<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">tfrhGq6NZRyyRDWfDvttxpj</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001200690</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200377</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200377</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Podemos Acreditar no Ecocardiograma de Rotina para Avaliar o Ventr&#237;culo Direito e a Insufici&#234;ncia Pulmonar? Um Estudo Comparativo com Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cabral</surname>
            <given-names>Manuela Baima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8946-2492</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kozak</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Felipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7117-5201</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Afiune</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Yussef</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal &#8211; Cardiopediatria, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Marcelo Felipe Kozak &#8226; Estrada Parque Contorno do Bosque, S/N. CEP 70658-700, DF, Bras&#237;lia &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>marcelo.f.kozak@icloud.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Cabral MB, Kozak MF, Afiune JY. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Cabral MB, Kozak MF. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Cabral MB, Kozak MF, Afiune JY. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Kozak MF. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Kozak MF, Afiune JY. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Kozak MF, Afiune JY.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potenciais conflitos de interesse</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>690</fpage>
      <lpage>698</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) &#233; o m&#233;todo de escolha para avaliar as dimens&#245;es e a fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD), e a insufici&#234;ncia pulmonar (IP).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Avaliar a acur&#225;cia da ecocardiografia bidimensional (ECO 2D) em estimar a fun&#231;&#227;o e as dimens&#245;es do VD e o grau de IP, e comparar os resultados obtidos pela ECO 2D com os da RMC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Comparamos os relat&#243;rios de ECO e RMC de pacientes cuja indica&#231;&#227;o para RMC havia sido para avaliar VD e IP. Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Inclu&#237;mos 51 pacientes com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita com idade mediana de 9,3 anos (7-13,3 anos). Observou-se uma baixa concord&#226;ncia entre ECO 2D e RMC quanto &#224; classifica&#231;&#227;o da dimens&#227;o (Kappa 0,19; IC 95% 0,05 a 0,33, p 0,004) e da fun&#231;&#227;o do VD (Kappa 0,16; IC 95% -0,01 a +0,34; p 0,034). O tamanho do VD foi subestimado pela ECO 2D em 43% dos casos, e a fun&#231;&#227;o do VD foi superestimada pela ECO 2D em 29% dos casos. O grau de concord&#226;ncia entre os m&#233;todos quanto &#224; classifica&#231;&#227;o da IP n&#227;o foi significativo (Kappa 0,014; IC 95% -0,03 a +0,06; p 0,27). Houve uma tend&#234;ncia de a ECO 2D superestimar o grau da IP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> A ECO 2D mostrou baixa concord&#226;ncia com a RMC quanto &#224;s dimens&#245;es e fun&#231;&#227;o do VD, e grau de IP. Em geral, a ECO subestimou as dimens&#245;es do VD e superestimou a fun&#231;&#227;o do VD e o grau de IP quando comparada &#224; RMC.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Imagem por Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Direita</kwd>
        <kwd>Pneumopatias</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="12"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="39"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O exame de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) &#233; considerado o m&#233;todo de escolha para avaliar as dimens&#245;es e a fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD), bem como para quantificar insufici&#234;ncia pulmonar (IP). Pacientes com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita (CC) com envolvimento da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) ou da valva pulmonar est&#227;o sujeitos a desenvolverem dilata&#231;&#227;o e disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD e IP em algum est&#225;gio de suas vidas, resultante da hist&#243;ria natural ou de procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos ou hemodin&#226;micos. Nesses pacientes, a indica&#231;&#227;o da RMC &#233; parte de uma abordagem &#8220;multi-imagem&#8221; (multi-imaging) recomendada atualmente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No entanto, a RMC &#233; menos dispon&#237;vel que o ecocardiograma bidimensional (ECO 2D), principalmente em crian&#231;as, em quem seda&#231;&#227;o &#233; comum. Assim, &#233; fundamental otimizar as indica&#231;&#245;es da RMC e os encaminhamentos ao exame.</p>
      <p>O ECO 2D, por sua vez, &#233; um m&#233;todo amplamente dispon&#237;vel e, relativamente, de baixo custo, mas limitado quanto &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o do VD e do grau de IP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Apesar de tais limita&#231;&#245;es, na pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria, a indica&#231;&#227;o da RMC &#233; feita com base na avalia&#231;&#227;o de caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas.</p>
      <p>No presente estudo, nosso objetivo foi avaliar, retrospectivamente, a acur&#225;cia do ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico bidimensional em estimar a fun&#231;&#227;o e as dimens&#245;es do VD e o grau de IP, e comparar seus resultados com os da RMC.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este estudo foi conduzido em um centro de refer&#234;ncia em tratamento de CC. A partir do um banco de dados de RMC, pedi&#225;trica/cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, selecionamos pacientes cuja indica&#231;&#227;o para o exame tinha sido avaliar o VD e a IP. Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes submetidos &#224; RMC entre abril de 2015 e agosto de 2018. Comparamos laudos de ECO 2D e RMC mais pr&#243;ximos, quanto &#224; data do exame, excluindo os pacientes que tivessem sido submetidos a algum tipo de tratamento invasivo entre os dois exames.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Ecocardiograma bidimensional</title>
        <p>Os exames foram realizados por cinco ecocardiografistas diferentes, treinados em cardiologia pedi&#225;trica e CC, com no m&#237;nimo de cinco anos de experi&#234;ncia, utilizando aparelho de ultrassom cardiovascular HD11 ou iE33 (Philips Medical Systems, Bothell, EUA). Todas as informa&#231;&#245;es foram coletadas de laudos de ecocardiogramas, sem revis&#227;o das imagens ou an&#225;lise dos m&#233;todos utilizados para conclus&#227;o do laudo. Em nosso servi&#231;o, o laudo &#233; emitido apenas pelo m&#233;dico que realiza o exame, sem a necessidade de sua revis&#227;o por outros m&#233;dicos.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise subjetiva ou o escore-Z das medidas do VD obtidas no modo bidimensional (janela quatro c&#226;maras) ou modo M (janela paraesternal) de acordo com as diretrizes da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia s&#227;o geralmente usadas para avaliar as dimens&#245;es do VD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Em nosso servi&#231;o, os principais m&#233;todos para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o do VD s&#227;o: an&#225;lise qualitativa (visual), TAPSE (excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano do anel tric&#250;spide do laudo), fra&#231;&#227;o de varia&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea do VD (FAC, <italic>fractional area change</italic> ), e pico de velocidade da onda S&#180; por Doppler tecidual pulsado (DTP). Tanto o TAPSE como o DTP s&#227;o tamb&#233;m apresentados em escore-Z.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> O conjunto desses par&#226;metros determina a impress&#227;o final do examinador. Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da IP, os seguintes par&#226;metros s&#227;o geralmente utilizados: di&#226;metro do jato regurgitante/di&#226;metro da via de sa&#237;da do VD, local no tronco da art&#233;ria pulmonar onde o refluxo &#233; detectado, meio-tempo de press&#227;o da curva de fluxo e integral da velocidade-tempo (IVT). Ap&#243;s essa an&#225;lise, o examinador utiliza a estratifica&#231;&#227;o em quatro n&#237;veis para classifica&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o do VD (normal, ou disfun&#231;&#227;o leve, moderada ou grave), tamanho do VD (normal, ou dilata&#231;&#227;o leve, moderada ou grave), e grau de IP (ausente, ou insufici&#234;ncia leve, moderada ou grave). A fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi analisada pela fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) obtida pelo m&#233;todo de Teichholz e/ou Simpson.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca</title>
        <p>Os exames de RMC foram realizados em um aparelho 1.5 Tesla (SIGNA&#174;, General Electric). Os volumes ventriculares foram determinados ap&#243;s a aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagens bidimensionais pela t&#233;cnica de precess&#227;o livre em estado de equil&#237;brio (SSFP <italic>steady state free precession</italic> ) no eixo curto do cora&#231;&#227;o ou corte axial do t&#243;rax, desde o anel atrioventricular at&#233; o &#225;pice do cora&#231;&#227;o. Os volumes ventriculares e a FE foram determinados ap&#243;s o tra&#231;ado manual em modo <italic>offline</italic> utilizando o sistema de an&#225;lise MASS R MR Analytical Software System, vers&#227;o 5.1 (Leiden University Medical Center and MEDIS Medical Imaging system). As imagens foram obtidas a partir dos pacientes em respira&#231;&#227;o livre, com n&#250;mero de excita&#231;&#245;es (NEX) de tr&#234;s, ou em apneia (NEX de 1), dependendo da situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica do paciente e qualidade das imagens. Foram avaliados o volume diast&#243;lico final do VD indexado (VDFVDi), a FE do VD, o volume sist&#243;lico final do VD indexado (VSFVDi) e a FE do VE.</p>
        <p>Os volumes ventriculares indexados foram transformados em escore-Z, com base nos valores normais publicados pela Sociedade de Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Cardiovascular ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> utilizando-se a seguinte f&#243;rmula: escore-Z = [medida do paciente &#8211; m&#233;dia esperada)/desvio padr&#227;o (DP)]. Para os pacientes com idade inferior a oito anos, os c&#225;lculos foram realizados com base no estudo de Valsangiacomo-Buechel ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> utilizando a f&#243;rmula: Z = log10 (medida/esperada)/DP (DP = 0,05). Um escore-Z entre -2 e +2 foi considerado normal; um escore-Z entre +2,01 e +3 uma dilata&#231;&#227;o leve; um escore-Z entre +3,01 e +4 dilata&#231;&#227;o moderada, e um escore-Z &gt; +4 considerado como dilata&#231;&#227;o grave.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Valores normais para volumes ventriculares indexados em adultos e crian&#231;as maiores de oito anos de idade</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">Adultos (&gt; 18 anos)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Crian&#231;as (8-17 anos)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Homens</th>
                  <th>Mulheres</th>
                  <th>Homens</th>
                  <th>Mulheres</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>VDFVDi (mL/m</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">81 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">76 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">80 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">75 &#177; 11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>VSFVDi (mL/m</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">91 &#177; 15</td>
                  <td align="center">80 &#177; 16</td>
                  <td align="center">84 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">76 &#177; 10</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>VDFVDi: volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo direito indexado; VSFVDi: volume sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo direito indexado.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Valores normais de volume ventricular para crian&#231;as menores de oito anos de idade</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">Crian&#231;as (&lt; 8 anos)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Meninos</th>
                  <th>Meninas</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>VDFVE (mL)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">77,5xSC<sup>1.38</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">67,8xSC<sup>1.38</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>VDFVD (mL)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">83,8xSC<sup>1.47</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">72,7xSC<sup>1.47</sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>VDFVE: volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VDFVD: volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo direito.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A classifica&#231;&#227;o da FE foi realizada da seguinte maneira:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Ventr&#237;culo direito: FE&gt; 45% = normal; FE de 36 a 45% = disfun&#231;&#227;o leve; FE de 25 a 35% = disfun&#231;&#227;o moderada; FE &lt; 25% = disfun&#231;&#227;o acentuada.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Ventr&#237;culo esquerdo: FE &gt; 50% = normal; FE de 40 a 50% = disfun&#231;&#227;o leve; FE de 30 a 39% = disfun&#231;&#227;o moderada; FE &lt; 30% = disfun&#231;&#227;o acentuada.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>A IP foi avaliada por imagens de contraste de fases, adquiridas perpendicularmente ao tronco e aos ramos pulmonares, em respira&#231;&#227;o livre (NEX de 2 ou 3), ajustando-se o n&#250;mero de visualiza&#231;&#245;es por segmento de acordo com a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca do paciente, permitindo a reconstru&#231;&#227;o de 30 fases por intervalo RR. O volume e a fra&#231;&#227;o de regurgita&#231;&#227;o pulmonar foram analisados pelo programa FLOW R MR Flow Quantification software, vers&#227;o 3.1 (MEDIS Medical Imaging system and Leiden University Medical Center). Como existem dois m&#233;todos poss&#237;veis para classificar o grau de IP por RMC (volume regurgitante e fra&#231;&#227;o de regurgita&#231;&#227;o), diverg&#234;ncias entre as classifica&#231;&#245;es foram resolvidas pela an&#225;lise do examinador. Os seguintes valores foram considerados para classifica&#231;&#227;o:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>IP leve: volume regurgitante = 0,3-1,0 L/min/m<sup>2</sup> ou fra&#231;&#227;o de regurgita&#231;&#227;o = 5-20%.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>IP moderada: volume regurgitante =1,01-2,50 L/min/m<sup>2</sup> ou fra&#231;&#227;o de regurgita&#231;&#227;o = 21-40%.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>IP acentuada: volume regurgitante &gt; 2,5 L/min/m<sup>2</sup> ou fra&#231;&#227;o de regurgita&#231;&#227;o &gt; 40%.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana e intervalo interquartil (25-75), dependendo da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados. A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados pode ser considerada normal quando aproximadamente 95% dos dados encontram-se dentro de 1,96 desvios padr&#245;es da m&#233;dia (bilateralmente). As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas em n&#250;meros absolutos e porcentagens. A an&#225;lise de concord&#226;ncia foi realizada usando o coeficiente Kappa, com aux&#237;lio do programa StatsDirect, vers&#227;o 2.7.2, 2008 (Cheshire, UK). A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi considerada como p &lt; 0,05 (teste bilateral).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Do total de 178 crian&#231;as e adultos com CC submetidos &#224; RMC durante o per&#237;odo do estudo, 51 (29%) foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise. As caracter&#237;sticas principais da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada (n = 51) e seus diagn&#243;sticos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">30 (58%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Peso (Kg) (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">33.0 &#177; 16.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal (m<sup>2</sup>) (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">1.0 (0.8-1.4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade na ocasi&#227;o do tratamento cir&#250;rgico (anos) (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">1.3 (0.8-2.4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade no dia da RMC (anos) (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">9.2 (6.9-13.3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade no dia do ecocardiograma (anos) (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">9.0 (6.8-13.0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo entre tratamento cir&#250;rgico e RMC (anos) (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">7.2 (5.4-11.1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Intervalo entre RMC e ecocardiograma (dias) (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">124 (70-188)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Diagn&#243;sticos principais</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tetralogia de Fallot</td>
                <td align="center">35 (68%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estenose da valva pulmonar</td>
                <td align="center">6 (12%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tronco arterial comum</td>
                <td align="center">3 (6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Atresia pulmonar com comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular</td>
                <td align="center">2 (4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tetralogia de Fallot com agenesia da valva pulmonar</td>
                <td align="center">2 (4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia pulmonar cong&#234;nita</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Defeito do septo atrioventricular com estenose pulmonar</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Atresia pulmonar com septo interventricular intacto</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>IIQ: intervalo interquartil; RMC: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</title>
        <p>As dimens&#245;es do VD foram classificadas como anormais em 96% dos casos, com dilata&#231;&#227;o leve em 16% dos casos, dilata&#231;&#227;o moderada em 43%, e dilata&#231;&#227;o acentuada em 37%. Caso os ecocardiografistas tivessem considerado apenas o escore-Z do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do VD o (DDFVD), haveria uma piora na classifica&#231;&#227;o em 42 pacientes (82%), nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o em cinco pacientes (10%), e uma classifica&#231;&#227;o melhor ou mais apropriada em quatro pacientes (8%) em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; RMC. A disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita foi encontrada em 20% dos casos, sendo leve em 10%, moderada em 8% e acentuada em 2%. Dos 51 pacientes, 29 (57%) possu&#237;am dados dispon&#237;veis de TAPSE, FAC, e DTP em seus lados e, desses 29 pacientes, 18 (62%) apresentavam valores abaixo do intervalo normal. Apesar desse resultado, nove desses 18 pacientes foram classificados como tendo fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD normal. A concord&#226;ncia entre esses &#237;ndices ecocardiogr&#225;ficos da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD e da FE do VD na RMC foi de 38%. Se o ecocardiografista tivesse considerado apenas esses &#237;ndices anormais, sem considerar o exame visual (m&#233;todo <italic>eyeball</italic> ), haveria erros de classifica&#231;&#227;o em mais nove casos e uma classifica&#231;&#227;o correta em mais cinco casos. As medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> . A IP foi leve em 2%, moderada em 2% e grave em 94%; em um caso, a IP n&#227;o foi classificada. Em nenhum dos casos foi observada dilata&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ou disfun&#231;&#227;o do VE ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes estudados</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Par&#226;metros</th>
                  <th>Valores</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do VD (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">30,5 &#177; 7,48</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore-Z do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do VD</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1,48-2,53)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TAPSE (mm) (n = 15)</td>
                  <td align="center">17,9 &#177; 3,59</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore-Z da TAPSE</td>
                  <td align="center">-2,3 (-3,28 a -0,94)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FAC (%) (n = 7)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 &#177; 12,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pico S&#180; VD cm/s (n = 23)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,1 &#177; 1,89</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore-Z do pico S&#180; VD cm/s</td>
                  <td align="center">-2,4 (-3,22 a -1,69)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro do VD / di&#226;metro do VE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8 (0,71-0,99)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>
                  <italic>VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; TAPSE: excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano do anel tric&#250;spide (tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion), FAC: fra&#231;&#227;o de varia&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea do VD (fractional area change); S&#180; VD: pico de velocidade da onda S.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o entre achados do ecocardiograma bidimensional (2D ECO) e da resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="3" scope="col" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th scope="col">Normal</th>
                  <th scope="col">Dilata&#231;&#227;o leve</th>
                  <th scope="col">Dilata&#231;&#227;o moderada</th>
                  <th scope="col">Dilata&#231;&#227;o grave</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="4">DIMENS&#195;O</td>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">VD</td>
                  <td align="left">ECO</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (16%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (44%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (38%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RMC</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (12%)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (76%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">VE</td>
                  <td>ECO</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RMC</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (76%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (10%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (10%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3"> </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Normal</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Disfun&#231;&#227;o leve</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Disfun&#231;&#227;o moderada</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Disfun&#231;&#227;o grave</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">FUN&#199;&#195;O</td>
                  <td rowspan="2">VD</td>
                  <td>ECO</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (80%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (10%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RMC</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (59%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (29%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">VE</td>
                  <td>ECO</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RMC</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (69%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (27%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3"> </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Ausente</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Leve</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Moderada</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Grave</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">INSFUCI&#202;NCIA PULMONAR</td>
                  <td>ECO</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (96%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CMR</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (16%)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (64%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (18%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>
                  <italic>VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Achados da RMC</title>
        <p>O exame foi realizado sob anestesia em 16 pacientes (31%). O VDFVDi variou entre 84,7 e 275,6mL/m<sup>2</sup>, o que correspondeu a um escore-Z m&#233;dio de +5.6 &#177; 2. Tr&#234;s pacientes (6%) apresentaram escore-Z do VDFVDi dentro dos limites normais (91,4 &#177; 7,9 mL/m<sup>2</sup>), tr&#234;s (6%) apresentaram dilata&#231;&#227;o leve (110,6 &#177; 4,8 mL/m<sup>2</sup>), seis (12%) apresentaram dilata&#231;&#227;o moderada (120 &#177; 10,9 mL/m<sup>2</sup>) e 39 (76%) dilata&#231;&#227;o grave (151,8 &#177; 31,5 mL/m<sup>2</sup>). O VDFVEi variou entre 66,4 e 155,2 mL/m<sup>2</sup> ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 6</xref> ). Observou-se dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em 25% dos pacientes e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em 31% ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref> ). Dos 16 pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, o exame foi realizado sob anestesia em 12 (75%).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Principais achados da resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca nos pacientes estudados (n=51)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Par&#226;metros analisados</th>
                  <th>Valores</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Volume diast&#243;lico final do VD indexado (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">142,1 &#177; 33,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>volume sist&#243;lico final do VD indexado (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">76,1 &#177; 27,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VD (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">46,9 &#177; 10,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insufici&#234;ncia pulmonar (L/min/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,5 (1,01-1,99)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insufici&#234;ncia pulmonar (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">31,1 &#177; 10,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Volume diast&#243;lico final do VE indexado (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">87,4 &#177; 18,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Volume sist&#243;lico final do VE indexado (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">42,4 &#177; 12,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">53,6 &#177; 8,4%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Volume do VD / Volume do VE</td>
                  <td align="center">1,6 (1,43-1,86)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>
                  <italic>Volume do VD / Volume do VE</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>An&#225;lise de concord&#226;ncia entre ECO 2D e RMC</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Dimens&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito</title>
        <p>Observou-se uma concord&#226;ncia significativa entre os m&#233;todos quanto &#224; classifica&#231;&#227;o das dimens&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo direito (Kappa 0,19; IC95% 0,05 a 0,33, p 0,004), apesar do baixo grau de concord&#226;ncia. A diferen&#231;a na classifica&#231;&#227;o foi de um grau em 74% dos casos discordantes, com subestima&#231;&#227;o das dimens&#245;es do VD pelo ECO em 22 casos (43%), e superestima&#231;&#227;o em cinco casos (10%) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). Dos 39 casos de dilata&#231;&#227;o grave, a ecocardiografia realizou um diagn&#243;stico correto em 17 (44%). A sensibilidade do ECO em detectar casos moderados e graves de dilata&#231;&#245;es moderadas ou acentuadas do VD foi de 87%, e a especificidade de 67%.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Gr&#225;fico comparando a classifica&#231;&#227;o da dimens&#227;o do VD por RMC e ECO para cada paciente.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-04-0690-00377-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD</title>
        <p>Observou-se uma fraca concord&#226;ncia entre os m&#233;todos para a classifica&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o do VD (Kappa 0,16; IC95% -0,01 a +0,34; p 0,034). A diferen&#231;a na classifica&#231;&#227;o foi de um grau em 86% dos casos discordantes, com superestima&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o do VD pela ecocardiografia em 15 casos (29%), e subestima&#231;&#227;o em seis casos (12%) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ). Os dois casos de disfun&#231;&#227;o grave do VD n&#227;o foram detectados pelo ECO, sendo um foi classificado como normal e o outro como disfun&#231;&#227;o moderada.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Gr&#225;fico comparando a classifica&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD por RMC e ECO para cada paciente.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-04-0690-00377-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Insufici&#234;ncia pulmonar</title>
        <p>O grau de concord&#226;ncia entre os m&#233;todos quanto &#224; classifica&#231;&#227;o de IP n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significativo (Kappa 0,014; IC95% -0,03 a +0,06, p 0,27). Houve discord&#226;ncia em 80% dos casos, com uma tend&#234;ncia de superestima&#231;&#227;o do grau de IP pelo ECO. Houve discord&#226;ncia superior a um grau em 20% dos casos ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Gr&#225;fico comparando a classifica&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia pulmonar pela RMC e ECO para cada paciente.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-04-0690-00377-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e dimens&#227;o do VE</title>
        <p>O ECO n&#227;o identificou nenhum dos 16 casos (31%) de disfun&#231;&#227;o do VE e nenhum dos 13 casos (25%) de dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE, o que n&#227;o permitiu a avalia&#231;&#227;o da concord&#226;ncia entre os m&#233;todos. Dos 16 casos de disfun&#231;&#227;o do VE, 10 (62%) tamb&#233;m apresentaram disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD e somente um apresentou VD com dimens&#245;es normais.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A IP residual e remodela&#231;&#227;o do VD ao longo do tempo s&#227;o elementos importantes na evolu&#231;&#227;o tardia de pacientes que se submeteram &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da via de sa&#237;da do VD na inf&#226;ncia. A tomada de decis&#227;o quanto ao tempo de se realizar uma nova interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica nesses casos &#233; desafiadora. Os crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos, al&#233;m de achados de exames de imagens, tais como ECO e RMC, s&#227;o utilizados para ajudar nessa decis&#227;o, buscando determinar o melhor momento para o tratamento cir&#250;rgico.</p>
      <p>O ECO 2D &#233; o m&#233;todo de imagem mais utilizado para monitorar a evolu&#231;&#227;o desses pacientes e orientar, na maioria das vezes, a tomada de decis&#227;o. Dadas as dificuldades em se realizar a avalia&#231;&#227;o do VD por ECO 2D com par&#226;metros objetivos, a avalia&#231;&#227;o qualitativa (visual, ou <italic>eyeball</italic> ) das dimens&#245;es e da fun&#231;&#227;o do VD &#233; ainda muito utilizada. No entanto, a acur&#225;cia dessa avalia&#231;&#227;o &#233; question&#225;vel e ainda fomenta mais estudos. Nosso estudo objetivou avaliar a acur&#225;cia do ECO 2D, realizado na rotina ambulatorial, em quantificar as dimens&#245;es e a fun&#231;&#227;o do VD e o grau de IP. Escolhemos pacientes com CC com risco de desenvolverem dilata&#231;&#227;o e disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD, bem como IP.</p>
      <p>Observamos certa concord&#226;ncia, embora fraca, entre ECO e RMC, para a classifica&#231;&#227;o das dimens&#245;es do VD. Esse resultado &#233; similar ao encontrado por Lai et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> quando aplicaram as recomenda&#231;&#245;es para avalia&#231;&#227;o do VD utilizando ECO 2D em pacientes com par&#226;metros normais, em pacientes com defeitos do septo atrial e em pacientes que se submeteram ao tratamento cir&#250;rgico da tetralogia de Fallot. Em seu artigo, os autores sugerem que a imprecis&#227;o relacionada ao ECO 2D &#233; inerente &#224; aplica&#231;&#227;o das medidas lineares ou das &#225;reas em uma c&#226;mara de geometria complexa. Puchalski et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> em um estudo com um delineamento similar ao nosso, obtiveram resultados similares e enfatizaram que a elevada variabilidade entre observadores &#233; uma fonte potencial de discord&#226;ncia entre ECO e RMC. Sugere-se que a adi&#231;&#227;o de medidas objetivas &#224;s medidas subjetivas aumentaria a concord&#226;ncia entre os m&#233;todos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Nesse sentido, Greutmann et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> observaram, em uma popula&#231;&#227;o adulta, que a medida linear com melhor correla&#231;&#227;o com o volume diast&#243;lico do VD foi a &#225;rea do VD em um corte apical de quatro c&#226;maras. A partir dessa medida, Alghandi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> conseguiram discriminar pacientes com VDFVDi &gt; 170 mL/m<sup>2</sup>. Estudos mais recentes t&#234;m investigado o uso da ecocardiografia tridimensional (3D ECO) para avaliar o VD e, mesmo assim, geralmente observa-se subestima&#231;&#227;o das medidas das dimens&#245;es do VD,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> &#233; explicada por sua incompleta visualiza&#231;&#227;o, especialmente em casos de dilata&#231;&#227;o acentuada do VD, quando o &#225;pice card&#237;aco est&#225; deslocado e tem dif&#237;cil acesso no exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico. Em nosso estudo, apesar de termos analisado uma popula&#231;&#227;o jovem, 86% dos pacientes apresentaram dilata&#231;&#227;o moderada ou grave do VD. Tal fato pode explicar a falta de acur&#225;cia, se considerarmos que quanto maior o VD, maiores s&#227;o as dificuldades em avali&#225;-lo. Contudo, em nosso estudo, o ECO 2D foi capaz de detectar 96% dos casos de dilata&#231;&#227;o moderada e/ou grave, o que justificaria o rastreamento de pacientes que necessitaria ser submetido a um exame de RMC. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD, nossos resultados est&#227;o de acordo com aqueles apresentados por Puchalski,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> que demonstrou um baixo grau de concord&#226;ncia entre ECO 2D e RMC. No entanto, o grau de discord&#226;ncia entre as classes de estratifica&#231;&#227;o foi de apenas um grau em 86% dos casos, e essa diferen&#231;a ocorreu principalmente na zona entre disfun&#231;&#227;o leve e fun&#231;&#227;o normal. V&#225;rios m&#233;todos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos t&#234;m sido usados para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o do VD, incluindo TAPSE, FAC, DTP, entre outros. Apesar de alguns serem reprodut&#237;veis, nenhum mostrou uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o com a FE do VE na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica, especialmente em pacientes com DCC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> M&#233;todos que utilizam medidas unidimensionais, tais como TAPSE, ou medidas bidimensionais tais como a fra&#231;&#227;o de varia&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea do VD, n&#227;o levam em considera&#231;&#227;o a complexa geometria do VD. Esses dois m&#233;todos n&#227;o consideram, por exemplo, a via de sa&#237;da do VD, comumente comprometida em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de corre&#231;&#227;o da tetralogia de Fallot<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Ainda, outros fatores influenciam essas medidas, tais como pericardiectomia, pr&#233;-carga, &#226;ngulo do feixe de ultrassom, qualidade da janela ac&#250;stica, fun&#231;&#227;o do VE, entre outros. No estudo de Mercer-Rosa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> TAPSE n&#227;o se correlacionou com a FE do VD por RMC ou com o pico de VO<sub>2</sub>. Os mesmos autores, em 2012, observaram uma fraca correla&#231;&#227;o entre Doppler tecidual da parede livre do VD e a FE do VD por RMC, e a aus&#234;ncia de correla&#231;&#227;o entre o &#237;ndice de Tei e a FE do VD por RMC em pacientes submetidos ao tratamento cir&#250;rgico para tetralogia de Fallot.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Em um estudo de Leong et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> com uma popula&#231;&#227;o adulta com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o do VD pelo ECO com <italic>speckle tracking</italic> apresentou a correla&#231;&#227;o mais forte (r = 0.77) com a FE do VD na RMC, em compara&#231;&#227;o a outras t&#233;cnicas como TAPSE, FAC e DTP. No entanto, deve-se considerar que essa popula&#231;&#227;o geralmente n&#227;o se apresente com dilata&#231;&#227;o grave do VD. A ECO 3D talvez seja o m&#233;todo que melhor se correlacione com a RMC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> embora esteja longe de se tornar t&#227;o dispon&#237;vel como a ECO 2D, principalmente na popula&#231;&#227;o jovem.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Na pr&#225;tica, muitos servi&#231;os optam pela avalia&#231;&#227;o qualitativa ( <italic>eyeball</italic> ) da fun&#231;&#227;o do VD, combinada com alguns outros &#237;ndices mencionados anteriormente para corroborarem a impress&#227;o final. Assim, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o do VD por ECO 2D torna-se um m&#233;todo dependente do examinador e sujeito a diferentes interpreta&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grau de IP, n&#227;o encontramos concord&#226;ncia entre ECO e RMC. Em 38 pacientes (75% da amostra), a IP foi classificada como acentuada pelo ECO, mas como moderada ou leve pela RMC. Em outras palavras, ECO superestimou o grau de IP na maioria dos casos, resultado similar ao observado por Mercer-Rosa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Em seu estudo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> muitos pacientes com IP leve pela RMC foram classificados como IP moderada ou acentuada pela ECO, utilizando a raz&#227;o IVTdiast&#243;lica/IVT sist&#243;lica no tronco pulmonar. Renella et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> observaram que o ECO apresentou elevada sensibilidade em identificar casos de IP grave em diferentes m&#233;todos utilizados, e recomendaram a avalia&#231;&#227;o de curvas Doppler nos ramos pulmonares, em vez do tronco pulmonar, a fim de aumentar a especificidade do m&#233;todo. Na pr&#225;tica, a literatura tem mostrado que o ECO &#233; capaz de discriminar casos de IP leve dos casos moderados a grave, o que &#233; corroborado por nossos resultados.</p>
      <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o do VE tem sido descrita em pacientes submetidos a reparo de doen&#231;as do VD e associada a eventos adversos maiores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Assim, a avalia&#231;&#227;o do VE n&#227;o pode ser negligenciada. Em nossa amostra, a ECO 2D mostrou fun&#231;&#227;o normal do VE em todos os pacientes, enquanto a RMC identificou disfun&#231;&#227;o em 31% dos casos, o que mostra limita&#231;&#245;es do 2D ECO em avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda nessa situa&#231;&#227;o. Dos pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. Os pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o do VE, 62% tamb&#233;m apresentaram algum grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD, o que pode estar relacionado com interdepend&#234;ncia ventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> A nosso ver, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o do VE em casos de dilata&#231;&#227;o ou disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD &#233; mais dif&#237;cil para o ECO devido ao movimento paradoxal do septo interventricular e deslocamento do VE por um VD dilatado ou disfuncional, o que torna sua visibilidade mais dif&#237;cil.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>Esse foi um estudo retrospectivo, unic&#234;ntrico, com um n&#250;mero limitado de pacientes. A possibilidade de vi&#233;s de inclus&#227;o deve ser considerada, uma vez que a decis&#227;o de submeter o paciente &#224; RMC &#233; geralmente feita ap&#243;s an&#225;lise dos achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. A an&#225;lise dos resultados do ECO foi feita com base nos laudos somente, sem revis&#227;o das imagens. Considerando que os exames de ECO foram realizados por cinco ecocardiografistas diferentes, existe a possibilidade de discord&#226;ncias entre observadores e intraobservador. Ainda, o intervalo de tempo entre o ECO e a RMC foi relativamente grande. Apesar de nenhum procedimento cir&#250;rgico ou percut&#226;neo tenha sido realizado entre o ECO e a RMC, o ideal seria que os exames tivessem sido realizados dentro de 24 horas entre eles. O uso do escore-Z das medidas ventriculares obtidas por RMC n&#227;o &#233; uma abordagem comum na literatura, e o intervalo de classifica&#231;&#227;o, bem como o impacto cl&#237;nico dessas medidas, precisam ser mais bem avaliados em estudos futuros</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Em nossa pr&#225;tica e, considerando as limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo, o 2D ECO mostrou uma baixa concord&#226;ncia com a RMC quanto &#224;s dimens&#245;es e fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD, bem como ao grau da IP. Em geral, o ECO subestimou as dimens&#245;es do VD e superestimou a fun&#231;&#227;o do VD e o grau de IP. Acreditamos que a incorpora&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos mais objetivos seja necess&#225;ria para uma melhor concord&#226;ncia com a RMC. No entanto, o impacto real dessa an&#225;lise em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; tomada de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica ainda &#233; incerto.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Geva T. Repaired tetralogy of Fallot: the roles of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in evaluating pathophysiology and for pulmonary valve replacement decision support. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2011;13(1):9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Geva</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Repaired tetralogy of Fallot: the roles of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in evaluating pathophysiology and for pulmonary valve replacement decision support</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Magn Reson</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <size units="pages">9</size>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Sachdeva R, Valente AM, Armstrong AK, Cook SC, Han BK, Lopez L. ACC/AHA/ASE/HRS/ISACHD/SCAI/SCCT/SCMR/SOPE 2020 Appropriate Use Criteria for Multimodality Imaging During the Follow-Up Care of Patients With Congenital Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee and Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, American Heart Association, American Society of ECOcardiography, Heart Rhythm Society, International Society for Adult Congenital Heart Disease, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, and Society of Pediatric ECOcardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75(6):657-703.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sachdeva</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Valente</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Armstrong</surname>
              <given-names>AK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cook</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Han</surname>
              <given-names>BK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopez</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>ACC/AHA/ASE/HRS/ISACHD/SCAI/SCCT/SCMR/SOPE 2020 Appropriate Use Criteria for Multimodality Imaging During the Follow-Up Care of Patients With Congenital Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee and Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, American Heart Association, American Society of ECOcardiography, Heart Rhythm Society, International Society for Adult Congenital Heart Disease, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, and Society of Pediatric ECOcardiography</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>75</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>657</fpage>
          <lpage>703</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Di Lorenzo MP, Bhatt SM, Mercer-Rosa L. How best to assess right ventricular function by ECOcardiography. Cardiol Young. 2015;25(8):1473-81.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Di Lorenzo</surname>
              <given-names>MP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bhatt</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mercer-Rosa</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>How best to assess right ventricular function by ECOcardiography</article-title>
          <source>Cardiol Young</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1473</fpage>
          <lpage>1481</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Lai WW, Gauvreau K, Rivera ES, Saleeb S, Powell AJ, Geva T. Accuracy of guideline recommendations for two-dimensional quantification of the right ventricle by ECOcardiography. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2008;24(7):691-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lai</surname>
              <given-names>WW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gauvreau</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rivera</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saleeb</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Powell</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Geva</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Accuracy of guideline recommendations for two-dimensional quantification of the right ventricle by ECOcardiography</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>691</fpage>
          <lpage>698</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Mercer-Rosa L, Yang W, Kutty S, Rychik J, Fogel M, Goldmuntz E. Quantifying Pulmonary Regurgitation and Right Ventricular Function in Surgically Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot. A Comparative Analysis of ECOcardiography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;5(5): 637-43.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mercer-Rosa</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yang</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kutty</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rychik</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fogel</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldmuntz</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Quantifying Pulmonary Regurgitation and Right Ventricular Function in Surgically Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot. A Comparative Analysis of ECOcardiography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging</article-title>
          <source>Circ Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>637</fpage>
          <lpage>643</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Mercer-Rosa L, Parnell A, Forfia PR, Yang W, Goldmuntz E, Kawut SM. Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion in the Assessment of Right Ventricular Function in Children and Adolescents after Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot. J Am Soc ECOcardiogr. 2013;26(11):1322-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mercer-Rosa</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Parnell</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Forfia</surname>
              <given-names>PR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yang</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldmuntz</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kawut</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion in the Assessment of Right Ventricular Function in Children and Adolescents after Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc ECOcardiogr</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1322</fpage>
          <lpage>1329</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Portnoy SG, Rudski LG. ECOcardiographic evaluation of the right ventricle: a 2014 perspective. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2015;17(4):21.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Portnoy</surname>
              <given-names>SG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rudski</surname>
              <given-names>LG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>ECOcardiographic evaluation of the right ventricle: a 2014 perspective</article-title>
          <source>Curr Cardiol Rep</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <size units="pages">21</size>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Koestenberger M, Nagel B, Ravekes W, Everett AD, Stueger HP, Heinzl B et al. Systolic right ventricular function in pediatric and adolescent patients with tetralogy of Fallot: ECOcardiography versus magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Soc ECOcardiogr. 2011;24(1):45-52.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Koestenberger</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nagel</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ravekes</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Everett</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stueger</surname>
              <given-names>HP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heinzl</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Systolic right ventricular function in pediatric and adolescent patients with tetralogy of Fallot: ECOcardiography versus magnetic resonance imaging</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc ECOcardiogr</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>45</fpage>
          <lpage>52</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Koestenberger M, Nagel B, Avian A, Ravekes W, Sorantin E, Cvirn G et al. Systolic right ventricular function in children and young adults with pulmonary artery hypertension secondary to congenital heart disease and tetralogy of Fallot: Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging data. Congenit Heart Dis. 2012;7(3):250-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Koestenberger</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nagel</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Avian</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ravekes</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sorantin</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cvirn</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Systolic right ventricular function in children and young adults with pulmonary artery hypertension secondary to congenital heart disease and tetralogy of Fallot: Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging data</article-title>
          <source>Congenit Heart Dis</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>250</fpage>
          <lpage>258</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Koestenberger M, Nagel B, Ravekes W, Avian A, Heinzl B, Fandl A et al. Tricuspid annular peak systolic velocity (S&#180;) in children and young adults with pulmonary artery hypertension secondary to congenital heart diseases, and in those with repaired tetralogy of Fallot: ECOcardiography and MRI data. J Am Soc ECOcardiogr. 2012;25(10):1041-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Koestenberger</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nagel</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ravekes</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Avian</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heinzl</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fandl</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Tricuspid annular peak systolic velocity (S&#180;) in children and young adults with pulmonary artery hypertension secondary to congenital heart diseases, and in those with repaired tetralogy of Fallot: ECOcardiography and MRI data</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc ECOcardiogr</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1041</fpage>
          <lpage>1049</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Wald RM, Valente AM, Gauvreau K, Babu-Narayan SV, Assenza GE, Schreier J et al. Cardiac magnetic resonance markers of progressive RV dilation and dysfunction after tetralogy of Fallot repair. Heart. 2015;101(21):1724-30.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wald</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Valente</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gauvreau</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Babu-Narayan</surname>
              <given-names>SV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Assenza</surname>
              <given-names>GE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schreier</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac magnetic resonance markers of progressive RV dilation and dysfunction after tetralogy of Fallot repair</article-title>
          <source>Heart</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>101</volume>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <fpage>1724</fpage>
          <lpage>1730</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Lopez L, Colan SD, Frommelt PC, Ensing GJ, Kendall K, Younoszai AK et al. Recommendations for Quantification Methods during the Performance of a Pediatric ECOcardiogram. J Am Soc ECOcardiogr. 2010;23(5):465-95.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lopez</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colan</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Frommelt</surname>
              <given-names>PC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ensing</surname>
              <given-names>GJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kendall</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Younoszai</surname>
              <given-names>AK</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Recommendations for Quantification Methods during the Performance of a Pediatric ECOcardiogram</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc ECOcardiogr</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>465</fpage>
          <lpage>495</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Pettersen MD, Du W, Skeens ME, Humes RA. Regression equations for calculation of z scores of cardiac structures in a large cohort of healthy infants, children, and adolescents: an ECOcardiographic study. J Am Soc ECOcardiogr 2008;21(8):922-34. doi: 10.1016/j.ECO.2008.02.006.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pettersen</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Du</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Skeens</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Humes</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Regression equations for calculation of z scores of cardiac structures in a large cohort of healthy infants, children, and adolescents: an ECOcardiographic study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc ECOcardiogr</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>922</fpage>
          <lpage>934</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ECO.2008.02.006.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Koestenberger M, Ravekes W, Everett AD, Stueger HP, Heinzl B, Gamillscheg A et al. Right Ventricular Function in Infants, Children and Adolescents: Reference Values of the Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion (TAPSE) in 640 Healthy Patients and Calculation of z Score Values. J Am Soc ECOcardiogr. 2009 Jun;22(6):715-9</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Koestenberger</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ravekes</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Everett</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stueger</surname>
              <given-names>HP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heinzl</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gamillscheg</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Right Ventricular Function in Infants, Children and Adolescents: Reference Values of the Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion (TAPSE) in 640 Healthy Patients and Calculation of z Score Values</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc ECOcardiogr</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <month>06</month>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>715</fpage>
          <lpage>719</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Koestenberger M, Nagel B, Ravekes W, Avian A, Heinzl B, Cvirn G et al. Reference values of tricuspid annular peak systolic velocity in healthy pediatric patients, calculation of z score, and comparison to tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion. Am J Cardiol. 2012;109(1):116-21.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Koestenberger</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nagel</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ravekes</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Avian</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heinzl</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cvirn</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Reference values of tricuspid annular peak systolic velocity in healthy pediatric patients, calculation of z score, and comparison to tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>109</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>116</fpage>
          <lpage>121</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. Kawel-Boehm N, Maceira A, Valsangiacomo-Buechel ER, Vogel-Claussen J, Turkbey EB, Williams R et al. Normal values for cardiovascular magnetic resonance in adults and children. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2015;1:17-29.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kawel-Boehm</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maceira</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Valsangiacomo-Buechel</surname>
              <given-names>ER</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vogel-Claussen</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Turkbey</surname>
              <given-names>EB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Williams</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Normal values for cardiovascular magnetic resonance in adults and children</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Magn Reson</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>1</volume>
          <fpage>17</fpage>
          <lpage>29</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. Valsangiacomo-Buechel ER, Kaiser T, Jackson C, Schmitz A, Kellenberger CJ. Normal right and left ventricular volumes and myocardial mass in children measured by steady state free precession cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2019;11(1):19.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Valsangiacomo-Buechel</surname>
              <given-names>ER</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kaiser</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jackson</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schmitz</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kellenberger</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Normal right and left ventricular volumes and myocardial mass in children measured by steady state free precession cardiovascular magnetic resonance</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Magn Reson</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <size units="pages">19</size>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Puchalski MD, Williams RV, Askovich B, Minich LA, Mart C, Tani LY. Assessment of right ventricular size and function: ECO versus magnetic resonance imaging. Congenit Heart Dis. 2007;2(1):27-31.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Puchalski</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Williams</surname>
              <given-names>RV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Askovich</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Minich</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mart</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tani</surname>
              <given-names>LY</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Assessment of right ventricular size and function: ECO versus magnetic resonance imaging</article-title>
          <source>Congenit Heart Dis</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>27</fpage>
          <lpage>31</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Ling LF, Obuchowski NA, Rodriguez L, Popovic Z, Kwon D, Marwick TH. Accuracy and interobserver concordance of ECOcardiographic assessment of right ventricular size and systolic function: a quality control exercise. J Am Soc ECOcardiogr. 2012;25(7):709-13.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ling</surname>
              <given-names>LF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Obuchowski</surname>
              <given-names>NA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodriguez</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Popovic</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kwon</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marwick</surname>
              <given-names>TH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Accuracy and interobserver concordance of ECOcardiographic assessment of right ventricular size and systolic function: a quality control exercise</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc ECOcardiogr</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>709</fpage>
          <lpage>713</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. Greutmann M, Tobler D, Biaggi P, Mah ML, Crean A, Oechslin EN et al. ECOcardiography for assessment of right ventricular volumes revisited: A cardiac magnetic resonance comparison study in adults with repaired tetralogy of Fallot. J Am Soc ECOcardiogr. 2010;23(9):905-11.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Greutmann</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tobler</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Biaggi</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mah</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crean</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oechslin</surname>
              <given-names>EN</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>ECOcardiography for assessment of right ventricular volumes revisited: A cardiac magnetic resonance comparison study in adults with repaired tetralogy of Fallot</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc ECOcardiogr</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>905</fpage>
          <lpage>911</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. Alghamdi MH, Grosse-Wortmann L, Ahmad N, Mertens L, Friedberg MK. Can Simple ECOcardiographic Measures Reduce the Number of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies to Diagnose Right Ventricular Enlargement in Congenital Heart Disease? J Am Soc ECOcardiogr. 2012;25(5):518-23.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Alghamdi</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grosse-Wortmann</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ahmad</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mertens</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Friedberg</surname>
              <given-names>MK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Can Simple ECOcardiographic Measures Reduce the Number of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies to Diagnose Right Ventricular Enlargement in Congenital Heart Disease?</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc ECOcardiogr</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>518</fpage>
          <lpage>523</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22. Dragulescu A, Grosse-Wortmann L, Fackoury C, Mertens L. ECOcardiographic assessment of right ventricular volumes: A comparison of different techniques in children after surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Eur Heart J &#8211; Cardiovasc Imaging 2012;13(7):596-604.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dragulescu</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grosse-Wortmann</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fackoury</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mertens</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>ECOcardiographic assessment of right ventricular volumes: A comparison of different techniques in children after surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J &#8211; Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>596</fpage>
          <lpage>604</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23. Crean AM, Maredia N, Ballard G, Menezes R, Wharton G, Forster J. 3D ECO systematically underestimates right ventricular volumes compared to cardiovascular magnetic resonance in adult congenital heart disease patients with moderate or severe RV dilatation. Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. 2011;13(1):78.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Crean</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maredia</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ballard</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Menezes</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wharton</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Forster</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>3D ECO systematically underestimates right ventricular volumes compared to cardiovascular magnetic resonance in adult congenital heart disease patients with moderate or severe RV dilatation</article-title>
          <source>Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <size units="pages">78</size>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24. Knight DS, Grasso AE, Quail MA, Muthurangu V, Taylor AM, Toumpanakis C et al. Accuracy and reproducibility of right ventricular quantification in patients with pressure and volume overload using single-beat three-dimensional ECOcardiography. J Am Soc ECOcardiogr. 2015;28(3):363-74.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Knight</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grasso</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Quail</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Muthurangu</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taylor</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Toumpanakis</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Accuracy and reproducibility of right ventricular quantification in patients with pressure and volume overload using single-beat three-dimensional ECOcardiography</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc ECOcardiogr</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>363</fpage>
          <lpage>374</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25. Bonnemains L, Stos B, Vaugrenard T, Marie PY, Odille F, Boudjemline Y. ECOcardiographic right ventricle longitudinal contraction indices cannot predict ejection fraction in post-operative Fallot children. Eur Heart J &#8211; Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;13(3):235-42.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bonnemains</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stos</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vaugrenard</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marie</surname>
              <given-names>PY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Odille</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boudjemline</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>ECOcardiographic right ventricle longitudinal contraction indices cannot predict ejection fraction in post-operative Fallot children</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J &#8211; Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>235</fpage>
          <lpage>242</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26. Koca B, &#214;ztun&#231; F, G&#252;lerEroglu Ayse, G&#246;kalp S, Dursun M, Yilmaz R. Evaluation of right ventricular function in patients with tetralogy of Fallot using the myocardial performance index and isovolumic acceleration: a comparison with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Cardiol Young. 2014;24(3):422-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Koca</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>&#214;ztun&#231;</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ayse</surname>
              <given-names>G&#252;lerEroglu</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>G&#246;kalp</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dursun</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yilmaz</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Evaluation of right ventricular function in patients with tetralogy of Fallot using the myocardial performance index and isovolumic acceleration: a comparison with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging</article-title>
          <source>Cardiol Young</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>422</fpage>
          <lpage>429</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27. Kutty S, Zhou J, Gauvreau K, Trincado C, Powell AJ, Geva T. Regional dysfunction of the right ventricular outflow tract reduces the accuracy of Doppler tissue imaging assessment of global right ventricular systolic function in patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot. J Am Soc ECOcardiogr. 2011;24(6):637-43.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kutty</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhou</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gauvreau</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Trincado</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Powell</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Geva</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Regional dysfunction of the right ventricular outflow tract reduces the accuracy of Doppler tissue imaging assessment of global right ventricular systolic function in patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc ECOcardiogr</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>637</fpage>
          <lpage>643</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28. Leong DP, Grover S, Molaee P, Chakrabarty A, Shirazi M, Cheng YH et al. Nonvolumetric ECOcardiographic indices of right ventricular systolic function: validation with cardiovascular magnetic resonance and relationship with functional capacity. ECOcardiography. 2012;29(4):455-63. Doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8175.2011.01594.x</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Leong</surname>
              <given-names>DP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grover</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Molaee</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chakrabarty</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shirazi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cheng</surname>
              <given-names>YH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Nonvolumetric ECOcardiographic indices of right ventricular systolic function: validation with cardiovascular magnetic resonance and relationship with functional capacity</article-title>
          <source>ECOcardiography</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>455</fpage>
          <lpage>463</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1540-8175.2011.01594.x</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29. Hamilton-Craig CR, Stedman K, Maxwell R, Anderson B, Stanton T, Chan J, Yamada A, Scalia GM, Burstow DJ. Accuracy of quantitative ECOcardiographic measures of right ventricular function as compared to cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc. 2016;12:38-44.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hamilton-Craig</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stedman</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maxwell</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stanton</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chan</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yamada</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scalia</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burstow</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Accuracy of quantitative ECOcardiographic measures of right ventricular function as compared to cardiovascular magnetic resonance</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <fpage>38</fpage>
          <lpage>44</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30. Renella P, Marx GR, Zhou J, Gauvreau K, Geva T. Feasibility and reproducibility of three-dimensional ECOcardiographic assessment of right ventricular size and function in pediatric patients. J Am Soc ECOcardiogr. 2014;27(8):903-10.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Renella</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marx</surname>
              <given-names>GR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhou</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gauvreau</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Geva</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Feasibility and reproducibility of three-dimensional ECOcardiographic assessment of right ventricular size and function in pediatric patients</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc ECOcardiogr</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>903</fpage>
          <lpage>910</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31. Renella P, Aboulhosn J, Lohan DG, Jonnala P, Finn JP, Satou GM et al. Tow-dimensional and Doppler ECOcardiography reliably predict severe pulmonary regurgitation as quantified by cardiac magnetic resonance. J Am Soc ECOcardiogr. 2010;23(8):880-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Renella</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aboulhosn</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lohan</surname>
              <given-names>DG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jonnala</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Finn</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Satou</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Tow-dimensional and Doppler ECOcardiography reliably predict severe pulmonary regurgitation as quantified by cardiac magnetic resonance</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc ECOcardiogr</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>880</fpage>
          <lpage>886</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation>32. Ait Ali L, Trocchio G, Crepaz R, Stuefer J, Stagnaro N, Siciliano V, Molinaro S, Sicari R, Festa P. Left ventricular dysfunction in repaired tetralogy of Fallot: incidence and impact on atrial arrhythmias at long term-follow up. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;32(9):1441-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ait Ali</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Trocchio</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crepaz</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stuefer</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stagnaro</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Siciliano</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Molinaro</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sicari</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Festa</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Left ventricular dysfunction in repaired tetralogy of Fallot: incidence and impact on atrial arrhythmias at long term-follow up</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1441</fpage>
          <lpage>1449</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation>33. Li Y, Xie M, Wang X, Lu Q, Zhang L, Ren P. Impaired right and left ventricular function in asymptomatic children with repaired tetralogy of Fallot by two-dimensional speckle tracking ECOcardiography study. ECOcardiography. 2015;32(1):135-43.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xie</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lu</surname>
              <given-names>Q</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ren</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Impaired right and left ventricular function in asymptomatic children with repaired tetralogy of Fallot by two-dimensional speckle tracking ECOcardiography study</article-title>
          <source>ECOcardiography</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>135</fpage>
          <lpage>143</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation>34. Roche SL, Grosse-Wortmann L, Friedberg MK, Redington AN, Stephens D, Kantor PF. Exercise ECOcardiography demonstrates biventricular systolic dysfunction and reveals decreased left ventricular contractile reserve in children after tetralogy of Fallot repair. J Am Soc ECOcardiogr. 2015;28(3):294-301.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Roche</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grosse-Wortmann</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Friedberg</surname>
              <given-names>MK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Redington</surname>
              <given-names>AN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stephens</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kantor</surname>
              <given-names>PF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Exercise ECOcardiography demonstrates biventricular systolic dysfunction and reveals decreased left ventricular contractile reserve in children after tetralogy of Fallot repair</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc ECOcardiogr</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>294</fpage>
          <lpage>301</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation>35. Geva T, Mulder B, Gauvreau K, Babu-Narayan SV, Wald RM, Hickey K et al. Preoperative predictors of death and sustained ventricular tachycardia after pulmonary valve replacement in patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot enrolled in the INDICATOR cohort. Circulation. 2018;138(19):2106&#8211;15.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Geva</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mulder</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gauvreau</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Babu-Narayan</surname>
              <given-names>SV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wald</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hickey</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Preoperative predictors of death and sustained ventricular tachycardia after pulmonary valve replacement in patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot enrolled in the INDICATOR cohort</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>138</volume>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <fpage>2106</fpage>
          <lpage>2115</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <mixed-citation>36. Geva T, Sandweiss BM, Gauvreau K, Lock JE, Powell AJ. Factors associated with impaired clinical status in long-term survivors of tetralogy of Fallot repair evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43(6):1068-74.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Geva</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sandweiss</surname>
              <given-names>BM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gauvreau</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lock</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Powell</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Factors associated with impaired clinical status in long-term survivors of tetralogy of Fallot repair evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1068</fpage>
          <lpage>1074</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <label>37</label>
        <mixed-citation>37. Tretter JT, Redington AN. The Forgotten Ventricle? The Left Ventricle in Right-Sided Congenital Heart Disease. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018;11(3):e007410.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tretter</surname>
              <given-names>JT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Redington</surname>
              <given-names>AN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Forgotten Ventricle? The Left Ventricle in Right-Sided Congenital Heart Disease</article-title>
          <source>Circ Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <elocation-id>e007410</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <label>38</label>
        <mixed-citation>38. Penny DJ, Redington AN. Function of the Left and Right Ventricles and the Interactions Between Them. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2016;17(8 Suppl 1):S112-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Penny</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Redington</surname>
              <given-names>AN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Function of the Left and Right Ventricles and the Interactions Between Them</article-title>
          <source>Pediatr Crit Care Med</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <supplement>Suppl 1</supplement>
          <fpage>S112</fpage>
          <lpage>S118</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <label>39</label>
        <mixed-citation>39. Friedberg MK, Redington AN. Right versus left ventricular failure: differences, similarities, and interactions. Circulation. 2014 Mar 4;129(9):1033-44.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Friedberg</surname>
              <given-names>MK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Redington</surname>
              <given-names>AN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Right versus left ventricular failure: differences, similarities, and interactions</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <month>03</month>
          <day>4</day>
          <volume>129</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1033</fpage>
          <lpage>1044</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 4.207.712. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de Financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Can we Trust in Routine Echocardiography to Assess the Right Ventricle and Pulmonary Insufficiency? A Comparative Study with Cardiac Magnetic Resonance</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cabral</surname>
            <given-names>Manuela Baima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8946-2492</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kozak</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Felipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7117-5201</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Afiune</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Yussef</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal &#8211; Cardiopediatria, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Marcelo Felipe Kozak &#8226; Estrada Parque Contorno do Bosque, S/N. Postal Code 70658-700, DF, Bras&#237;lia &#8211; Brasil E-mail: marcelo.f.kozak@icloud.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Cabral MB, Kozak MF, Afiune JY. Acquisition of data: Cabral MB, Kozak MF. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Cabral MB, Kozak MF, Afiune JY. Statistical analysis: Kozak MF. Writing of the manuscript: Kozak MF, Afiune JY. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Kozak MF, Afiune JY.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is the method of choice for assessing right ventricular (RV) dimensions and function, and pulmonary insufficiency (PI).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>To assess the accuracy of two-dimensional echocardiography (2D ECHO) in estimating RV function and dimensions, and the degree of PI, and compare the 2D ECHO and CMR findings.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>We compared ECHO and CMR reports of patients whose indication for CMR had been to assess RV and PI. A p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>We included 51 congenital heart disease patients, with a median age of 9.3 years (7-13.3 years). There was poor agreement between 2D ECHO and CMR for classification of the RV dimension (Kappa 0.19; 95% CI 0.05 to 0.33, p 0.004) and function (Kappa 0.16; 95% CI -0.01 to +0.34; p 0.034). The RV was undersized by 2D ECHO in 43% of the cases, and RV function was overestimated by ECHO in 29% of the cases. The degree of agreement between the methods in the classification of PI was not significant (Kappa 0.014; 95% CI -0.03 to +0.06, p 0.27). 2D ECHO tended to overestimate the degree of PI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>The 2D ECHO showed a low agreement with CMR regarding the RV dimensions and function, and degree of PI. In general, ECHO underestimated the dimensions of the RV and overestimated the function of the RV and the degree of PI as compared with CMR.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Diagnostic, Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Magnetic Resonance, Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Function, Right</kwd>
        <kwd>Lung Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Valve, Insufficiency</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Defects, Congenital</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) is considered the method of choice to assess dimensions and function of the right ventricle (RV), as well as to quantify pulmonary insufficiency (PI). Patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) and involvement of the right ventricular outflow tract or pulmonary valve are subject to develop dilation and dysfunction of the RV and PI at some stage in their lives, as a result of either the natural history or surgical or hemodynamic procedures. In this type of patient, indication for CMR is part of the multi-imaging approach recommended today.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, CMR is less available than two-dimensional echocardiogram (2D ECHO), especially for young children, when sedation is frequent. Thus, it is crucial to optimize CMR indications and referrals for CMR.</p>
        <p>In turn, 2D ECHO is a widely available and relatively low-cost method but limited in assessing the RV and the degree of PI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Despite this, in daily practice, indication for CMR is made based on the evaluation of clinical and echocardiographic features.</p>
        <p>In our study, we sought to retrospectively assess the accuracy of transthoracic 2D ECHO in estimating the function and dimensions of the RV and the degree of PI, comparing its findings with those of CMR.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This study was carried out in a reference center for the treatment of CHD. We selected, from the pediatric/congenital CMR database, patients whose indication for CMR had been to assess the RV and PI. Patients who underwent CMR between April 2015 and August 2018 were included. We compared the closest (in terms of the date of the tests) 2D ECHO and CMR reports, excluding patients who underwent some type of invasive treatment between the two tests.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> This study was approved by the institutional review board.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Two-dimensional echocardiogram</title>
          <p>The examinations were performed by five different echocardiographers, trained in pediatric cardiology and CHD, with at least five years of experience, using either HD 11 or iE33 cardiac ultrasound systems (Philips Medical Systems, Bothell, USA). All information was collected from ECHO reports, with no review of the images or analysis of the methods to conclude the report. In our service, the report is issued only by the performing physician, and there is no mandatory review of the reports by other physicians.</p>
          <p>Subjective analysis or Z-score of measurements of the RV obtained in two-dimensional mode (four-chamber window) or M-mode (parasternal window) according to the American Society of Echocardiography guidelines are generally used to assess right ventricular dimensions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> In our service, the main methods to assess the function of the RV are: qualitative analysis (eyeball method), TAPSE (tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion), fractional area change (FAC) and the S&#8217; wave peak systolic velocity by pulsed-wave tissue Doppler imaging (TDI). TAPSE and RV TDI s&#180; are also plotted in Z-scores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> The set of these parameters determines the examiner's final impression. To assess PI, the following parameters are generally used: diameter of the regurgitant jet / diameter of the RV outflow tract, location of the pulmonary artery tree where reflux is detected, pressure half-time of the flow curve and integral velocity-time (IVT). After this analysis, the examiner uses a four-level stratification to classify right ventricular function (normal, or mild, moderate, or severe dysfunction), size of the RV (normal, or mild dilation, moderate, or severe dilation) and the degree of PI (absent, or mild, moderate, or severe insufficiency). For analysis of the left ventricular (LV) function, the ejection fraction (LVEF), obtained by the Teichholz and/or Simpson method, was used.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiac magnetic resonance</title>
          <p>The CMR examinations were carried using a 1.5 Tesla scanner (General Electric SIGNA<sup>TM</sup>). Ventricular volumes were determined after acquisition of two-dimensional images in cine-SSFP (steady state free precession) in the short axis of the heart or axial section of the chest, from the atrioventricular ring to the cardiac apex. Ventricular volumes and EF were determined after manual tracing in offline analysis using the MASS R MR Analytical Software System, version 5.1 (Leiden University Medical Center and MEDIS Medical Imaging system). The images were obtained in free breathing with number of excitations (NEX) of three, or in apnea (NEX of 1), depending on patient's clinical situation and quality of the images. The indexed end diastolic volume of the RV (RVEDVi), the right ventricular EF, the indexed end diastolic volume of the left ventricle (LVEDVi) and the LVEF were evaluated.</p>
          <p>Indexed ventricular volumes were transformed into a Z-score, based on the normal values published by the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> using the following formula: Z-score = (patient measurement &#8211; expected average)/standard deviation [SD]). For patients younger than eight years old, calculations were made based on the study by Valsangiacomo-Buechel ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> using the formula: Z = log10 (measured/expected)/SD (SD = 0.05). A Z-score between -2 and +2 was considered normal; a Z-score between +2.01 and +3 a mild dilation; a Z-score between +3.01 and +4 moderate dilation, and a Z-score &gt; +4 was considered severe dilation.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Values for normal indexed ventricular volumes in adults and children older than eight years of age</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="2">Adults (&gt; 18 years)</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Children (8-17 years)</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Male</th>
                    <th>Female</th>
                    <th>Male</th>
                    <th>Female</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>LVEDVi (ml/m</bold>
                      <sup>
                        <bold>2</bold>
                      </sup>
                      <bold>)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">81 &#177; 12</td>
                    <td align="center">76 &#177; 10</td>
                    <td align="center">80 &#177; 11</td>
                    <td align="center">75 &#177; 11</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>RVEDVi (ml/m</bold>
                      <sup>
                        <bold>2</bold>
                      </sup>
                      <bold>)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">91 &#177; 15</td>
                    <td align="center">80 &#177; 16</td>
                    <td align="center">84 &#177; 10</td>
                    <td align="center">76 &#177; 10</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>LVEDV: left ventricular end-diastolic volume; RVEDV: right ventricular end diastolic volume.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Values for normal ventricular volumes in children under 8 years of age</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="33%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="2">Children (&lt; 8 years)</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="2">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Boys</th>
                    <th>Girls</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>LVEDV (mL)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">77.5xBSA<sup>1.38</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">67.8xBSA<sup>1.38</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>RVEDV (mL)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">83.8xBSA<sup>1.47</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">72.7xBSA<sup>1.47</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>BSA: body surface area; LVEDV: left ventricular end-diastolic volume; RVEDV: right ventricular end diastolic volume.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Regarding EF classification, it was performed as follows:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Right ventricle: EF &gt; 45% = normal; EF from 36 to 45% = mild dysfunction; EF from 25 to 35% = moderate dysfunction; EF &lt; 25% = severe dysfunction.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Left ventricle: EF &gt; 50% = normal; EF from 40 to 50% = mild dysfunction; EF from 30 to 39% = moderate dysfunction; EF &lt; 30% = severe dysfunction.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>PI was evaluated by phase contrast imaging performed perpendicular to the pulmonary trunk and perpendicular to the pulmonary branches, in free breathing (NEX of 2 or 3), adjusting the number of views per segment according to patient's heart rate, allowing the reconstruction of 30 phases per RR interval. Pulmonary regurgitation volume and fraction were analyzed using the FLOW R MR Flow Quantification software, version 3.1 (MEDIS Medical Imaging system and Leiden University Medical Center). As there are two possible methods to classify the degree of PI by CMR (regurgitant volume and fraction of regurgitation), discrepancies were resolved by analysis of the data by the observer. The following values were considered for classification:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Mild PI: regurgitant volume = 0.3-1.0 L/min/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> or regurgitation fraction = 5-20%.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Moderate PI: regurgitant volume = 1.01-2.50 L/min/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> or regurgitation fraction = 21-40%.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Severe PI: regurgitant volume &gt; 2.5 L/min/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> or regurgitation fraction &gt; 40%.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation or median with interquartile range (25-75), depending on data distribution. Data distribution can be considered normal when around 95% of the data fall within 1.96 standard deviations from the mean (bilaterally). Categorical variables were presented in absolute numbers and percentages. Agreement was analyzed using the Kappa coefficient, with the aid of the StatsDirect program, version 2.7.2, 2008 (Cheshire, UK). Statistical significance was considered as p &lt; 0.05 (bilateral test).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Out of 178 children or adults with CHD undergoing CMR during the study period, 51 (29%) were included in the analysis. The main characteristics of the study population are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Characteristics of the study population (n=51) and their diagnoses</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="2">Characteristics</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male sex</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (58%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Weight (Kg) (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">33.0 &#177; 16.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Body surface area (m2) (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0 (0.8-1.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age at the time of surgical treatment (years) (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.3 (0.8-2.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age on the day of CMR (years) (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.2 (6.9-13.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age on the day of echocardiogram (years) (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.0 (6.8-13.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Time between surgical treatment and CMR (years) (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.2 (5.4-11.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Interval between CMR and echocardiogram (days) (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">124 (70-188)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Main diagnoses</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tetralogy of Fallot</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (68%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pulmonary valve stenosis</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (12%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Common arterial trunk</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tetralogy of Fallot with absent pulmonary valve</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Congenital pulmonary insufficiency</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Atrioventricular septal defect with pulmonary stenosis</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pulmonary atresia with intact interventricular septum</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>IQR: interquartile range; CMR: cardiac magnetic resonance.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiographic findings</title>
          <p>The dimensions of the RV were classified as abnormal in 96% of the cases, with mild dilation in 16%, moderate dilatation in 43% and severe dilatation in 37%. Had the echocardiographers considered only the right ventricular end-diastolic diameter RVEDD Z-score, there would be worsening in classification in 42 patients (82%), no changes in five patients (10%) and a better or more appropriate classification in four patients (8%) compared to CMR. Right ventricular dysfunction was reported in 20% of cases, being mild in 10%, moderate in 8% and severe in 2%. Out of the 51 patients, 29 (57%) had values of TAPSE, FAC or TDI in their reports, and among these 29 patients, 18 (62%) had measurements below the normal range. Despite this finding, nine of these 18 patients were classified as having normal systolic RV function. The agreement between these echocardiographic indices of RV systolic function and CMR right ventricular EF was 38%. Had the echocardiographer considered only these abnormal indices, disregarding the eyeball method, there would be misclassifications in nine more cases and a correct classification in five more cases. Echocardiographic measurements are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> . PI was mild in 2%, moderate in 2% and severe in 94%; in one case, PI was not classified. In none of the cases, LV systolic dilation or dysfunction was observed ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Echocardiographic measurements of the study patients</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Parameters</th>
                    <th>Values</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RV end-diastolic diameter (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">30.5 &#177; 7.48</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RV end-diastolic diameter Z-score</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (1.48-2.53)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TAPSE (mm) (n = 15)</td>
                    <td align="center">17.9 &#177; 3.59</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TAPSE Z-score</td>
                    <td align="center">-2.3 (-3.28 a -0.94)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>FAC (%) (n = 7)</td>
                    <td align="center">41 &#177; 12.3</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RV peak S&#180; cm/s (n = 23)</td>
                    <td align="center">9.1 &#177; 1.89</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RV peak S&#180; cm/s Z-score</td>
                    <td align="center">-2.4 (-3.22 a -1.69)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RV diameter / LV diameter (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.8 (0.71-0.99)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>RV: right ventricular; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; fractional area change: FAC); RV peak S&#180;: S&#8217; wave peak systolic velocity of the right ventricle CMR findings.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t5001">
              <label>Table 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Comparison between two-dimensional echocardiogram (2D ECHO) and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) findings</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" colspan="3" scope="col" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th scope="col">Normal</th>
                    <th scope="col">Mild dilation</th>
                    <th scope="col">Moderate dilation</th>
                    <th scope="col">Severe dilation</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" rowspan="4">DIMENSION</td>
                    <td align="left" rowspan="2">RV</td>
                    <td align="left">ECHO</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (16%)</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (44%)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (38%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CMR</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (12%)</td>
                    <td align="center">39 (76%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">LV</td>
                    <td>ECHO</td>
                    <td align="center">51 (100%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CMR</td>
                    <td align="center">38 (76%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (10%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (10%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="3"> </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Normal</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Mild dysfunction</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Moderate dysfunction</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Severe dysfunction</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="4">FUNCTION</td>
                    <td rowspan="2">RV</td>
                    <td>ECHO</td>
                    <td align="center">41 (80%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (10%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (2%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CMR</td>
                    <td align="center">30 (59%)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (29%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (4%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">LV</td>
                    <td>ECHO</td>
                    <td align="center">51 (100%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CMR</td>
                    <td align="center">35 (69%)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (27%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (2%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="3"> </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>None</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Mild</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Moderate</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Severe</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">PULMONARY INSUFFICIENCY</td>
                    <td>ECHO</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">48 (96%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CMR</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (16%)</td>
                    <td align="center">32 (64%)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (18%)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN5001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>CMR findings</title>
          <p>The examination was performed under anesthesia in 16 patients (31%). The RVEDVi varied between 84.7 and 275.6 mL/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> , which corresponded to an average Z-score of +5.6 &#177; 2. Three patients (6%) had a RVEDVi Z-score within normal limits (91.4 &#177; 7.9 mL/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> ), another three (6%) presented mild dilation (110.6 &#177; 4.8 mL/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> ), six (12%) moderate dilation (120 &#177; 10.9 mL/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> ) and 39 (76%) severe dilation (151.8 &#177; 31.5 mL/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> ). The LVEDVi varied between 66.4 and 155.2 ml/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6001">Table 6</xref> ). Dilation of the left ventricle was observed in 25% of patients and LV systolic dysfunction was found in 31% ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref> ). Of the 16 patients with LV dysfunction, in 12 (75%) the exam was performed under anesthesia.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t6001">
              <label>Table 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Main cardiac magnetic resonance findings in the study patients (n=51)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Parameters analyzed</th>
                    <th>Values</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RV end-diastolic volume indexed (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">142.1 &#177; 33.4</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RV end-systolic volume indexed (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">76.1 &#177; 27.4</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RV ejection fraction (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">46.9 &#177; 10.2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pulmonary insufficiency (L/min/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.5 (1.01-1.99)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pulmonary insufficiency (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">31.1 &#177; 10.7</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV end diastolic volume indexed (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">87.4 &#177; 18.5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV end systolic volume indexed (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">42.4 &#177; 12.8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV ejection fraction (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">53.6 &#177; 8.4%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RV volume / LV volume ratio</td>
                    <td align="center">1.6 (1.43-1.86)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN6001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Agreement analysis between 2D ECHO and CMR</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Dimension of the right ventricle</title>
          <p>A significant agreement was observed between the methods for the classification of right ventricular dimensions (Kappa 0.19; 95% CI 0.05 to 0.33, p 0.004), although the degree of this agreement was low. The difference in classification was of one degree in 74% of the discordant cases, with an underestimation of the dimensions of the RV by ECHO in 22 cases (43%) and overestimation in five cases (10%) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ). Of the 39 cases of severe dilation, ECHO made the correct diagnosis in 17 (44%). The sensitivity of the ECHO to detect moderate or severe dilations of the RV was 87% and the specificity was 67%.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Graph comparing the classification of RV dimension by CMR and ECHO for each patient.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-04-0690-00377-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Right ventricular systolic function</title>
          <p>There was a weak agreement between the methods for classification of the RV function (Kappa 0.16; 95% CI -0.01 to +0.34; p 0.034). The difference in classification was of one degree in 86% of the discordant cases, with the RV function overestimated by ECHO in 15 cases (29%) and underestimated in six cases (12%) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ). The two cases with severe RV dysfunction were not detected by ECHO: one was classified as normal and the other as moderate dysfunction.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Graph comparing the classification of RV systolic function by CMR and ECHO for each patient.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-04-0690-00377-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pulmonary insufficiency</title>
          <p>The degree of agreement between the methods for classification of PI was not statistically significant (Kappa 0.014; 95% CI -0.03 to +0.06, p 0.27). There was disagreement in 80% of the cases, with ECHO tending to overestimate the degree of PI. There was disagreement above one degree in 20% of the cases ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Graph comparing the classification of pulmonary insufficiency by CMR and ECHO for each patient.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-04-0690-00377-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Left ventricular systolic function and dimension</title>
          <p>ECHO did not identify any of the 16 cases (31%) of LV dysfunction and none of the 13 cases (25%) of LV dilation, preventing the assessment of agreement between the methods. Of the 16 cases of LV dysfunction, 10 (62%) also had RV dysfunction and only one had normal-sized RV.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Residual PI and remodeling of the RV over time are important elements in the long-term course of patients who have undergone RV outflow tract repair in childhood. Decision making regarding the time to perform a new surgical intervention in these cases is still challenging. Clinical and electrocardiographic criteria, in addition to findings of image examinations, such as ECHO and CMR, are used to assist in this decision, seeking to determine the optimal time to perform surgical treatment.</p>
        <p>The 2D ECHO is the most used imaging method to monitor the course of these patients, guiding, in most cases, the decision-making. Given the difficulties in performing a 2D echocardiographic assessment of the RV with objective parameters, qualitative assessment (eyeball) of the dimensions and function of the RV is still widely used. However, the accuracy of this assessment is questionable and still motivates further studies. Our study sought to assess the accuracy of 2D ECHO, performed during the outpatient routine, in quantifying the dimensions and function of the RV and the degree of PI. We selected patients with CHD at risk to develop RV dilation and dysfunction and PI.</p>
        <p>We observed that there was a certain, albeit weak, agreement between ECHO and CMR for the classification of right ventricular dimensions. This finding is similar to that found by Lai et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> when they applied the guidelines for the assessment of the RV using 2D ECHO in normal patients, in patients with atrial septal defects and in patients who had underwent tetralogy of Fallot repair. In their article, the authors postulate that 2D ECHO inaccuracies are inherent to the application of linear or area measurements in a complex geometry chamber. Puchalski et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> in a study with a design similar to ours, obtained similar results and emphasized the great interobserver variability as a potential source of disagreement between ECHO and CMR. It is suggested that the adding of objective to subjective measures would increase the agreement between the methods.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> In this sense, Greutmann et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> observed, in an adult population, that the linear measurement with the best correlation with the RV diastolic volume was the RV area in the four-chamber apical view. By measuring this area, Alghandi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> were able to discriminate patients with RVEDVi &gt; 170 ml/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> . More recent studies have investigated the use of 3D ECHO to assess the RV and, even so, it is generally observed underdimensioning of the RV<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> is explained by its incomplete visualization, especially in cases of severe RV dilation, when the cardiac apex is dislocated and difficult to access by ECHO inspection. In our study, although we analyzed a young population, 86% of the patients had moderate or severe dilation of the RV. This could explain the lack of accuracy, if we consider that the bigger the RV, the greater the difficulties in evaluating it. However, in our study, 2D ECHO was able to detect 96% of cases of moderate and / or severe dilation, which may serve the purpose of screening patients who would need to undergo CMR.</p>
        <p>Regarding RV systolic function, our results are in line with those of the study by Puchalski,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> who reported a poor agreement between 2D ECHO and CMR. However, the degree of disagreement between the stratification classes was only of one grade in 86% of the cases, and this difference occurred mainly in the zone between mild dysfunction and normal function. Several echocardiographic methods have been used to assess right ventricular function, including TAPSE, FAC, TDI, Tei index, among others. Although some of them are reproducible, none of them has shown a strong correlation with the right ventricular EF in the pediatric population, especially in patients with CHD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Methods with unidimensional measurements, such as TAPSE, or bidimensional measurements such as FAC, do not take into account the complex geometry of the RV. These two methods do not consider the RV outflow tract, for example, commonly compromised in patients undergoing tetralogy of Fallot correction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> In addition, there are other factors influencing these measurements, such as previous pericardiectomy, preload, ultrasound beam angulation, echocardiographic window quality, LV function, etc. In the study by Mercer-Rosa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> TAPSE was not correlated to right ventricular EF by CMR, nor to the peak VO<sub>2</sub>. The same author, in 2012, observed a weak correlation between the tissue Doppler of the right ventricular free wall and the right ventricular EF by CMR, and the lack of correlation between the Tei index and the right ventricular EF by CMR in patients post-tetralogy of Fallot repair.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In the study by Leong et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> in an adult population with heart failure, right ventricular speckle tracking strain showed the strongest correlation (r = 0.77) with CMR right ventricular EF, compared with other techniques including TAPSE, FAC and TDI. However, one has to consider that this population usually does not present with severe RV dilatation. 3D ECHO is perhaps the method that best correlates with CMR,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> but it is still far from becoming a method as available as the 2D ECHO, especially in the young population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> In practice, many services end up using qualitative evaluation (eyeball) of the right ventricular function, combined with some of the aforementioned indices to corroborate the final impression. The assessment of the function of the RV by 2D ECHO, therefore, becomes an examiner-dependent method and subject to different interpretations.</p>
        <p>With regard to the degree of PI, we did not find any agreement between ECHO and CMR in our study. In 38 patients (75% of the sample), PI was classified as severe by ECHO, but as moderate or mild by CMR. In other words, ECHO overestimated the degree of PI in most cases, a data similar to that observed by Mercer-Rosa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In that study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> many patients with mild PI by CMR were classified as having moderate or severe PI by ECHO, when using the diastolic VTI / systolic VTI ratio obtained in the pulmonary trunk. In turn, Renella et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> observed that ECHO had great sensitivity in identifying cases of severe PI in different methods used and recommend the evaluation of Doppler curves in the pulmonary branches, instead of in the pulmonary trunk, to increase the specificity of the method. In practice, the literature has shown that ECHO is able to discriminate cases of mild PI from cases of moderate or severe PI, which is corroborated by our findings.</p>
        <p>LV dysfunction has been described in patients with RV disease repair and linked to major adverse events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Therefore, LV assessment cannot be neglected. In our sample, although the 2D ECHO showed normal LV function in all patients, CMR identified LV dysfunction in 31% of cases, which indicates the limitations of 2D ECHO in assessing LV function in this situation. Of the patients with LV dysfunction, 62% also had some degree of RV dysfunction, which may be related to ventricular interdependence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> In our view, the evaluation of LV function in cases of RV dilation or dysfunction is more difficult to the ECHO due to the paradoxical movement of the interventricular septum and the LV dislodgement by a dilated or dysfunctional RV, making its visibility more difficult.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>This was a retrospective, single-center study with a limited number of patients. The possibility of inclusion bias should be considered, since the decision to submit the patient to CMR is often made after analysis of ECHO findings. Analysis of ECHO results was based on the reports only, without image review. Considering that five echocardiographers performed the exams, there is the possibility of intraobserver and interobserver disagreements. Also, time interval between ECHO and CMR was relatively large. Although there was no surgical or percutaneous interventional procedure between ECHO and CMR, ideally the exams should have been performed within 24 hours of each other. The use of Z-score of ventricular measurements obtained by CMR is not a common approach in the literature, and the classification range, as well as the clinical impact of these measurements, need to be better evaluated in future studies.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In our practice, and considering the study limitations, 2D ECHO showed a low agreement with CMR regarding right ventricular dimensions and systolic function, and degree of PI. In general, ECHO underestimated the dimensions of the RV and overestimated the function of the RV and the degree of PI. We understand that the incorporation of more objective echocardiographic parameters is necessary for a better agreement with the CMR. However, the real impact of this analysis in relation to clinical decision-making is still uncertain.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal under the protocol number 4.207.712. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
