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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">kVkdMFNLtcqfWFK4SJfpkCz</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001200688</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210712</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210712</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cicatriz Mioc&#225;rdica e Repolariza&#231;&#227;o Ventricular no Eletrocardiograma: Insights a Partir da Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5207-2992</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Amado</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Minnesota Physicians</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Minneapolis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Minnesota</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Minnesota Physicians, Minneapolis, Minnesota &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Luciano C. Amado &#8226; University of Minnesota System - 6405 France Ave. S., Suite W200 Minneapolis Minnesota 55435 &#8211; EUA E-mail: <email>lamado10@umphysicians.umn.edu</email> , <email>lucianoamado@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>688</fpage>
      <lpage>689</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Fibrose Endomioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume Sist&#243;lico</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Morte S&#250;bita Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Espectroscopia de Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A fibrose mioc&#225;rdica &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o comum final da maioria das vias inflamat&#243;rias, e &#233; frequentemente vista em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFEr).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A presen&#231;a de cicatriz mioc&#225;rdica, detectada por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (RM) com contraste, tem se mostrado um preditor de progn&#243;stico e morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca em pacientes com ICFEr.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A RM card&#237;aca (RMC) tem se destacado como um m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo padr&#227;o-ouro para avalia&#231;&#227;o de cicatriz e predi&#231;&#227;o de risco de arritmias ventriculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Contudo, a RMC pode demandar tempo, ter custo elevado, e n&#227;o ser facilmente dispon&#237;vel.</p>
    <p>O eletrocardiograma (ECG) de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es &#233; um instrumento diagn&#243;stico simples e de baixo custo amplamente empregado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica para o diagn&#243;stico de arritmias card&#237;acas. A forma de onda do ECG &#233; a express&#227;o dos potenciais de a&#231;&#227;o transmembrana e &#233; composta por dois processos distintos: despolariza&#231;&#227;o e repolariza&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular &#233; um fen&#244;meno el&#233;trico complexo que, na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica &#233; medida do in&#237;cio do complexo QRS ao final da onda T.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Mudan&#231;as na estrutura e no sistema el&#233;trico card&#237;acos podem causar anormalidades no potencial de a&#231;&#227;o, afetando o per&#237;odo refrat&#225;rio, favorecendo assim, o in&#237;cio das arritmias ventriculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Erturk et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> realizaram um estudo observacional, retrospectivo, avaliando a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a cicatriz mioc&#225;rdica detectada por RM com contraste e v&#225;rios par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular em pacientes com ICFEr. Os autores observaram medidas prolongadas do intervalo QTc, intervalo Tp-e e &#226;ngulo QRX-T frontal em pacientes com ICFEr que apresentaram cicatriz mioc&#225;rdica na RM com contraste, em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes que n&#227;o a apresentaram.</p>
    <p>Com base na an&#225;lise de m&#250;ltiplas vari&#225;veis, o intervalo Tp-e foi o melhor par&#226;metro para predizer a presen&#231;a de cicatriz mioc&#225;rdica. Os autores conclu&#237;ram que &#233; poss&#237;vel predizer essa condi&#231;&#227;o utilizando par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos na ICFEr.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>H&#225; poucos estudos sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de cicatriz mioc&#225;rdica e altera&#231;&#245;es no ECG. Modelos experimentais mostraram que a indu&#231;&#227;o da forma&#231;&#227;o de cicatriz subendoc&#225;rdica prolonga o tempo de repolariza&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas M,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> o que determina o intervalo QT. Estudos pr&#233;vios mostraram uma forte associa&#231;&#227;o entre presen&#231;a de cicatriz subendoc&#225;rdica e repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular anormal em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Estudos com RM card&#237;aca de indiv&#237;duos da comunidade tamb&#233;m demonstraram que a presen&#231;a de cicatriz subcl&#237;nica detectada por RM com contraste estava associada com maior mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Portanto, a repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular anormal, detectada por ECG, pode ser &#250;til na predi&#231;&#227;o de cicatriz mioc&#225;rdica subcl&#237;nica e na identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes em alto risco.</p>
    <p>Apesar deste estudo apresentar resultados animadores que agregam importantes informa&#231;&#245;es a publica&#231;&#245;es anteriores,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> o estudo apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es, incluindo o tamanho amostral pequeno, sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes em um &#250;nico centro, e delineamento retrospectivo e observacional. Ser&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos grandes prospectivos para validar os par&#226;metros de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular propostos. Os autores estabeleceram uma base s&#243;lida de informa&#231;&#245;es que promover&#225; o avan&#231;o da &#225;rea de ECG em estudos futuros.</p>
    <p>O estudo de Erturk et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m destaca a &#237;ntima rela&#231;&#227;o entre fibrose mioc&#225;rdica e dist&#250;rbios na condu&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica. Existe um forte interesse em se compreender a composi&#231;&#227;o da cicatriz e a instabilidade el&#233;trica relacionada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Sabe-se que &#225;reas de tecido cicatrizado exibem regi&#245;es de baixa condu&#231;&#227;o que favorecem circuitos de reentrada e predisp&#245;em &#224; taquicardia ventricular. No entanto, o mecanismo subjacente que conduz &#224; fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular &#233; menos claro. A instabilidade el&#233;trica &#233; raramente uma consequ&#234;ncia de uma &#250;nica anormalidade, e sim um processo din&#226;mico que envolve uma s&#233;rie de fatores que, em conjunto, conduzem a um evento fatal. Consequentemente, novos m&#233;todos incorporando diferentes modalidades s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para caracterizar a instabilidade el&#233;trica ventricular. O presente estudo encoraja o desenvolvimento de estudos maiores que avaliem prospectivamente o uso de ECG para o rastreio de cicatriz mioc&#225;rdica e consequente avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco de arritmia ventricular.</p>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Rela&#231;&#227;o entre o Realce Tardio pelo Gadol&#237;nio e os Par&#226;metros de Repolariza&#231;&#227;o Ventricular em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Reduzida</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Myocardial Scar and Ventricular Repolarization on the electrocardiogram: Insights from Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5207-2992</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Amado</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Minnesota Physicians, Minneapolis, Minnesota &#8211; USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Luciano C. Amado &#8226; University of Minnesota System - 6405 France Ave. S., Suite W200 Minneapolis Minnesota 55435 &#8211; USA E-mail: lamado10@umphysicians.umn.edu, lucianoamado@hotmail.com</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Endomyocardial Fibrosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke Volume</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Death Sudden, Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Myocardial fibrosis is a final common feature of most inflammatory pathway and is frequently seen in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Myocardial scar, detected by contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (ce-MRI), has been shown to be a predictor of prognosis and sudden cardiac death in patients with HFrEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Cardiac MRI has emerged as a non-invasive gold standard for the assessment of scar and risk prediction of ventricular arrhythmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Nevertheless, cardiac MRI can be time consuming, expensive, and not easily available.</p>
      <p>The 12-lead surface electrocardiogram (ECG) is a simple and inexpensive diagnostic tool that is widely used in clinical practice for the diagnosis of cardiac arrhythmias. The ECG waveform is the expression of the transmembrane action potentials and is composed of two distinct processes: depolarization and repolarization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Ventricular repolarization is a complex electrical phenomenon which in clinical practice is measured from the beginning of the QRS complex to the end of the T-wave.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Cardiac structural and electrical changes may cause action potential abnormalities, affecting the refractory period and thus favoring the onset of ventricular arrhythmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this issue of the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> , Erturk et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> conducted an observational, retrospective study evaluating the relationship between myocardial scar by ce-MRI and several electrocardiographic parameters of ventricular repolarization in patients with HFrEF. The authors observed prolonged measurements of QTc interval, Tp-e interval, and frontal QRS-T angle in patients with HFrEF who exhibited myocardial scar on ceMRI compared to those who did not.</p>
      <p>Based on multivariable analysis, Tp-e interval was the best parameter to predict the presence of myocardial scar. The authors concluded that it is possible to predict myocardial scar in HFrEF using ECG parameters.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>There are limited reports concerning the relationship between the presence of myocardial scar and changes in the ECG. In experimental models, the induction of subendocardial scar formation has been shown to prolong repolarization time of the M cells,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> which determines the QT interval. Previous studies have shown a strong association between the presence of subendocardial scar and the abnormal ventricular repolarization in patients with coronary artery disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Interestingly, community-based cardiac MRI studies have also demonstrated that the presence of subclinical scar detected by ceMRI was associated with increased mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Therefore, abnormal ventricular repolarization detected by ECG may be useful in predicting subclinical myocardial scar and identifying high risk patients.</p>
      <p>Although the study presents encouraging results that add important information to prior reports,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> it has several limitations, including the small sample size, single-center patient selection and the retrospective and observational design. Large prospective studies are needed to validate the ventricular repolarization parameters proposed here. The investigators established a solid basis of information that will move forward the electrocardiography field in future studies.</p>
      <p>This study, Erturk et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> also highlights the intimate relationship between myocardial fibrosis and disturbances in electrical conduction. There has been a substantial effort in understanding scar composition and related electrical instability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> It is well known that areas of scarred tissue exhibit regions of slow conduction that favor reentry circuits and predispose to ventricular tachycardia. However, the underlying mechanism that yield ventricular fibrillation is less clear. Electrical instability is rarely the consequence of a single abnormality but rather a dynamic process involving of a group of factors that together lead to a fatal event. Consequently, new methods incorporating different modalities are needed to characterize ventricular electrical instability. The current study motivates the development of larger, prospective study to evaluate the use of ECG for screening of myocardial scar and consequent evaluation of ventricular arrhythmia risk.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Relationship between Late Gadolinium Enhancement and Ventricular Repolarization Parameters in Heart Failure Patients with Reduced Ejection Fraction</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
