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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">WwTJcJZYfyZNZkwgWt3fRTD</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021005011202</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001200701</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200360</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200360</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Desempenho Individual e Combinado de Indicadores de Obesidade Geral e Central para Estimar Risco Coronariano em Participantes do ELSA-Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6926-4675</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio Tosta de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matos</surname>
            <given-names>Sheila Maria Alvim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aquino</surname>
            <given-names>Estela M. L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Sa&#250;de</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Feira de Santana</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana - Departamento de Sa&#250;de, Feira de Santana, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Sa&#250;de Coletiva</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia - Instituto de Sa&#250;de Coletiva, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Rog&#233;rio Tosta Almeida</bold> &#8226; Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana &#8211; Sa&#250;de - Av. Transnordestina, S/N. CEP <postal-code>44036-900</postal-code>, Campus Universit&#225;rio, Modulo 6, Feira de Santana, BA &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>rogertosta@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Almeida RT, Matos SMA, Aquino EML; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Almeida RT; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Aquino EML.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>701</fpage>
      <lpage>712</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Indicadores antropom&#233;tricos s&#227;o utilizados na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e em estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos para rastreamento de fatores de risco &#224; sa&#250;de.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar o poder discriminat&#243;rio individual do &#205;ndice de Adiposidade Corporal (IAC), do &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC), da Circunfer&#234;ncia da Cintura (CC) e da Raz&#227;o Cintura-Quadril (RCQ) para identificar risco coronariano e investigar se a combina&#231;&#227;o de indicadores antropom&#233;tricos de obesidade geral e central melhora a capacidade preditiva em adultos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Avaliou-se 15 092 participantes (54,4% mulheres) com idades entre 35-74 anos na linha de base do ELSA-Brasil. Indiv&#237;duos em risco coronariano foram identificados pelo Escore de Risco de Framingham, e divididos em risco muito alto (RMA20%) e risco alto (RA10%). Medidas de acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica e &#225;reas sob curvas ROC (AUC) foram analisadas. Associa&#231;&#245;es foram testadas por regress&#227;o de poisson com vari&#226;ncia robusta, conforme sexo e idade. Foi adotada signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A RCQ apresentou melhor poder discriminat&#243;rio para RMA20% em todos os grupos, com maior capacidade preditiva nas mulheres (AUC: 0,802; IC<sub>95%</sub>: 0,748-0,856 <italic>vs</italic> 0,657; IC<sub>95%</sub>: 0,630-0,683 nas faixas et&#225;rias 35-59 anos e AUC: 0,668; IC<sub>95%</sub>: 0,621-0,715 <italic>vs</italic> 0,611; IC<sub>95%</sub>: 0,587-0,635 nas faixas et&#225;rias 60-74 anos). As combina&#231;&#245;es IAC+RCQ e IMC+RCQ apresentaram melhor poder preditivo em homens e mulheres, respectivamente. Combina&#231;&#245;es entre indicadores de obesidade geral e central estiveram mais fortemente associadas com RMA20% e RCA10% em todos os estratos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Indicadores combinados tiveram melhor capacidade preditiva do que um indicador isoladamente, sendo IAC+RCQ e IMC+RCQ melhores estimadores de risco coronariano em homens e mulheres, respectivamente. RCQ teve melhor desempenho individual.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculare</kwd>
        <kwd>Antropometria</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Adiposidade</kwd>
        <kwd>&#205;ndice de Massa Corporal</kwd>
        <kwd>Circunfer&#234;ncia da Cintura</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="12"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="34"/>
        <page-count count="12"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de indicadores antropom&#233;tricos de obesidade tem sido reconhecida como uma boa estrat&#233;gia de rastreamento de fatores de risco &#224; sa&#250;de, sendo muito empregada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e em estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
      <p>O &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC), proposto por Lambert Adolphe Jaques Quetelet em 1832,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> &#233; uma das estrat&#233;gias mais divulgadas para medir indiretamente obesidade em popula&#231;&#245;es. Apesar de ser bastante usado em estudos sobre doen&#231;as cardiovasculares,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> o IMC parece n&#227;o ser capaz de descrever a ampla varia&#231;&#227;o que ocorre na composi&#231;&#227;o corporal de indiv&#237;duos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, novos indicadores t&#234;m sido propostos como medidas indiretas mais precisas de obesidade. Em 2011, Bergman et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> sugeriram que o &#205;ndice de Adiposidade Corporal (IAC) era melhor indicador de gordura corporal do que o IMC. No entanto, a acur&#225;cia do IAC para medir adiposidade tem variado conforme a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> e os resultados do seu desempenho como estrat&#233;gia de rastreamento de fatores de risco cardiometab&#243;licos ainda s&#227;o controversos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> Os indicadores de distribui&#231;&#227;o da gordura corporal, como a Circunfer&#234;ncia da Cintura (CC), a Raz&#227;o Cintura-Quadril (RCQ), a Raz&#227;o Cintura-Estatura (RCEst) e o &#205;ndice de Conicidade (&#237;ndice C) t&#234;m demonstrado bons desempenhos como preditores de risco &#224; sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> Estudo recente com participantes do ELSA-Brasil demonstrou associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre CC e RCQ com espessura da camada &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia da parede da car&#243;tida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> Ademais, o uso desses indicadores tem sido consolidado em estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos, e n&#227;o requer c&#225;lculos matem&#225;ticos complexos, como o &#237;ndice C, por exemplo, o que justifica a op&#231;&#227;o em test&#225;-los.</p>
      <p>&#201; controverso se os indicadores antropom&#233;tricos de obesidade geral e os de obesidade central t&#234;m maior capacidade preditiva e utilidade para identificar fatores de risco cardiometab&#243;licos em grandes popula&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, enquanto alguns estudos indicam que o uso combinado de indicadores pode melhorar sua capacidade preditiva de desfechos adversos &#224; sa&#250;de,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> outros concluem o contr&#225;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> Na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta brasileira, s&#227;o escassos estudos sobre o desempenho combinado de indicadores de obesidade geral e central para rastrear desfechos adversos &#224; sa&#250;de.</p>
      <p>Assim, os objetivos deste estudo foram: 1) avaliar o poder discriminat&#243;rio individual do IAC, do IMC, da CC e da RCQ para avaliar risco coronariano e, 2) investigar se a combina&#231;&#227;o de indicadores antropom&#233;tricos de obesidade geral (IMC e IAC) com indicadores de obesidade central (CC e RCQ) melhora a capacidade preditiva de risco coronariano em uma grande amostra de adultos brasileiros.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Fonte de dados e popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>O Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil) avaliou, na linha de base (2008-2010), 15 105 servidores de institui&#231;&#245;es de ensino e pesquisa de seis cidades brasileiras (Belo Horizonte, Porto Alegre, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, S&#227;o Paulo e Vit&#243;ria), com idades entre 35-74 anos. Destes, nove participantes n&#227;o tinham informa&#231;&#245;es completas das vari&#225;veis analisadas e quatro foram exclu&#237;dos por relatarem uso de pr&#243;tese de silicone no quadril. Assim, o presente estudo avaliou 15 092 participantes. Os detalhes metodol&#243;gicos sobre o ELSA-Brasil foram publicados por Aquino et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Dados demogr&#225;ficos, antropom&#233;tricos e cl&#237;nicos</title>
        <p>Os dados demogr&#225;ficos, antropom&#233;tricos e cl&#237;nicos foram coletados por meio de entrevistas ou medidas, realizadas por uma equipe devidamente treinada e supervisionada por profissionais qualificados. Idade, sexo, tabagismo e hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de diabetes foram coletados por meio de question&#225;rios padronizados. As medidas antropom&#233;tricas foram obtidas ap&#243;s jejum noturno de 8h-12h, com os participantes sem sapatos e de p&#233;, vestidos com uniforme padronizado, fornecido pelo ELSA-Brasil. Um protocolo padr&#227;o, desenvolvido pelo estudo, com base nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry</italic> (ISAK),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> orientou as aferi&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>O peso foi aferido com uma balan&#231;a calibrada (Toledo 2096PP), aproximando-se para 0,1 kg mais pr&#243;ximo. A estatura foi medida com um estadi&#244;metro (Seca-SE-216), e a CC e a circunfer&#234;ncia do quadril (CQ) por uma trena antropom&#233;trica inel&#225;stica de 200cm (CESCORF), considerando o 0,1 cm mais pr&#243;ximo. A CC foi tomada no ponto m&#233;dio entre a borda inferior do arco costal e a crista il&#237;aca, e a CQ na protus&#227;o m&#225;xima dos m&#250;sculos gl&#250;teos (quadril). As medidas foram tomadas em triplicata e a m&#233;dia considerada para an&#225;lise.</p>
        <p>As amostras de sangue para dosagem de glicemia e de colesterol total e fra&#231;&#245;es foram coletadas em tubos secos, ap&#243;s 12 horas de jejum noturno, nos pr&#243;prios centros de investiga&#231;&#227;o. A glicemia foi medida com m&#233;todo da hexoquinase (enzim&#225;tico) e o colesterol com o m&#233;todo do colesterol oxidase (enzim&#225;tico colorim&#233;trico), ambos com equipamento calibrado e padronizado (Siemens ADVIA 1200). Para a garantia da qualidade e a padroniza&#231;&#227;o dos resultados, todas as amostras foram enviadas para processamento e an&#225;lise em um laborat&#243;rio central do ELSA-Brasil.</p>
        <p>Foram feitas tr&#234;s medidas da press&#227;o arterial com intervalo de um minuto ap&#243;s cinco minutos de repouso, utilizando-se aparelho autom&#225;tico de press&#227;o arterial (OMRON - modelo HEM-705 CP), com os participantes sentados em ambiente silencioso com temperatura controlada (20&#186;C - 24&#186;C), em jejum e de bexiga vazia, seguindo protocolo padronizado desenvolvido pelo estudo. A m&#233;dia das duas &#250;ltimas aferi&#231;&#245;es foi considerada para an&#225;lise.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Indicadores antropom&#233;tricos</title>
        <p>Os indicadores antropom&#233;tricos de obesidade geral testados foram: o IMC (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>) obtido dividindo-se o peso (Kg) pela estatura (m) ao quadrado e o IAC, calculado pela seguinte equa&#231;&#227;o: IAC= [(circunfer&#234;ncia do quadril em cm/estatura em metros)1,5 - 18.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> A obesidade central foi aferida por meio da medida de CC (cm) e da RCQ, calculada pela divis&#227;o da CC (cm) pela CQ (cm).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Risco cardiovascular</title>
        <p>O risco cardiovascular foi estimado pelo Escore de Risco de Framingham (ERF), e incluiu idade, Press&#227;o Arterial Sist&#243;lica (PAS), Press&#227;o Arterial Diast&#243;lica (PAD), colesterol total, lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL)-colesterol, tabagismo e diabetes para seu c&#225;lculo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref></p>
        <p>A presen&#231;a de diabetes foi definida como: hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico da doen&#231;a, glicemia de jejum &#8805;126 mg/dL, ou teste de toler&#226;ncia oral &#224; glicose 2h p&#243;s sobrecarga &#8805;200 mg/dL, ou hemoglobina glicada &#8805;6,5%.</p>
        <p>Foram considerados fumantes aqueles que relataram o fumo atual de cigarros na entrevista.</p>
        <p>O risco cardiovascular aumentado foi classificado em: risco muito aumentado (RMA), se o indiv&#237;duo apresentasse um risco maior que 20% de desenvolvimento de Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana (DAC) em 10 anos (RMA20%); ou risco aumentado (RA) se o indiv&#237;duo apresentasse um risco entre 10 e 20% de desenvolvimento de DAC em 10 anos (RA10%).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As medidas de tend&#234;ncia central e dispers&#227;o foram utilizadas para an&#225;lises iniciais da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos participantes. A normalidade dos dados foi avaliada descritivamente, por an&#225;lise gr&#225;fica (histograma e P-Plot) e teste de Shapiro Wilk. Analisou-se a homogeneidade da vari&#226;ncia pelo teste F. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressas em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o e testadas com o teste <italic>t student</italic> n&#227;o pareado. Aquelas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal foram expressas em mediana e intervalo interquartil e avaliadas com o teste de <italic>Mann-Whitney</italic>. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram testadas com <italic>chi-quadrado de Pearson</italic> e expressas em frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas.</p>
        <p>Na sequ&#234;ncia, foram determinados os pontos de corte dos indicadores (IMC, IAC, RCQ e CC) para discriminar 20% a mais de risco coronariano em 10 anos (RMA20%), por meio das curvas ROC (<italic>Receiver Operating Characteristic</italic>), conforme sexo e faixa et&#225;ria. Utilizou-se o maior valor do &#237;ndice de <italic>Youden</italic> (sensibilidade + especificidade - 1) como crit&#233;rio para escolha do melhor ponto. As &#225;reas sob as curvas ROC (AUCs), com os respectivos Intervalos de Confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%), foram usadas para avaliar a capacidade preditiva individual e combinada dos indicadores. As AUCs foram comparadas pelo teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Delong et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref> sendo checadas as diferen&#231;as dos indicadores individuais e combinados entre os sexos e entre as faixas et&#225;rias. Ainda, foram comparadas as AUC da melhor combina&#231;&#227;o de indicadores com as AUC do melhor indicador individual em cada grupo.</p>
        <p>A capacidade discriminat&#243;ria foi testada individualmente e por combina&#231;&#245;es entre um indicador de obesidade geral com outro de obesidade central. Primeiramente, quatro combina&#231;&#245;es foram analisadas (IAC+CC, IMC+CC, IAC+RCQ e IMC+RCQ), pontuadas e agrupadas da seguinte forma: 0 = sem valores aumentados de ambos indicadores; 1 = valor aumentado apenas do indicador de obesidade geral; 2 = valor aumentado apenas do indicador de obesidade central; e 3 = valor aumentado de ambos. Por exemplo, na combina&#231;&#227;o IAC+CC, os grupos foram: &#8220;0 = IAC<sub>0</sub>+CC<sub>0</sub>&#8221;; &#8220;1 = IAC<sub>1</sub>+CC<sub>0</sub>&#8221;; &#8220;2 = IAC<sub>0</sub>+CC<sub>1</sub>&#8221;; e &#8220;3 = IAC<sub>1</sub>+CC<sub>1</sub>&#8221;.</p>
        <p>Em seguida, para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o ajustada entre os indicadores de obesidade geral, de obesidade central e a combina&#231;&#227;o de ambos, novo reagrupamento em quatro categorias foi realizado, de nenhum indicador aumentado a pelo menos um indicador central e um geral juntos (isto &#233;, 00, 01, 10, 11). Para isso, vari&#225;veis <italic>dummies</italic> foram criadas, sendo: 0 = participantes sem valores aumentados de nenhum dos indicadores analisados; 1 = aqueles que apresentaram, pelo menos, um indicador geral aumentado e nenhum central aumentado; 2 = participantes que apresentaram, pelo menos, um indicador central aumentado e nenhum geral; e 3 = as outras poss&#237;veis combina&#231;&#245;es entre, pelo menos, um indicador central e pelo menos um indicador geral aumentados.</p>
        <p>As associa&#231;&#245;es foram testadas por modelos de regress&#227;o de Poisson com vari&#226;ncia robusta, observando-se as Raz&#245;es de Preval&#234;ncias (RP) e os IC95% entre as combina&#231;&#245;es dos indicadores e o RMA20%. Em fun&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia do RMA20% ser muito baixa nas mulheres mais jovens (0,8%), bem como, a quantidade de participantes em risco ser pequena em algumas combina&#231;&#245;es, realizou-se an&#225;lise adicional para confirma&#231;&#227;o ou n&#227;o das associa&#231;&#245;es individuais e combinadas dos indicadores antropom&#233;tricos com risco coronariano, sendo o desfecho o RCA10%.</p>
        <p>O ajuste dos modelos foi verificada pela an&#225;lise dos res&#237;duos de Pearson.</p>
        <p>O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de 5% (p&lt;0,05). As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando o <italic>software</italic> &#8220;STATA&#8221;, vers&#227;o 12.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Foram investigados 6881 homens (28,5% com idade entre 60-74 anos) e 8211 mulheres (26,7% com idade entre 60-74 anos) da linha de base do ELSA-Brasil. As m&#233;dias de colesterol total, PAS e PAD e as medianas de idade e HDL-colesterol foram mais altas nos participantes com idade entre 60-74 anos comparados com os mais jovens em ambos os sexos, com exce&#231;&#227;o da PAD e do colesterol total nos homens.</p>
      <p>As preval&#234;ncias de RMA20% nos homens foram de 6,3% e 40,6% e nas mulheres de 0,8% e 6,1%, nas faixas et&#225;rias 35-59 e 60-74 anos, respectivamente. Os homens apresentaram maiores frequ&#234;ncias de obesidade central (CC<sub>1</sub> e RCQ<sub>1</sub>) do que as mulheres, em ambas as faixas et&#225;rias, sendo mais frequentes na faixa et&#225;ria de 60-74 anos em ambos os sexos. As diferen&#231;as entre os percentuais de participantes com obesidade geral variaram conforme o indicador observado (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos participantes, conforme sexo e faixa et&#225;ria &#8211; ELSA-Brasil (2008-2010)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="20%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Homens</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Mulheres</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#225;vel</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">35-59 anos <break/>(n= 5.354)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">60-74 anos <break/>(n= 1.527)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">35-59 anos <break/>(n= 6.478)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">60-74 anos <break/>(n= 1.733)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade, mediana (IIQ)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">48 (44-54)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">65 (62-69)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">49 (44-54)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">64 (61-68)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Colesterol Total, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">214,1 (44,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">207,1 (42,4)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">214,5 (39,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">224,2 (45,4)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">HDL-Colesterol, mediana (IIQ)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">48 (42-56)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">50 (43-59)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">59 (51-70)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">62 (52-73)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Press&#227;o Arterial Sist&#243;lica, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">124,0 (15,7)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">131,1 (19,2)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">115,1 (15,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">127,4 (19,1)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Press&#227;o Arterial Diast&#243;lica, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">79,2 (10,8)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">77,9 (10,9)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">73,8 (10,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">74,8 (10,2)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">RCA10%, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1.711 (32,0)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1.285 (84,2)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">542 (8,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">613 (35,4%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">RMA20%, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">340 (6,3)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">620 (40,6)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">52 (0,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">106 (6,1)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1.301 (19,3)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">569 (37,3)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">882 (13,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">484 (27,9)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Fumantes, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">813 (15,2)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">171 (11,2)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">855 (13,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">138 (7,9)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IAC<sub>1,</sub> n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1.521 (28,4)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">524 (34,3)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2.468 (38,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">585 (33,8)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IMC<sub>1</sub>, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2.425 (45,3)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">542 (35,5)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2.269 (35,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">583 (33,6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">CC<sub>1,</sub> n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2.491 (46,5)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">871 (57,0)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2.346 (36,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">682 (39,3)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">RCQ<sub>1,</sub> n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1.761 (32,9)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">892 (58,4)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1.351 (20,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">598 (34,5)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; RCA10%: Risco Coronariano Aumentado; RMA20%: Risco Coronariano Muito Aumentado; IAC: &#205;ndice de Adiposidade Corporal; IMC: &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal; CC: Circunfer&#234;ncia da Cintura; RCQ: Raz&#227;o Cintura-Quadril; DP: Desvio Padr&#227;o; IIQ: Intervalo Interquartil; n (%): n&#250;mero de observa&#231;&#245;es (frequ&#234;ncia)</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p&lt; 0,05 comparado com mulheres da mesma faixa et&#225;ria;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>p&lt; 0,05 comparado com os mais jovens do mesmo sexo</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Os valores dos melhores pontos de corte para cada indicador estimar RMA20% e estabelecer os agrupamentos est&#227;o listados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>, onde &#8220;0&#8221; significa &#8220;normal&#8221; e &#8220;1&#8221; &#8220;aumentado&#8221;.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Pontos de corte de indicadores antropom&#233;tricos e classifica&#231;&#245;es correspondentes &#8211; ELSA-Brasil (2008-2010)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Indicador</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Ponto de corte</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Categoria</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Classe<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN42">*</xref></th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">IAC</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">28 (homens) <break/>34 (mulheres 35-59 anos) <break/>36 (mulheres 60-74 anos)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">IAC &lt; 28 (homens) ou <break/>IAC &lt; 34 (mulheres 35-59 anos) ou IAC &lt; 36 (mulheres 60-74 anos)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">IAC<sub>0</sub></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">IAC &#8805; 28 (homens) ou <break/>IAC &#8805; 34 (mulheres 35-59 anos) ou IAC &#8805; 36 (mulheres 60-74 anos)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">IAC<sub>1</sub></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">IMC</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">27 (homens 35-59 anos) <break/>28 (homens 60-74 anos) <break/>28 (mulheres 35-59 anos) <break/>29 (mulheres 60-74 anos)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">IMC &lt; 27 (homens 35-59 anos) ou IMC &lt; 28 (homens 60-74 anos) ou <break/>IMC &lt; 34 (mulheres 35-59 anos) ou IMC &lt; 36 (mulheres 59-74 anos)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">IMC<sub>0</sub></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">IMC &#8805; 27 (homens 35-59 anos) ou IMC &#8805; 28 (homens 60-74 anos) ou <break/>IMC &#8805; 34 (mulheres 35-59 anos) ou IMC &#8805; 36 (mulheres 60-74 anos)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">IMC<sub>1</sub></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">CC</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">95 (homens) <break/>90 (mulheres 35-59 anos) <break/>93 (mulheres 60-74 anos)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">CC &lt; 95 (homens) ou <break/>CC &lt; 90 (mulheres 35-59 anos) ou CC &lt; 93 (mulheres 60-74 anos)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">CC<sub>0</sub></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">CC &#8805; 95 (homens) ou <break/>CC &#8805; 90 (mulheres 35-59 anos) ou CC &#8805; 93 (mulheres 60-74 anos)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">CC<sub>1</sub></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">RCQ</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">0,97 (homens) <break/>0,90 (mulheres 35-59 anos) <break/>0,91 (mulheres 60-74 anos)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">CC &lt; 0,97 (homens) ou <break/>CC &lt; 0,90 (mulheres 35-59 anos) ou CC &lt; 0,91 (mulheres 60-74 anos)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">RCQ<sub>0</sub></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">CC &#8805; 0,97 (homens) ou <break/>CC &#8805; 0,90 (mulheres 35-59 anos) ou CC &#8805; 0,91 (mulheres 60-74 anos)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">RCQ<sub>1</sub></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>IAC: &#205;ndice de Adiposidade Corporal; IMC: &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal; CC: Circunfer&#234;ncia da Cintura; RCQ: Rela&#231;&#227;o Cintura-Quadril.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN42">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>&#8220;0 = normal&#8221; e &#8220;1 = aumentado&#8221;.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A RCQ foi, individualmente, o indicador antropom&#233;trico que melhor discriminou RMA20% em todos os grupos. A AUC da combina&#231;&#227;o IAC+RCQ foi maior nos homens e da combina&#231;&#227;o IMC+RCQ foi maior nas mulheres, de ambas as faixas et&#225;rias. O desempenho de todos indicadores individuais ou combinados foi melhor nas mulheres do que nos homens, com exce&#231;&#227;o do IAC<sub>1</sub>, que n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica. De forma similar, na compara&#231;&#227;o entre participantes de faixas et&#225;rias diferentes, somente o IAC<sub>1</sub> em ambos os sexos e o IMC<sub>1</sub> nos homens n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica.</p>
      <p>As an&#225;lises combinadas apresentaram valores de sensibilidade maiores do que cada indicador individualmente, com exce&#231;&#227;o das combina&#231;&#245;es IAC+CC e IMC+CC nos homens mais idosos, que mostraram sensibilidade um pouco menor que a RCQ. Os valores de sensibilidade de todas as combina&#231;&#245;es ficaram acima de 70%, atingindo valores acima de 90% nas mulheres na faixa et&#225;ria de 35 -59 anos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Medidas de acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica de indicadores antropom&#233;tricos de obesidade individuais e combinados para estimar 20% de risco coronariano em 10 anos, conforme sexo e faixa et&#225;ria &#8211; ELSA-Brasil (2008-2010)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="12%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="3">Homens 35-59 anos (n=5.354)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="6">Homens 60-74 anos (n=1.527)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Indicadores</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">SEN (%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">ESP (%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">AUC (IC 95%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">SEN (%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">ESP (%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">AUC (IC 95%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Individuais</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <italic>IAC</italic>
                <sub>
                  <italic>1</italic>
                </sub>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">43,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">72,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,578 (0,551 &#8211; 0,605)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">39,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">69,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,547 (0,522 &#8211; 0,571)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,080</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <italic>IMC</italic>
                <sub>
                  <italic>1</italic>
                </sub>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">62,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">55,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,594 (0,568 &#8211; 0,621)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">43,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">69,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,565 (0,541 &#8211; 0,590)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,116</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <italic>CC</italic>
                <sub>
                  <italic>1</italic>
                </sub>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">64,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">54,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,598 (0,572 &#8211; 0,624)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">64,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">47,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,560 (0,535 &#8211; 0,585)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,041</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <italic>RCQ</italic>
                <sub>
                  <italic>1</italic>
                </sub>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">62,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">69,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">
                <bold>0,657 (0,630 &#8211; 0,683)</bold>
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">a</xref>
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">b</xref>
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">c</xref>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">71,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">50,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">
                <bold>0,611 (0,587 &#8211; 0,635)</bold>
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">a</xref>
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">b</xref>
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">c</xref>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,013</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="10">
                <bold>Combina&#231;&#245;es</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <italic>IAC + CC</italic>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">70,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">49,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,618 (0,589 &#8211; 0,647)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">70,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">41,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">0,574 (0,549 &#8211; 0,601)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,029</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <italic>IAC + RCQ</italic>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">75,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">55,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"><bold>0,680 (0,652 &#8211; 0,707)</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">3</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">#</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">80,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">40,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2"><bold>0,624 (0,597 &#8211; 0,650)</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">3</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,004</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <italic>IMC + CC</italic>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">71,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">48,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,610 (0,583 &#8211; 0,638)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">64,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">46,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">0,578 (0,550 &#8211; 0,605)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,010</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <italic>IMC + RCQ</italic>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">77,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">48,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,672 (0,645 &#8211; 0,700)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">4</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">76,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">44,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">0,623 (0,596 &#8211; 0,650)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">4</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,013</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="3">
                <bold>Mulheres 35-59 anos (n=6.478)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="6">
                <bold>Mulheres 60-74 anos (n=1.733)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Indicadores</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">
                <bold>SEN (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">
                <bold>ESP (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">
                <bold>AUC (IC 95%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">
                <bold>SEN (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                <bold>ESP (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                <bold>AUC (IC 95%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Individuais</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <italic>IAC</italic>
                <sub>
                  <italic>1</italic>
                </sub>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">63,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">62,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,628 (0,562 &#8211; 0,694)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">50,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">67,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">0,592 (0,542 &#8211; 0,641)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,389</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <italic>IMC</italic>
                <sub>
                  <italic>1</italic>
                </sub>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">78,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">65,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,721 (0,665 &#8211; 0,777)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">e</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">58,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">68,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">0,632 (0,584 &#8211; 0,681)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,020</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <italic>CC</italic>
                <sub>
                  <italic>1</italic>
                </sub>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">92,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">64,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,783 (0,746 &#8211; 0,820)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">d</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">f</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">68,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">62,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">0,657 (0,611 &#8211; 0,703)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">d</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <italic>RCQ</italic>
                <sub>
                  <italic>1</italic>
                </sub>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">80,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">79,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">
                <bold>0,802 (0,748 &#8211; 0,856)</bold>
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">a</xref>
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">b</xref>
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">*</xref>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">66,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">67,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                <bold>0,668 (0,621 &#8211; 0,715)</bold>
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">a</xref>
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">*</xref>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="10">
                <bold>Combina&#231;&#245;es</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <italic>IAC + CC</italic>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">94,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">51,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,777 (0,734 &#8211; 0,820)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">75,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">52,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">0,667 (0,618 &#8211; 0,717)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <italic>IAC + RCQ</italic>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">98,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">53,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,846 (0,810 &#8211; 0,882)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">3</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">85,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">48,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">0,709 (0,663 &#8211; 0,754)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <italic>IMC + CC</italic>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">92,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">59,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,786 (0,743 &#8211; 0,829)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">70,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">57,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">0,668 (0,618 &#8211; 0,717)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <italic>IMC + RCQ</italic>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">96,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">59,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"><bold>0,850 (0,811 &#8211; 0,889)</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">4</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">#</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">82,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">52,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                <bold>0,710 (0,663 &#8211; 0,757)</bold>
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">4</xref>
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">*</xref>
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">#</xref>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <p>IAC: &#205;ndice de Adiposidade Corporal; IMC: &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal; CC: Circunfer&#234;ncia da Cintura; RCQ: Rela&#231;&#227;o Cintura-Quadril; SEN: Sensibilidade; ESP: Especificidade; AUC: &#193;rea sob as curvas ROC; IC<sub>95%</sub>: Intervalo de Confian&#231;a 95%; p: valor de p na compara&#231;&#227;o entre faixas et&#225;rias do mesmo sexo. <bold>Negrito</bold>: Maiores valores de AUC em cada agrupamento.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <p>p&#8804;0,05 entre indicadores individuais por sexo</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <label>a</label>
            <p>RCQ &gt; IAC;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN8">
            <label>b</label>
            <p>RCQ &gt; IMC;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN9">
            <label>c</label>
            <p>RCQ &gt; CC;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN10">
            <label>d</label>
            <p>CC &gt; IAC;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN11">
            <label>e</label>
            <p>IMC &gt; IAC;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN12">
            <label>f</label>
            <p>CC &gt; IMC; entre combina&#231;&#245;es por sexo</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN13">
            <label>1</label>
            <p>IAC+RCQ &gt; IAC+CC;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN14">
            <label>2</label>
            <p>IMC+RCQ &gt; IAC+CC;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN15">
            <label>3</label>
            <p>IAC+RCQ &gt; IMC+CC;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN16">
            <label>4</label>
            <p>IMC+RCQ &gt; IMC+CC;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN17">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>com homens da mesma faixa et&#225;ria;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN18">
            <label>#</label>
            <p>melhor combina&#231;&#227;o com melhor individual.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A capacidade preditiva de dois indicadores juntos foi melhor do que quando avaliado um indicador isoladamente. Por exemplo, as AUCs do IMC<sub>1</sub> e da RCQ<sub>1</sub> nas mulheres da faixa et&#225;ria 60-74 anos foram, respectivamente, 0,632 e 0,668, mas, a AUC da combina&#231;&#227;o IMC+RCQ foi de 0,710, tendo um aumento de, pelo menos, 0,042 (0,042/0,668 = 6,3%). Os ganhos com as melhores combina&#231;&#245;es variaram entre 2,1% e 6,3% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Representa&#231;&#227;o gr&#225;fica das &#225;reas sob as curvas ROC de indicadores antropom&#233;tricos individuals e combinados para identificar risco coronariano muito aumentado, conforme sexo e faixa et&#225;ria. ELSA-Brasil 2008-2010.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-04-0701-00360-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>As combina&#231;&#245;es entre um indicador de obesidade geral e um de obesidade central (IAC<sub>1</sub>+CC<sub>1</sub>, IAC<sub>1</sub>+RCQ<sub>1</sub>, IMC<sub>1</sub>+CC<sub>1</sub> e IMC<sub>1</sub>+RCQ<sub>1</sub>) estiveram associadas positivamente com RMA20% em homens e mulheres de ambas as faixas et&#225;rias, independente da presen&#231;a de apenas um indicador, quer seja ele, indicador geral ou central. As raz&#245;es de preval&#234;ncias dessas combina&#231;&#245;es tamb&#233;m foram maiores do que as demais em todos os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Tabela 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Raz&#245;es de preval&#234;ncias ajustadas de combina&#231;&#245;es de indicadores antropom&#233;tricos de obesidade para estimar risco coronariano muito aumentado, conforme sexo e faixa et&#225;ria no ELSA-Brasil (2008-2010)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="11%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="4">Homens</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="4">Mulheres</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">35-59 anos (n=5354)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">60-74 anos (n=1527)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">35-59 anos (n=6478)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">60-74 anos (n=1733)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Combina&#231;&#245;es de indicadores</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">n (risco)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">RP (IC<sub>95%</sub>)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">n (risco)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">RP (IC<sub>95%</sub>)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">n (risco)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">RP (IC<sub>95%</sub>)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">n (risco)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">RP (IC<sub>95%</sub>)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IAC<sub>0</sub> + CC<sub>0</sub></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2.573 (99)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">562 (184)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3.321 (3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">881 (26)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IAC<sub>1</sub> + CC<sub>0</sub></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">290 (20)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,79 (1,13 &#8211; 2,85)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">94 (38)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,23 (0,94 &#8211; 1,62)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">811 (1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,36 (0,14 &#8211; 13,11)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">170 (7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,40 (0,62 &#8211; 3,16)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IAC<sub>0</sub> + CC<sub>1</sub></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1.260 (94)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,94 (1,47 &#8211; 2,55)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">441 (189)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,31 (1,12 &#8211; 1,54)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">689 (16)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">25,70 (7,51 &#8211; 87,99)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">267 (26)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,30 (1,95 &#8211; 5,58)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IAC<sub>1</sub> + CC<sub>1</sub></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1.231 (126)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,66 (2,06 &#8211; 3,43)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">430 (209)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,48 (1,27 &#8211; 1,73)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1.657 (32)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">21,38 (6,55 &#8211; 69,72)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">415 (47)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,84 (2,41 &#8211; 6,11)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IAC<sub>0</sub> + RCQ<sub>0</sub></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2.876 (84)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">485 (122)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3.420 (1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">798 (15)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IAC<sub>1</sub> + RCQ<sub>0</sub></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">717 (44)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,10 (1,47 &#8211; 3,00)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">150 (54)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,43 (1,10 &#8211; 1,86)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1.707 (9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">18,03 (2,29 &#8211; 142,22)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">337 (21)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,32 (1,73 &#8211; 6,35)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IAC<sub>0</sub> + RCQ<sub>1</sub></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">957 (109)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,90 (2,96 &#8211; 5,13)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">518 (251)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,93 (1,61 &#8211; 2,30)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">590 (18)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">104,33 (13,95 &#8211; 780,18)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">350 (37)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5,62 (3,13 &#8211; 10,11)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IAC<sub>1</sub> + RCQ<sub>1</sub></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">804 (102)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,34 (3,29 &#8211; 5,74)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">374 (193)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,05 (1,71 &#8211; 2,46)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">761 (24)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">107,85 (14,62 &#8211; 796,13)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">248 (33)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7,08 (3,91 &#8211; 12,82)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IMC<sub>0</sub> + CC<sub>0</sub></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2.521(98)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">642 (219)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3.795 (4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">973 (31)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IMC<sub>1</sub> + CC<sub>0</sub></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">342 (21)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,58 (1,00 &#8211; 2,50)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">14 (3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,63 (0,23 &#8211; 1,72)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">337 (0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">----</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">78 (2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,80 (0,20 &#8211; 3,30)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IMC<sub>0</sub> + CC<sub>1</sub></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">408 (28)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,76 (1,17 &#8211; 2,65)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">343 (133)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,14 (0,96 &#8211; 1,35)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">414 (7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">16,04 (4,71 &#8211; 54,61)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">177 (13)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,31 (1,23 &#8211; 4,32)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IMC<sub>1</sub> + CC<sub>1</sub></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2.083 (192)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,37 (1,87 &#8211; 3,00)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">528 (265)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,47 (1,28 &#8211; 1,69)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1.932 (41)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">20,14 (7,22 &#8211; 56,19)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">505 (60)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,73 (2,45 - 5,68)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IMC<sub>0</sub> + RCQ<sub>0</sub></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2.500 (75)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">552 (149)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3.820 (2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">866 (19)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IMC<sub>1</sub> + RCQ<sub>0</sub></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1.093 (53)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,62 (1,15 &#8211; 2,28)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">83 (27)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,21 (0,86 &#8211; 1,69)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1.307 (8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">11,69 (2,48 &#8211; 54,99)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">269 (17)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,88 (1,52 &#8211; 5,46)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IMC<sub>0</sub> + RCQ<sub>1</sub></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">429 (51)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,96 (2,82 &#8211; 5,57)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">433 (203)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,74 (1,46 &#8211; 2,06)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">389 (9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">44,19 (9,58 &#8211; 203,82)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">284 (25)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,01 (2,24 &#8211; 7,18)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IMC<sub>1</sub> + RCQ<sub>1</sub></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1.332 (160)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,00 (3,07 &#8211; 5,22)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">459 (241)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,95 (1,65 &#8211; 2,19)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">962 (33)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">65,52 (15,75 &#8211; 272,60)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">314 (45)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6,53 (3,88 &#8211; 10,99)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN19">
            <p>IAC: &#205;ndice de Adiposidade Corporal; IMC: &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal; CC: Circunfer&#234;ncia da Cintura; RCQ: Rela&#231;&#227;o Cintura-Quadril; RP: Raz&#227;o de Preval&#234;ncia; IC<sub>95%</sub>: Intervalo de Confian&#231;a 95%; n: total de participantes no estrato; risco: quantidade de participantes com risco coronariano muito aumentado no estrato.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Embora a preval&#234;ncia de mulheres com RMA20% tenha sido baixa na idade entre 35-59 anos (menos de 1%), o n&#250;mero de mulheres tomadas como refer&#234;ncias (sem risco) foi muito pequeno, o que explica os enormes intervalos de confian&#231;a apresentados. Al&#233;m disso, em alguns estratos, a quantidade de participantes em risco foi pequena, como por exemplo, na combina&#231;&#227;o IMC<sub>1</sub>+CC<sub>0</sub> nos homens e mulheres mais idosos, dificultando a avalia&#231;&#227;o nestes grupos. Desta forma, avaliamos ainda as associa&#231;&#245;es das combina&#231;&#245;es de indicadores antropom&#233;tricos com RA10%, que confirmaram os resultados que pessoas com medidas aumentadas de um indicador de obesidade geral (IAC ou IMC) e outro de obesidade central (CC ou RCQ) t&#234;m maior probabilidade de desenvolvimento de DAC em 10 anos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Tabela 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Raz&#245;es de preval&#234;ncias ajustadas de combina&#231;&#245;es de indicadores antropom&#233;tricos de obesidade para estimar risco coronariano aumentado, conforme sexo e faixa et&#225;ria. ELSA-Brasil (2008-2010)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="11%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="4">Homens</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="4">Mulheres</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">35-59 anos (n=5.354)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">60-74 anos (n=1.527)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">35-59 anos (n=6.478)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">60-74 anos (n=1.733)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Combina&#231;&#245;es de indicadores</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">n (risco)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">RP (IC<sub>95%</sub>)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">n (risco)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">RP (IC<sub>95%</sub>)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">n (risco)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">RP (IC<sub>95%</sub>)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">n (risco)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">RP (IC<sub>95%</sub>)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>IAC<sub>0</sub> + CC<sub>0</sub></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2.573 (559)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">562 (430)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3.321 (137)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">881 (213)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>IAC<sub>1</sub> + CC<sub>0</sub></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">290 (94)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,49 (1,24 &#8211; 1,79)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">94 (77)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,07 (0,96 &#8211; 1,19)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">811 (35)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,05 (0,73 &#8211; 1,50)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">170 (49)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,19 (0,92 &#8211; 1,55)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>IAC<sub>0</sub> + CC<sub>1</sub></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1.260 (485)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,77 (1,60 &#8211; 1,96)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">441 (386)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,14 (1,08 &#8211; 1,21)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">689 (106)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,73 (2,93 &#8211; 4,74)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">267 (132)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,04 (1,73 &#8211; 2,42)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>IAC<sub>1</sub> + CC<sub>1</sub></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1.231 (572)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,14 (1,94 &#8211; 2,35)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">430 (209)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,19 (1,13 &#8211; 1,26)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1.657 (264)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,86 (3,17 &#8211; 4,71)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">415 (219)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,18 (1,88 &#8211; 2,53)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>IAC<sub>0</sub> + RCQ<sub>0</sub></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2.876 (607)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">485 (345)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3.420 (125)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">798 (161)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>IAC<sub>1</sub> + RCQ<sub>0</sub></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">717(239)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,58 (1,39 &#8211; 1,79)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">150 (127)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,19 (1,09 &#8211; 1,30)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1.707 (117)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,88 (1,47 &#8211; 2,40)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">337 (122)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,79 (1,47 &#8211; 2,19)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>IAC<sub>0</sub> + RCQ<sub>1</sub></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">957 (437)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,16 (1,96 &#8211; 2,39)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">518 (471)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,28 (1,20 &#8211; 1,36)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">590 (118)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5,47 (4,32 &#8211; 6,93)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">350 (184)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,61 (2,20 &#8211; 3,09)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>IAC<sub>1</sub> + RCQ<sub>1</sub></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">804 (427)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,52 (2,29 &#8211; 2,77)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">374 (342)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,29 (1,20 &#8211; 1,37)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">761 (182)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6,54 (5,28 &#8211; 8,10)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">248 (146)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,92 (2,45 &#8211; 3,47)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>IMC<sub>0</sub> + CC<sub>0</sub></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2.521 (562)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">642 (498)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3.795 (146)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">973 (233)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>IMC<sub>1</sub> + CC<sub>0</sub></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">342 (91)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,19 (0,99 &#8211; 1,44)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">14 (9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,83 (0,56 &#8211; 1,23)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">337 (26)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,00 (1,34 &#8211; 3,00)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">78 (29)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,55 (1,14 &#8211; 2,12)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>IMC<sub>0</sub> + CC<sub>1</sub></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">408 (154)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,69 (1,47 &#8211; 1,96)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">343 (299)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,12 (1,06 &#8211; 1,19)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">414 (57)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,58 (2,68 &#8211; 4,78)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">177 (85)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,01 (1,66 &#8211; 2,42)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>IMC<sub>1</sub> + CC<sub>1</sub></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2.083 (903)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,94 (1,78 &#8211; 2,12)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">528 (479)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,17 (1,11 &#8211; 1,23)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1.932 (313)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,21 (3,49 &#8211; 5,09)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">505 (266)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,20 (1,91 &#8211; 2,53)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>IMC<sub>0</sub> + RCQ<sub>0</sub></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2.500 (512)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">552 (401)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3.820 (131)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">866 (172)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>IMC<sub>1</sub> + RCQ<sub>0</sub></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1.093 (334)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,49 (1,33 &#8211; 1,68)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">83 (71)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,18 (1,06 &#8211; 1,30)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1.307 (111)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,48 (1,94 &#8211; 3,16)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">269 (111)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,08 (1,71 &#8211; 2,53)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>IMC<sub>0</sub> + RCQ<sub>1</sub></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">429 (204)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,32 (2,05 &#8211; 2,63)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">433 (396)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,26 (1,19 &#8211; 1,34)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">389 (72)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5,40 (4,13 &#8211; 7,06)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">284 (146)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,59 (2,17 &#8211; 3,08)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>IMC<sub>1</sub> + RCQ<sub>1</sub></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1.332 (660)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,42 (2,20 &#8211; 2,66)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">459 (417)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,25 (1,18 &#8211; 1,33)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">962 (228)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6,91 (5,64 &#8211; 8,47)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">314 (184)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,95 (2,51 &#8211; 3,47)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN20">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>IAC: &#205;ndice de Adiposidade Corporal; IMC: &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal; CC: Circunfer&#234;ncia da Cintura; RCQ: Rela&#231;&#227;o Cintura-Quadril; RP: Raz&#227;o de Preval&#234;ncia; IC<sub>95%</sub>: Intervalo de Confian&#231;a 95%; n: total de participantes no estrato; risco: quantidade de participantes com risco coronariano aumentado no estrato.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A presen&#231;a de obesidade central (CC<sub>1</sub> e/ou RCQ<sub>1</sub>), na aus&#234;ncia de obesidade geral (IMC<sub>1</sub> e/ou IAC<sub>1</sub>) esteve mais fortemente associada com risco coronariano aumentado e muito aumentado do que a combina&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;ria. A magnitude do efeito da presen&#231;a de obesidade geral e central juntas foi maior em todos os estratos, com exce&#231;&#227;o na associa&#231;&#227;o com RMA20% nos homens mais jovens (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 6</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t6">
        <label>Tabela 6</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Raz&#245;es de preval&#234;ncias de indicadores antropom&#233;tricos de obesidade geral e central para estimar risco coronariano muito aumentado e aumentado em 10 anos, conforme sexo e faixa et&#225;ria. ELSA-Brasil (2008-2010)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="11%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="8">Risco coronariano muito aumentado (RMA20%)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="4">Homens</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="4">Mulheres</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">35-59 anos (n=5354)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">60-74 anos (n=1527)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">35-59 anos (n=6478)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">60-74 anos (n=1733)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Combina&#231;&#245;es de indicadores</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">n (risco)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">RP (IC<sub>95%</sub>)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">n (risco)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">RP (IC<sub>95%</sub>)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">n (risco)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">RP (IC<sub>95%</sub>)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">n (risco)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">RP (IC<sub>95%</sub>)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Sem risco</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2.201 (63)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">421 (111)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3.079 (1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">721 (13)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Apenas Geral</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">438 (23)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,83 (1,15 &#8211; 2,92)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">81 (28)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,31 (0,93 &#8211; 1,84)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">850 (1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,62 (0,23 &#8211; 57,79)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">168 (7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,31 (0,97 &#8211; 5,70)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Apenas Central</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">585 (55)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,28 (2,31 &#8211; 4,66)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">440 (199)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,72 (1,42 &#8211; 2,07)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">509 (8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">48,39 (6,06 &#8211; 386,16)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">303 (25)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,58 (2,37 &#8211; 8,83)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Central + Geral</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2.130 (198)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,25 (2,46 &#8211; 4,28)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">585 (282)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,83 (1,53 &#8211; 2,19)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2.039 (42)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">63,42 (8,73 &#8211; 460,51)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">541 (61)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6,25 (3,47 &#8211; 11,26)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="9">
                <bold>Risco coronariano aumentado (RCA10%)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Sem risco</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2.201 (425)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">421 (300)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3.079 (103)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">721 (135)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Apenas Geral</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">438 (118)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,40 (1,17 &#8211; 1,66)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">81 (63)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,09 (0,96 &#8211; 1,24)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">851 (30)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,05 (0,71 &#8211; 1,57)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">168 (48)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,53 (1,15 &#8211; 2,03)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Apenas Central</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">585 (242)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,14 (1,88 &#8211; 2,47)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">440 (393)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,25 (1,17 &#8211; 1,34)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">509 (80)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,70 (3,56 &#8211; 6,20)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">303 (144)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,54 (2,09 &#8211; 3,08)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Central + Geral</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2.130 (925)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,25 (2,04 &#8211; 2,48)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">585 (529)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,27 (1,19 &#8211; 1,36)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2.039 (329)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,82 (3,89 &#8211; 5,98)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">541 (286)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,82 (2,38 &#8211; 3,35)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN21">
            <p>RP: Raz&#227;o de Preval&#234;ncia; IC<sub>95%</sub>: Intervalo de Confian&#231;a 95%; n: total de participantes no estrato; risco: quantidade de participantes com risco coronariano futuro no estrato.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O IAC<sub>1</sub> demonstrou capacidade preditiva apenas razo&#225;vel em todos os grupos investigados, com AUC variando entre 0,547 (IC<sub>95%</sub>: 0,522-0,571) nos homens na faixa et&#225;ria 60-74 anos, e 0,628 (IC<sub>95%</sub>: 0,562-0,694) nas mulheres mais jovens. Esse resultado foi semelhante ao IMC<sub>1</sub> que, apesar dos valores de AUCs ligeiramente maiores que as AUCs do IAC<sub>1</sub> apenas no grupo das mulheres mais jovens, essa diferen&#231;a foi estatisticamente significante (p&lt;0,05). O indicador antropom&#233;trico com melhor desempenho individual em todos os grupos foi a RCQ.</p>
      <p>As curvas ROC s&#227;o frequentemente utilizadas para avaliar o desempenho de um teste diagn&#243;stico, e, provavelmente, constituem a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica mais usada para medir a capacidade preditiva de indicadores antropom&#233;tricos. Todavia, muitos estudos n&#227;o realizam a compara&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica entre os indicadores ou grupos analisados, restringindo-se &#224; observa&#231;&#227;o da maior AUC, dificultando assim, melhor avalia&#231;&#227;o do seu desempenho. Contudo, Xiao et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> comparando as AUCs, assinalaram que a capacidade discriminat&#243;ria de diabetes mellitus tipo II (DM2), do IAC e do IMC n&#227;o foram diferentes estatisticamente entre mulheres e homens chineses, e que os indicadores de obesidade central &#8211; CC, RCEst e RCQ &#8211; foram melhores preditores de DM2 nas mulheres que nos homens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Similarmente, os resultados da presente an&#225;lise demonstraram que IMC e IAC tiveram desempenhos parecidos em ambos os sexos e CC e RCQ estimaram melhor risco coronariano em mulheres.</p>
      <p>Leal Neto et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas entre as AUCs do IAC e do IMC (p=0,885) para discriminar hipertens&#227;o em idosos brasileiros de ambos os sexos, apesar das AUCs ligeiramente maiores do IAC que do IMC. Resultado similar, na compara&#231;&#227;o entre IAC e IMC, foi encontrado em mulheres colombianas para identificar n&#237;veis elevados de press&#227;o arterial e glicemia e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> e para incid&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o em trabalhadores participantes do <italic>Olivetti Heart</italic> Study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> Entretanto, o IMC foi melhor do que o IAC para indicar s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica em mulheres coreanas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Por outro lado, Alvim et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> evidenciaram o IAC como melhor preditor de DM2 em &#237;ndias e &#237;ndios brasileiros do que a CC e o IMC. No entanto, em amostra da popula&#231;&#227;o geral, residente em uma capital brasileira, os desempenhos do IAC, do IMC e da CC foram similares entre os homens e a CC foi melhor preditor de DM2 do que IAC e IMC nas mulheres.</p>
      <p>Em estudo longitudinal com 2981 iranianos, IAC e IMC tiveram desempenhos similares como preditores de DM2 em homens, sendo que o IAC n&#227;o foi bom preditor em mulheres (AUC=0,527; IC<sub>95%</sub>: 0,484-0,569). O poder preditivo da RCQ foi razo&#225;vel em ambos os sexos, sendo pior do que a CC e a RCEst nos homens e semelhante aos demais indicadores nas mulheres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref></p>
      <p>O risco coronariano analisado de forma global ainda &#233; um desfecho pouco investigado, dificultando a compara&#231;&#227;o dos resultados desse estudo com outros achados. Todavia, Felix-Redondo et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> estudando 28 743 espanh&#243;is, encontraram associa&#231;&#227;o positiva do IMC, CC e RCQ com eventos coronarianos futuros, calculado pelo escore REGICOR, adaptado do ERF e validado para popula&#231;&#227;o espanhola. Almeida et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> identificaram associa&#231;&#227;o positiva do IAC com ERF em 14 673 participantes do ELSA-Brasil.</p>
      <p>Wang et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref> analisaram o desempenho individual de oito indicadores antropom&#233;tricos para estimar risco coronariano &#8211; avaliado pelo ERF &#8211;, em 11 247 chineses, e identificaram razo&#225;vel poder preditivo. As AUCs variaram entre 0,59 e 0,70 nas mulheres e entre 0,52 e 0,60 nos homens, resultados parecidos aos do presente estudo. Entretanto, os indicadores que apresentaram maiores AUC foram o <italic>Body Shape Index</italic> nos homens e a RCEst e o <italic>Body Roundness Index</italic> nas mulheres, indicadores n&#227;o avaliados na presente an&#225;lise.</p>
      <p>Indicadores de distribui&#231;&#227;o da gordura corporal s&#227;o apontados por alguns estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> como melhores preditores de risco &#224; sa&#250;de do que indicadores de obesidade geral, pois s&#227;o capazes de fornecer melhor estimativa da gordura abdominal, que, por sua vez, est&#225; correlacionada &#224; quantidade de tecido adiposo visceral, e consequentemente, com a produ&#231;&#227;o de maior quantidade de adipocinas pro-inflamat&#243;rias. Entretanto, o desempenho destes indicadores em estudos populacionais variou dependendo de caracter&#237;sticas como idade, etnia e sexo, bem como, dos pontos de corte utilizados e do desfecho analisado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref> Situa&#231;&#227;o similar ocorreu em estudos com os indicadores de obesidade geral,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> ou seja, componentes gen&#233;ticos, ambientais e comportamentais de grupos &#233;tnicos distintos podem justificar as diferen&#231;as de desempenho encontradas, refor&#231;ando a necessidade de par&#226;metros mais apropriados e condizentes para triagem de risco &#224; sa&#250;de de cada grupo populacional.</p>
      <p>Outra quest&#227;o a ser destacada &#233; que n&#227;o h&#225; consenso de que a combina&#231;&#227;o de indicadores antropom&#233;tricos melhore o diagn&#243;stico de desfechos adversos &#224; sa&#250;de, e estudos que adotaram esta metodologia de an&#225;lise s&#227;o restritos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> Especialistas continuam buscando melhores indicadores ou estrat&#233;gias metodol&#243;gicas que permitam rastreamentos mais precisos de agravos &#224; sa&#250;de em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es. As combina&#231;&#245;es de, pelo menos, um indicador de obesidade geral e outro de obesidade central estiveram mais fortemente associadas a um maior risco de desenvolvimento de DAC, mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste pela presen&#231;a de apenas um indicador geral ou central. Todas as combina&#231;&#245;es apresentaram maiores valores de sensibilidade e das AUC do que cada indicador isoladamente, sendo as combina&#231;&#245;es IAC+RCQ e IMC+RCQ, aquelas que apresentaram maiores AUC em homens e mulheres, respectivamente. Esses resultados sinalizam que essa metodologia de an&#225;lise parece ser uma boa alternativa para melhorar o rastreamento de risco coronariano.</p>
      <p>Mesmo considerando a possibilidade de certo grau de colinearidade entre os indicadores gerais e centrais, o que poderia indicar perda de magnitude do efeito, observou-se em todas as associa&#231;&#245;es testadas que tanto RA10%, quanto RMA20% foram mais prevalentes entre os sujeitos que apresentaram valores elevados de um indicador geral com outro central (IAC<sub>1</sub>+CC<sub>1</sub>, IAC<sub>1</sub>+RCQ<sub>1</sub>, IMC<sub>1</sub>+CC<sub>1</sub> e IMC<sub>1</sub>+RCQ<sub>1</sub>) do que a presen&#231;a de apenas um indicador aumentado.</p>
      <p>Os resultados de estudo conduzido por Lam et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> corroboram em parte esses achados, ou seja, dois indicadores juntos aumentam a detec&#231;&#227;o de sujeitos verdadeiros-positivos com fatores de risco cardiometab&#243;licos. No entanto, a combina&#231;&#227;o do IMC com a RCEst, tal como sugerido por estes autores, foi aquela com melhor desempenho em funcion&#225;rios de um hospital em Singapura. Da mesma forma, Tao et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> evidenciaram que dois indicadores juntos aumentaram a capacidade preditiva em at&#233; 19,45% do que apenas um indicador isoladamente. O IMC juntamente com a CC foi a combina&#231;&#227;o com maiores AUC para detectar hipertens&#227;o e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica em chineses de ambos os sexos, DM2 em homens e dislipidemia em mulheres. Da mesma forma, a uni&#227;o IMC+CC esteve mais fortemente relacionada com fatores de risco cardiovasculares em uma amostra de indiv&#237;duos de etnia branca do <italic>Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey</italic> (NHANES III), do que ambos indicadores isoladamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> Cabe ressaltar que esses dois &#250;ltimos estudos n&#227;o analisaram o IAC.</p>
      <p>A principal for&#231;a deste estudo consiste em ser o primeiro a testar combina&#231;&#245;es do IAC com outros indicadores de obesidade central para estimar risco coronariano, incluindo a an&#225;lise de homens e mulheres de diferentes faixas et&#225;rias em separado. Os resultados apontaram que o uso combinado de um indicador de obesidade geral com outro de obesidade central propicia melhor identifica&#231;&#227;o de pessoas ou popula&#231;&#245;es adultas com maior risco de desenvolver risco coronariano em 10 anos. Al&#233;m disso, o estudo apresenta compara&#231;&#245;es com testes estat&#237;sticos das AUCs individuais e combinadas dos indicadores entre os sexos e faixas et&#225;rias.</p>
      <p>Entretanto, potenciais limita&#231;&#245;es devem ser discutidas. O desenho transversal n&#227;o permite inferir sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre medidas antropom&#233;tricas de obesidade e risco coronariano futuro. Contudo, a causalidade reversa parece improv&#225;vel e as evid&#234;ncias de que a obesidade &#233; um importante fator do risco cardiovascular s&#227;o consistentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> O acompanhamento dos participantes do ELSA-Brasil permitir&#225; avaliar melhor se a combina&#231;&#227;o de indicadores de obesidade prediz melhor o risco coronariano do que o uso isolado de algum indicador. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o diz respeito &#224; validade externa, pois, a amostra do ELSA-Brasil n&#227;o &#233; representativa da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, pois n&#227;o inclui os segmentos extremos, como os mais ricos e mais pobres, por exemplo. No entanto, &#233; uma amostra grande, multic&#234;ntrica e heterog&#234;nea o suficiente para trazer novos conhecimentos sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre indicadores de obesidade geral e central com risco coronariano em popula&#231;&#245;es miscigenadas. Portanto, novas investiga&#231;&#245;es com outras popula&#231;&#245;es, assim como pesquisas longitudinais e avalia&#231;&#227;o de outras combina&#231;&#245;es de indicadores s&#227;o necess&#225;rias.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A RCQ teve melhor desempenho individual em ambos os sexos e faixas et&#225;rias. As combina&#231;&#245;es, de pelo menos, um indicador de obesidade geral com outro de obesidade central, foram mais fortemente associadas a maior risco de desenvolvimento de DAC. As combina&#231;&#245;es IAC+RCQ e IMC+RCQ foram as que resultaram nas maiores AUCs para homens e mulheres, respectivamente. Assim, o uso combinado de um indicador de obesidade geral, IAC ou IMC, dependendo do sexo, com a RCQ &#233; recomendado como estrat&#233;gia para rastreamentos epidemiol&#243;gicos de risco coronariano em adultos. Por&#233;m, em contextos de precariedade ou de indisponibilidade de uma balan&#231;a para aferir o peso corporal, pode-se utilizar uma fita m&#233;trica para medir a CQ, a CC e a estatura, calcular o IAC e a RCQ e realizar a avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco, j&#225; que o desempenho desta combina&#231;&#227;o foi parecido com a combina&#231;&#227;o IMC+RCQ em mulheres.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de e Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Brasil.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Rog&#233;rio Tosta Almeida pelo Instituto de Sa&#250;de Coletiva da Universidade Federal da Bahia.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do ISC/UFBA, Fiocruz, Hospital Universit&#225;rio &#8211;USP, UFMG, UFES e Hospital as Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 027/06, 343/06, 669/06, 186/06, 041/06, 194/06. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
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          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana - Departamento de Sa&#250;de, Feira de Santana, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia - Instituto de Sa&#250;de Coletiva, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Rog&#233;rio Tosta Almeida</bold> &#8226; Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana &#8211; Sa&#250;de - Av. Transnordestina, S/N. Postal Code <postal-code>44036-900</postal-code>, Campus Universit&#225;rio, Modulo 6, Feira de Santana, BA &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>rogertosta@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Almeida RT, Matos SMA, Aquino EML; Statistical analysis: Almeida RT; Obtaining financing: Aquino EML.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Anthropometric indicators have been used in clinical practice and epidemiological studies for screening of health risk factors.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the individual discriminatory power of body adiposity index (BAI), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist-hip-ratio (WHR) to identify individuals at risk for coronary heart disease and to evaluate whether combinations of anthropometric indicators of overall obesity with indicators of central obesity improve predictive ability in adults.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A total of 15,092 participants (54.4% women) aged 35-74years were assessed at baseline of the ELSA-Brasil study. Individuals at risk for coronary heart disease were identified using the Framingham risk score and divided into very-high risk (VHR 20%) and high risk (HR10%). Measures of diagnostic accuracy and area under the ROC curves (AUC) were analyzed. Associations were tested using Poisson regression analysis with robust variance, according to age and sex. Statistical significance was set at 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>WHR showed the highest discriminatory power for VHR20% in all groups, with higher predictive ability in women (AUC: 0.802; 95%CI: 0.748-0.856 vs 0.657; 95%CI: 0.630-0.683 in the age range of 35-59 years, and AUC: 0.668; 95%CI: 0.621-0.715 vs 0.611; 95%CI: 0.587-0.635 in the age range of 60-74 years). BAI + WHR and BMI + WHR had the highest predictive power in men and women, respectively. Combinations of indicators of overall obesity with indicators of central obesity were more strongly associated with VHR20% and HR10% in all subgroups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Combined indicators had greater predictive ability than indicators taken individually. BAI+ WHR and BMI + WHR were the best estimators of coronary risk in men and women, respectively, and WHR had the best individual performance.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Anthropometry</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Adiposity</kwd>
        <kwd>Body Mass Index</kwd>
        <kwd>Waist Circumference</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Anthropometric indicators of obesity have been widely used in clinical practice and epidemiological studies for the screening for health risk factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Body mass index (BMI), devised by Lambert Adolphe Jaques Quetelet in 1832,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> is one of the most popular strategies used to indirectly measure obesity in populations. Although it has been extensively used in studies on cardiovascular diseases,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> this tool may not be able to describe the variation in body composition among individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
        <p>In recent years, new indicators have been proposed as more accurate indirect measures of obesity. In 2011, Bergman et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> proposed the body adiposity index (BAI) as a better indicator of body fat as compared with BMI. However, the accuracy of this index in measuring adiposity has varied among populations,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> and results of its performance as a screening strategy for cardiometabolic risk factors are still controversial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> Indicators of body fat distribution, waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-hip ratio (WHtR), and the conicity index (C index) have shown good performance as predictors of health risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> A recent study with participants of the ELSA-Brasil study demonstrated a positive association of WC and WHR with carotid intima-media thickness.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> In addition, the use of these indicators has been strengthened by epidemiological studies and does not require complex mathematical calculations.</p>
        <p>It is controversial whether anthropometric indicators of overall and central obesity have higher predictive ability and usefulness to identify cardiometabolic risk factors in large populations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> Besides, while some studies have shown that the combined use of indicators can improve their predictive capacity for adverse health outcomes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> others have shown the opposite.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> Few studies evaluating the combined performance of indicators of overall and central obesity have been performed in the Brazilian adult population.</p>
        <p>Therefore, the aims of the present study were to evaluate the individual discriminatory power of BAI, WC, WHR to assess coronary risk; to investigate whether the combination of anthropometric indicators of overall obesity (BMI and BAI) with indicators of central obesity (WC and WHC) improves the predictive ability of coronary risk in a large sample of Brazilian adults.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Source of data and study population</title>
          <p>The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil), evaluated, at baseline (2008-2010), 15,105 servants of educational and research institutions of six Brazilian cities (Belo Horizonte, Porto Alegre, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, S&#227;o Paulo and Vit&#243;ria), aged between 35 and 74 years. Of these, nine did not have complete information on the variables analyzed, and four reported using silicone hip implants, and were then excluded. Thus, the present study investigated 15,092 patients. Methodological details of the ELSA-Brasil study were published by Aquino et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Demographic, anthropometric, and clinical data</title>
          <p>Demographic, anthropometric, and clinical data were collected by interviews or measured, by trained personnel and supervised by highly qualified professionals. Age, sex, smoking and previous history of diabetes mellitus were collected using standardized procedures. Anthropometric measures were obtained after a 12-hour overnight fasting, with patients standing barefoot, wearing standard clothing provided by the ELSA-Brasil group. The measurements were taken based on a standardized protocol developed for the study, following the recommendations of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref></p>
          <p>Weight was measured at the nearest 0.1 Kg using a calibrated scale (Toledo 2096PP). Height was measured using a stadiometer (Seca-SE0216), and WC and hip circumference measured at the nearest 0.1 cm using an inelastic tape. WC was measured at the midpoint between the lowest rib and the iliac crest, and HC was measured at the level of the greatest gluteus protuberance. Measures were taken in triplicate and the mean of the three measurements considered for analysis.</p>
          <p>Blood samples were collected in dry tubes for determination of glycemia, and total cholesterol and fractions at the study centers after 12-hour overnight fasting. Plasma glucose levels were determined by a hexokinase (enzymatic) method, and cholesterol levels determined by the cholesterol oxidase method (enzymatic colorimetric method), both using standard calibrated equipment (Siemens ADVIA 1200). In order to ensure the quality and standardization of results, all samples were sent to ELSA-Brasil central laboratory for processing and analysis.</p>
          <p>Three blood pressure measures were taken with a one-minute interval after five minutes of rest, using an automated device (OMRON &#8211; HEM-705 CP), with participants sitting in a quiet room at controlled temperature (20&#186;C - 24&#186;C), under fasting conditions and with an empty bladder, following the protocol developed for the study. The mean of the last two measurements was considered for analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Anthropometric indicators</title>
          <p>The anthropometric indicators of obesity evaluated were BMI (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>), which was calculated by dividing weight (Kg) by height (m) squared, and BAI, calculated using the equation: BAI = ([hip circumference in cm / height in meters] 1.5)-18.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Central obesity was estimated by measurements of WC (cm) and the WHR, the latter calculated by dividing WC (cm) by hip circumference (cm).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiovascular risk</title>
          <p>The risk for cardiovascular events were calculated using the Framingham risk score (FRS), which included age, systolic blood pressure (SBP), systolic diastolic pressure (SDP), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, smoking and diabetes for its calculation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref></p>
          <p>Diabetes was defined as a history of diabetes, fasting glucose &#8805;126 mg/dL, or a two-hour glucose &#8805; 200 mg/dL (oral glucose tolerance test) or glycated hemoglobin &#8805; 6.5%.</p>
          <p>Current smokers were those who reported to smoke regularly in the interview.</p>
          <p>An increased risk for cardiovascular events was classified as: &#8220;very high&#8221; (VH), for individuals with 20% or more 10-year coronary artery disease risk (VHR20%), of &#8220;high&#8221; for individuals with 10-20% 10-year coronary artery disease risk (HR10%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Central tendency and dispersion measures were used for initial analyses of patient distribution. Descriptive analysis was used to analyze normality of data, by graphic (histogram and P-Plot) and the Shapiro Wilk test. The F-test was used to analyze the homogeneity of variance. Continuous variables with normal distribution were expressed as mean and standard deviation and assessed using the unpaired t-Student test. Continuous variables with non-normal distribution were expressed as median and interquartile range and assessed by the Mann-Whitney U test. Categorical variables were expressed as absolute and relative frequencies and tested by the Pearson's chi-square test.</p>
          <p>Then, the cutoff points for the anthropometric indicators (BMI, BAI, WHR and WC) to identify individuals at 20% or more 10-year coronary artery disease risk (VHR20%) were determined by ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curves by age and sex. The maximum value of the Youden index (sensitivity + specificity &#8211; 1) was used as the criterion for selecting the optimum cut-off point. Areas under the ROC curves (AUCs) and respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were used to evaluate individual predictive ability of the indicators. The AUCs were compared by the non-parametric test proposed by Delong et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref> and differences in the indicators alone and combined were compared between sexes and age ranges. Also, the AUC of the best combination of indicators was compared with that of the best individual indicator in each group.</p>
          <p>Discriminatory ability of indicators was tested either alone or in combinations (indicator of overall obesity with indicator of central obesity. First, four combinations were analyzed (BAI + WC, BMI + WC, BAI + WHR and BMI + WHR), rated and grouped as follows: &#8220;0 = both indicators are within normal range&#8221;; &#8220;1 = indicator of overall obesity only is increased&#8221;; &#8220;2 = indicator of central obesity only is increased&#8221;; &#8220;3 = both indicators are increased&#8221;. For example, in the combination BAI + WC, the groups were: &#8220;0 = BAI<sub>0</sub>+WC<sub>0</sub>&#8221;; &#8220;1 = BAI<sub>1</sub>+WC<sub>0</sub>&#8221;; &#8220;2 = BAI<sub>0</sub>+WC<sub>1</sub>&#8221;; and &#8220;3 = BAI<sub>1</sub>+WC<sub>1</sub>&#8221;.</p>
          <p>Subsequently, to determine the adjusted association of indicators of overall obesity with those of central obesity and combinations, another grouping into four categories was made, varying from none to at least one indicator (either overall or central obesity) was increased, i.e., 00, 01, 10, 11. For this purpose, dummies variables were created: 0 = participants without any increased indicator; 1 = participants with at least one indicator of overall obesity increased and indicators of central obesity within normal range; 2 = participants with at least one indicator of central obesity increased and indicators of central obesity within normal range; 3 = the other possible combinations between at least one indicator of central obesity increased and at least one indicator of overall obesity increased.</p>
          <p>Associations were tested by Poisson regression models with robust variance, with analysis of the prevalence ratio (PR) and the 95% CI between the combinations of indicators and VHR20%. Due to the low frequency of VHR20% among young women (0.8%), and the small number of participants at risk in some combinations, an additional analysis was conducted to confirm or not the associations of the anthropometric indicators (alone or in combination) with cardiovascular risk, with HR10% as the outcome.</p>
          <p>Model adjustments were assessed by analysis of Pearson residuals.</p>
          <p>The significance level was set at 5% (p&lt;0.05), and the statistical analyses were performed using the STATA software program version 12.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 6,881 men (28.5% aged between 60 and 74 years) and 8,211 women (26.7% aged between 60 and 74 years) at baseline of the ELSA-Brasil study. Mean values of total cholesterol, SBP, DBP and median age and HDL-cholesterol were higher in participants of both sexes aged 60-74 years compared with younger ones, except DBP and total cholesterol in men.</p>
        <p>The prevalence of VHR20% was 6.3% and 40.6% in men aged 35-59 years and 60-74 years, respectively, and 0.8% and 6.1% in women aged 35-59 years and 60-74 years, respectively. A higher prevalence of men with central obesity (WC<sub>1</sub> and WHR<sub>1</sub>) was observed compared with women, in both age ranges, with higher prevalence in older (60-74 years) subjects of both sexes. Differences in the percentage of patients with overall obesity varied according to the indicator (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characteristics of participants by sex and age range &#8211; ELSA-Brasil (2008-2010)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Men</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Women</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Variable</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">35-59 years <break/>(n= 5,354)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">60-74 years <break/>(n= 1,527)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">35-59 years <break/>(n= 6,478)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">60-74 years <break/>(n= 1,733)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Age, median (IQR)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">48 (44-54)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">65 (62-69)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">49 (44-54)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">64 (61-68)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Total cholesterol, mean (SD)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">214.1 (44.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">207.1 (42.4)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">214.5 (39.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">224.2 (45.4)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">HDL-Cholesterol, median (IQR)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">48 (42-56)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">50 (43-59)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">59 (51-70)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">62 (52-73)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Systolic blood pressure, mean (SD)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">124.0 (15.7)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">131.1 (19.2)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">115.1 (15.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">127.4 (19.1)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Diastolic blood pressure, mean (SD)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">79.2 (10.8)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">77.9 (10.9)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">73.8 (10.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">74.8 (10.2)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">HR,10%, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.711 (32.0)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.285 (84.2)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">542 (8.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">613 (35.4%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">VHR,20%, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">340 (6.3)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">620 (40.6)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">52 (0.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">106 (6.1)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.301 (19.3)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">569 (37.3)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">882 (13.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">484 (27.9)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Smoking, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">813 (15.2)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">171 (11.2)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">855 (13.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">138 (7.9)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BAI<sub>1,</sub> n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.521 (28.4)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">524 (34.3)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.468 (38.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">585 (33.8)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BMI<sub>1</sub>, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.425 (45.3)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">542 (35.5)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.269 (35.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">583 (33.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">WC<sub>1,</sub> n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.491 (46.5)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">871 (57.0)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.346 (36.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">682 (39.3)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">WHR<sub>1,</sub> n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.761 (32.9)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">892 (58.4)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.351 (20.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">598 (34.5)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN22">
              <p>HDL: high-density lipoprotein; HR10%: high risk (individuals with 10-20% 10-year coronary artery disease risk); VHR20%: very high risk (individuals with 20% or more 10-year coronary artery disease risk; BAI: body adiposity index; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; WHR: waist-hip ratio; SD: standard deviation; IQR: interquartile range; n (%): number of observations (frequency).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN23">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p&lt; 0.05 compared with women within the same age group;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN24">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>p&lt; 0.05 compared with younger individuals of the same sex.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The best cutoff point of each indicator to detect VHR20% and define the groups is listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 2</xref>, where 0 means &#8220;normal&#8221; and 1 &#8220;increased&#8221;.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cutoff points of anthropometric indicators and respective classifications &#8211; ELSA-Brasil (2008-2010)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Indicator</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Cutoff point</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Categories</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Class<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26">*</xref></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">BAI</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">28 (men) <break/>34 (women 35-59 years) <break/>36 (women 60-74 years)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">BAI &lt; 28 (men) or <break/>BAI &lt; 34 (women 35-59 years) or BAI &lt; 36 (women 60-74 years)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">BAI<sub>0</sub></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">BAI &#8805; 28 (men) or <break/>BAI &#8805; 34 (women 35-59 years) or BAI &#8805; 36 (women 60-74 years)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">BAI<sub>1</sub></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">BMI</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">27 (men 35-59 years) <break/>28 (men 60-74 years) <break/>28 (women 35-59 years) <break/>29 (women 60-74 years)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">BMI &lt; 27 (men 35-59 years) or BMI &lt; 28 (men 60-74 years) or <break/>BMI &lt; 34 (women 35-59 years) or BMI &lt; 36 (women 59-74 years)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">BMI<sub>0</sub></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">BMI &#8805; 27 (men 35-59 years) or BMI &#8805; 28 (men 60-74 years) or <break/>BMI &#8805; 34 (women 35-59 years) or BMI &#8805; 36 (women 60-74 years)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">BMI<sub>1</sub></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">WC</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">95 (men) <break/>90 (women 35-59 years) <break/>93 (women 60-74 years)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">WC &lt; 95 (men) or <break/>WC &lt; 90 (women 35-59 years) or WC &lt; 93 (women 60-74 years)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">WC<sub>0</sub></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">WC &#8805; 95 (men) or <break/>WC &#8805; 90 (women 35-59 years) or WC &#8805; 93 (women 60-74 years)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">WC<sub>1</sub></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">WHR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">0.97 (men) <break/>0.90 (women 35-59 years) <break/>0.91 (women 60-74 years)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">WC &lt; 0.97 (men) or <break/>WC &lt; 0.90 (women 35-59 years) or WC &lt; 0.91 (women 60-74 years)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">WHR<sub>0</sub></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">WC &#8805; 0.97 (men) or <break/>WC &#8805; 0.90 (women 35-59 years) or WC &#8805; 0.91 (women 60-74 years)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">WHR<sub>1</sub></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN25">
              <p>BAI: body adiposity index; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; WHR: waist-hip ratio;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN26">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>&#8220;0 = normal&#8221; and &#8220;1 = increased&#8221;.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Among the anthropometric indicators, WHR showed the highest discriminatory ability for VHR20% in all groups. The AUC for the combination BAI + WHR was higher in men and the AUC for BMI + WHR was higher in women in both age ranges. The performance of all indicators, either alone or in combinations, was better in women than men, except the BAI<sub>1</sub> that did not show statistically significant difference. Likewise, in the comparison of participants between age groups, only BAI<sub>1</sub> in both sexes and BMI<sub>1</sub> in men did not show statistically significant difference.</p>
        <p>Compared with individual analyses of the indicators, combined analyses yielded higher sensitivity, except for the BAI + WC and BMI + WC combinations in older men, which had lower sensitivity than the WHR. Sensitivity of all combinations were higher than 70%, reaching values higher than 90% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Table 3</xref>) in women aged 35-59 years (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Measures of diagnostic accuracy of individual and combined anthropometric indicators of obesity to estimate 20% of coronary risk in 10 years, according to sex and age group. ELSA-Brasil (2008-2010).</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="12%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="3">Men 35-59 years (n=5,354)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="4">Men 60-74 years (n=1,527)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Indicators</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">SEN (%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">SPE (%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">AUC (95%CI)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">SEN (%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">SPE (%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">AUC (95%CI)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Individual</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <italic>BAI<sub>1</sub></italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">43.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">72.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.578 (0.551 &#8211; 0.605)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">39.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">69.5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.547 (0.522 &#8211; 0.571)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.080</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <italic>BMI<sub>1</sub></italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">62.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">55.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.594 (0.568 &#8211; 0.621)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">43.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">69.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.565 (0.541 &#8211; 0.590)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.116</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <italic>WC<sub>1</sub></italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">64.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">54.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.598 (0.572 &#8211; 0.624)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">64.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">47.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.560 (0.535 &#8211; 0.585)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.041</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <italic>WHR<sub>1</sub></italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">62.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">69.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>0.657 (0.630 &#8211; 0.683)</bold>
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN28">a</xref>
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29">b</xref>
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN30">c</xref>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">71.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">50.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>0.611 (0.587 &#8211; 0.635)</bold>
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN28">a</xref>
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29">b</xref>
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN30">c</xref>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.013</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Combinations</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <italic>BAI + WC</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">70.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">49.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.618 (0.589 &#8211; 0.647)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">70.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">41.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.574 (0.549 &#8211; 0.601)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.029</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <italic>BAI + WHR</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">75.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">55.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"><bold>0.680 (0.652 &#8211; 0.707)</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN33">1</xref>.<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN35">3</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN38">#</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">80.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">40.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"><bold>0.624 (0.597 &#8211; 0.650)</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN33">1</xref>.<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN35">3</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <italic>BMI + WC</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">71.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">48.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.610 (0.583 &#8211; 0.638)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">64.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">46.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.578 (0.550 &#8211; 0.605)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.010</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <italic>BMI + WHR</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">77.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">48.4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.672 (0.645 &#8211; 0.700)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN34">2</xref>.<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN36">4</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">76.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">44.4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.623 (0.596 &#8211; 0.650)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN34">2</xref>.<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN36">4</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.013</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Women 35-59 years (n=6,478)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Women 60-74 years (n=1,733)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Indicators</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>SEN (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>SPE (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>AUC (95%CI)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>SEN (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>SPE (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>AUC (95%CI)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Individual</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <italic>BAI<sub>1</sub></italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">63.5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">62.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.628 (0.562 &#8211; 0.694)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">50.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">67.4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.592 (0.542 &#8211; 0.641)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.389</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <italic>BMI<sub>1</sub></italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">78.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">65.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.721 (0.665 &#8211; 0.777)<sup>e</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN37">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">58.5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">68.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.632 (0.584 &#8211; 0.681)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN37">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.020</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <italic>WC<sub>1</sub></italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">92.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">64.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.783 (0.746 &#8211; 0.820)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN31">d</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN32">f</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN37">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">68.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">62.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.657 (0.611 &#8211; 0.703)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN31">d</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN37">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <italic>WHR<sub>1</sub></italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">80.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">79.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>0.802 (0.748 &#8211; 0.856)</bold>
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN28">a</xref>
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29">b</xref>
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN37">*</xref>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">66.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">67.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>0.668 (0.621 &#8211; 0.715)</bold>
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN28">a</xref>
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN37">*</xref>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Combinations</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <italic>BAI + WC</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">94.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">51.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.777 (0.734 &#8211; 0.820)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN37">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">75.5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">52.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.667 (0.618 &#8211; 0.717)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN37">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <italic>BAI + WHR</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">98.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">53.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.846 (0.810 &#8211; 0.882)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN33">1</xref>.<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN35">3</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN37">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">85.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">48.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.709 (0.663 &#8211; 0.754)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN37">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <italic>BMI + WC</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">92.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">59.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.786 (0.743 &#8211; 0.829)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN37">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">70.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">57.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.668 (0.618 &#8211; 0.717)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN37">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <italic>BMI + WHR</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">96.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">59.4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"><bold>0.850 (0.811 &#8211; 0.889)</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN34">2</xref>.<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN36">4</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN37">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN38">#</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">82.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">52.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>0.710 (0.663 &#8211; 0.757)</bold>
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN36">4</xref>
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN37">*</xref>
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN38">#</xref>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN27">
              <p>BAI: body adiposity index; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; WHR: waist-hip ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval; p: p value when comparing age groups of the same sex. Bold: Highest AUC values in each grouping. p&#8804;0.05 between individual indicators by sex &#8211; SEN: sensitivity; SPE: specificity; AUC: Area under the ROC curves.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN28">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>WHR &gt; BAI;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN29">
              <label>b</label>
              <p>WHR &gt; BMI;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN30">
              <label>c</label>
              <p>WHR &gt; WC;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN31">
              <label>d</label>
              <p>WC &gt; BAI; and BMI&gt; BAI;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN32">
              <label>f</label>
              <p>WC &gt; BMI; between combinations by sex</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN33">
              <label>1</label>
              <p>BAI+WHR &gt; BAI+WC;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN34">
              <label>2</label>
              <p>BMI+WHR &gt; BAI+WC;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN35">
              <label>3</label>
              <p>BAI+WHR &gt; BMI+WC;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN36">
              <label>4</label>
              <p>BMI+WHR &gt; BMI+WC.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN37">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>with men of the same age group;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN38">
              <label>#</label>
              <p>best match with best individual.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Combinations of two indicators had greater predictive capacity than the indicators alone. For example, while AUCs of BMI<sub>1</sub> and WHR<sub>1</sub> in women aged 60-74 years were 0.632 and 0.668, respectively, the AUC of BMI + WHR was 0.710, i.e., an increase of at least 0.042 (0.042/0.668 = 6.3%). The increment with the best combinations varied from 2.1% to 6.3% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Graphic representation of areas under the ROC curve of individual and combined anthropometric indicators to identify very-high risk for coronary artery disease by sex and age ranges, ELSA-Brasil 2008-2010.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-04-0701-00360-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Combinations of one indicator of overall obesity with one indicator of central obesity (BAI<sub>1</sub>+WC<sub>1</sub>, BAI<sub>1</sub> + WHR<sub>1</sub>, BMI<sub>1</sub>+WC<sub>1</sub> and BMI<sub>1</sub>+WHC<sub>1</sub>) were positively associated with VHR20% in men and women in both, regardless of the presence of only one indicator, be it of overall or central obesity. The prevalence ratios of these combinations were also higher than in all other groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Adjusted prevalence ratios of combinations of anthropometric indicators of obesity to estimate very-high risk for coronary artery disease, by sex and age ranges &#8211; ELSA-Brasil (2008-2010)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="11%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="4">Men</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="4">Women</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">35-59 years (n=5,354)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">60-74 years (n=1,527)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">35-59 years (n=6,478)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">60-74 years (n=1,733)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Combinations of indicators</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">n (risk)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">PR (95%CI)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">n (risk)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">PR (95%CI)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">n (risk)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">PR (95%CI)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">n (risk)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">PR (95%CI)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BAI<sub>0</sub> + WC<sub>0</sub></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,573 (99)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">562 (184)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,321 (3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">881 (26)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BAI<sub>1</sub> + WC<sub>0</sub></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">290 (20)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.79 (1.13 &#8211; 2.85)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">94 (38)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.23 (0.94 &#8211; 1.62)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">811 (1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.36 (0.14 &#8211; 13.11)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">170 (7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.40 (0.62 &#8211; 3.16)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BAI<sub>0</sub> + WC<sub>1</sub></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,260 (94)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.94 (1.47 &#8211; 2.55)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">441 (189)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.31 (1.12 &#8211; 1.54)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">689 (16)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">25.70 (7.51 &#8211; 87.99)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">267 (26)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.30 (1.95 &#8211; 5.58)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BAI<sub>1</sub> + WC<sub>1</sub></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,231 (126)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.66 (2.06 &#8211; 3.43)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">430 (209)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.48 (1.27 &#8211; 1.73)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,657 (32)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">21.38 (6.55 &#8211; 69.72)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">415 (47)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.84 (2.41 &#8211; 6.11)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BAI<sub>0</sub> + WHR<sub>0</sub></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,876 (84)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">485 (122)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,420 (1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">798 (15)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BAI<sub>1</sub> + WHR<sub>0</sub></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">717 (44)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.10 (1.47 &#8211; 3.00)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">150 (54)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.43 (1.10 &#8211; 1.86)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,707 (9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">18.03 (2.29 &#8211; 142.22)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">337 (21)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.32 (1.73 &#8211; 6.35)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BAI<sub>0</sub> + WHR<sub>1</sub></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">957 (109)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.90 (2.96 &#8211; 5.13)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">518 (251)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.93 (1.61 &#8211; 2.30)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">590 (18)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">104.33 (13.95 &#8211; 780.18)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">350 (37)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5.62 (3.13 &#8211; 10.11)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BAI<sub>1</sub> + WHR<sub>1</sub></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">804 (102)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.34 (3.29 &#8211; 5.74)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">374 (193)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.05 (1.71 &#8211; 2.46)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">761 (24)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">107.85 (14.62 &#8211; 796.13)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">248 (33)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7.08 (3.91 &#8211; 12.82)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BMI<sub>0</sub> + WC<sub>0</sub></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,521(98)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">642 (219)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,795 (4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">973 (31)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BMI<sub>1</sub> + WC<sub>0</sub></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">342 (21)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.58 (1.00 &#8211; 2.50)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14 (3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.63 (0.23 &#8211; 1.72)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">337 (0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">----</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">78 (2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.80 (0.20 &#8211; 3.30)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BMI<sub>0</sub> + WC<sub>1</sub></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">408 (28)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.76 (1.17 &#8211; 2.65)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">343 (133)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.14 (0.96 &#8211; 1.35)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">414 (7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">16.04 (4.71 &#8211; 54.61)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">177 (13)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.31 (1.23 &#8211; 4.32)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BMI<sub>1</sub> + WC<sub>1</sub></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,083 (192)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.37 (1.87 &#8211; 3.00)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">528 (265)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.47 (1.28 &#8211; 1.69)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,932 (41)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">20.14 (7.22 &#8211; 56.19)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">505 (60)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.73 (2.45 - 5.68)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BMI<sub>0</sub> + WHR<sub>0</sub></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,500 (75)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">552 (149)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,820 (2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">866 (19)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BMI<sub>1</sub> + WHR<sub>0</sub></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,093 (53)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.62 (1.15 &#8211; 2.28)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">83 (27)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.21 (0.86 &#8211; 1.69)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,307 (8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11.69 (2.48 &#8211; 54.99)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">269 (17)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.88 (1.52 &#8211; 5.46)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BMI<sub>0</sub> + WHR<sub>1</sub></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">429 (51)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.96 (2.82 &#8211; 5.57)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">433 (203)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.74 (1.46 &#8211; 2.06)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">389 (9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">44.19 (9.58 &#8211; 203.82)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">284 (25)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.01 (2.24 &#8211; 7.18)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BMI<sub>1</sub> + WHR<sub>1</sub></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,332 (160)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.00 (3.07 &#8211; 5.22)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">459 (241)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.95 (1.65 &#8211; 2.19)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">962 (33)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">65.52 (15.75 &#8211; 272.60)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">314 (45)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6.53 (3.88 &#8211; 10.99)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN39">
              <p>BAI: body adiposity index; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; WHR: waist-hip ratio; PR: prevalence ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval; n: number of participants in the subgroup; risk: number of participants at very-high risk for coronary events</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Although the prevalence of women with VHR20% was low (&lt;1%) in the group aged 35-59 years, the number of women taken as reference (without risk) was very small, which may have explained the wide confidence intervals. Besides, in some strata, the number of participants at risk was small, as in the combination BMI<sub>1</sub>+WC<sub>0</sub> in elderly men and women, which made difficult the analyses in these groups. For this reason, we also evaluated the associations of the combinations of anthropometric indicators with HR10%, which confirmed the results that individuals with an increased indicator of overall obesity (BAI or BMI) and an increased indicator of central obesity (WC or WHR) have higher 10-year coronary disease risk (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Table 5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t11">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Adjusted prevalence ratios of combinations of anthropometric indicators of obesity to estimate high risk for coronary artery disease, by sex and age ranges &#8211; ELSA-Brasil (2008-2010)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="11%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="4">Men</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="4">Women</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">35-59 years (n=5,354)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">60-74 years (n=1,527)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">35-59 years (n=6,478)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">60-74 years (n=1,733)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Combinations of indicators</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">n (risk)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">PR (95%CI)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">n (risk)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">PR (95%CI)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">n (risk)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">PR (95%CI)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">n (risk)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">PR (95%CI)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>BAI<sub>0</sub> + WC</bold>
                  <bold>
                    <sub>0</sub>
                  </bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,573 (559)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">562 (430)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,321 (137)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">881 (213)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>BAI<sub>1</sub> + WC</bold>
                  <bold>
                    <sub>0</sub>
                  </bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">290 (94)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.49 (1.24 &#8211; 1.79)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">94 (77)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.07 (0.96 &#8211; 1.19)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">811 (35)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.05 (0.73 &#8211; 1.50)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">170 (49)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.19 (0.92 &#8211; 1.55)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>BAI<sub>0</sub> + WC</bold>
                  <bold>
                    <sub>1</sub>
                  </bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,260 (485)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.77 (1.60 &#8211; 1.96)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">441 (386)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.14 (1.08 &#8211; 1.21)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">689 (106)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.73 (2.93 &#8211; 4.74)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">267 (132)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.04 (1.73 &#8211; 2.42)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>BAI<sub>1</sub> + WC</bold>
                  <bold>
                    <sub>1</sub>
                  </bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,231 (572)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.14 (1.94 &#8211; 2.35)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">430 (209)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.19 (1.13 &#8211; 1.26)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,657 (264)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.86 (3.17 &#8211; 4.71)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">415 (219)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.18 (1.88 &#8211; 2.53)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>BAI<sub>0</sub> + WHR</bold>
                  <bold>
                    <sub>0</sub>
                  </bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,876 (607)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">485 (345)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,420 (125)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">798 (161)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>BAI<sub>1</sub> + WHR</bold>
                  <bold>
                    <sub>0</sub>
                  </bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">717(239)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.58 (1.39 &#8211; 1.79)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">150 (127)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.19 (1.09 &#8211; 1.30)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,707 (117)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.88 (1.47 &#8211; 2.40)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">337 (122)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.79 (1.47 &#8211; 2.19)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>BAI<sub>0</sub> + WHR</bold>
                  <bold>
                    <sub>1</sub>
                  </bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">957 (437)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.16 (1.96 &#8211; 2.39)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">518 (471)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.28 (1.20 &#8211; 1.36)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">590 (118)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5.47 (4.32 &#8211; 6.93)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">350 (184)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.61 (2.20 &#8211; 3.09)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>BAI<sub>1</sub> + WHR</bold>
                  <bold>
                    <sub>1</sub>
                  </bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">804 (427)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.52 (2.29 &#8211; 2.77)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">374 (342)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.29 (1.20 &#8211; 1.37)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">761 (182)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6.54 (5.28 &#8211; 8.10)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">248 (146)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.92 (2.45 &#8211; 3.47)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>BMI<sub>0</sub> + WC</bold>
                  <bold>
                    <sub>0</sub>
                  </bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,521 (562)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">642 (498)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,795 (146)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">973 (233)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>BMI<sub>1</sub> + WC</bold>
                  <bold>
                    <sub>0</sub>
                  </bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">342 (91)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.19 (0.99 &#8211; 1.44)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14 (9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.83 (0.56 &#8211; 1.23)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">337 (26)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.00 (1.34 &#8211; 3.00)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">78 (29)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.55 (1.14 &#8211; 2.12)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>BMI<sub>0</sub> + WC</bold>
                  <bold>
                    <sub>1</sub>
                  </bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">408 (154)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.69 (1.47 &#8211; 1.96)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">343 (299)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.12 (1.06 &#8211; 1.19)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">414 (57)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.58 (2.68 &#8211; 4.78)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">177 (85)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.01 (1.66 &#8211; 2.42)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>BMI<sub>1</sub> + WC</bold>
                  <bold>
                    <sub>1</sub>
                  </bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,083 (903)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.94 (1.78 &#8211; 2.12)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">528 (479)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.17 (1.11 &#8211; 1.23)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,932 (313)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.21 (3.49 &#8211; 5.09)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">505 (266)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.20 (1.91 &#8211; 2.53)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>BMI<sub>0</sub> + WHR</bold>
                  <bold>
                    <sub>0</sub>
                  </bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,500 (512)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">552 (401)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,820 (131)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">866 (172)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>BMI<sub>1</sub> + WHR</bold>
                  <bold>
                    <sub>0</sub>
                  </bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,093 (334)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.49 (1.33 &#8211; 1.68)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">83 (71)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.18 (1.06 &#8211; 1.30)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,307 (111)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.48 (1.94 &#8211; 3.16)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">269 (111)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.08 (1.71 &#8211; 2.53)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>BMI<sub>0</sub> + WHR</bold>
                  <bold>
                    <sub>1</sub>
                  </bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">429 (204)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.32 (2.05 &#8211; 2.63)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">433 (396)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.26 (1.19 &#8211; 1.34)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">389 (72)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5.40 (4.13 &#8211; 7.06)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">284 (146)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.59 (2.17 &#8211; 3.08)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>BMI<sub>1</sub> + WHR</bold>
                  <bold>
                    <sub>1</sub>
                  </bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,332 (660)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.42 (2.20 &#8211; 2.66)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">459 (417)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.25 (1.18 &#8211; 1.33)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">962 (228)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6.91 (5.64 &#8211; 8.47)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">314 (184)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.95 (2.51 &#8211; 3.47)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN40">
              <p>BAI: body adiposity index; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; WHR: waist-hip ratio; PR: prevalence ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval; n: number of participants in the subgroup; risk: number of participants at very-high risk for coronary events</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The presence of central obesity (WC<sub>1</sub> and/or WHR<sub>1</sub>), in absence of overall obesity (BMI<sub>1</sub> and/or BAI<sub>1</sub>) was more strongly associated with VHR20% and HR10% than the reverse combination. The magnitude of the effect of the combined presence of overall and central obesity was greater in all strata, except in the association with VHR20% in younger men (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Table 6</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t12">
          <label>Table 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Prevalence ratios of anthropometric indicators of overall and central obesity to estimate very high and high 10-year coronary artery disease risk by sex and age range &#8211; ELSA-Brasil (2008-2010)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="11%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="9">Very-high risk (VHR20%)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="4">Men</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="4">Women</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">35-59 years (n=5,354)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">60-74 years (n=1,527)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">35-59 years (n=6,478)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">60-74 years (n=1,733)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Combinations of indicators</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">n (risk)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">PR (95%CI)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">n (risk)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">PR (95%CI)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">n (risk)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">PR (95%CI)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">n (risk)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">PR (95%CI)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Without risk</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,201 (63)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">421 (111)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,079 (1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">721 (13)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Overall obesity only</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">438 (23)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.83 (1.15 &#8211; 2.92)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">81 (28)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.31 (0.93 &#8211; 1.84)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">850 (1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.62 (0.23 &#8211; 57.79)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">168 (7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.31 (0.97 &#8211; 5.70)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Central obesity only</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">585 (55)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.28 (2.31 &#8211; 4.66)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">440 (199)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.72 (1.42 &#8211; 2.07)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">509 (8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">48.39 (6.06 &#8211; 386.16)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">303 (25)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.58 (2.37 &#8211; 8.83)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Central + Overall</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,130 (198)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.25 (2.46 &#8211; 4.28)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">585 (282)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.83 (1.53 &#8211; 2.19)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,039 (42)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">63.42 (8.73 &#8211; 460.51)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">541 (61)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6.25 (3.47 &#8211; 11.26)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="9">
                  <bold>High risk (HR10%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Without risk</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,201 (425)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">421 (300)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,079 (103)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">721 (135)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Overall obesity only</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">438 (118)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.40 (1.17 &#8211; 1.66)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">81 (63)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.09 (0.96 &#8211; 1.24)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">851 (30)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.05 (0.71 &#8211; 1.57)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">168 (48)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.53 (1.15 &#8211; 2.03)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Central obesity only</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">585 (242)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.14 (1.88 &#8211; 2.47)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">440 (393)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.25 (1.17 &#8211; 1.34)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">509 (80)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.70 (3.56 &#8211; 6.20)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">303 (144)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.54 (2.09 &#8211; 3.08)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Central + Overall</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,130 (925)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.25 (2.04 &#8211; 2.48)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">585 (529)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.27 (1.19 &#8211; 1.36)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,039 (329)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.82 (3.89 &#8211; 5.98)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">541 (286)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.82 (2.38 &#8211; 3.35)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN41">
              <p>PR: prevalence ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval; n: number of participants in the subgroup; risk: number of participants at risk for future coronary events</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>BAI<sub>1</sub> showed a modest predictive ability in all groups, with an AUC varying between 0.547 (95%CI: 0.522-0.571) in men aged 60-74 years and 0.628 (95%CI:0.562-0.694) in younger women. This result was similar to BMI<sub>1</sub>, since despite the slightly greater AUC values compared with the AUCs of BAI<sub>1</sub> only in the group of younger women, such difference was statistically significant (p&lt;0.05). Of all anthropometric indicators analyzed, the WHR was the one with the best individual performance.</p>
        <p>The ROC curves are frequently used to evaluate the performance of a diagnostic test, and probably the most used statistical analysis to measure the predictive ability of anthropometric indicators. Many studies, however, instead of performing a statistical comparison between indicators or the groups, they have been restricted to observing the largest AUC, making it difficult to evaluate its performance. In a Chinese study by Xiao et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> the AUCs were compared, showing that the discriminatory abilities of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), BAI and BMI were not statistically different between men and women. Also, central obesity indicators &#8211; WC, WHtR and WHR &#8211; were better predictors than DM2 in women than in men.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> These findings are similar to our results that demonstrated a comparable performance of BMI and BAI in both sexes, and that both WC and WHR were better predictors of coronary risk in women.</p>
        <p>Leal Neto et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> did not find statistically significant differences between the AUCs of BAI and BMI (p=0.885) in discriminating hypertension in Brazilian elderly (men and women), despite slightly larger AUCs of BAI than BMI. Similar results in the comparison of the discriminatory ability of BAI and BMI were reported in a Colombian study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> in identifying elevated blood pressure and glycemia, and metabolic syndrome in women,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> and in identifying hypertension in a sample of adult men participating in the Olivetti Heart Study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> Nevertheless, BMI was a better discriminator of metabolic syndrome in Korean women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref></p>
        <p>On the other hand, Alvim et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> pointed out that BAI, compared with WC and BMI, was a better predictor of DM2 in male and female Amerindians in Brazil. However, in a sample of the general population, residents of a capital city, the performance of BAI, BMI and WC was similar in men and WC was a better predictor of DM2 than BAI and BMI in women.</p>
        <p>A study conducted with 2,981 Iranians, BAI and BMI had comparable performance as predictors of DM2 in men, whereas BAI was not a good predictor in women (AUC=0.527; 95%CI: 0.484-0.569). A reasonable predictive power of WHR was seen in both men and women; worse than WC and WHtR in men and similar to the other indicators in women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Few studies exist investigating global coronary risk as an outcome, which makes comparison of our results with others difficult. However, Felix-Redondo et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> in a study with 28,743 individuals from Spain, reported a positive association of BMI, WC and WHR with future coronary events, calculated by the REGICOR score, adapted from the FRS and validated for the Spanish population. Almeida et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> identified a positive association between BAI and FRS in 14,673 participants of the ELSA-Brasil study.</p>
        <p>Wang et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref> evaluated the individual performance of eight anthropometric indicators to estimate coronary risk (using the FRS) in 11,247 Chinese people, and identified a reasonable predictive power. The AUCs varied between 0.59 and 0.70 in women and between 0.52 and 0.60 in men, which was similar to our results. However, largest AUCs were found for the Body Shape Index in men and the WHtR and Body Roundness Index in women, which was not evaluated in the present study.</p>
        <p>Some studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> have suggested that indicators of body fat distribution are better predictors of health risk than indicators of overall obesity, as they provide a better estimate of abdominal fat, which is correlated with the amount of visceral adipose tissue, and consequently to greater production of pro-inflammatory adipokines. Nevertheless, the performance of these indicators in population studies has varied depending on characteristics like age, ethnicity, and sex, as well as on the cut-off points and outcomes analyzed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref> Likewise, studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> on indicators of overall obesity have shown that genetic, environmental and behavioral components of different ethnic groups may explain differences in their performance, reinforcing the need for more appropriate parameters for screening health risk factors in each population.</p>
        <p>In addition, there is no consensus that the combination of anthropometric indicators improves the diagnosis of adverse health effects, and studies using this methodology are scarce.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> Experts continue to search for better indicators or methodological strategies aiming at more accurate screening for diseases in different populations. Combinations of at least one indicator of overall obesity with one indicator of central obesity were more strongly associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease, even after adjustments for the presence of either one indicator of overall obesity or of central obesity. All combinations showed higher sensitivity and larger AUCs than the indicators analyzed individually. The combinations BAI + WHR and BMI + WHR showed the largest AUC for men and women, respectively. These findings indicate that this method of analysis seems to be a good alternative to improve the screening for coronary risk factors.</p>
        <p>Even considering certain degree of collinearity between indicators of overall and central obesity, which would indicate a reduction in the magnitude of the effect, in all associations, both HR10% and VHR20% were more prevalent in those individuals with increased values of one indicator of overall obesity and one indicator of central obesity concomitantly (BAI<sub>1</sub>+WC<sub>1</sub>, BAI<sub>1</sub>+WHR<sub>1</sub>, BMI<sub>1</sub>+WC<sub>1</sub>, and BMI<sub>1</sub>+WHR<sub>1</sub>) than the presence of only one indicator increased.</p>
        <p>The study by Lam et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> partly corroborate these results in that two indicators combined improve the detection of individuals with cardiometabolic risk factors. However, in their study, the combination of BMI with WHtC, was the one with the best performance in employees of a hospital in Singapore. Likewise, Tao et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> showed that two indicators combined improved the predictive ability by up to 19.45% as compared with one indicator alone. The combination of BMI plus WC was the one with the largest AUC to detect hypertension and metabolic syndrome in Chinese men and women, DM2 in men and dyslipidemia in women. Also, this combination was more strongly associated with cardiovascular risk factors in a sample of white individuals from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) than any of the indicators alone.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> It is worth mentioning that these two last studies did not evaluate BAI.</p>
        <p>The main strength of the present study is the fact that this is the first study to test combinations of BAI with other indicators of central obesity to estimate coronary risk, including separate analysis of men and women in different age ranges. The results indicated that the combined use of an indicator of overall obesity with another of central obesity improves the identification of adult people or populations at higher 10-year risk of coronary events. Also, the study presents statistical comparisons of AUCs of the indicators (individually and combined) between sexes and age ranges.</p>
        <p>However, there are potential limitations that should be considered. First, the cross-sectional design of the study does not allow inferences about the causal relationship between anthropometric measures of obesity and future coronary risk. Nevertheless, a reverse causality seems improbable, and strong evidence supports that obesity is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> The follow-up of participants of the ELSA-Brasil study will allow to assess whether the combination of obesity indicators is a better predictor of coronary risk than the indicator alone. Another limitation is the external validity, since the sample population from the ELSA-Brasil study is not representative of the Brazilian population, as it does not include extreme segments such as the richer and poorer income groups. However, this is a large, multicenter and heterogenous sample, able to provide new insights of the relationship of overall and central obesity indicators with coronary risk in heterogeneous populations. Therefore, further investigations with other populations, as well as longitudinal studies and examination of other combinations of obesity indicators are warranted.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The WHR showed the best individual performance in both sexes and both age ranges. Combinations of at least one indicator of overall obesity with another of central obesity were more strongly associated with the risk of coronary artery disease. The combinations BAI+WHR and BMI + WHR yielded the largest AUCs in men and women, respectively. Thus, the combined use of one indicator of overall obesity (BAI or BMI, according to sex) with WHR is recommended as a screening strategy for coronary risk in adults. However, in low-income settings or in cases where a weighing scale for body weight is not available, a measuring tape can be used to measure hip circumference, WC and height, calculate BAI and WHR and perform risk assessment, since the performance of this combination was comparable to that of BMI + WHR in women.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was partially funded by Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de e Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Brasil.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Rog&#233;rio Tosta Almeida, from Instituto de Sa&#250;de Coletiva da Universidade Federal da Bahia.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the ISC/UFBA, Fiocruz, Hospital Universit&#225;rio &#8211;USP, UFMG, UFES e Hospital as Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre under the protocol number 027/06, 343/06, 669/06, 186/06, 041/06, 194/06. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
