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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">KfHn3tdMrvjkJvQ4VnZCzmP</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021005009206</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001200728</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200724</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200724</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre os Sinais de Strain do Ventr&#237;culo Direito no Eletrocardiograma e N&#237;veis de Biomarcadores Associados &#224; Gravidade da Pneumonia por COVID-19</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3871-8248</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Polat</surname>
            <given-names>Veli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bozcali</surname>
            <given-names>Evin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yasar</surname>
            <given-names>Kadriye Kart</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Karaosmanoglu</surname>
            <given-names>Hayat Kumbasar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Akturk</surname>
            <given-names>Ibrahim Faruk</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname"> Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istambul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Istambul - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Prof. Dr. Cemil Tascioglu City Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istambul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Prof. Dr. Cemil Tascioglu City Hospital, Istambul - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Doen&#231;as Infecciosas e Microbiologia Cl&#237;nica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istambul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Doen&#231;as Infecciosas e Microbiologia Cl&#237;nica, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Istambul - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Veli Polat &#8226; Department of Cardiology, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Zuhuratbaba Mah, Dr. Tevfik Sa&#287;lam Cd No:11, 34147 Bak&#305;rk&#246;y/Istanbul - Turquia Email: <email>dr.velipolat@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Polat V, Bozcali E; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Polat V, Akturk IF; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Polat V, Bozcali E, Yasar KK, Karaosmanoglu HK; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Polat V; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Polat V, Bozcali E, Akturk IF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>728</fpage>
      <lpage>736</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A nova doen&#231;a por coronav&#237;rus (COVID-19) pode levar a uma enfermidade grave e causar a morte. Sabe-se que a COVID-19 afeta o sistema cardiovascular. A detec&#231;&#227;o precoce da progress&#227;o para um est&#225;gio grave da doen&#231;a que afeta o sistema cardiovascular pode desempenhar um papel cr&#237;tico no tratamento da COVID-19.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Explorar a poss&#237;vel rela&#231;&#227;o entre a pneumonia por COVID-19 e os achados de <italic>strain</italic> do ventr&#237;culo direito no eletrocardiograma (ECG).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo de 141 pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19. A correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman e as an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foram aplicadas para avaliar as rela&#231;&#245;es entre as manifesta&#231;&#245;es de <italic>strain</italic> ventricular direito na ECG e os n&#237;veis de biomarcadores e outros achados laboratoriais e de imagem do t&#243;rax. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi considerado estabelecido como <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Os sinais de ECG de estresse ventricular direito foram significativamente mais frequentes e os n&#237;veis de fibrinog&#234;nio, PCR e ferritina foram significativamente mais elevados em pacientes com COVID-19 com n&#237;veis elevados de hs-cTnI, procalcitonina e d&#237;mero-D. A an&#225;lise univariada mostrou que existem rela&#231;&#245;es significativas entre a presen&#231;a de pneumonia bilateral, a maioria dos sinais eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos de <italic>strain</italic> ventricular direito e les&#227;o card&#237;aca e biomarcadores inflamat&#243;rios e tromb&#243;ticos. A an&#225;lise multivariada revelou que o supradesnivelamento do segmento ST em V1 e padr&#227;o S<sub>1</sub>Q<sub>3</sub>T<sub>3</sub> s&#227;o preditores independentes de les&#227;o card&#237;aca ( <italic>odds ratio</italic> =0,23; IC95%, 0,06 a 0,90; p=0,035) e n&#237;veis elevados de procalcitonina ( <italic>odds ratio</italic> =0,19; IC 95%, 0,06 a 0,62; p=0,006), respectivamente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Os achados do presente estudo sugerem que a dano card&#237;aco direito &#233; prevalente na COVID-19. Al&#233;m disso, nosso estudo demonstra o valor cl&#237;nico do ECG na avalia&#231;&#227;o e monitoramento de pacientes com pneumonia por COVID-19.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Betacoronavirus</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Direita</kwd>
        <kwd>Estresse</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarcadores</kwd>
        <kwd>Pneumonia/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="12"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A nova pneumonia por coronav&#237;rus (COVID-19) de 2019, surgida pela primeira vez em Wuhan, na prov&#237;ncia chinesa de Hubei, em dezembro de 2019, se espalhou rapidamente pelo mundo. Embora os sintomas respirat&#243;rios sejam sinais cl&#237;nicos prim&#225;rios de COVID-19, v&#225;rios pacientes tamb&#233;m desenvolvem les&#227;o cardiovascular, que &#233; predominantemente detectada como um aumento nos testes de troponina card&#237;aca de alta sensibilidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, foi demonstrado que a pneumonia por COVID-19 tem uma pior evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica em pacientes com doen&#231;a cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Nesse contexto, revelar as maneiras pelas quais o novo coronav&#237;rus afeta o sistema cardiovascular &#233; crucial para o tratamento desses pacientes de maneira oportuna e eficiente e para a redu&#231;&#227;o de desfechos nefastos, como a morte.</p>
      <p>No presente estudo, examinamos as manifesta&#231;&#245;es anormais do eletrocardiograma (ECG) na COVID-19. Especificamente, nosso objetivo foi investigar a poss&#237;vel rela&#231;&#227;o entre a gravidade da pneumonia por COVID-19 e os achados de <italic>strain</italic> do ventr&#237;culo direito no ECG. Al&#233;m disso, objetivamos explorar poss&#237;veis rela&#231;&#245;es entre as anormalidades eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, dano card&#237;aco, bem como biomarcadores elevados de inflama&#231;&#227;o e trombose em pacientes com COVID-19.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e m&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Pacientes do estudo</title>
        <p>Este estudo retrospectivo, de centro &#250;nico e observacional, foi conduzido no Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital. Entre 1&#186; de abril e 30 de abril de 2020, 141 pacientes consecutivos hospitalizados com diagn&#243;stico de pneumonia por COVID-19, de acordo com as orienta&#231;&#245;es provis&#243;rias da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> foram inclu&#237;dos no presente estudo. O diagn&#243;stico de infec&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19 tamb&#233;m foi confirmado pelo resultado positivo da an&#225;lise por rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase da transcri&#231;&#227;o reversa em tempo real de amostras de esfrega&#231;o nasal ou far&#237;ngeo do paciente. Os ECGs dos pacientes foram obtidos na admiss&#227;o hospitalar. Todos os pacientes do estudo eram adultos (maiores de 18 anos) e o diagn&#243;stico de embolia pulmonar foi exclu&#237;do pelos achados de tomografia computadorizada (TC) de t&#243;rax com contraste em todos os pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de dados</title>
        <p>Os dados demogr&#225;ficos, epidemiol&#243;gicos, cl&#237;nicos e radiol&#243;gicos, bem como as comorbidades e os achados laboratoriais na admiss&#227;o, foram registrados nos prontu&#225;rios eletr&#244;nicos de cada paciente do estudo. Os dados laboratoriais inclu&#237;ram a troponina I card&#237;aca de alta sensibilidade (hs-cTnI), creatina quinase MB (CK-MB), hemograma completo, prote&#237;na-C reativa (PCR), procalcitonina, fibrinog&#234;nio, d&#237;mero-D, ferritina, testes de fun&#231;&#227;o renal e hep&#225;tica. Todos os pacientes foram acompanhados clinicamente at&#233; 25 de maio de 2020. Dois investigadores controlaram todos os dados do estudo.</p>
        <p>N&#237;veis elevados de hs-cTnI, que &#233; o sinal de dano card&#237;aco, foram considerados quando acima do percentil 99 do limite superior de refer&#234;ncia. Os n&#237;veis de procalcitonina e d&#237;mero-D foram considerados elevados quando &#8805; 0,5 ng/mL e &#8805; 0,5 &#181;g/mL, respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Eletrocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
        <p>Os ECGs de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es obtidos no momento da admiss&#227;o foram interpretados independentemente em termos de sinais de <italic>strain</italic> do ventr&#237;culo direito por dois cardiologistas experientes que desconheciam os dados dos pacientes. Os sinais de ECG foram determinados com base nas manifesta&#231;&#245;es do ECG devido ao estresse ventricular direito secund&#225;rio &#224; hipertens&#227;o pulmonar no embolismo pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Os seguintes sinais do ECG de <italic>strain</italic> ventricular direito foram avaliados: (1) taquicardia sinusal (frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &gt;100 batimentos/minuto),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> (2) bloqueio de ramo direito (BRD)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> incompleto ou completo, (3) invers&#227;o da onda T nas deriva&#231;&#245;es V1 a V4,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> (4) padr&#227;o S<sub>1</sub>Q<sub>3</sub>T<sub>3,</sub><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> (5) morfologia Qr na deriva&#231;&#227;o V1 (exist&#234;ncia de Onda Q proeminente &#8805; 0,2 milivolts quando a dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS &#233; &lt;120 milissegundos)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> , (6) eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST &#8805; 0,1 milivolts na deriva&#231;&#227;o V1.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A estat&#237;stica descritiva foi realizada utilizando-se m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) para distribui&#231;&#227;o normal ou mediana e intervalos interquartis (IIQ) para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas distribu&#237;das assimetricamente e porcentagem para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. A distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis foi avaliada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram comparadas pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de amostras independentes quando distribu&#237;das normalmente ou pelo teste U de Mann-Whitney quando n&#227;o distribu&#237;das normalmente. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas com o teste do qui-quadrado (X<sup>2</sup>) ou o teste exato de Fisher, quando apropriado. As correla&#231;&#245;es entre os n&#237;veis de hs-cTnI, procalcitonina, d&#237;mero-D, PCR, fibrinog&#234;nio, ferritina e contagem de neutr&#243;filos foram avaliadas pela an&#225;lise do coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada foi realizada para testar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis e os n&#237;veis elevados de hs-cTnI, procalcitonina e d&#237;mero-D. Al&#233;m disso, os valores dos <italic>odds ratios</italic> e intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95% foram calculados para cada vari&#225;vel. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada foi realizada para avaliar os preditores independentes de dano card&#237;aco (n&#237;veis elevados de hs-cTnI), n&#237;veis elevados de procalcitonina e de d&#237;mero-D. As vari&#225;veis que foram significativas na an&#225;lise univariada foram inclu&#237;das na an&#225;lise multivariada. Um valor de p&lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas com o software IBM SPSS, vers&#227;o 26.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Foram analisados no presente estudo cento e quarenta e um pacientes consecutivos hospitalizados com pneumonia por COVID-19. A mediana da idade dos pacientes do estudo foi de 64 anos (varia&#231;&#227;o, 26-91 anos) e 84 (59,6%) eram do sexo masculino. Cinco pacientes morreram durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e 136 pacientes receberam alta. Comorbidades, sinais eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos de <italic>strain</italic> ventricular direito, achados radiogr&#225;ficos e a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de todos os pacientes do estudo s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Comorbidades, evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e radiogr&#225;ficos de pacientes com pneumonia por COVID-19</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Pacientes (n=141)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">21 (14,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Comorbidades</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">44 (31,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">36 (25,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</td>
                <td align="center">27 (19,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica</td>
                <td align="center">5 (3,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Malignidade</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sinais do ECG</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Taquicardia sinusal</td>
                <td align="center">87 (61,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BRD incompleto</td>
                <td align="center">62 (44,0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BRD Completo</td>
                <td align="center">28 (19,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Invers&#227;o da onda T in V1 a V4</td>
                <td align="center">37 (26,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Padr&#227;o S<sub>1</sub>Q<sub>3</sub>T<sub>3</sub></td>
                <td align="center">52 (36,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Qr em V<sub>1</sub></td>
                <td align="center">35 (24,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Supradesnivelamento de ST em V<sub>1</sub></td>
                <td align="center">54 (38,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Achados da tomografia computadorizada do t&#243;rax</td>
                <td align="center">7 (5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pneumonia unilateral</td>
                <td align="center">55 (39,0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pneumonia bilateral</td>
                <td align="center">86 (61,0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Desfecho cl&#237;nico</td>
                <td align="center">35 (24,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Morte hospitalar</td>
                <td align="center">5 (3,5%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>ECG: eletrocardiograma; BRD: Bloqueio do ramo direito.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> mostra um resumo da compara&#231;&#227;o de dados demogr&#225;ficos, sinais de ECG, achados da TC, desfecho cl&#237;nico e dados laboratoriais, ao categorizar em termos de n&#237;veis elevados ou normais de hs-cTnI, procalcitonina e d&#237;mero-D em pacientes com pneumonia por COVID-19. Tabagismo, g&#234;nero e presen&#231;a de comorbidades foram semelhantes entre os pacientes com n&#237;veis elevados ou normais de hs-cTnI, procalcitonina e d&#237;mero-D.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes com pneumonia por COVID-19 de acordo com n&#237;veis elevados ou normais de hs-cTnI, procalcitonina e d&#237;mero-D</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="10%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                  <th>hs-cTnI normal (n = 69)</th>
                  <th>hs-cTnI elevada (n = 72)</th>
                  <th>p Valor</th>
                  <th>Procalcitonina &lt; 0.5 ng/mL (n = 74)</th>
                  <th>Procalcitonina &#8805; 0.5 ng/mL (n = 67)</th>
                  <th>p Valor</th>
                  <th>D&#237;mero-D &lt; 0.5 &#181;g/mL (n = 39)</th>
                  <th>D&#237;mero-D &#8805; 0.5 &#181;g/mL (n = 102)</th>
                  <th>p Valor</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">62,6 &#177; 12,3</td>
                  <td align="center">63,4 &#177; 12,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,69<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">60,1 &#177; 12,1</td>
                  <td align="center">66,3 &#177; 11,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">57,0 &#177; 12,6</td>
                  <td align="center">65,3 &#177; 11,5</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (42%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (38,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,70<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">29 (39,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (41,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,75<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">13 (33,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (43,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,289<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sinais do ECG</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Taquicardia sinusal</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (49,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (73,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">30 (40,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (85,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">9 (23,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">78 (76,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BRD incompleto</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (30,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (56,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">28 (37,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (50,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,123<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">16 (41%)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (45,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,66<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BRD completo</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (11,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (27,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,016<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">4 (5,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (35,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (25,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Invers&#227;o de T em V1 a V4</td>
                  <td align="center">3(4,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (47,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">4 (5,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">33(49,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (35,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Padr&#227;o S<sub>1</sub>Q<sub>3</sub>T<sub>3</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">14 (20,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (52,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">8 (10,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (65,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (49%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Qr em V<sub>1</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (47,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">3 (4,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (47,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (33,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Supradesnivelamento de ST em V<sub>1</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">5 (7,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (68,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">5 (6,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (73,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (52,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Achados de TC de t&#243;rax</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pneumonia unilateral</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (58%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (20,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">52 (70,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (4,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">31 (79,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (23,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pneumonia bilateral</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (42%)</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (79,2%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">22 (29,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (95,5%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">8 (20,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">78 (76,5%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Desfecho cl&#237;nico</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Morte hospitalar</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (6,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,026<sup>&#947;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (7,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,017<sup>&#947;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (4,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,322<sup>&#947;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dados laboratoriais</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Contagem de leuc&#243;citos &#215;10<sup>3</sup>/&#956;L</td>
                  <td align="center">6,6 (5,6-7,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,9 (5,3-8,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,66<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">6,5 (5,3-8,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,3 (5,7-8,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,104<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">6,8 (5,4-7,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,7 (5,6-6,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,269<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Contagem de neutr&#243;filos &#215;10<sup>3</sup>/&#956;L</td>
                  <td align="center">4,9 (3,3-5,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,7 (3,9 &#8211; 6,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,22<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">4,7 (3,2-5,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,4 (4-7,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">4,9 (3,2-5,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,9 (3,8-6,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,203<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o Neutr&#243;filos/ Leuc&#243;citos, %</td>
                  <td align="center">70,5 &#177; 8,9</td>
                  <td align="center">74,0 &#177; 10,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,033<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">69,6 &#177; 9,2</td>
                  <td align="center">75,3 &#177; 9,5</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">69,4 &#177; 9,4</td>
                  <td align="center">73,4&#177; 9,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Contagem de linf&#243;citos &#215;10<sup>3</sup>/&#956;L</td>
                  <td align="center">1,1 (0,9- 1,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9 (0,8-1,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1,05 (0,9-1,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96 (0,9-1,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,019<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1,10 (0,9-1,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97 (1-1,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,009<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o Linf&#243;citos/ Leuc&#243;citos, %</td>
                  <td align="center">15,6 (13,6 -20)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (10-19,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,06<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">16,7 (14,3-20)</td>
                  <td align="center">13,6 (9,5 -19)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">17 (14-17)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (10-18)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Plaquetas &#215;10<sup>3</sup>/&#956;L</td>
                  <td align="center">220 (168 &#8211; 256)</td>
                  <td align="center">221 (163-285)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,98<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">219 (167-256)</td>
                  <td align="center">220 (166-306)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,82<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">218 (163-243)</td>
                  <td align="center">220 (167-291)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,411<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,86 (0,7-1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,98 (0,8 -1,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,16<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,86 (0,7-1,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,98 (0,8-1,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,09<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,83 (0,7-1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97 (0,8-1,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,13<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ALT (U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (25-45)</td>
                  <td align="center">31,5 (20-49)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">30 (21-45)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (23-47)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,55<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">31 (25-43)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (21-45)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,32<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AST (U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (24-38)</td>
                  <td align="center">35,5 (26-47)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,11<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">30 (23-39)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (26-46)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,23<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">30 (23-40)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (26-44)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,37<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrinog&#234;nio, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">472 (413-542)</td>
                  <td align="center">590 (505-736)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">449 (409-507)</td>
                  <td align="center">626 (550-740)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">415 (396-428)</td>
                  <td align="center">577 (505-683)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>D&#237;mero-D, &#181;g/mL</td>
                  <td align="center">0,45 (0,2-0,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,40 (0,7-3,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,41 (0,2-0,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,04 (1-3,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,24 (0,2-0,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,20 (0,7-2,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCR, mg/L</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (44-88)</td>
                  <td align="center">136 (89-203)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">54 (43-87)</td>
                  <td align="center">153 (153-204)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">49 (41-61)</td>
                  <td align="center">114 (77-179)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ferritina, &#181;g/L</td>
                  <td align="center">294 (236-400)</td>
                  <td align="center">612 (397-975)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">282 (232- 382)</td>
                  <td align="center">662 (450-980)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">254 (226-292)</td>
                  <td align="center">532 (356-806)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Procalcitonina, ng/mL</td>
                  <td align="center">0,06 (0,02-0,38)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,76 (0,31-6,69)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,055 (0,02-0,07)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,76 (1-7,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,05 (0,02-0,06)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96 (0,07-5,30)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CK-MB, ng/mL</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (2-3)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,5 (5-15,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">3 (2-4)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (4-16)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">3 (2-4)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,5 (3-12)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>hs-cTnI, ng/L</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (12-16)</td>
                  <td align="center">62,5 (26-348)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">16 (13-18)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (18-356)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">16 (13-16)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (16-173)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP ou mediana (IIQ) ou No. (%). ECG: eletrocardiograma; hs-cTnI: troponina I card&#237;aca de alta sensibilidade; TC: tomografia computadorizada; ALT: alanina aminotransferase; AST: aspartato aminotransferase; PCR: prote&#237;na C-reativa; CK-MB: creatinina quinase-MB. &#8224;Comparado utilizando o teste t de amostra independente, &#8225;Comparado utilizando o teste U de Mann-Whitney, &#8727;Comparado utilizando o teste X2, &#947;Comparado utilizando o teste exato de Fisher.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Nos pacientes com n&#237;veis elevados de hs-cTnI, procalcitonina e d&#237;mero-D, os sinais de ECG de estresse ventricular direito, incluindo taquicardia sinusal, BRD total, invers&#227;o da onda T em V1-V4, padr&#227;o S<sub>1</sub>Q<sub>3</sub>T<sub>3</sub>, morfologia Qr na deriva&#231;&#227;o V1 e supradesnivelamento do segmento ST em V1 foi significativamente mais prevalente em compara&#231;&#227;o com os pacientes com n&#237;veis normais de hs-cTnI, procalcitonina e d&#237;mero-D. A propor&#231;&#227;o de pneumonia bilateral com base nos achados da TC de t&#243;rax foi significativamente maior em pacientes com n&#237;veis elevados de hs-cTnI, procalcitonina e d&#237;mero-D. Pacientes com n&#237;veis elevados de hs-cTnI, procalcitonina e d&#237;mero-D tamb&#233;m apresentaram n&#237;veis significativamente mais elevados de fibrinog&#234;nio, PCR, ferritina, CK-MB e a raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filos-leuc&#243;citos mais alta, enquanto mostravam contagem de linf&#243;citos significativamente mais baixa ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>A mortalidade hospitalar foi significativamente maior nos pacientes com n&#237;veis elevados de hs-cTnI e procalcitonina. O BRD incompleto foi significativamente frequente nos pacientes que apresentavam apenas dano card&#237;aco. Pacientes com n&#237;veis elevados de procalcitonina apresentaram contagem de neutr&#243;filos significativamente mais alta do que aqueles com n&#237;veis normais de procalcitonina. Os pacientes com n&#237;veis elevados de procalcitonina e d&#237;mero-D eram significativamente mais velhos e a rela&#231;&#227;o linf&#243;citos/leuc&#243;citos era significativamente menor ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, os pacientes com dano card&#237;aco apresentaram n&#237;veis significativamente mais elevados de d&#237;mero-D e procalcitonina do que aqueles sem danos. Os n&#237;veis de d&#237;mero-D e hs-cTnI estavam significativamente aumentados em pacientes com n&#237;veis elevados de procalcitonina em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com n&#237;veis normais de procalcitonina. Os n&#237;veis de procalcitonina e hs-cTnI tamb&#233;m estavam significativamente mais elevados em pacientes com n&#237;veis elevados de d&#237;mero-D em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles com n&#237;veis normais de d&#237;mero-D ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada e multivariada</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada mostrou que taquicardia sinusal, BRD incompleto, BRD completo, invers&#227;o da onda T em V1-V4, padr&#227;o S<sub>1</sub>Q<sub>3</sub>T<sub>3</sub>, morfologia Qr em V1, supradesnivelamento do segmento ST em V1, presen&#231;a de pneumonia bilateral, contagem de neutr&#243;filos, PCR, procalcitonina, ferritina, fibrinog&#234;nio, d&#237;mero-D e CK-MB foram significativamente associados ao dano card&#237;aco em pacientes com pneumonia por COVID-19 ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ). Entretanto, na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada, apenas o supradesnivelamento do segmento ST em V1 foi determinado como um preditor independente de dano card&#237;aco em pacientes com pneumonia por COVID-19 ( <italic>odds ratio</italic> = 0,23; IC 95%, 0,06 a 0,90; p=0,035).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Determinantes do dano card&#237;aca em pacientes com COVID-19 por an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada e multivariada</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">Univariada</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Multivariada</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>OR (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>p Value</th>
                  <th><italic>OR</italic> (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>p Valor</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Taquicardia sinusal</td>
                  <td align="center">0,35 (0,17-0,70)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BRD incompleto</td>
                  <td align="center">0,33 (0,17-0,66)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BRD completo</td>
                  <td align="center">0,34 (0,14-0,84)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,019</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Invers&#227;o T em V1-V4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05 (0,01-0,18)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Padr&#227;o S1Q3T3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,23 (0,11-0,48)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Qr em V1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02 (0,00-0,12)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Supradesnivelamento do ST em V1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04 (0,01-0,10)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,23 (0,06-0,90)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,035</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Presen&#231;a de pneumonia bilateral</td>
                  <td align="center">0,19 (0,09-0,40)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Contagem de neutr&#243;filos</td>
                  <td align="center">1,04 (1,00-1,08)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,036</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrinog&#234;nio, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01 (1,01-1,01)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>D&#237;mero-D, &#181;g/mL</td>
                  <td align="center">3,14 (1,91-5,17)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCR, mg/L</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02 (1,01-1,03)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ferritina, &#181;g/L</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01 (1,00-1,01)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Procalcitonina, ng/mL</td>
                  <td align="center">2,03 (1,45-2,83)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CK-MB, ng/mL</td>
                  <td align="center">2,09 (1,58-2,76)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>OR: Odds ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; BRD: bloqueio de ramo direito; PCR: prote&#237;na C-reativa.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A idade dos pacientes, BRD completo, invers&#227;o da onda T em V1-V4, padr&#227;o S<sub>1</sub>Q<sub>3</sub>T<sub>3</sub>, morfologia Qr em V1, supradesnivelamento do segmento ST em V1, presen&#231;a de pneumonia bilateral, rela&#231;&#227;o linf&#243;citos/leuc&#243;citos, contagem de neutr&#243;filos, rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filos/leuc&#243;citos, n&#237;veis de PCR, ferritina, fibrinog&#234;nio, d&#237;mero-D, hs-cTnI, e CK-MB foram significativamente associados com os n&#237;veis elevados de procalcitonina na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada revelou que o padr&#227;o S<sub>1</sub>Q<sub>3</sub>T<sub>3</sub> ( <italic>odds ratio</italic> = 0,19; IC 95%, 0,06 a 0,62; p = 0,006), contagem de neutr&#243;filos ( <italic>odds ratio</italic> = 1,35; IC 95%, 1,07 a 1,71; p = 0,011) e a presen&#231;a de pneumonia bilateral ( <italic>odds ratio</italic> = 0,15; IC 95%, 0,03 a 0,84; p = 0,031) foram independentemente associadas aos n&#237;veis elevados de procalcitonina ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Determinantes dos n&#237;veis elevados de procalcitonina (&#8805; 0,5 ng/mL) em pacientes com COVID-19 por an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada e multivariada</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">Univariada</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Multivariada</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>OR (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>p Valor</th>
                  <th>OR (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>p Valor</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">1,04 (1,01-1,08)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BRD completo</td>
                  <td align="center">0,10 (0,03-0,32)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Invers&#227;o de T em V<sub>1</sub>-V<sub>4</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">0,06 (0,02-0,18)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Padr&#227;o S<sub>1</sub>Q<sub>3</sub>T<sub>3</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">0,06 (0,03-0,15)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,19 (0,06-0,62)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Qr em V<sub>1</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">0,05 (0,01-0,16)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Supradesnivelamento de ST em V<sub>1</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">0,03 (0,01-0,08)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Presen&#231;a de pneumonia bilateral</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02 (0,01-0,07)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,15 (0,03-0,84)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,031</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Contagem de neutr&#243;filos</td>
                  <td align="center">1,27 (1,09-1,48)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                  <td align="center">1,35 (1,07-1,71)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,011</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o Neutr&#243;filos/Leuc&#243;citos</td>
                  <td align="center">1,07 (1,03-1,11)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o Linf&#243;citos/Leuc&#243;citos</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93 (0,88-0,98)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,009</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrinog&#234;nio, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02 (1,01-1,02)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>D&#237;mero-D, &#181;g/mL</td>
                  <td align="center">8,64 (3,67-20,35)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCR, mg/L</td>
                  <td align="center">1,03 (1,02-1,04)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ferritina, &#181;g/L</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01 (1,01-1,01)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CK-MB, ng/mL</td>
                  <td align="center">1,35 (1,18-1,53)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>hs-cTnI, ng/L</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02 (1,01-1,02)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>
                  <italic>OR: Odds ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; BRD: bloqueio de ramo direito; PCR: prote&#237;na C-reativa.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Pela an&#225;lise univariada, a idade dos pacientes, a presen&#231;a de pneumonia bilateral, a rela&#231;&#227;o linf&#243;cito-leuc&#243;cito, contagens de neutr&#243;filos e linf&#243;citos, n&#237;veis de PCR, ferritina, fibrinog&#234;nio, procalcitonina, hs-cTnI, CK-MB e presen&#231;a dos sinais do ECG, incluindo BRD completo, invers&#227;o de onda T em V1-V4, padr&#227;o S<sub>1</sub>Q<sub>3</sub>T<sub>3</sub>, e morfologia Qr em V1 foram significativamente associados com os n&#237;veis elevados de d&#237;mero-D ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref> ). No entanto, entre esses determinantes, apenas o fibrinog&#234;nio mostrou ser um preditor independente dos n&#237;veis elevados de d&#237;mero-D na an&#225;lise multivariada ( <italic>odds ratio</italic> = 1,05; IC 95%, 1,03 a 1,07; p &lt;0,001).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Determinantes dos n&#237;veis elevados de d&#237;mero-D (&#8805; 0,5 &#181;g / mL) em pacientes com COVID-19 por an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada e multivariada</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">Univariada</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Multivariada</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>OR (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>p Valor</th>
                  <th>OR (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>p Valor</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">1,06 (1,02-1,10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BRD completo</td>
                  <td align="center">0,16 (0,04-0,70)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,015</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Invers&#227;o de T em V1-V4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05 (0,01-0,37)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Padr&#227;o S<sub>1</sub>Q<sub>3</sub>T<sub>3</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">0,06 (0,01-0,25)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Qr em V1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05 (0,01-0,40)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Presen&#231;a de Pneumonia bilateral</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08 (0,03-0,20)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Contagem de neutr&#243;filos</td>
                  <td align="center">1,04 (1,00-1,09)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,033</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Contagem de linf&#243;citos</td>
                  <td align="center">0,41 (0,17-0,96)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,041</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o Linf&#243;citos/ Leuc&#243;citos</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93 (0,88-0,98)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrinog&#234;nio, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">1,04 (1,02-1,06)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1,05 (1,03-1,07)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Procalcitonina, ng/mL</td>
                  <td align="center">17,73 (2,82-111,30)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCR, mg/L</td>
                  <td align="center">1,05 (1,03-1,07)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ferritina, &#181;g/ L</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01 (1,01-1,02)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CK-MB, ng/mL</td>
                  <td align="center">1,34 (1,12-1,61)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>hs-cTnI, ng/L</td>
                  <td align="center">1,10 (1,03-1,18)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>
                  <italic>OR: Odds ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; BRD: bloqueio de ramo direito; PCR: prote&#237;na C-reativa.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman tamb&#233;m revelou que a contagem de neutr&#243;filos, n&#237;veis de hs-cTnI, procalcitonina, d&#237;mero-D, PCR, fibrinog&#234;nio e ferritina estavam significativa e positivamente correlacionados entre si ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 6</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Correla&#231;&#245;es de Spearman dos biomarcadores entre si em pacientes com COVID-19</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="7%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">hs-cTnI</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Procalcitonina</th>
                  <th colspan="2">D&#237;mero-D</th>
                  <th colspan="2">PCR</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Contagem de neutr&#243;filos</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Fibrinog&#234;nio</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Ferritina</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="14" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>r</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>r</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>r</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>r</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>r</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>r</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>r</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>hs-cTnI</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">,</td>
                  <td align="center">0,666</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,633</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,599</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,175</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                  <td align="center">0,618</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,625</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Procalcitonina</td>
                  <td align="center">0,666</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">,</td>
                  <td align="center">0,776</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,811</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,213</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">0,748</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,841</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>D&#237;mero-D</td>
                  <td align="center">0,633</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,776</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">,</td>
                  <td align="center">0,821</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,172</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                  <td align="center">0,924</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,842</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCR</td>
                  <td align="center">0,599</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,811</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,821</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">,</td>
                  <td align="center">0,271</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,811</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,962</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Contagem de neutr&#243;filos</td>
                  <td align="center">0,175</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                  <td align="center">0,213</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">0,172</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                  <td align="center">0,271</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">,</td>
                  <td align="center">0,174</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                  <td align="center">0,222</td>
                  <td align="center">0,008</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrinog&#234;nio</td>
                  <td align="center">0,618</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,748</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,924</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,811</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,174</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">,</td>
                  <td align="center">0,832</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ferritina</td>
                  <td align="center">0,625</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,841</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,842</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,962</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,222</td>
                  <td align="center">0,008</td>
                  <td align="center">0,832</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">,</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>
                  <italic>PCR: prote&#237;na C-reativa; hs-cTnI: troponina I card&#237;aca de alta sensibilidade; r: coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O dano card&#237;aco detectado pelo aumento de biomarcadores card&#237;acos na COVID-19 foi associado a um progn&#243;stico fatal. Entretanto, os mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos subjacentes ao dano card&#237;aco associado &#224; COVID-19 ainda n&#227;o foram claramente demonstrados. Os poss&#237;veis mecanismos que outros estudos sugeriram para explicar o dano mioc&#225;rdico causado pela COVID-19 s&#227;o miocardite devido &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o direta com SARS-CoV-2 ou secund&#225;ria &#224; resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica vigorosa induzida pela COVID-19, instabilidade da placa que leva &#224; s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda e hipoxemia devido a insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Recentemente, trombose microvascular pulmonar foi relatada com dano alveolar difuso na pneumonia por COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>McGonagle et al. propuseram um modelo de coagulopatia pulmonar intravascular para explicar a les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e a mortalidade cardiovascular na pneumonia por COVID-19. De acordo com este modelo, a COVID-19 induz a coagulopatia pulmonar intravascular difusa atrav&#233;s de uma inflama&#231;&#227;o pulmonar difusa semelhante &#224; s&#237;ndrome de ativa&#231;&#227;o macrof&#225;gica. Tanto a imunotrombose do extenso leito vascular pulmonar quanto a hipoxemia alveolar podem desencadear estresse ventricular direito ao causar hipertens&#227;o pulmonar e desempenhar um papel no desfecho fatal. Na pneumonia por COVID-19, n&#237;veis elevados de d&#237;mero-D podem refletir uma ampla microtrombose pulmonar, enquanto n&#237;veis elevados de biomarcadores card&#237;acos podem indicar <italic>strain</italic> ventricular direito desencadeado por hipertens&#227;o pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Os achados do presente estudo apoiam esse modelo. Todos os sinais de <italic>strain</italic> ventricular direito no ECG do estudo, exceto BRD incompleto, foram significativamente mais prevalentes em pacientes com COVID-19 com dano card&#237;aco e n&#237;veis elevados de procalcitonina e d&#237;mero-D. Como esper&#225;vamos, todos os sinais de <italic>strain</italic> ventricular direito no ECG, incluindo BRD incompleto, foram significativamente mais comuns em pacientes com COVID-19 com dano card&#237;aco. Tamb&#233;m observamos associa&#231;&#227;o significativa direta entre os n&#237;veis de hs-cTnI, procalcitonina e d&#237;mero-D, contagem de neutr&#243;filos, n&#237;veis de PCR, ferritina e fibrinog&#234;nio em pacientes com pneumonia por COVID-19. Esses resultados indicam que a inflama&#231;&#227;o, trombose e dano card&#237;aco est&#227;o diretamente relacionados entre si em pacientes com COVID-19.</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o univariada revelou que quatro dos sete sinais de <italic>strain</italic> ventricular direito no ECG estavam significativamente associados ao dano card&#237;aco e n&#237;veis elevados de procalcitonina e d&#237;mero-D em pacientes com pneumonia por COVID-19. Entretanto, todos os sete sinais do ECG estavam significativamente associados apenas com les&#227;o card&#237;aca em pacientes com COVID-19. Esses achados sugerem que a poss&#237;vel causa dos n&#237;veis elevados de hs-cTnI ou les&#227;o card&#237;aca em COVID-19 &#233; o estresse ventricular direito que &#233; induzido por hipertens&#227;o pulmonar de in&#237;cio s&#250;bito devido &#224; trombose vascular pulmonar difusa desencadeada pela pneumonia por COVID-19.</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise multivariada revelou que entre os sinais do ECG e outras vari&#225;veis, apenas o supradesnivelamento do segmento ST em V1 foi um preditor independente de les&#227;o card&#237;aca em pacientes com pneumonia por COVID-19. Assim, a exist&#234;ncia do supradesnivelamento do segmento ST em V1 no ECG &#224; hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o pode indicar um mau progn&#243;stico em pacientes com COVID-19, quando consideramos que a les&#227;o card&#237;aca est&#225; associada a progn&#243;stico ruim nesses pacientes. Al&#233;m disso, a exist&#234;ncia de supradesnivelamento do segmento ST em V1 tamb&#233;m foi significativamente associada &#224; procalcitonina elevada, de acordo com nossos resultados de an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o. O padr&#227;o S<sub>1</sub>Q<sub>3</sub>T<sub>3</sub>, que &#233; uma manifesta&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica bem conhecida de <italic>strain</italic> card&#237;aco direito agudo, particularmente desenvolvido devido &#224; embolia pulmonar maci&#231;a, foi identificado como um dos preditores independentes de n&#237;veis elevados de procalcitonina em pacientes com pneumonia por COVID-19 em nossas an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o multivariada. Como esperado, os outros dois preditores independentes de n&#237;veis elevados de procalcitonina em pacientes com COVID-19 foram a presen&#231;a de pneumonia bilateral e contagem de neutr&#243;filos. Como esses dois preditores est&#227;o relacionados &#224; extens&#227;o e &#224; gravidade da doen&#231;a, sugerimos que o padr&#227;o S<sub>1</sub>Q<sub>3</sub>T<sub>3</sub> tamb&#233;m pode refletir a extens&#227;o e a gravidade da doen&#231;a.</p>
      <p>Curiosamente, n&#227;o houve rela&#231;&#227;o entre a idade dos pacientes e os danos card&#237;acos. Al&#233;m disso, a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o univariada demonstrou uma rela&#231;&#227;o positiva entre a idade e n&#237;veis elevados de procalcitonina e d&#237;mero-D. A an&#225;lise multivariada indicou o fibrinog&#234;nio como o &#250;nico preditor independente de n&#237;veis elevados de d&#237;mero-D. No entanto, nenhum dos sinais do <italic>strain</italic> ventricular direito no ECG foi um preditor independente de n&#237;veis elevados de d&#237;mero-D. Embora os n&#237;veis elevados de d&#237;mero-D possam ser o reflexo da trombose intravascular pulmonar difusa na COVID-19, os n&#237;veis elevados de d&#237;mero-D n&#227;o s&#227;o espec&#237;ficos e podem ocorrer devido a muitas outras condi&#231;&#245;es. Portanto, podemos concluir que n&#227;o encontramos uma rela&#231;&#227;o independente entre os n&#237;veis elevados de d&#237;mero-D e os sinais no ECG na an&#225;lise multivariada.</p>
      <p>Muito recentemente, Ackermann et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> publicaram um artigo que investigou os mecanismos patol&#243;gicos fundamentais da infec&#231;&#227;o grave por COVID-19, examinando as altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas e moleculares dos pulm&#245;es obtidas durante a aut&#243;psia de pacientes que morreram devido &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19. Eles relataram que a COVID-19 e a influenza exibem dano alveolar difuso e infiltra&#231;&#227;o de linf&#243;citos perivasculares, embora a COVID-19 seja distinta com suas tr&#234;s caracter&#237;sticas angioc&#234;ntricas. Essas caracter&#237;sticas s&#227;o a trombose vascular extensa com microangiopatia e oclus&#227;o de capilares alveolares, a angiog&#234;nese vascular via angiog&#234;nese intussusceptiva e o dano &#224;s c&#233;lulas endoteliais possivelmente devido &#224; invas&#227;o direta por SARS-CoV-2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Seus achados apoiam os nossos, mostrando trombose vascular pulmonar generalizada acompanhada por les&#227;o endotelial e angiog&#234;nese causada por COVID-19. Portanto, pode-se dizer que o trombo intravascular pulmonar generalizado e a angiog&#234;nese induzida por COVID-19 podem levar &#224; hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, que pode resultar em um <italic>strain</italic> s&#250;bito do ventr&#237;culo direito. Dessa forma, podemos estimar que o estresse do ventr&#237;culo direito pode aparecer nos achados do ECG e da ecocardiografia. Em conson&#226;ncia com essa sugest&#227;o, mostramos que o estresse ventricular direito pode ser determinado pelo ECG em pacientes com COVID-19 pela primeira vez. Nossos achados tamb&#233;m foram corroborados por um estudo recente que demonstrou preval&#234;ncia de dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita, tamb&#233;m detectada por exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico, entre os pacientes hospitalizados com infec&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Entretanto, as rela&#231;&#245;es entre dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita, dano card&#237;aco, bem como biomarcadores de inflama&#231;&#227;o e trombose n&#227;o foram investigados no estudo acima mencionado.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es que precisam ser declaradas. Primeiro, este &#233; um estudo de centro &#250;nico com um tamanho de amostra pequeno. Em segundo lugar, como &#233; um estudo retrospectivo, investiga&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais espec&#237;ficas, como outros biomarcadores tromb&#243;ticos e card&#237;acos ou exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, e monitora&#231;&#227;o de ECG para poss&#237;vel revers&#227;o dos sinais do ECG, n&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis. Terceiro, como o estudo incluiu apenas os pacientes com COVID-19, os pacientes sem COVID-19 n&#227;o puderam ser comparados, especialmente em rela&#231;&#227;o aos sinais do ECG.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Que seja de nosso conhecimento, o presente estudo &#233; o primeiro que mostra as manifesta&#231;&#245;es do <italic>strain</italic> do ventr&#237;culo direito no ECG e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a inflama&#231;&#227;o e trombose em pacientes com pneumonia por COVID-19. Al&#233;m disso, os achados deste estudo revelam que a infec&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19 afeta o cora&#231;&#227;o, especialmente atrav&#233;s do lado direito do cora&#231;&#227;o. Ao fazer isso, nosso estudo eventualmente sugere que o ECG, que &#233; um teste vi&#225;vel, econ&#244;mico, seguro e r&#225;pido, pode ser utilizado tanto na avalia&#231;&#227;o quanto no monitoramento dos pacientes com COVID-19 em termos de dano card&#237;aco, gravidade da inflama&#231;&#227;o e talvez progn&#243;stico. Finalmente, nossos achados precisam ser validados atrav&#233;s de estudos cl&#237;nicos prospectivos e maiores.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2020/255. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Relationship between Right Ventricular Strain Signs in Electrocardiography and Levels of Biomarkers Associated with COVID-19 Pneumonia Severity</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3871-8248</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Polat</surname>
            <given-names>Veli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bozcali</surname>
            <given-names>Evin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yasar</surname>
            <given-names>Kadriye Kart</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Karaosmanoglu</surname>
            <given-names>Hayat Kumbasar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Akturk</surname>
            <given-names>Ibrahim Faruk</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Prof. Dr. Cemil Tascioglu City Hospital, Istanbul - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Veli Polat &#8226; Department of Cardiology, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Zuhuratbaba Mah, Dr. Tevfik Sa&#287;lam Cd No:11, 34147 Bak&#305;rk&#246;y/Istanbul - Turkey Email: dr.velipolat@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Polat V, Bozcali E; Acquisition of data: Polat V, Akturk IF; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Polat V, Bozcali E, Yasar KK, Karaosmanoglu HK; Statistical analysis and Obtaining financing: Polat V; Writing of the manuscript: Polat V, Bozcali E, Akturk IF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) may lead to severe disease that can cause death. COVID-19 is known to affect the cardiovascular system. Early detection of the progression to the severe disease stage that affects the cardiovascular system may play a critical role in the treatment of COVID-19.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>To explore the possible relationship between the COVID-19 pneumonia and right ventricular strain findings on electrocardiography (ECG).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>We conducted a retrospective study of 141 hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Spearman&#8217;s correlation and logistic regression analyses were applied to assess relationships between ECG manifestations of right ventricular strain and levels of biomarkers and other laboratory and chest imaging findings. The significance level was considered as &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>The ECG signs of right ventricular stress were significantly more frequent and the levels of fibrinogen, CRP, and ferritin were significantly higher in COVID-19 patients with elevated levels of hs-cTnI, procalcitonin and D-dimer. The univariate analysis showed there are significant relations between the presence of bilateral pneumonia, most of the ECG signs of right ventricular strain and cardiac injury and inflammatory and thrombotic biomarkers. The multivariate analysis revealed that ST-segment elevation in V<sub>1</sub>and the S<sub>1</sub>Q<sub>3</sub>T<sub>3</sub>pattern are independent predictors of cardiac damage (odds ratio=0.23; 95% CI, 0.06 to 0.90; p=0.035) and elevated procalcitonin levels (odds ratio=0.19; 95% CI, 0.06 to 0.62; p=0.006), respectively.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>The findings of the present study suggest that right heart damage is prevalent in COVID-19. In addition, our study shows the clinical value of ECG in evaluating and monitoring the patients with COVID-19 pneumonia.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Betacoronavirus</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Function Right</kwd>
        <kwd>Stress</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarkers</kwd>
        <kwd>Pneumonia/complications</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pneumonia, which first emerged in Wuhan, China&#8217;s Hubei province, in December 2019, has rapidly spread across the world. Although respiratory symptoms are primary clinical signs of COVID-19, several patients also develop cardiovascular injury, which is predominantly detected as an increase in high-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Moreover, it has been demonstrated that the COVID-19 pneumonia has a worse clinical course in patients with cardiovascular disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In this context, disclosing the ways in which the novel coronavirus affects the cardiovascular system is crucial to the treatment of these patients in a timely and efficient fashion and for the reduction of ominous outcomes such as death.</p>
        <p>In the present study, we assess the abnormal electrocardiogram (ECG) manifestations in COVID-19. Specifically, we aimed to investigate the possible relationship between the severity of COVID-19 pneumonia and the right ventricular strain findings in the ECG. Additionally, we intent to explore possible relationships between the electrocardiographic abnormalities, cardiac injury, as well as elevated biomarkers of inflammation and thrombosis in COVID-19 patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Materials and methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study Patients</title>
          <p>This retrospective, single-center and observational study was conducted at Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital. Between April 1 and April 30, 2020, 141 consecutive hospitalized patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19 pneumonia according to the World Health Organization interim guidance<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> were enrolled in the present study. The diagnosis of COVID-19 infection was also confirmed by the positive result of real-time reverse-transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis of the patient&#8217;s nasal or pharyngeal swab samples. The ECGs of the patients were obtained on admission. All of the study patients were adults (over 18 years old) and the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism was excluded by the findings of contrast-enhanced chest computed tomography (CT) in all patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data Collection</title>
          <p>The demographic, epidemiological, clinical, and radiological data, as well as comorbidities and laboratory findings at admission were recorded in the electronic medical records for each study patient. Laboratory data included the high-sensitive cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI), creatine kinase-myocardial brain fraction (CK-MB), complete blood count, C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin, fibrinogen, D-dimer, ferritin, kidney and liver function tests. All of the patients were clinically followed up to May 25, 2020. Two investigators controlled all study data.</p>
          <p>Elevated hs-cTnI levels, which is the sign of cardiac damage, was considered when &gt;the 99<sup>th</sup>percentile upper reference limit. The levels of procalcitonin and D-dimer were considered elevated when &#8805; 0.5 ng/mL and &#8805; 0.5 &#181;g/mL, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Electrocardiographic Evaluation</title>
          <p>The 12-lead ECGs obtained at the time of admission were independently interpreted regarding the right ventricular strain signs by two experienced cardiologists who were blinded to patient data. ECG signs were determined based on the ECG manifestations due to right ventricular stress secondary to pulmonary hypertension in pulmonary embolism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The following ECG signs of right ventricular strain were evaluated: (1) sinus tachycardia (heart rate &gt; 100 beats/minute),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> (2) incomplete or complete right bundle branch block (RBBB),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> (3) T-wave inversion in leads V<sub>1</sub>to V<sub>4,</sub><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> (4) S<sub>1</sub>Q<sub>3</sub>T<sub>3</sub>pattern,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> (5) Qr in lead V<sub>1</sub>(existence of a prominent Q wave &#8805; 0.2 millivolts while QRS duration is &lt;120 milliseconds)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> , (6) ST-segment elevation &#8805;0.1 millivolt in lead V<sub>1.</sub><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>Descriptive statistics were performed using mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) for normally-distributed or median and interquartile ranges (IQR) for skewed-distributed continuous variables and percentage for categorical variables. The distribution of variables was assessed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Continuous variables were compared by the independent-samples <italic>t</italic> test when normally distributed or the Mann-Whitney-U test when not normally distributed. Categorical variables were compared with the chi-square (X<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> ) test or Fisher&#8217;s exact test, where appropriate. Correlations between the levels of hs-cTnI, procalcitonin, D-dimer, CRP, fibrinogen, ferritin and neutrophil count were assessed by Spearman&#8217;s correlation coefficient analysis. The univariate logistic regression analysis was performed to test the relationship between the variables and the elevated hs-cTnI, procalcitonin and D-dimer levels. Additionally, odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for each variable. The multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the independent predictors of cardiac damage (elevated levels of hs-cTnI), elevated levels of procalcitonin and D-dimer. The variables that were significant in the univariate analysis were included in the multivariate analysis. A p value &lt; 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. All statistical analyses were carried out using IBM SPSS software version 26.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>One-hundred and forty-one consecutive patients hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia were analyzed in the present study. The study patients&#8217; median age was 64 years (range, 26-91 years), and 84 (59.6%) were males. Five patients died during hospital stay and 136 patients were discharged. Comorbidities, electrocardiographic signs of right ventricular strain, radiographic findings, and the clinical outcome of all study patients are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comorbidities, clinical outcome, electrocardiographic and radiographic findings of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Patients (n=141)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (14.9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Comorbidities</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (31.2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (25.5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Coronary artery disease</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (19.1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (3.5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Malignancy</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1.4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ECG signs</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sinus tachycardia</td>
                  <td align="center">87 (61.7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Incomplete RBBB</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (44.0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Complete RBBB</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (19.9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>T-wave inversion in V1 to V4</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (26.2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>S<sub>1</sub>Q<sub>3</sub>T<sub>3</sub>pattern</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (36.9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Qr in V<sub>1</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">35 (24.8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ST-segment elevation in V<sub>1</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">54 (38.3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Chest computed tomography findings</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Unilateral pneumonia</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (39.0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bilateral pneumonia</td>
                  <td align="center">86 (61.0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Clinical outcome</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (24.8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>In-hospital death</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (3.5%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>ECG: electrocardiogram; RBBB: right bundle branch block.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical and Electrocardiographic Characteristics</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> shows a summary of the comparison of the demographic data, signs of ECG, CT findings, clinical outcome, and laboratory data by categorizing as elevated or normal the levels of hs-cTnI, procalcitonin and D-dimer in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia.. Smoking status, gender and the presence of comorbidities were similar between patients with elevated or normal levels of hs-cTnI, procalcitonin and D-dimer.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Comparison of the characteristics of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia according to elevated or normal hs-cTnI, procalcitonin and D-dimer levels</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
                    <th>Normal hs-cTnI (n = 69)</th>
                    <th>Elevated hs-cTnI (n = 72)</th>
                    <th>p Value</th>
                    <th>Procalcitonin &lt; 0.5 ng/mL (n = 74)</th>
                    <th>Procalcitonin &#8805; 0.5 ng/mL (n = 67)</th>
                    <th>p Value</th>
                    <th>D-dimer &lt; 0.5 &#181;g/mL (n = 39)</th>
                    <th>D-dimer &#8805; 0.5 &#181;g/mL (n = 102)</th>
                    <th>p Value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age</td>
                    <td align="center">62.6 &#177; 12.3</td>
                    <td align="center">63.4 &#177; 12.5</td>
                    <td align="center">0.69<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">60.1 &#177; 12.1</td>
                    <td align="center">66.3 &#177; 11.1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.003<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">57.0 &#177; 12.6</td>
                    <td align="center">65.3 &#177; 11.5</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (42%)</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (38.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.70<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">29 (39.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (41.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.75<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">13 (33.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">44 (43.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.289<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ECG signs</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sinus tachycardia</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (49.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">53 (73.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.003<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">30 (40.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">57 (85.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">9 (23.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">78 (76.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Incomplete RBBB</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (30.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">41 (56.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">28 (37.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (50.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.123<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">16 (41%)</td>
                    <td align="center">46 (45.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.66<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Complete RBBB</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (11.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (27.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.016<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">4 (5.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (35.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">2 (5.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">26 (25.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.007<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>T inversion in V1 to V4</td>
                    <td align="center">3(4.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (47.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">4 (5.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">33(49.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">1 (2.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">36 (35.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>S<sub>1</sub>Q<sub>3</sub>T<sub>3</sub>pattern</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (20.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">38 (52.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">8 (10.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">44 (65.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">2 (5.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">50 (49%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Qr in V<sub>1</sub></td>
                    <td align="center">1 (1.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (47.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">3 (4.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">32 (47.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">1 (2.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (33.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ST elevation in V<sub>1</sub></td>
                    <td align="center">5 (7.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">49 (68.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">5 (6.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">49 (73.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">54 (52.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Chest CT findings</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Unilateral pneumonia</td>
                    <td align="center">40 (58%)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (20.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">52 (70.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (4.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">31 (79.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (23.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>&#8727;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Bilateral pneumonia</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (42%)</td>
                    <td align="center">57 (79.2%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">22 (29.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">64 (95.5%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">8 (20.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">78 (76.5%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Clinical outcome</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>In-hospital death</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (6.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.026<sup>&#947;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (7.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.017<sup>&#947;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (4.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.322<sup>&#947;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Laboratory data</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Leukocyte count &#215;10<sup>3</sup>/&#956;L</td>
                    <td align="center">6.6 (5.6-7.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.9 (5.3-8.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.66<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">6.5 (5.3-8.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">7.3 (5.7-8.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.104<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">6.8 (5.4-7.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.7 (5.6-6.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.269<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Neutrophil count &#215;10<sup>3</sup>/&#956;L</td>
                    <td align="center">4.9 (3.3-5.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.7 (3.9 &#8211; 6.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.22<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">4.7 (3.2-5.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.4 (4-7.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">4.9 (3.2-5.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.9 (3.8-6.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.203<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Neutrophil/ Leukocyte ratio, %</td>
                    <td align="center">70.5 &#177; 8.9</td>
                    <td align="center">74.0 &#177; 10.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.033<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">69.6 &#177; 9.2</td>
                    <td align="center">75.3 &#177; 9.5</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">69.4 &#177; 9.4</td>
                    <td align="center">73.4&#177; 9.7</td>
                    <td align="center">0.03<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lymphocyte count &#215;10<sup>3</sup>/&#956;L</td>
                    <td align="center">1.1 (0.9- 1.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.9 (0.8-1.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.006<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">1.05 (0.9-1.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.96 (0.9-1.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.019<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">1.10 (0.9-1.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.97 (1-1.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.009<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lymphocyte / Leukocyte ratio, %</td>
                    <td align="center">15.6 (13.6 -20)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (10-19.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.06<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">16.7 (14.3-20)</td>
                    <td align="center">13.6 (9.5 -19)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.003<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">17 (14-17)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (10-18)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.007<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Platelets &#215;10<sup>3</sup>/&#956;L</td>
                    <td align="center">220 (168 &#8211; 256)</td>
                    <td align="center">221 (163-285)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.98<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">219 (167-256)</td>
                    <td align="center">220 (166-306)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.82<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">218 (163-243)</td>
                    <td align="center">220 (167-291)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.411<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.86 (0.7-1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.98 (0.8 -1.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.16<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0.86 (0.7-1.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.98 (0.8-1.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.09<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0.83 (0.7-1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.97 (0.8-1.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.13<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ALT (U/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">31 (25-45)</td>
                    <td align="center">31.5 (20-49)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.74<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">30 (21-45)</td>
                    <td align="center">32 (23-47)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.55<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">31 (25-43)</td>
                    <td align="center">31 (21-45)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.32<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AST (U/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">30 (24-38)</td>
                    <td align="center">35.5 (26-47)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.11<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">30 (23-39)</td>
                    <td align="center">36 (26-46)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.23<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">30 (23-40)</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (26-44)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.37<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Fibrinogen, mg/dL</td>
                    <td align="center">472 (413-542)</td>
                    <td align="center">590 (505-736)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">449 (409-507)</td>
                    <td align="center">626 (550-740)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">415 (396-428)</td>
                    <td align="center">577 (505-683)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>D-dimer, &#181;g/mL</td>
                    <td align="center">0.45 (0.2-0.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.40 (0.7-3.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0.41 (0.2-0.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.04 (1-3.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0.24 (0.2-0.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.20 (0.7-2.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CRP, mg/L</td>
                    <td align="center">58 (44-88)</td>
                    <td align="center">136 (89-203)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">54 (43-87)</td>
                    <td align="center">153 (153-204)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">49 (41-61)</td>
                    <td align="center">114 (77-179)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ferritin, &#181;g/L</td>
                    <td align="center">294 (236-400)</td>
                    <td align="center">612 (397-975)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">282 (232- 382)</td>
                    <td align="center">662 (450-980)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">254 (226-292)</td>
                    <td align="center">532 (356-806)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Procalcitonin, ng/mL</td>
                    <td align="center">0.06 (0.02-0.38)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.76 (0.31-6.69)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0.055 (0.02-0.07)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.76 (1-7.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0.05 (0.02-0.06)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.96 (0.07-5.30)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CK-MB, ng/mL</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (2-3)</td>
                    <td align="center">8.5 (5-15.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">3 (2-4)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (4-16)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">3 (2-4)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.5 (3-12)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>hs-cTnI, ng/L</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (12-16)</td>
                    <td align="center">62.5 (26-348)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">16 (13-18)</td>
                    <td align="center">67 (18-356)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">16 (13-16)</td>
                    <td align="center">31 (16-173)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Data are presented as mean &#177; SD or median (IQR) or N. (%). ECG: electrocardiogram; hs-cTnI: highly-sensitive cardiac troponin I; CT: computed tomography; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; CRP: C-reactive protein; CK-MB: creatine kinase-myocardial brain fraction. &#8224; Compared using the independent sample t test, &#8225;Compared using the Mann-Whitney U test, &#8727;Compared using the X2 test, &#947; Compared using Fisher&#8217;s exact test.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>In patients with elevated levels of hs-cTnI, procalcitonin, and D-dimer, the ECG signs of right ventricular stress, including sinus tachycardia, complete RBBB, T-wave inversion in V1-V4, S1Q3T3 pattern, Qr morphology in lead V1 and ST-segment elevation in V1 were significantly more prevalent when compared to the patients with normal levels of hs-cTnI, procalcitonin, and D-dimer. The ratio of bilateral pneumonia based on the findings of the chest CT was significantly higher in patients with elevated levels of hs-cTnI, procalcitonin, and D-dimer. Patients with elevated levels of hs-cTnI, procalcitonin, and D-dimer also had significantly higher levels of fibrinogen, CRP, ferritin, CK-MB and a higher neutrophil-to-leukocyte ratio, while they had significantly lower lymphocyte count ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
          <p>In-hospital mortality was significantly higher in the patients with elevated hs-cTnI and procalcitonin levels. Incomplete RBBB was significantly frequent in the patients who only had cardiac damage. Patients with elevated procalcitonin levels had significantly higher neutrophil count than those with normal procalcitonin levels. Patients with elevated levels of procalcitonin and D-dimer were significantly older, and their lymphocyte-to-leukocyte ratios were significantly lower ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
          <p>Moreover, patients with cardiac damage presented with significantly higher levels of D-dimer and procalcitonin than those without cardiac damage. D-dimer and hs-cTnI levels were significantly increased in patients with elevated procalcitonin levels, when compared to patients with normal procalcitonin levels. Procalcitonin and hs-cTnI levels were also found to be significantly higher in patients with elevated D-dimer levels, when compared to those with normal D-dimer levels ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Univariate and Multivariate Logistic Regression Analyses</title>
          <p>The univariate logistic regression analysis showed that sinus tachycardia, incomplete RBBB, complete RBBB, T-wave inversion in V<sub>1</sub>-V<sub>4</sub>, S<sub>1</sub>Q<sub>3</sub>T<sub>3</sub>pattern, Qr morphology in V<sub>1</sub>, ST-segment elevation in V<sub>1</sub>, presence of bilateral pneumonia, neutrophil count, CRP, procalcitonin, ferritin, fibrinogen, D-dimer and CK-MB levels were significantly associated with cardiac damage in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ). However, at the multivariate logistic regression analysis, only the ST-segment elevation in V<sub>1</sub>was determined as an independent predictor of cardiac damage in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia (odds ratio=0.23; 95% CI, 0.06 to 0.90; p=0.035).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Determinants of cardiac damage in patients with COVID-19 by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="3" scope="col" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="2" scope="col">Univariate</th>
                    <th colspan="3" scope="col">Multivariate</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="5" rowspan="1" scope="col">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="2" scope="col">OR (95% CI)</th>
                    <th scope="col">p Value</th>
                    <th scope="col">OR (95% CI)</th>
                    <th scope="col">p Value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Sinus tachycardia</td>
                    <td>0.35 (0.17-0.70)</td>
                    <td colspan="2">0.003</td>
                    <td align="left"> </td>
                    <td align="left"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Incomplete RBBB</td>
                    <td>0.33 (0.17-0.66)</td>
                    <td colspan="2">0.002</td>
                    <td align="left"> </td>
                    <td align="left"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Complete RBBB</td>
                    <td>0.34 (0.14-0.84)</td>
                    <td colspan="2">0.019</td>
                    <td align="left"> </td>
                    <td align="left"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">T inversion in V<sub>1</sub>-V<sub>4</sub></td>
                    <td>0.05 (0.01-0.18)</td>
                    <td colspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="left"> </td>
                    <td align="left"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">S<sub>1</sub>Q<sub>3</sub>T<sub>3</sub>pattern</td>
                    <td>0.23 (0.11-0.48)</td>
                    <td colspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="left"> </td>
                    <td align="left"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Qr in V<sub>1</sub></td>
                    <td>0.02 (0.00-0.12)</td>
                    <td colspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="left"> </td>
                    <td align="left"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">ST elevation in V<sub>1</sub></td>
                    <td>0.04 (0.01-0.10)</td>
                    <td colspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td>0.23 (0.06-0.90)</td>
                    <td>0.035</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Presence of bilateral pneumonia</td>
                    <td align="center">0.19 (0.09-0.40)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Neutrophil count</td>
                    <td align="center">1.04 (1.00-1.08)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">0.036</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Fibrinogen, mg/dL</td>
                    <td align="center">1.01 (1.01-1.01)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>D-dimer, &#181;g/mL</td>
                    <td align="center">3.14 (1.91-5.17)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CRP, mg/L</td>
                    <td align="center">1.02 (1.01-1.03)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ferritin, &#181;g/L</td>
                    <td align="center">1.01 (1.00-1.01)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Procalcitonin, ng/mL</td>
                    <td align="center">2.03 (1.45-2.83)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CK-MB, ng/mL</td>
                    <td align="center">2.09 (1.58-2.76)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>OR: Odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; RBBB: right bundle branch block; CRP: C-reactive protein.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>The patients&#8217; age, complete RBBB, T-wave inversion in V<sub>1</sub>-V<sub>4</sub>, S<sub>1</sub>Q<sub>3</sub>T<sub>3</sub>pattern, Qr morphology in V<sub>1</sub>, ST-segment elevation in V<sub>1</sub>, presence of bilateral pneumonia, lymphocyte-to-leukocyte ratio, neutrophil count, neutrophil-to-leukocyte ratio, CRP, ferritin, fibrinogen, D-dimer, hs-cTnI, and CK-MB levels were significantly associated with the elevated procalcitonin levels in the univariate logistic regression analysis. The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the S<sub>1</sub>Q<sub>3</sub>T<sub>3</sub>pattern (odds ratio=0.19; 95% CI, 0.06 to 0.62; p=0.006), neutrophil count (odds ratio=1.35; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.71; p=0.011) and presence of bilateral pneumonia (odds ratio=0.15; 95% CI, 0.03 to 0.84; p=0.031) were independently associated with the elevated levels of procalcitonin ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Determinants of the elevated levels of procalcitonin (&#8805; 0.5 ng/mL) in patients with COVID-19 by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="3" scope="col" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="2" scope="col">Univariate</th>
                    <th colspan="3" scope="col">Multivariate</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="5" rowspan="1" scope="col">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="2" scope="col">OR (95% CI)</th>
                    <th scope="col">p Value</th>
                    <th scope="col">OR (95% CI)</th>
                    <th scope="col">p Value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Age</td>
                    <td>1.04 (1.01-1.08)</td>
                    <td colspan="2">0.004</td>
                    <td align="left"> </td>
                    <td align="left"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Complete RBBB</td>
                    <td>0.10 (0.03-0.32)</td>
                    <td colspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="left"> </td>
                    <td align="left"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">T inversion in V<sub>1</sub>-V<sub>4</sub></td>
                    <td>0.06 (0.02-0.18)</td>
                    <td colspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="left"> </td>
                    <td align="left"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">S<sub>1</sub>Q<sub>3</sub>T<sub>3</sub>pattern</td>
                    <td>0.06 (0.03-0.15)</td>
                    <td colspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td>0.19 (0.06-0.62)</td>
                    <td>0.006</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Qr in V<sub>1</sub></td>
                    <td>0.05 (0.01-0.16)</td>
                    <td colspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="left"> </td>
                    <td align="left"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">ST elevation in V<sub>1</sub></td>
                    <td>0.03 (0.01-0.08)</td>
                    <td colspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="left"> </td>
                    <td align="left"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Presence of bilateral pneumonia</td>
                    <td>0.02 (0.01-0.07)</td>
                    <td colspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td>0.15 (0.03-0.84)</td>
                    <td>0.031</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Neutrophil count</td>
                    <td align="center">1.27 (1.09-1.48)</td>
                    <td colspan="2">0.002</td>
                    <td align="center">1.35 (1.07-1.71)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.011</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Neutrophil/Leukocyte ratio</td>
                    <td align="center">1.07 (1.03-1.11)</td>
                    <td colspan="2">0.001</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lymphocyte/Leukocyte ratio</td>
                    <td align="center">0.93 (0.88-0.98)</td>
                    <td colspan="2">0.009</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Fibrinogen, mg/dL</td>
                    <td align="center">1.02 (1.01-1.02)</td>
                    <td colspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>D-dimer, &#181;g/mL</td>
                    <td align="center">8.64 (3.67-20.35)</td>
                    <td colspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CRP, mg/L</td>
                    <td align="center">1.03 (1.02-1.04)</td>
                    <td colspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ferritin, &#181;g/L</td>
                    <td align="center">1.01 (1.01-1.01)</td>
                    <td colspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CK-MB, ng/mL</td>
                    <td align="center">1.35 (1.18-1.53)</td>
                    <td colspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>hs-cTnI, ng/L</td>
                    <td align="center">1.02 (1.01-1.02)</td>
                    <td colspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>OR: Odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; RBBB: right bundle branch block; CRP: C-reactive protein.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>According to the univariate analysis, the patients&#8217; age, presence of bilateral pneumonia, the lymphocyte-to-leukocyte ratio, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts, levels of CRP, ferritin, fibrinogen, procalcitonin, hs-cTnI, CK-MB and the presence of ECG signs, including complete RBBB, T-wave inversion in V<sub>1</sub>-V<sub>4</sub>, S<sub>1</sub>Q<sub>3</sub>T<sub>3</sub>pattern, and Qr morphology in V<sub>1</sub>were significantly associated with the elevated levels of D-dimer ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref> ). Nonetheless, among these determinants, only fibrinogen was found to be an independent predictor of the elevated levels of D-dimer in the multivariate analysis (odds ratio=1.05; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.07; p&lt;0.001).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t5001">
              <label>Table 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Determinants of the elevated levels of D-dimer (&#8805; 0.5 &#181;g/mL) in patients with COVID-19 by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="3" scope="col" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="2" scope="col">Univariate</th>
                    <th colspan="3" scope="col">Multivariate</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="5" rowspan="1" scope="col">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="2" scope="col">OR (95% CI)</th>
                    <th scope="col">p Value</th>
                    <th scope="col">OR (95% CI)</th>
                    <th scope="col">p Value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Age</td>
                    <td>1.06 (1.02-1.10)</td>
                    <td colspan="2">0.001</td>
                    <td align="left"> </td>
                    <td align="left"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Complete RBBB</td>
                    <td>0.16 (0.04-0.70)</td>
                    <td colspan="2">0.015</td>
                    <td align="left"> </td>
                    <td align="left"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">T inversion in V<sub>1</sub>-V<sub>4</sub></td>
                    <td>0.05 (0.01-0.37)</td>
                    <td colspan="2">0.003</td>
                    <td align="left"> </td>
                    <td align="left"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">S<sub>1</sub>Q<sub>3</sub>T<sub>3</sub>pattern</td>
                    <td>0.06 (0.01-0.25)</td>
                    <td colspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="left"> </td>
                    <td align="left"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Qr in V<sub>1</sub></td>
                    <td>0.05 (0.01-0.40)</td>
                    <td colspan="2">0.004</td>
                    <td align="left"> </td>
                    <td align="left"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Presence of bilateral pneumonia</td>
                    <td>0.08 (0.03-0.20)</td>
                    <td colspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="left"> </td>
                    <td align="left"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Neutrophil count</td>
                    <td>1.04 (1.00-1.09)</td>
                    <td colspan="2">0.033</td>
                    <td align="left"> </td>
                    <td align="left"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lymphocyte count</td>
                    <td align="center">0.41 (0.17-0.96)</td>
                    <td colspan="2">0.041</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lymphocyte/Leukocyte ratio</td>
                    <td align="center">0.93 (0.88-0.98)</td>
                    <td colspan="2">0.007</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Fibrinogen, mg/dL</td>
                    <td align="center">1.04 (1.02-1.06)</td>
                    <td colspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">1.05 (1.03-1.07)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Procalcitonin, ng/mL</td>
                    <td align="center">17.73 (2.82-111.30)</td>
                    <td colspan="2">0.002</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CRP, mg/L</td>
                    <td align="center">1.05 (1.03-1.07)</td>
                    <td colspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ferritin, &#181;g/L</td>
                    <td align="center">1.01 (1.01-1.02)</td>
                    <td colspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CK-MB, ng/mL</td>
                    <td align="center">1.34 (1.12-1.61)</td>
                    <td colspan="2">0.001</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>hs-cTnI, ng/L</td>
                    <td align="center">1.10 (1.03-1.18)</td>
                    <td colspan="2">0.006</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN5001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>OR: Odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; RBBB: right bundle branch block; CRP: C-reactive protein.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>The Spearman&#8217;s correlation analysis also revealed that neutrophil count, hs-cTnI, procalcitonin, D-dimer, CRP, fibrinogen and ferritin levels were significantly and positively correlated with each other ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6001">Table 6</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t6001">
              <label>Table 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Spearman&#8217;s correlations of biomarkers with each other in patients with COVID-19</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="2">hs-cTnI</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Procalcitonin</th>
                    <th colspan="2">D-dimer</th>
                    <th colspan="2">CRP</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Neutrophil count</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Fibrinogen</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Ferritin</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="14" rowspan="1">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>r</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                    <th>r</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                    <th>r</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                    <th>r</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                    <th>r</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                    <th>r</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                    <th>r</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>hs-cTnI</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">.</td>
                    <td align="center">0.666</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.633</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.599</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.175</td>
                    <td align="center">0.04</td>
                    <td align="center">0.618</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.625</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Procalcitonin</td>
                    <td align="center">0.666</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">.</td>
                    <td align="center">0.776</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.811</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.213</td>
                    <td align="center">0.01</td>
                    <td align="center">0.748</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.841</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>D-dimer</td>
                    <td align="center">0.633</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.776</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">.</td>
                    <td align="center">0.821</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.172</td>
                    <td align="center">0.04</td>
                    <td align="center">0.924</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.842</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CRP</td>
                    <td align="center">0.599</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.811</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.821</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">.</td>
                    <td align="center">0.271</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.811</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.962</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Neutrophil count</td>
                    <td align="center">0.175</td>
                    <td align="center">0.04</td>
                    <td align="center">0.213</td>
                    <td align="center">0.01</td>
                    <td align="center">0.172</td>
                    <td align="center">0.04</td>
                    <td align="center">0.271</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">.</td>
                    <td align="center">0.174</td>
                    <td align="center">0.04</td>
                    <td align="center">0.222</td>
                    <td align="center">0.008</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Fibrinogen</td>
                    <td align="center">0.618</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.748</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.924</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.811</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.174</td>
                    <td align="center">0.04</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">.</td>
                    <td align="center">0.832</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ferritin</td>
                    <td align="center">0.625</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.841</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.842</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.962</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.222</td>
                    <td align="center">0.008</td>
                    <td align="center">0.832</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">.</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN6001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>CRP; C-reactive protein; hs-cTnI: highly-sensitive cardiac troponin I; r: Spearman&#8217;s correlation coefficient.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Cardiac damage detected by the increase of cardiac biomarkers in COVID-19 has been associated with a fatal prognosis. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying cardiac damage associated with COVID-19 have not been clearly demonstrated. The possible mechanisms that other studies have suggested to explain the myocardial damage caused by COVID-19 are myocarditis due to direct infection with SARS-CoV-2 or secondary to the vigorous systemic inflammatory response induced by COVID-19, plaque instability that leads to acute coronary syndrome, and hypoxemia due to respiratory failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Recently, pulmonary microvascular thrombosis has been reported with diffuse alveolar damage in COVID-19 pneumonia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>McGonagle et al. have proposed a pulmonary intravascular coagulopathy model to explain myocardial injury and cardiovascular mortality in COVID-19 pneumonia. According to this model, COVID-19 induces diffuse pulmonary intravascular coagulopathy through diffuse lung inflammation, similar to the macrophage activation syndrome. Both the immunothrombosis of the extensive pulmonary vascular bed and the alveolar hypoxemia may trigger right ventricular stress by causing pulmonary hypertension and may play a role in the fatal outcome. In COVID-19 pneumonia, elevated D-dimer levels may reflect wide pulmonary microthrombosis, while elevated cardiac biomarker levels may indicate right ventricular strain triggered by pulmonary hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> The findings of our current study support this model. All of the ECG signs of right ventricular strain in the study, except incomplete RBBB, were significantly more prevalent in COVID-19 patients with cardiac damage and elevated procalcitonin and D-dimer levels. As we expected, all of the ECG signs of right ventricular strain, including incomplete RBBB, were significantly more common in COVID-19 patients with cardiac damage. We also observed a significant and direct association among the levels of hs-cTnI, procalcitonin and D-dimer, neutrophil count, levels of CRP, ferritin and fibrinogen in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. These results indicate that inflammation, thrombosis and cardiac damage are directly related with each other in COVID-19 patients.</p>
        <p>The univariate regression analysis revealed that four of the seven ECG signs of right ventricular strain were significantly associated with cardiac injury and elevated levels of procalcitonin and D-dimer in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. However, all of these seven ECG signs were significantly associated only with cardiac injury in COVID-19 patients. These findings suggest that the possible cause of elevated hs-cTnI levels or cardiac injury in COVID-19 is right ventricular stress, which is induced by sudden-onset pulmonary hypertension due to diffuse pulmonary vascular thrombosis triggered by COVID-19 pneumonia.</p>
        <p>The multivariate analysis revealed that among the ECG signs and other variables, only the ST-segment elevation in V<sub>1</sub>was an independent predictor of cardiac damage in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Therefore, the existence of ST-segment elevation in V<sub>1</sub>on the admission ECG may indicate a poor prognosis in patients with COVID-19, when we consider that the cardiac injury is associated with poor prognosis in these patients. Moreover, the existence of ST-segment elevation in V<sub>1</sub>was also significantly associated with elevated procalcitonin levels, according to our results of the regression analyses. The S<sub>1</sub>Q<sub>3</sub>T<sub>3</sub>pattern, which is a well-known electrocardiographic manifestation of acute right heart strain, particularly developed due to massive pulmonary embolism, was found to be one of the independent predictors of elevated procalcitonin levels in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in our multivariate regression analyses. Unsurprisingly, the other two independent predictors of elevated procalcitonin levels in COVID-19 patients were the presence of bilateral pneumonia, and neutrophil count. As both of these predictors are related to the extensiveness and severity of the disease, we suggest that the S<sub>1</sub>Q<sub>3</sub>T<sub>3</sub>pattern may also reflect disease extent and severity.</p>
        <p>Interestingly, there was no relationship between the patients&#8217; age and cardiac damage. Yet, the univariate regression analysis demonstrated a positive relationship between age and elevated levels of procalcitonin and D-dimer. The multivariate analysis indicated that fibrinogen was the only independent predictor of elevated D-dimer levels. However, none of the ECG signs of the right ventricular strain was an independent predictor of elevated D-dimer levels. Although elevated D-dimer levels may be the reflection of the diffuse pulmonary intravascular thrombosis in COVID-19, elevated D-dimer levels are not specific and can occur due to many other conditions. Therefore, we concluded that we did not find an independent relationship between the elevated D-dimer levels and the ECG signs on the multivariate analysis.</p>
        <p>Very recently, Ackermann e al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> have published an article that investigated the fundamental pathological mechanisms of severe COVID-19 infection by examining the morphological and molecular changes of the lungs obtained during the autopsy of patients who died due to COVID-19 infection. They have reported that both COVID-19 and influenza exhibits diffuse alveolar damage and infiltrating perivascular lymphocytes, although COVID-19 is distinct with its three angiocentric characteristics. These characteristics are the extensive vascular thrombosis with microangiopathy and occlusion of alveolar capillaries, vascular angiogenesis via intussusceptive angiogenesis, and endothelial cell damage possibly due to the direct invasion by SARS-CoV-2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Their findings support ours by showing widespread pulmonary vascular thrombosis, which is accompanied by endothelial injury and angiogenesis caused by COVID-19. Therefore, it can be stated that widespread pulmonary intravascular thrombus and angiogenesis induced by COVID-19 may lead to pulmonary hypertension, which may result in sudden right ventricular strain. Therefore, it can be estimated that right ventricular stress may appear in the ECG and echocardiography findings. In agreement with this suggestion, we have shown that right ventricular stress can be determined by the ECG in patients with COVID-19 for the first time. Our findings were also supported by a recent study that demonstrated a prevalence of right ventricular dilation, which was also detected by echocardiographic examination, in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 infection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> However, the relationships between right ventricular dilation, cardiac damage and biomarkers of both inflammation and thrombosis were not investigated in the aforementioned study.</p>
        <p>Our study has some limitations that need to be stated. First, this is a single-center study, with a small sample size. Second, as a retrospective study, specific laboratory investigations such as other thrombotic and cardiac biomarkers or echocardiographic examinations, and ECG monitoring for possible reversion of the ECG signs were not available. Third, as the study included patients with COVID-19 only, patients without COVID-19 could not be compared, especially regarding ECG signs.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first one to show the right ventricular strain manifestations on the ECG and its relationship with inflammation and thrombosis in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Additionally, the findings of this study reveal that COVID-19 infection affects the heart, especially through the right side of the heart. In doing so, our study eventually suggests that the ECG, which is a feasible, cost-effective, safe and rapid test, can be used in both the assessment and monitoring of patients with COVID-19 in terms of cardiac damage, severity of the inflammation and perhaps prognosis. Finally, our findings need to be validated by prospective and larger clinical trials.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital under the protocol number 2020/255. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
