Ou, existe uma baixa preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a em nossa regi&#227;o?</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Locais do estudo</title>
        <p>Este estudo foi um estudo transversal conduzido no Hospital Universit&#225;rio Francisca Mendes (Unidade de Cardiologia) e na Funda&#231;&#227;o de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado (doen&#231;as infecciosas / unidade de doen&#231;a de Chagas), dois centros de aten&#231;&#227;o terci&#225;ria especializados no estado do Amazonas, Brasil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Os participantes foram recrutados de julho 2017 a julho 2018 e foram considerados eleg&#237;veis se apresentassem: 1) idade &#8805; 18 anos; 2) perfil card&#237;aco de cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica, em que qualquer outra causa de cardiomiopatia j&#225; tiver sido exclu&#237;da; 3) resultado anormal no ecocardiograma (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo [FEVE] reduzido e/ou altera&#231;&#245;es no segmento) e/ou no eletrocardiograma (bloqueio de ramo, bloqueio atrioventricular, ou arritmias).</p>
        <p>Os seguintes fatores de risco epidemiol&#243;gicos foram considerados: 1) ser origin&#225;rio da regi&#227;o da Amaz&#244;nia brasileira; 2) ser origin&#225;rio de &#225;reas rurais; 3) ter h&#225;bito de ir &#224; floresta; e 4) consumir frutos de palmeiras e/ou carne de animais silvestres.</p>
        <p>Pacientes com qualquer evid&#234;ncia de cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica ou cong&#234;nita, ou de doen&#231;a valvular card&#237;aca n&#227;o foram eleg&#237;veis para inclus&#227;o. Ainda, os participantes que relataram ter viajado a outra regi&#227;o brasileira ou a um pa&#237;s estrangeiro foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de dados e de amostras de sangue</title>
        <p>Todos os pacientes que preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram convidados a participar e, aqueles que aceitaram, assinaram o termo de consentimento. Os participantes foram primeiramente avaliados usando um question&#225;rio cl&#237;nico e epidemiol&#243;gico. Em seguida, as amostras de sangue foram coletadas, centrifugadas, separadas e armazenadas a -20<sup>o</sup>C.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exames sorol&#243;gicos</title>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico de DC foi realizado por ELISA (Chagatest ELISA recombinante v. 4.0, Wiener Laboratorios, Argentina) e imunofluoresc&#234;ncia indireta (Imuno-CON Chagas, WAMA Diagnostica, Brasil), seguindo-se as instru&#231;&#245;es dos fabricantes.</p>
        <p>Para resultados indeterminados, utilizou-se o teste de <italic>immunoblotting</italic> para an&#225;lise de ant&#237;genos secretados e excretados por tripomastigota (TESA, do ingl&#234;s <italic>trypomastigote excreted-secreted antigen</italic> ), o TESA-blot. As fra&#231;&#245;es de TESA foram obtidas a partir do sobrenadante de c&#233;lulas MK2 infectadas pela cepa Y de <italic>T. cruzi</italic> , seguindo o protocolo descrito previamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Detec&#231;&#227;o e caracteriza&#231;&#227;o molecular do T. cruzi</title>
        <p>A extra&#231;&#227;o de DNA foi realizada a partir de sangue perif&#233;rico, seguindo-se o protocolo do kit comercial PureLink&#174; Genomic DNA Mini (Invitrogen, Life Technologies, California, EUA). Este m&#233;todo foi realizado como um teste complementar para soros com resultados indeterminados nos exames sorol&#243;gicos, para aumentar a acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As amostras foram submetidas &#224; tipagem do DNA mitocondrial pela an&#225;lise de polimorfismos nos genes que codificam a subunidade II(COII).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Os produtos de amplifica&#231;&#227;o de PCR foram purificados utilizando-se o sistema Wizard SV Gel and PCR Clean-up System kit (Promega) e o sequenciamento realizado pelo sequenciador de DNA ABI 3130 (Applied Biosystems). Seguimos o protocolo do kit de sequenciamento BigDye Terminator v3.1 (Applied Biosystems) e sequ&#234;ncias das cepas padr&#245;es: TcI (Silvio X10 cl1), TcII (Esmeraldo cl3), TcIII (M6241 cl6), TcIV (CANIII cl1), TcV (Mn cl2), e TcVI (CL Brener). A an&#225;lise de evolu&#231;&#227;o foi conduzida no MEGA X.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
        <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa da Funda&#231;&#227;o de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado (Manaus, AM, Brasil) (n&#250;mero 69904017.9.0000.0005-2.191.571/28, julho 2017), em concord&#226;ncia com a resolu&#231;&#227;o 466/12 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de e diretrizes &#233;ticas da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Apresenta&#231;&#227;o e an&#225;lise dos dados</title>
        <p>Os dados cl&#237;nicos e epidemiol&#243;gicos foram organizados utilizando o Microsoft Excel 2016 e a an&#225;lise descritiva realizada utilizando o Stata/MP 13.0. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas em frequ&#234;ncias e propor&#231;&#245;es (%), e as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas em m&#233;dias e desvios padr&#245;es (DP).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a de Chagas</title>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 53 pacientes, e oito foram exclu&#237;dos &#8211; um morreu antes da coleta de sangue, dois comentaram ter morado em outro local, e cinco n&#227;o compareceram &#224; coleta de sangue.</p>
        <p>Nas 45 amostras vi&#225;veis, foram realizados os dois testes sorol&#243;gicos, o ELISA e a imunofluoresc&#234;ncia indireta. Uma amostra foi reagente no teste ELISA mas n&#227;o reagente na imunofluoresc&#234;ncia indireta, e 13 foram reativos na imunofluoresc&#234;ncia indireta. Essas 14 amostras (31%) foram submetidas ao teste TESA-blot, e todos deram negativos. Assim, nenhum dos casos suspeitos de CCC foi confirmado por m&#233;todo sorol&#243;gico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Detec&#231;&#227;o e caracteriza&#231;&#227;o molecular do T. cruzi</title>
        <p>As amostras que apresentaram pelo menos uma rea&#231;&#227;o sorol&#243;gica positiva foram submetidas &#224; an&#225;lise molecular; dois foram positivas e identificadas como TcIII/IV ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Posi&#231;&#227;o filogen&#233;tica do Trypanosoma cruzi nas amostras 006 e 012 baseada nas sequ&#234;ncias gen&#233;ticas da subunidade II da citocromo oxidase.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-04-0770-01236-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Dados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais desses dois pacientes est&#227;o resumidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas de todos os casos suspeitos de cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th>Total (n=45)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">59,3 &#177; 12,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sexo</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (77,8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (22,2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>&#193;rea</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rural</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (75,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Urbana</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (24,4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Origem</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acre</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (9,0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Amazonas</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (71,1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Maranh&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2,2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Par&#225;</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (13,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Roraima</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (4,4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Fatores de susceptibilidade</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Agricultura/extrativismo/pescaria</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (60,0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Consumo de carne de ca&#231;a</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (71,1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Consumo de fruto do a&#231;aizeiro</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (66,7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>H&#225;bito de entrar na floresta</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (66,7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Eletrocardiograma</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bloqueio de ramo direito</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (4,4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bloqueio de ramo esquerdo</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (8,9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bloqueio fascicular anterior esquerdo</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (4,4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (6,7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (46,7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Normal</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (28,9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30,3 &#177; 10,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">64,6 &#177; 9,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acinesia localizada</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (15,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Parede anterior septal</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (42,8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Parede lateral inferior</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (28,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Parede septal inferior</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (14,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Parede inferior</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (14,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipocinesia difusa</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (24,4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Comorbidades</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (20,0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (49,0%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>Dados expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e porcentagens; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a de Chagas</title>
        <p>Por muito tempo, acreditou-se que n&#227;o existiam casos de DC na Amaz&#244;nia brasileira. No entanto, isso mudou ao longo dos anos com relatos de muitos casos de DC aguda e cr&#244;nica.</p>
        <p>De acordo com o consenso brasileiro, o diagn&#243;stico de DC deve ser confirmado pela combina&#231;&#227;o de dois m&#233;todos sorol&#243;gicos. Estudos pr&#233;vios realizados no estado do Amazonas<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> relataram uma baixa preval&#234;ncia de baixa morbidade da DC, e discutiram a prov&#225;vel baixa efic&#225;cia dos testes sorol&#243;gicos comerciais dispon&#237;veis para as cepas circulantes, considerando que esses testes s&#227;o realizados com diferentes cepas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>At&#233; o momento, foram relatados oito casos de CCC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> e quatro desses pacientes (50%) apresentaram aneurisma apical, uma frequ&#234;ncia esperada de acordo com estudos com pacientes de &#225;reas end&#234;micas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Ferreira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> estudaram pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de causa desconhecida, e encontraram uma preval&#234;ncia de CCC de 8,1%.</p>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, os dois pacientes que apresentaram resultado de DNA positivo n&#227;o apresentaram aneurisma, e um deles apresentou achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos normais. Um ECG normal n&#227;o &#233; comum (5%) segundo estudos pr&#233;vios, mas &#233; poss&#237;vel mesmo na presen&#231;a de uma doen&#231;a card&#237;aca cl&#237;nica ou disfun&#231;&#227;o no ecocardiograma.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Vale destacar, no entanto, que a presen&#231;a de DNA do <italic>T. cruzi</italic> pode n&#227;o ser suficiente para confirmar CCC, e n&#227;o podemos excluir uma poss&#237;vel coincid&#234;ncia na identifica&#231;&#227;o do gen&#243;tipo do parasita no paciente com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular grave, sem aneurisma apical ou diagn&#243;stico sorol&#243;gico, e com um ECG normal. O segundo paciente com DNA positivo apresentou bloqueio de ramo direito e bloqueio fascicular anterior esquerdo no ECG. Nesse paciente, a presen&#231;a de DNA de <italic>T. cruzi</italic> e altera&#231;&#245;es t&#237;picas no ECG torna o diagn&#243;stico de CCC poss&#237;vel mesmo sem diagn&#243;stico sorol&#243;gico.</p>
        <p>Embora o presente estudo n&#227;o tenha identificado novos casos de CCC, como proposto inicialmente, nossos resultados levantam algumas quest&#245;es: a doen&#231;a de Chagas cr&#244;nica, e consequentemente a CCC, &#233; ainda subdiagnosticada na regi&#227;o da Amaz&#244;nia brasileira? Os m&#233;todos sorol&#243;gicos dispon&#237;veis t&#234;m se tornado menos eficiente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s cepas circulantes do parasita nesta regi&#227;o?</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Detec&#231;&#227;o e caracteriza&#231;&#227;o molecular do T. cruzi</title>
        <p>Apesar de t&#233;cnicas moleculares n&#227;o terem sido utilizadas no diagn&#243;stico de DC devido a poss&#237;veis resultados falso positivos, o m&#233;todo foi inclu&#237;do no estudo com base em estudos pr&#233;vios que corroboram sua especificidade em infec&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas, e seu papel como um m&#233;todo complementar em casos em que resultados nos testes sorol&#243;gicos persistirem inconclusivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> N&#243;s identificamos o DNA do parasita em duas amostras, e determinamos seu gen&#243;tipo como TcIII/TcIV.</p>
        <p>Esta &#233; a primeira vez em que a cepa TcIII/TcIV do <italic>T. cruzi</italic> &#233; encontrada em uma fase cr&#244;nica da doen&#231;a. Este fato pode estar relacionado com a presen&#231;a de TcIII nos vetores e reservat&#243;rios, e TcIV na fase aguda da DC, conforme relatado previamente na regi&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Outros estudos mostraram uma reatividade satisfat&#243;ria ao teste sorol&#243;gico e TESA-blot em regi&#245;es end&#234;micas no Brasil e no Panam&#225;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> No entanto, devido &#224; regi&#227;o amaz&#244;nica ainda ter uma epidemiologia particular, todos os recursos dispon&#237;veis foram usados neste estudo a fim de chegar a um resultado satisfat&#243;rio para o paciente, incluindo uma PCR qualitativa reativa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>O pequeno tamanho amostral limitou nossa capacidade de demonstrar o real cen&#225;rio da CCC em nossa regi&#227;o. Similarmente, temos visto uma baixa reatividade dos kits sorol&#243;gicos comerciais dispon&#237;veis e uma reatividade cruzada moderada com outras doen&#231;as end&#234;micas.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Uma baixa preval&#234;ncia de CCC foi observada neste grupo de participantes. Em duas das 45 amostras (4%), fragmentos de DNA de <italic>T. cruzi</italic> foram detectados seguindo-se protocolos r&#237;gidos. No entanto, &#233; importante lembrar que a maioria das amostras de soro de pacientes desta regi&#227;o tem baixa reatividade sorol&#243;gica e moderada reatividade cruzada com outras doen&#231;as, o que torna dif&#237;cil o diagn&#243;stico. Assim, &#233; muito importante a continuidade de pesquisas cl&#237;nicas e epidemiol&#243;gicas para determinar a real situa&#231;&#227;o da CCC na regi&#227;o da Amaz&#244;nia.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Gostar&#237;amos de agradecer ao Laborat&#243;rio de Protozoologia &#8211; Instituto de Medicina Tropical/SP pelo aux&#237;lio com o TESA-blot, e ao Dr. George Villarouco pelo aux&#237;lio com as t&#233;cnicas moleculares.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Chagas C. Nova Tripanozomiaze Humana: Estudos sobre a Morfolojia e o Ciclo Evolutivo do Schizotrypanum Cruzi n. gen., n. sp., Ajente Etiolojico de Nova Entidade Morbida do Homem. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 1909;1(2):159-218. doi: 10.1590/S0074-02761909000200008 .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chagas</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Nova Tripanozomiaze Humana: Estudos sobre a Morfolojia e o Ciclo Evolutivo do Schizotrypanum Cruzi n. gen., n. sp., Ajente Etiolojico de Nova Entidade Morbida do Homem</article-title>
          <source>Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz</source>
          <year>1909</year>
          <volume>1</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>159</fpage>
          <lpage>218</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0074-02761909000200008</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. World Health Organization. Integrating Neglected Tropical Diseases into Global Health and Development: Fourth WHO Report on Neglected Tropical Diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="report">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>World Health Organization</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Integrating Neglected Tropical Diseases into Global Health and Development: Fourth WHO Report on Neglected Tropical Diseases</source>
          <publisher-loc>Geneva</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>World Health Organization</publisher-name>
          <year>2017</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Vieira JL, T&#225;vora FRF, Sobral MGV, Vasconcelos GG, Almeida GPL, Fernandes JR, et al. Chagas Cardiomyopathy in Latin America Review. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2019;21(2):8. doi: 10.1007/s11886-019-1095-y.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vieira</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>T&#225;vora</surname>
              <given-names>FRF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sobral</surname>
              <given-names>MGV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vasconcelos</surname>
              <given-names>GG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida</surname>
              <given-names>GPL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandes</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Chagas Cardiomyopathy in Latin America Review</article-title>
          <source>Curr Cardiol Rep</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <size units="pages">8</size>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11886-019-1095-y.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Bestetti RB, Muccillo G. Clinical Course of Chagas&#8217; Heart Disease: A Comparison with Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol. 1997;60(2):187-93. doi: 10.1016/s0167-5273(97)00083-1.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bestetti</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Muccillo</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Clinical Course of Chagas&#8217; Heart Disease: A Comparison with Dilated Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <volume>60</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>187</fpage>
          <lpage>193</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0167-5273(97)00083-1.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Ferraroni J, Melo JN, Camargo M. Mol&#233;stia de Chagas na Amaz&#244;nia: Ocorr&#234;ncia de Seis Casos Suspeitos, Aut&#243;ctones, Sorologicamente Positivos. Acta Amaz. 1977;7(3):438-40.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ferraroni</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Melo</surname>
              <given-names>JN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Camargo</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Mol&#233;stia de Chagas na Amaz&#244;nia: Ocorr&#234;ncia de Seis Casos Suspeitos, Aut&#243;ctones, Sorologicamente Positivos</article-title>
          <source>Acta Amaz</source>
          <year>1977</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>438</fpage>
          <lpage>440</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Albajar PV, Laredo SV, Terrazas MB, Coura JR. Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Patients With Chronic Chagasic Infection: Report of Two Fatal Autochthonous Cases From Rio Negro, State of Amazonas, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2003;36(3):401-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Albajar</surname>
              <given-names>PV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Laredo</surname>
              <given-names>SV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Terrazas</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coura</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Patients With Chronic Chagasic Infection: Report of Two Fatal Autochthonous Cases From Rio Negro, State of Amazonas, Brazil</article-title>
          <source>Rev Soc Bras Med Trop</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>401</fpage>
          <lpage>407</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Xavier SS, Sousa AS, Vi&#241;as PA, Junqueira AC, B&#243;ia MN, Coura JR. Chronic Chagasic Cardiopathy in the Rio Negro, Amazon State. Report of Three New Autochthonous Cases Confirmed by Serology, Clinical Examination, Chest X-rays, Electro and Echocardiography. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2006;39(2):211-6. doi: 10.1590/s0037-86822006000200015.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Xavier</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sousa</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vi&#241;as</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Junqueira</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>B&#243;ia</surname>
              <given-names>MN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coura</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Chronic Chagasic Cardiopathy in the Rio Negro, Amazon State. Report of Three New Autochthonous Cases Confirmed by Serology, Clinical Examination, Chest X-rays, Electro and Echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>Rev Soc Bras Med Trop</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>211</fpage>
          <lpage>216</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/s0037-86822006000200015.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Ferreira JM, Guerra JA, Magalh&#227;es BM, Coelho LI, Maciel MG, Barbosa M. Chronic Chagasic Cardiopathy in Amazon Region: An Etiology to Remember. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2009;93(6):93-109. doi: 10.1590/s0066-782x2009001200028.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guerra</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
              <given-names>BM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coelho</surname>
              <given-names>LI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maciel</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barbosa</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Chronic Chagasic Cardiopathy in Amazon Region: An Etiology to Remember</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>93</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>93</fpage>
          <lpage>109</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/s0066-782x2009001200028.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Caballero EZ, Correa R, Nascimento MS, Villarreal A, Llanes A, Kesper N Jr. High Sensitivity and Reproducibility of in-house ELISAs Using Different Genotypes of Trypanosoma Cruzi. Parasite Immunol. 2019;41(7):e12627. doi: 10.1111/pim.12627.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Caballero</surname>
              <given-names>EZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Correa</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nascimento</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Villarreal</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Llanes</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kesper</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>High Sensitivity and Reproducibility of in-house ELISAs Using Different Genotypes of Trypanosoma Cruzi</article-title>
          <source>Parasite Immunol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <elocation-id>e12627</elocation-id>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/pim.12627.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Umezawa ES, Nascimento MS, Kesper N Jr, Coura JR, Borges-Pereira J, Junqueira AC, et al. Immunoblot Assay Using Excreted-Secreted Antigens of Trypanosoma Cruzi in Serodiagnosis of Congenital, Acute, and Chronic Chagas&#8217; Disease. J Clin Microbiol. 1996;34(9):2143-7. doi: 10.1128/jcm.34.9.2143-2147.1996.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Umezawa</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nascimento</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kesper</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coura</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borges-Pereira</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Junqueira</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Immunoblot Assay Using Excreted-Secreted Antigens of Trypanosoma Cruzi in Serodiagnosis of Congenital, Acute, and Chronic Chagas&#8217; Disease</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Microbiol</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>2143</fpage>
          <lpage>2147</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1128/jcm.34.9.2143-2147.1996.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Barbosa M, Ferreira JM, Arcanjo AR, Santana RA, Magalh&#227;es LK, Magalh&#227;es LK, et al. Chagas Disease in the State of Amazonas: History, Epidemiological Evolution, Risks of Endemicity and Future Perspectives. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2015;48(Suppl 1):27-33. doi: 10.1590/0037-8682-0258-2013.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barbosa</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arcanjo</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santana</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
              <given-names>LK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
              <given-names>LK</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Chagas Disease in the State of Amazonas: History, Epidemiological Evolution, Risks of Endemicity and Future Perspectives</article-title>
          <source>Rev Soc Bras Med Trop</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>48</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl 1</supplement>
          <fpage>27</fpage>
          <lpage>33</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/0037-8682-0258-2013.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Freitas JM, Augusto-Pinto L, Pimenta JR, Bastos-Rodrigues L, Gon&#231;alves VF, Teixeira SM, et al. Ancestral Genomes, Sex, and the Population Structure of Trypanosoma Cruzi. PLoS Pathog. 2006;2(3):24. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0020024.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Freitas</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Augusto-Pinto</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pimenta</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bastos-Rodrigues</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
              <given-names>VF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Teixeira</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Ancestral Genomes, Sex, and the Population Structure of Trypanosoma Cruzi</article-title>
          <source>PLoS Pathog</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <size units="pages">24</size>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.ppat.0020024.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Kumar S, Stecher G, Li M, Knyaz C, Tamura K. MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Across Computing Platforms. Mol Biol Evol. 2018;35(6):1547-9. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msy096.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kumar</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stecher</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Knyaz</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tamura</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Across Computing Platforms</article-title>
          <source>Mol Biol Evol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1547</fpage>
          <lpage>1549</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/molbev/msy096.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Coura JR, Junqueira AC, Ferreira JMB. Surveillance of Seroepidemiology and Morbidity of Chagas Disease in the Negro River, Brazilian Amazon. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2018;113(1):17-23. doi: 10.1590/0074-02760170169.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Coura</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Junqueira</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>JMB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Surveillance of Seroepidemiology and Morbidity of Chagas Disease in the Negro River, Brazilian Amazon</article-title>
          <source>Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>113</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>17</fpage>
          <lpage>23</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/0074-02760170169.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Prata A. Clinical and Epidemiological Aspects of Chagas Disease. Lancet Infect Dis. 2001;1(2):92-100. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(01)00065-2.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Prata</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Clinical and Epidemiological Aspects of Chagas Disease</article-title>
          <source>Lancet Infect Dis</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>1</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>92</fpage>
          <lpage>100</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S1473-3099(01)00065-2.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. Rosenbaum MB, Alvarez AJ. The Electrocardiogram in Chronic Chagasic Myocarditis. Am Heart J. 1955;50(4):492-527. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(55)90296-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rosenbaum</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alvarez</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Electrocardiogram in Chronic Chagasic Myocarditis</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <year>1955</year>
          <volume>50</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>492</fpage>
          <lpage>527</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0002-8703(55)90296-9.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. Fernandez AB, Nunes MC, Clark EH, Samuels A, Menacho S, Gomez J, et al. Electrocardiographic and Echocardiographic Abnormalities in Chagas Disease: Findings in Residents of Rural Bolivian Communities Hyperendemic for Chagas Disease. Glob Heart. 2015;10(3):159-66. doi: 10.1016/j.gheart.2015.07.004.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandez</surname>
              <given-names>AB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nunes</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clark</surname>
              <given-names>EH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Samuels</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Menacho</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gomez</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Electrocardiographic and Echocardiographic Abnormalities in Chagas Disease: Findings in Residents of Rural Bolivian Communities Hyperendemic for Chagas Disease</article-title>
          <source>Glob Heart</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>159</fpage>
          <lpage>166</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.gheart.2015.07.004.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Hern&#225;ndez C, Cucunub&#225; Z, Fl&#243;rez C, Olivera M, Valencia C, Zambrano P, et al. Molecular Diagnosis of Chagas Disease in Colombia: Parasitic Loads and Discrete Typing Units in Patients from Acute and Chronic Phases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10(9):e0004997. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004997.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hern&#225;ndez</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cucunub&#225;</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fl&#243;rez</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Olivera</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Valencia</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zambrano</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Molecular Diagnosis of Chagas Disease in Colombia: Parasitic Loads and Discrete Typing Units in Patients from Acute and Chronic Phases</article-title>
          <source>PLoS Negl Trop Dis</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <elocation-id>e0004997</elocation-id>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pntd.0004997.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Santana RA, Magalh&#227;es LK, Magalh&#227;es LK, Prestes SR, Maciel MG, Silva GA, et al. Trypanosoma Cruzi Strain TCI is Associated with Chronic Chagas Disease in the Brazilian Amazon. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:267. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-267.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Santana</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
              <given-names>LK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
              <given-names>LK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prestes</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maciel</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Trypanosoma Cruzi Strain TCI is Associated with Chronic Chagas Disease in the Brazilian Amazon</article-title>
          <source>Parasit Vectors</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <size units="pages">267</size>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1756-3305-7-267.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. Schijman AG. Molecular Diagnosis of Trypanosoma Cruzi. Acta Trop. 2018;184:59-66. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.02.019.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schijman</surname>
              <given-names>AG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Molecular Diagnosis of Trypanosoma Cruzi</article-title>
          <source>Acta Trop</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>184</volume>
          <fpage>59</fpage>
          <lpage>66</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.02.019.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Jessica Vanina Ortiz pela Universidade do Estado do Amazonas - Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina Tropical.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas (FAPEAM) Projeto Universal.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Chagas Cardiomyopathy in the Brazilian Amazon Region: Low Prevalence or Underdiagnosis?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7214-6816</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ortiz</surname>
            <given-names>Jessica Vanina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6446-8858</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Couceiro</surname>
            <given-names>Katia do Nascimento</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4431-7099</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Doria</surname>
            <given-names>Susan Smith</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>D&#233;bora Raysa Teixeira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Manuel Condinho da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kesper</surname>
            <given-names>Norival</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guerra</surname>
            <given-names>Maria das Gra&#231;as Vale Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guerra</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Augusto de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8836-345X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa-Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Marcos Bemfica</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina Tropical, Escola de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Lisboa - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP-LIM49, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o Francisca Mendes, Manaus, AM - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Correspond&#234;ncia: Jo&#227;o Marcos B. B. Ferreira &#8226; Universidade do Estado do Amazonas - Av. Carvalho Leal, 1777. CEP 69065-001, Manaus, AM - Brasil Email: jmbemfica@hotmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Ortiz JV, Barbosa-Ferreira JMB; Acquisition of data: Ortiz JV, Couceiro KN, Sousa DRT, Barbosa-Ferreira JMB; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Ortiz JV, Couceiro KN, Doria SS, Sousa DRT, Silveira HMC, Kesper Junior K, Barbosa-Ferreira JMB; Obtaining financing: Barbosa-Ferreira JMB; Writing of the manuscript: Ortiz JV, Kesper Junior K; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Couceiro KN, Silveira HMC, Guerra MGVB, Guerra JAO, Barbosa-Ferreira JMB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Chagas Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas cardiomyopathy. Chagas Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Chagas disease (CD) was discovered in 1909 by the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who described the etiological agent &#8211; a flagellated protozoan named <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> ( <italic>T. cruzi</italic> ) &#8211; its morphological features and transmission and life cycle, as well as clinical manifestations of the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Although triatomine insects are the primary transmission vectors of CD, the oral route through contaminated food has been considered the main transmission path in the Brazilian Amazon.</p>
        <p>The disease presents two clinical phases: an acute infection, mostly symptomatic with high parasitemia, and a chronic infection divided into asymptomatic indeterminate form or symptomatic (digestive or cardiac) form.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCM) is characterized by a dilated cardiomyopathy due to the long-term inflammation and is the main cause of death of patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy in Latin America.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The World Health Organization estimates eight million infections worldwide, and about 232 thousand people with CCM in Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In the Brazilian Amazon region, little has been published about chronic CD and CCM; the first report of chronic cases was made in 1977,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> and the first case of CCM reported in 2003.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Xavier et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> and Ferreira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> have also reported new cases of chronic CD and CCM. In ten years, no new report has updated the epidemiological features of CCM in the region.</p>
        <p>The diagnosis of chronic CD is made by two different serological tests: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), indirect immunofluorescence (IIF). Parasitological test, molecular biology test, and western blotting are used as complementary methods. Molecular biology techniques have been widely used to genotype the <italic>T. cruzi</italic> strain circulating in the area.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of CD in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy of unknown etiology in the Brazilian Amazon region to try to answer the questions: is CCM being underdiagnosed? Or rather, is there a low prevalence of this disease in our region?</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study sites</title>
          <p>This was a cross-sectional study conducted at Francisca Mendes University Hospital (Cardiology Unit) and Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation (Infectious Diseases/Chagas Disease Unit), two specialized tertiary care centers in the state of Amazonas, Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study Population</title>
          <p>Participants were recruited from July, 2017 to July, 2018 and were eligible for inclusion if: 1) were aged &#8805; 18 years, 2) had a cardiac profile of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, and any other cause of cardiomyopathy had been already excluded, 3) had abnormal echocardiogram (reduced left-ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] and/or segmental alterations), and/or electrocardiogram (bundle branch block, atrial ventricular block, or arrhythmias).</p>
          <p>The following epidemiological risk factors were also considered: 1) being from the Brazilian Amazon; 2) coming from rural areas; 3) having the habit of entering the forest; and 4) consuming palm tree fruits and/or meat of wild mammals.</p>
          <p>Patients with any evidence of ischemic or congenital cardiomyopathy or valve disease were not eligible for inclusion. Also, participants that reported a previous trip to another Brazilian region or foreign country were excluded from the study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data and blood sample collection</title>
          <p>All patients who met the inclusion criteria were invited to participate in the study, and those who agreed to participate signed the informed consent form. Participants were first evaluated using a clinical and an epidemiological questionnaire. Then, blood samples were collected, centrifuged, separated, and stored at -20&#186;C.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Serological tests</title>
          <p>The diagnosis of CD was performed by ELISA (Chagatest ELISA recombinante v. 4.0, Wiener Laboratorios, Argentina) and IIF (Imuno-CON Chagas, WAMA Diagnostica, Brazil), following the manufacturers&#8217; instructions.</p>
          <p>For indeterminate results, the TESA (trypomastigote excreted-secreted antigen)-blot test was performed. The TESA fractions were obtained from the supernatant of MK2 cells infected with T. cruzi Y strain, following the protocol as previously described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>T. cruzi molecular detection and characterization</title>
          <p>DNA extraction was done using peripherical blood and following the protocol of the commercial kit PureLink&#8482; Genomic DNA Mini (Invitrogen, Life Technologies, California, USA). This method was performed a complementary test for sera with indeterminate serological test results, in order to increase diagnostic accuracy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Samples were subjected to mitochondrial DNA typing by analysis of polymorphisms in the cytochrome oxidase subunit II (COII) genes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The amplified PCR products were purified by using the Wizard SV Gel and PCR Clean-up System kit (Promega) and sequencing performed with ABI 3130 DNA sequencer (Applied Biosystems).</p>
          <p>We followed the BigDye Terminator v3.1 Cycle Sequencing Kit protocol (Applied Biosystems) and sequences from standard strains: TcI (Silvio X10 cl1), TcII (Esmeraldo cl3), TcIII (M6241 cl6), TcIV (CANIII cl1), TcV (Mn cl2), and TcVI (CL Brener). Evolutionary analysis was conducted in MEGA X.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical Considerations</title>
          <p>This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Tropical Medicine Foundation Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (Manaus, AM, Brazil) (approval number 69904017.9.0000.0005-2.191.571/28, July 2017), in agreement with the Resolution 466/12 of the Brazilian National Health Council and ethical guidelines of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data presentation and analysis</title>
          <p>Clinical and epidemiological data were organized using Microsoft Excel 2016 and a descriptive analysis was done using Stata/MP 13.0. Categorical variables were described as frequencies and proportions (%), and continuous variables as means and standard deviations (SD).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Prevalence of Chagas disease</title>
          <p>Fifty-three patients were included, and eight of them were excluded: one died before blood collection, two mentioned having lived elsewhere, and five did not show up for blood sample collection. Demographic and clinical characteristics of the 45 patients are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> .</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Demographic and clinical characteristics of all suspected cases of Chagas cardiomyopathy</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variable</th>
                    <th>Total (n=45)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (y)</td>
                    <td align="center">59.3 &#177; 12.3</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Gender</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male</td>
                    <td align="center">35 (77,8%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (22.2%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Area</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Rural</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (75.6%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Urban</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (24.4%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Origin</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Acre</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (9.0%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Amazonas</td>
                    <td align="center">32 (71.1%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Maranh&#227;o</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (2.2%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Par&#225;</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (13.3%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Roraima</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (4.4%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Susceptibility factors</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Agriculture/extractivism/fishing</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (60.0%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Game meat consumption</td>
                    <td align="center">32 (71.1%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>A&#231;ai fruit consumption</td>
                    <td align="center">30 (66.7%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Habit to enter the forest</td>
                    <td align="center">30 (66.7%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Electrocardiogram</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Right bundle branch block</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (4.4%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Left bundle branch block</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (8.9%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Left anterior fascicular block</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (4.4%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Atrial fibrillation</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (6.7%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ventricular repolarization</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (46.7%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Normal</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (28.9%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Transthoracic echocardiogram</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">30.3 &#177; 10.7</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Left ventricular diastolic diameter (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">64.6 &#177; 9.1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Localized akinesia</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (15.6%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Anterior septal wall</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (42.8%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Inferior lateral wall</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (28.6%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Inferior septal wall</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (14.3%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Inferior wall</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (14.3%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diffuse hypokinesia</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (24.4%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Comorbidities</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (20.0%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (49.0%)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Data expressed as mean &#177; SD and percentages; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>In 45 suitable samples, two serological tests were performed, ELISA and IIF. One was reactive in the ELISA but not reactive in the IIF, and 13 were reactive in IIF. In these 14 (31%) samples, TESA-blot confirmatory test was performed, and all came up with negative results. Thus, none of the suspected CCM was confirmed by serological methods.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>T. cruzi molecular detection and characterization</title>
          <p>The samples that had at least one positive serological reaction were subjected to molecular analysis; two were positive and genotyped as TcIII/IV ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ). Clinical and laboratory data of these two patients are summarized in Table 2.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Phylogenetic position of Trypanosoma cruzi in samples 006 and 012 based on the cytochrome oxidase subunit II gene sequences.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-04-0770-01236-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Prevalence of Chagas disease</title>
          <p>For a long time, it was believed that CD did not exist in the Brazilian Amazon. However, this has changed over the years as many cases of acute and chronic CD have been reported.</p>
          <p>According to the Brazilian Consensus, the diagnosis of CD should be confirmed by the combination of two serological methods. Previous studies in the state of Amazonas<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> have reported a low prevalence and low morbidity of Chagas disease, and discussed the probable low efficacy of commercially available serological tests for the strain circulating, considering that these tests are made with different strains.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Eight cases of CCM have been reported until now,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> and four of these patients (50%) showed apical aneurysms, an expected frequency according to studies with patients from endemic areas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Ferreira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> studied patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction of unknown etiology, and found a prevalence of CCM of 8.1%.</p>
          <p>In our study, the two DNA-positive patients had no apical aneurysm and one of these patients had normal ECG findings. A normal ECG is uncommon (5%) according to previous studies on Chagas heart disease, but it is possible even in the presence of a clinical heart disease or echocardiogram dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> It is worth pointing out, however, that the presence of <italic>T. cruzi</italic> DNA may not be sufficient to confirm CCM, and we cannot exclude a possible coincidence in the identification of the parasite genotype in the patient with severe ventricular dysfunction, without apical aneurysm or serological diagnosis, and with a normal ECG. The second patient with positive DNA had right bundle branch block and left anterior fascicular block (typical findings of CCM) on ECG. In this patient the presence of <italic>T. cruzi</italic> DNA and typical ECG changes makes the diagnosis of CCM very possible even without of serological diagnosis.</p>
          <p>Even though our study did not identify new cases of CCM, as initially proposed, these results raise some questions: Is chronic Chagas disease, and consequently, CCM still underdiagnosed in the Brazilian Amazon region? Have the serological methods available been losing efficiency in relation to the circulating strains of the parasite in this region?</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title><italic>T. cruzi</italic> molecular detection and characterization</title>
          <p>Despite the fact that molecular techniques have not been used for diagnosis of CD due to possible false-positive results, the method was included in this study based on previous studies supporting its specificity in chronic infections and its role as a complementary method where inconclusive serological techniques persist.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> We identified the parasite&#8217;s DNA in two samples and genotyped as TcIII/TcIV.</p>
          <p>This is the first time that TcIII/TcIV strain of <italic>T. cruzi</italic> is found in a chronic phase of the disease. This fact may be related to the presence of TcIII in the vectors and reservoirs, and TcIV in the acute phase of CD, as previously reported in the region.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Other studies have shown a satisfactory reactivity to serological and TESA-blot test in endemic regions in Brazil and Panam&#225;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Nevertheless, due to the Amazon region still having a particular epidemiology, all available resourcer were used in this study in order to reach a satisfactory result for the patient, including a qualitative reactive PCR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>The small sample size in this work limited our ability to demonstrate the real scenario of CMM in our region. Similarly, we have seen a low reactivity of commercially available serological kits and a moderate cross-reactivity with other endemic diseases.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>A low prevalence of CCM was observed in this group of study participants. In two of 45 samples (4%) <italic>T. cruzi</italic> DNA fragments were detected following strict protocols. However, it is important to remember that most sera from patients from this location have low serological reactivity and moderate cross-reactivity with other diseases, which makes diagnosis difficult. Therefore, it is very important to continue epidemiological and clinical research to determine the real situation of CCM in the Amazon region.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>We would like to thank the Protozoology Laboratory &#8211; IMT/SP for helping with the TESA-blot, and to Dr. George Villarouco for helping with the molecular techniques.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Jessica Vanina Ortiz, from Universidade do Estado do Amazonas - Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina Tropical.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: This study was partially funded by Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas (FAPEAM) Projeto Universal.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
