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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">dRpBRgYmm5LnCz4SqzTpqML</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021005009202</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001200678</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200149</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200149</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre o Realce Tardio pelo Gadol&#237;nio e os Par&#226;metros de Repolariza&#231;&#227;o Ventricular em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Reduzida</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3776-0228</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Demir</surname>
            <given-names>Ali Riza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Celik</surname>
            <given-names>Omer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ust&#252;nda&#287;</surname>
            <given-names>Song&#252;l</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3998-3713</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Uygur</surname>
            <given-names>Begum</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8786-1388</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Somuncu</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa Umut</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yilmaz</surname>
            <given-names>Emre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Avci</surname>
            <given-names>Yalcin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Demirci</surname>
            <given-names>Gokhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2796-0987</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kahraman</surname>
            <given-names>Serkan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Erturk</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Health Science</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istambul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Departamento de Cardiologia , University of Health Science , Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital , Istambul - Turquia </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Erzincan Binali Y&#305;ld&#305;r&#305;m University Meng&#252;cek Gazi Training</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Research Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Erzincan</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Departamento de Cardiologia , Erzincan Binali Y&#305;ld&#305;r&#305;m University Meng&#252;cek Gazi Training and Research Hospital , Erzincan - Turquia </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label> 3 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Zonguldak B&#252;lent Ecevit University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Zonguldak</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Departamento de Cardiologia , Zonguldak B&#252;lent Ecevit University Faculty of Medicine , Zonguldak - Turquia </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label> 4 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">G&#246;rele Op. Dr. Ergun Ozdemir State Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Giresun</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Departamento de Cardiologia , G&#246;rele Op. Dr. Ergun Ozdemir State Hospital , Giresun - Turquia </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Ali Riza Demir &#8226; &#304;stasyon Mah. Turgut &#214;zal Bulvar&#305;, 11 K&#252;&#231;&#252;k&#231;ekmece, Istanbul - Turquia E-mail: <email>alirdemir1986@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Demir AR, Celik O, Ust&#252;nda&#287; S; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Demir AR, Ust&#252;nda&#287; S, Avci Y, Demirci G; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Demir AR, Uygur B, Somuncu MU; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Demir AR; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Demir AR, Yilmaz E; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Kahraman S, Erturk M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>678</fpage>
      <lpage>687</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFEr) &#233; uma doen&#231;a de alta preval&#234;ncia que requer hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es repetidas e causa morbimortalidade significativa. Portanto, o reconhecimento precoce de preditores de resultados desfavor&#225;veis &#233; essencial para o manejo do paciente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p>O objetivo do presente estudo &#233; investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre realce tardio pelo gadol&#237;nio (RTG) detectado por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) e os par&#226;metros de repolariza&#231;&#227;o, como o intervalo QT corrigido (QTc), intervalo Tp-e, &#226;ngulo QRS-T frontal detectado pelo eletrocardiograma (ECG) de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es na ICFEr.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo</title>
          <p>Neste estudo observacional, retrospectivo, de centro &#250;nico, foram inclu&#237;dos 97 pacientes consecutivos com ICFEr submetidos &#224; RMC. A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi dividida em dois grupos, de acordo com a presen&#231;a de RTG. Foram registradas medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e de RMC e caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas. Os intervalos QTc, intervalos Tp-e, e &#226;ngulos QRS-T frontais foram calculados a partir do ECG. Um valor de p &lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>O RTG foi detectado em 52 (53,6%) de 97 pacientes com ICFEr. Os intervalos QTc (p=0,001), intervalos Tp-e (p&lt;0,001), e os &#226;ngulos QRS-T frontais (p&lt;0,001) foram significativamente maiores no grupo RTG quando comparados ao grupo n&#227;o-RTG. Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o univariada realizada para investigar os preditores de RTG na ICFEr, todos os tr&#234;s par&#226;metros de repolariza&#231;&#227;o alcan&#231;aram valores significativos, mas na an&#225;lise multivariada o &#250;nico par&#226;metro de repolariza&#231;&#227;o que permaneceu significativo foi o intervalo Tp-e (OR = 1,085 IC 95% 1,032-1,140, p=0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Com o prolongamento do intervalo Tp-e, pode-se prever a presen&#231;a de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, a qual &#233; um substrato arritmog&#234;nico, em pacientes com ICFEr.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Gadol&#237;nio</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume Sist&#243;lico</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Espectroscopia de Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Acompanhamento dos Cuidados da Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>&#201;tica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="31"/>
        <page-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; uma doen&#231;a de alta preval&#234;ncia na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral, que requer repetidas hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es e causa significativa morbidade e mortalidade. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Como consequ&#234;ncia desses graves desfechos, a IC resulta em alto &#244;nus econ&#244;mico para os sistemas de sa&#250;de. Portanto, o reconhecimento precoce de preditores de resultados desfavor&#225;veis &#233; essencial para o manejo do paciente. A mortalidade ocorre comumente devido &#224; falha do bombeamento card&#237;aco ou epis&#243;dios arritmog&#234;nicos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Seja de origem isqu&#234;mica ou n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica, os pacientes com IC apresentam mais fibrose mioc&#225;rdica do que os indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, a qual &#233; substrato para arritmias e remodelamento negativo, o que diminui gradativamente a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O realce tardio pelo gadol&#237;nio (RTG) por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) &#233; capaz de detectar anormalidades teciduais, particularmente fibrose mioc&#225;rdica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Pesquisadores descobriram recentemente que, al&#233;m da FEVE, o RTG pode ser utilizado como um marcador de progn&#243;stico desfavor&#225;vel em pacientes com IC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, o ECG &#233; amplamente utilizado para prever o risco arritmog&#234;nico. O intervalo QTc, o intervalo Tp-e e o &#226;ngulo QRS-T s&#227;o par&#226;metros de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, recomendados como preditores de arritmias ventriculares malignas. O Tp-e &#233; um par&#226;metro relativamente novo para a dispers&#227;o transmural da repolariza&#231;&#227;o e tamb&#233;m est&#225; relacionado ao risco de morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca (MSC). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> O &#226;ngulo QRS-T frontal, definido como um &#226;ngulo entre as dire&#231;&#245;es de despolariza&#231;&#227;o e repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, reflete a heterogeneidade el&#233;trica e altera&#231;&#245;es anormais na dire&#231;&#227;o da sequ&#234;ncia de repolariza&#231;&#227;o, devido a anormalidades estruturais card&#237;acas, e o &#226;ngulo QRS-T frontal &#233; um forte preditor de instabilidade el&#233;trica e MSC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nosso objetivo foi investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o RTG detectado por RMC e os par&#226;metros de repolariza&#231;&#227;o, como o intervalo QTc, o intervalo Tp-e e o &#226;ngulo QRS-T frontal, detectados por ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es em pacientes com ICFEr, e determinar qual desses par&#226;metros &#233; mais significativo neste aspecto.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Este estudo incluiu 97 pacientes com ICFEr admitidos na cl&#237;nica de cardiologia entre janeiro de 2017 e junho de 2019, submetidos a RMC por v&#225;rios motivos (pesquisa da etiologia da IC, pesquisa de viabilidade, c&#225;lculo de FE etc.) e que apresentavam FE &lt;40% no ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico.</p>
        <p>Foram registrados dados sobre as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes (idade, sexo e &#237;ndice de massa corporal), hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico [diabetes mellitus (DM), hipertens&#227;o (HT), hiperlipidemia (HL) e doen&#231;a arterial coronariana], medicamentos [betabloqueadores, inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (IECA), bloqueadores do receptor de angiotensina (BRA), espironolactona, diur&#233;ticos, digoxina, estatinas], ritmo card&#237;aco [ritmo sinusal, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e bloqueio de ramo esquerdo (BRE)], resultados de exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es e exames bioqu&#237;micos no sangue. A classe funcional da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA) de cada paciente foi determinada.</p>
        <p>Pacientes com idade &lt;18 anos ou &gt;90 anos; com hist&#243;rico de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda ou interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria prim&#225;ria nos &#250;ltimos 6 meses; e que apresentavam hipotens&#227;o, edema pulmonar ou choque cardiog&#234;nico, foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo. Al&#233;m disso, tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC) em est&#225;gio 4-5; aqueles com foco ativo de infec&#231;&#227;o, doen&#231;a neurol&#243;gica grave o suficiente para afetar os resultados bioqu&#237;micos e hematol&#243;gicos, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (DPOC), malignidade ou comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica/insufici&#234;ncia hep&#225;tica.</p>
        <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica do Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training Research Hospital. Este estudo foi realizado de acordo com os requisitos da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Eletrocardiograma</title>
        <p>O ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es foi realizado com velocidade do papel de 25 mm/s com o paciente em repouso em posi&#231;&#227;o supina. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso foi ent&#227;o medida a partir dos dados do ECG. Todos os dados do ECG foram digitalizados e transferidos para um computador pessoal e utilizados para amplia&#231;&#227;o de 400% com o software Adobe Photoshop (Adobe Systems, Inc., San Jose, CA, EUA). As medidas do ECG dos intervalos QTc, Tp-e e &#226;ngulo QRS-T frontal foram realizadas por 2 cardiologistas que desconheciam os dados da RMC dos pacientes. Os sujeitos com onda U no ECG foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo. O valor m&#233;dio de 3 exames foi calculado para cada deriva&#231;&#227;o. O intervalo QT foi medido do in&#237;cio do complexo QRS ao final da onda T. Em pacientes com BRE, foi utilizada <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> a f&#243;rmula [QT = QTBRE - (0,86 x QRSBRE - 71)] recomendada por Wang et al., e o intervalo QT foi corrigido pela frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca usanso a f&#243;rmula de Bazett [QTc = QT&#8730; (intervalo R &#8211; R)] . O intervalo Tp-e foi definido como o intervalo do pico da onda T at&#233; o final da mesma. As medidas do intervalo Tp-e foram realizadas a partir das deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais. A rela&#231;&#227;o Tp-e/QT e a rela&#231;&#227;o Tp-e/QTc foram calculadas a partir dessas medidas. O &#226;ngulo QRS-T frontal foi calculado como o valor absoluto da diferen&#231;a entre os eixos do do complexo QRS e das ondas T no plano frontal. Se tal diferen&#231;a fosse maior que 180&#176;, o &#226;ngulo QRS-T era ajustado para o &#226;ngulo m&#237;nimo de 360&#176; menos o valor absoluto da diferen&#231;a entre os eixos do complexo QRS e das ondas T no plano frontal. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> As diferen&#231;as intra e inter-pesquisadores para os intervalos QTc, Tp-e e &#226;ngulo QRS-T foram menores que 5%.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagem</title>
        <p>As imagens foram adquiridas em scanners de 1,5 T (MAGNETON Aera, Siemens, Erlangen, Alemanha) com cobertura total do mioc&#225;rdio. Sequ&#234;ncias balanceadas de precess&#227;o livre no estado estacion&#225;rio foram utilizadas para obter imagens em apneia em tr&#234;s planos de eixo longo, seguidas por uma s&#233;rie cont&#237;gua de cortes no eixo curto do anel atrioventricular at&#233; o &#225;pice. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Imagens de realce tardio foram adquiridas 10 min ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de 0,1 mmol/kg de agente de contraste de gadol&#237;nio intravenoso (Gadopentetato dimeglumina/gadobutrol, Bayer, Berlim, Alemanha) com uma sequ&#234;ncia gradiente-eco preparada para invers&#227;o-recupera&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Os tempos de invers&#227;o foram otimizados para &#8216;anular&#8217; o mioc&#225;rdio normal com imagens adquiridas em duas dire&#231;&#245;es de codifica&#231;&#227;o de fase ortogonal para excluir a presen&#231;a de artefatos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de imagem</title>
        <p>As imagens foram transferidas para uma esta&#231;&#227;o de trabalho (Leonardo, Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Alemanha) para an&#225;lise. Para a an&#225;lise funcional, foi utilizado o programa de software dispon&#237;vel comercialmente Argus (Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Alemanha).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de dados da RMC</title>
        <p>As bordas endoc&#225;rdicas e epic&#225;rdicas foram tra&#231;adas manualmente utilizando os dois sistemas de software, e a an&#225;lise funcional foi realizada.</p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise com o software Argus (Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Alemanha) para cada estudo, foram determinadas as fases diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica finais. Para a detec&#231;&#227;o de cada fase, foram utilizados os di&#226;metros maior e mais estreito da cavidade ventricular no meio do ventr&#237;culo. As bordas endoc&#225;rdica e epic&#225;rdica foram tra&#231;adas manualmente em imagens no eixo curto em ambas as fases. As bordas do endoc&#225;rdio foram tra&#231;adas utilizando-se a diferen&#231;a de intensidade entre a c&#226;mara quando cheia de sangue e a intensidade moderada do mioc&#225;rdio. Os m&#250;sculos papilares foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise volum&#233;trica do VE. Enquanto a borda epic&#225;rdica estava sendo detectada, o septo interventricular era inclu&#237;do no volume do VE. O corte mais basal circundada por pelo menos 50% do mioc&#225;rdio preenchido com sangue foi definida como o segmento basal do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Isso foi inclu&#237;do no volume da c&#226;mara do VE. O &#225;pice foi definido como o &#250;ltimo corte com l&#250;men vis&#237;vel ao longo de todo o ciclo card&#237;aco. O volume sist&#243;lico final (VFS), volume diast&#243;lico final (VDF) e a FE foram determinados de acordo com a regra de Simpson. O tempo decorrido entre a entrada dos dados e a obten&#231;&#227;o dos resultados foi calculado para cada paciente.</p>
        <p>Imagens de RMC foram reanalisadas e documentadas utilizando o modelo card&#237;aco de 17 segmentos recomendado pela <italic>American Heart Association</italic> para melhorar a padroniza&#231;&#227;o dos resultados. O ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi avaliado a partir das imagens do eixo curto dos segmentos basal, m&#233;dio e apical. As cavidades basal e m&#233;dia foram divididas em 6 segmentos iguais: anterior, anterosseptal, &#237;nfero-septal, inferior, &#237;nfero-lateral e anterolateral. O segmento apical foi dividido em 4 segmentos: anterior, septal, inferior e lateral. O ponto mais apical foi denominado &#225;pice e constituiu o 17&#186; segmento. As imagens com contraste foram analisadas visualmente por dois observadores experientes que desconheciam outros dados da RM, dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos. O realce tardio pelo gadol&#237;nio foi classificado atrav&#233;s de avalia&#231;&#227;o visual, e cada segmento foi classificado em uma escala de 2 pontos (escore de fibrose segmentar; 0 = aus&#234;ncia de realce tardio do gadol&#237;nio, 1 = presen&#231;a de realce tardio pelo gadol&#237;nio), utilizando o m&#233;todo de Kaandorp et al. devido &#224; frequ&#234;ncia de realce linear e irregular em pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mica.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
      <p>Os dados foram analisados utilizando o <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic> , vers&#227;o 24.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, EUA). No caso das vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, a an&#225;lise foi feita atrav&#233;s de m&#233;todos visuais (histogramas, curvas de probabilidade) e anal&#237;ticos (Kolmogorov-Smirnov). As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP), as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressas como mediana (intervalo interquartil) e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas como porcentagem (%). Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas como intervalo QTc, intervalo Tp-e e &#226;ngulo QRS-T foram avaliadas utilizando-se o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o pareado e o teste U de Mann-Whitney entre os dois grupos. O teste do qui-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher foram usados para comparar vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. A correla&#231;&#227;o entre o intervalo QTc, intervalo Tp-e e &#226;ngulo QRS-T e as demais vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram identificadas pelos testes de Pearson ou Spearman. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foi realizada para determinar os preditores independentes da presen&#231;a de RTG na RMC em pacientes com ICFEr. Primeiramente foi realizada a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada, e os par&#226;metros que foram significativos nesta an&#225;lise (p&lt;0,05) foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada. A an&#225;lise da curva caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor (ROC) foi realizada para determinar os valores de corte. A predi&#231;&#227;o significativa foi aceita quando a &#225;rea sob a curva ROC foi maior que 0,5; um valor de p&lt;0,05 foi aceito como estatisticamente significativo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A m&#233;dia de idade dos 97 pacientes com ICFEr foi de 54,8 &#177; 13,8 anos. Nossa popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo incluiu 75 (77,3%) pacientes do sexo masculino e 22 (22,7%) do sexo feminino. Dividimos nossos pacientes em dois grupos de acordo com a presen&#231;a de RTG na RMC. O RTG foi detectado em 52 (53,6%) pacientes. Os dados demogr&#225;ficos basais e os resultados laboratoriais para ambos os grupos s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais basais dos grupos de estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>ICFEr sem RTG (n=45)</th>
                <th>ICFEr com RTG (n=52)</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">50,2&#177;15,6</td>
                <td align="center">58,7&#177;10,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (57,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (94,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de massa corporal, kg/m <sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">27,7&#177;4,2</td>
                <td align="center">26,6&#177;3,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,171</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (24,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (32,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,371</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (88,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (88,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,947</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (44,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (86,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hiperlipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (44,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (69,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,014</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, bpm</td>
                <td align="center">78,2&#177;18,9</td>
                <td align="center">76,8&#177;16,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,691</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (11,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (5,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,466</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BRE, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (17,8)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (15,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,751</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NYHA classe I, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (22,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (17,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,543</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NYHA classe II, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (71,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (69,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,840</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NYHA classe III, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (6,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (13,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,331</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">0,80 (0,70-0,90)</td>
                <td align="center">1,10 (0,80-1,40)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular, ml/dk</td>
                <td align="center">91,3&#177;25,1</td>
                <td align="center">71,9&#177;26,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueadores, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (93,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (96,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,661</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA ou BRA, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (88,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (80,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,270</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estatinas, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (35,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (69,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diur&#233;ticos, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (55,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (59,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,686</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Espironolactona, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (68,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (55,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,185</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Digoxina, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (11,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,244</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diltiazem, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (6,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,661</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Verapamil, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como porcentagem, m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana (intervalo interquartil). ICFEr: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida, RTG: realce tardio do gadol&#237;nio, BRE: bloqueio do ramo esquerdo, NYHA: New York Heart Association, IECA: inibidor da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina, BRA: bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros calculados a partir do ECG e das vari&#225;veis detectadas pela RMC s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> . O reflexo da repolariza&#231;&#227;o no ECG, como os intervalos QT, QTc, intervalo Tp-e, rela&#231;&#227;o Tp-e/QTc e &#226;ngulo QRS-T foram significativamente maiores no grupo com RTG. No grupo RTG, foi detectada uma m&#233;dia de 6,48 &#177; 3,54 segmentos que apresentaram realce.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos de estudo em rela&#231;&#227;o a alguns par&#226;metros calculados a partir da RMC e ECG</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>ICFEr sem RTG (n=45)</th>
                <th>ICFEr com RTG (n=52)</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o de QRS, ms</td>
                <td align="center">103,6&#177;26,2</td>
                <td align="center">101,4&#177;20,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,650</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Intervalo QT, ms</td>
                <td align="center">391,6&#177;53,3</td>
                <td align="center">418,9&#177;50,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,011</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Intervalo QTc, Bazett</td>
                <td align="center">438,2&#177;42,3</td>
                <td align="center">467,3&#177;42,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Intervalo Tp-e, ms</td>
                <td align="center">91,4&#177;12,3</td>
                <td align="center">108,3&#177;14,6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o Tp&#8211;e/QT</td>
                <td align="center">0,235&#177;0,034</td>
                <td align="center">0,261&#177;0,042</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o Tp&#8211;e/QTc</td>
                <td align="center">0,208&#177;0,025</td>
                <td align="center">0,233&#177;0,038</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#194;ngulo QRS-T, graus</td>
                <td align="center">61 (28-112)</td>
                <td align="center">136 (82-159)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE,%</td>
                <td align="center">30,9&#177;10,7</td>
                <td align="center">28,8&#177;8,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,275</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DDFVE, mm</td>
                <td align="center">57,3&#177;8,8</td>
                <td align="center">57,7&#177;7,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,826</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DSVE, mm</td>
                <td align="center">45,9&#177;10,5</td>
                <td align="center">45,6&#177;8,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,891</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice VDFVE, mL/m <sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">110,1&#177;40,8</td>
                <td align="center">113,9&#177;36,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,641</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice VSFVE, mL/m <sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">73,8&#177;40,1</td>
                <td align="center">77,1&#177;31,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,661</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#250;mero de segmentos VE</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">6,48&#177;3,54</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como porcentagem, m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana (intervalo interquartil). ICFEr: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida; RTG: realce tardio do gadol&#237;nio; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VDFVE: volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VSFVE: volume sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o do intervalo QTc, intervalo Tp-e e &#226;ngulo QRS-T com outras vari&#225;veis foi mostrada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> . Houve correla&#231;&#245;es fracas entre o intervalo QTc e FEVE, DDFVE e DSFVE e tamb&#233;m houve correla&#231;&#245;es fracas entre o &#226;ngulo QRS-T e FEVE, DDVE, DSVE, &#237;ndice VDFVE e &#237;ndice VSFVE. Embora n&#227;o haja correla&#231;&#227;o entre o Tp-e e par&#226;metros da RMC, que mostram as estruturas e fun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, o melhor coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o entre o n&#250;mero de segmentos RTG foi obtido com o intervalo Tp-e. Houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia com o intervalo Tp-e (r = 0,564, p &lt;0,001) e correla&#231;&#245;es fracas com o intervalo QTc (r = 0,262, p = 0,009) e o &#226;ngulo QRS-T (r = 0,369, p&lt;0,001). Outro achado de nosso estudo foi a exist&#234;ncia de v&#225;rios graus de correla&#231;&#245;es entre os pr&#243;prios intervalo QTc, intervalo Tp-e e &#226;ngulo QRS-T.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o do intervalo QTc, intervalo Tp-e e &#226;ngulo QRS-T com outras vari&#225;veis</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th colspan="2">Intervalo QTc</th>
                <th colspan="2">Intervalo Tp-e</th>
                <th colspan="2">&#194;ngulo QRS-T</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="6" rowspan="1">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>r</th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>r</th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>r</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">0,204</td>
                <td align="center">0,045</td>
                <td align="center">0,309</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
                <td align="center">0,396</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de massa corporal</td>
                <td align="center">-0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,990</td>
                <td align="center">-0,019</td>
                <td align="center">0,860</td>
                <td align="center">-0,014</td>
                <td align="center">0,896</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Classe <italic>NYHA</italic></td>
                <td align="center">0,022</td>
                <td align="center">0,831</td>
                <td align="center">0,051</td>
                <td align="center">0,657</td>
                <td align="center">0,020</td>
                <td align="center">0,846</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina</td>
                <td align="center">0,149</td>
                <td align="center">0,165</td>
                <td align="center">0,272</td>
                <td align="center">0,010</td>
                <td align="center">0,389</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular</td>
                <td align="center">-0,184</td>
                <td align="center">0,087</td>
                <td align="center">-0,294</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
                <td align="center">-0,412</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE</td>
                <td align="center">-0,328</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,028</td>
                <td align="center">0,788</td>
                <td align="center">0,341</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DDVE</td>
                <td align="center">0,256</td>
                <td align="center">0,013</td>
                <td align="center">0,089</td>
                <td align="center">0,398</td>
                <td align="center">0,442</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DSVE</td>
                <td align="center">0,269</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
                <td align="center">0,080</td>
                <td align="center">0,446</td>
                <td align="center">0,401</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice VDFVE</td>
                <td align="center">0,149</td>
                <td align="center">0,157</td>
                <td align="center">0,060</td>
                <td align="center">0,568</td>
                <td align="center">0,280</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice VSFVE</td>
                <td align="center">0,171</td>
                <td align="center">0,103</td>
                <td align="center">-0,015</td>
                <td align="center">0,890</td>
                <td align="center">0,333</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#250;mero de segmentos do VE com RTG</td>
                <td align="center">0,262</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
                <td align="center">0,564</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,369</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Intervalo QTc</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,338</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,505</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Intervalo Tp-e</td>
                <td align="center">0,338</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,368</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#194;ngulo QRS-T</td>
                <td align="center">0,505</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,368</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>NYHA: New York Heart Association; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DDFVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSFVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VDFVE: volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VSFVE: volume sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o univariada foi realizada para determinar as vari&#225;veis preditoras do RTG por RMC em pacientes com ICFEr ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> ). Foram considerados significativos idade, sexo masculino, hiperlipidemia, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, intervalo QTc, intervalo Tp-e, &#226;ngulo QRS-T e n&#237;vel de creatinina plasm&#225;tica. Com essas vari&#225;veis quatro modelos diferentes foram gerados, sendo realizada a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada. No primeiro modelo, foram inclu&#237;das todas as tr&#234;s vari&#225;veis, intervalo QTc, intervalo Tp-e e &#226;ngulo QRS-T, e outras vari&#225;veis significativas ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> ). Em outros tr&#234;s modelos, esses par&#226;metros foram avaliados separadamente ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref> ). No primeiro modelo, o sexo masculino (p = 0,032), doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (p = 0,009), n&#237;vel de creatinina plasm&#225;tica (p = 0,037) e intervalo Tp-e [p = 0,001, OR (IC 95%) = 1,085 (1,032-1,140)] permaneceram significativos e foram preditores independentes da presen&#231;a de RTG. Neste modelo, o intervalo QTc (p = 0,185) e o &#226;ngulo QRS-T (p = 0,944) perderam sua signific&#226;ncia. No modelo que avaliou apenas o intervalo QTc, este intervalo (p=0,007) tamb&#233;m foi um preditor independente, assim como sexo masculino, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e n&#237;vel de creatinina plasm&#225;tica. No modelo que avaliou apenas o intervalo Tp-e, ele permaneceu significativo (p &lt;0,001) como no primeiro modelo. No modelo que avaliou apenas o &#226;ngulo QRS-T, o sexo masculino e a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana foram preditores independentes, mas o &#226;ngulo QRS-T n&#227;o alcan&#231;ou signific&#226;ncia (p=0,058).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o univariada e multivariada para determinar a predi&#231;&#227;o de RTG em pacientes com IC</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th colspan="2">An&#225;lise univariada</th>
                <th colspan="2">An&#225;lise multivariada</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>OR (IC 95%)</th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>OR (IC 95%)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">1,051 (1,016-1,086)</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
                <td align="center">0,960 (0,901-1,023)</td>
                <td align="center">0,209</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">11,936 (3,230-44,114)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">6,348 (1,172-34,392)</td>
                <td align="center">0,032</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de massa corporal</td>
                <td align="center">0,927 (0,831-1,034)</td>
                <td align="center">0,173</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">1,501 (0,615-3,668)</td>
                <td align="center">0,373</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">0,958 (0,272-3,379)</td>
                <td align="center">0,947</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hiperlipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">2,812 (1,224-6,464)</td>
                <td align="center">0,015</td>
                <td align="center">0,484 (0,105-2,226)</td>
                <td align="center">0,352</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</td>
                <td align="center">8,036 (2,986-21,624)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">12,355 (1,851-82,445)</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BRE</td>
                <td align="center">0,841 (0,288-2,459)</td>
                <td align="center">0,752</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                <td align="center">0,490 (1,110-2,176)</td>
                <td align="center">0,348</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS</td>
                <td align="center">0,996 (0,979-1,013)</td>
                <td align="center">0,646</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Intervalo QTc</td>
                <td align="center">1,016 (1,006-1,027)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
                <td align="center">1,011 (0,995-1,028)</td>
                <td align="center">0,185</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Intervalo Tp-e</td>
                <td align="center">1,099 (1,055-1,144)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,085 (1,032-1,140)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#194;ngulo QRS-T</td>
                <td align="center">1,017 (1,008-1,026)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,999 (0,984-1,015)</td>
                <td align="center">0,944</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE</td>
                <td align="center">0,976 (0,935-1,019)</td>
                <td align="center">0,273</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice VDFVE</td>
                <td align="center">1,003 (0,992-1,013)</td>
                <td align="center">0,637</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice VSFVE</td>
                <td align="center">1,003 (0,991-1,013)</td>
                <td align="center">0,657</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina</td>
                <td align="center">18,678 (3,460-100,82)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">12,501 (1,170-133,63)</td>
                <td align="center">0,037</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>
                <italic>OR: Odds ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; BRE: bloqueio de ramo esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VDFVE: volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VSFVE: volume sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada para determinar o preditor independente de RTG em pacientes com IC</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="5">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th colspan="6">An&#225;lise multivariada</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="6">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">Intervalo QTc</th>
                <th colspan="2">Intervalo Tp-e</th>
                <th colspan="2">&#194;ngulo QRS-T</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="6" rowspan="1">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>OR (IC 95%)</th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>OR (IC 95%)</th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>OR (IC 95%)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">0,974 (0,921-1,030)</td>
                <td align="center">0,359</td>
                <td align="center">0,964 (0,905-1,027)</td>
                <td align="center">0,252</td>
                <td align="center">0,980 (0,927-1,036)</td>
                <td align="center">0,469</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">6,393 (1,468-27,84)</td>
                <td align="center">0,013</td>
                <td align="center">7,405 (1,383-39,64)</td>
                <td align="center">0,019</td>
                <td align="center">7,369 (1,617-33,58)</td>
                <td align="center">0,010</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hiperlipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">0,643 (0,169-2,452)</td>
                <td align="center">0,518</td>
                <td align="center">0,513 (0,118-2,226)</td>
                <td align="center">0,626</td>
                <td align="center">0,727 (0,202-2,621)</td>
                <td align="center">0,398</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</td>
                <td align="center">11,676 (2,43-56,09)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
                <td align="center">10,989 (1,89-63,69)</td>
                <td align="center">0,008</td>
                <td align="center">7,227 (1,605-32,55)</td>
                <td align="center">0,010</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina</td>
                <td align="center">9,551 (1,548-58,92)</td>
                <td align="center">0,015</td>
                <td align="center">10,892 (1,26-94,01)</td>
                <td align="center">0,030</td>
                <td align="center">5,299 (0,947-29,66)</td>
                <td align="center">0,058</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>QTc, Tp-e, &#226;ngulo QRS-T</td>
                <td align="center">1,018 (1,005-1,032)</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
                <td align="center">1,097 (1,045-1,152)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,010 (1,000-1,021)</td>
                <td align="center">0,058</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>
                <italic>OR: odds ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Foram geradas curvas ROC para QTc, intervalo Tp-e e &#226;ngulo QRS-T para a presen&#231;a de RTG por RMC em pacientes com ICFEr ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). Embora haja necessidade de confirma&#231;&#227;o com estudos prospectivos, de acordo com as curvas ROC obtidas o melhor valor de corte do intervalo QTc foi de 460,5 ms, o valor de corte do intervalo Tp-e foi de 101,5 ms e o valor de corte do &#226;ngulo QRS-T foi 110 graus na identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com ICFEr com RTG. Quando os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o ponto de corte de Tp-e, que apresentou o melhor valor de AUC, havia 54 pacientes (55,7%) no grupo Tp-e &#8804;101,5 e 43 pacientes (44,3%) no grupo Tp-e &gt;101,5. No grupo Tp-e &gt;101,5, os pacientes apresentaram raz&#227;o RTG significativamente maiores do que o outro grupo ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ). De maneira similar a esses achados, os valores das medianas dos n&#250;meros do segmento RTG foram significativamente maiores [5,0 (3,0-9,0) vs. 0,0 (0,0-2,25), p &lt;0,001] no grupo Tp-e &gt;101,5.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Curva caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor mostrando a capacidade de diferencia&#231;&#227;o do intervalo QTc, intervalo Tp-e e &#226;ngulo QRS-T para a presen&#231;a de RTG por RMC na ICFEr.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-04-0678-00149-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o das taxas de RTG nos grupos intervalo Tp-e baixo e alto. ICFEr: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida; RTG: realce tardio pelo gadol&#237;nio</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-04-0678-00149-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, constatamos que o intervalo QTc, intervalo Tp-e e o &#226;ngulo QRS-T eram significativamente maiores em pacientes com ICFEr e RTG na RMC em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com ICFEr sem RTG. Ainda na an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o, verificou-se que os melhores coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o foram encontrados entre as medidas da RMC, que mostram a estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;acas, e o &#226;ngulo QRS-T, n&#250;mero de segmentos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com RTG e o intervalo Tp-e. Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada, realizada por diferentes modelos, o intervalo Tp-e foi considerado o melhor par&#226;metro entre os tr&#234;s para predizer a presen&#231;a de RTG em pacientes com ICFEr. Al&#233;m disso, o intervalo Tp-e apresentou o maior valor de AUC na an&#225;lise de curvas ROC realizada para a presen&#231;a de RTG.</p>
      <p>Os pacientes com IC foram divididos em tr&#234;s grupos de acordo com a FE na &#250;ltima diretriz da <italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic> (ESC) publicada em 2016. O grupo com FE inferior a 40% foi classificado como ICFEr, o grupo com FE de 50% ou mais foi classificado como IC com FE preservada (ICFEp) e o grupo com FE de 40&#8211;49% foi classificado como IC com FE intermedi&#225;ria (ICFEi). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> As maiores taxas de mortalidade foram observadas no grupo ICFEr. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Uma das raz&#245;es importantes de mortalidade s&#227;o as arritmias malignas. A fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, que &#233; o substrato dessas arritmias, pode ser detectada com RTG por RMC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Na literatura existem v&#225;rios estudos que mostram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de RTG e eventos cardiovasculares adversos em pacientes com IC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Liu et al. mostraram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a quantidade de RTG detectado por RMC e eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores (ECAM) em 84 pacientes com IC no est&#225;gio C ou D, isqu&#234;micos ou n&#227;o [p = 0,022, FC (IC 95%) = 1,045 (1,001-1,084)]. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Shi et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> declararam, em sua meta-an&#225;lise que continha cinco estudos e 545 pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada (CMD), que a presen&#231;a de RTG foi o preditor de alta mortalidade cardiovascular [p = 0,03, OR (IC 95%) = 2,67 (1,12-6,35)], MSC abortada [p = 0,007, OR (IC 95%) = 5,26 (1,57-17,55)] e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o devido a IC [p &lt;0,001, OR (IC 95%) = 3,91 (1,99-7,69)]. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Na meta-an&#225;lise de Duan et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> que avaliaram 13 estudos e inclu&#237;ram 1.675 pacientes com CMD, foram investigados os efeitos da presen&#231;a de RTG sobre os ECAM. Nestes 13 estudos, as taxas de presen&#231;a de RTG situaram-se entre 18% e 71%. Os resultados da an&#225;lise mostraram que o RTG estava associado a todas as causas de mortalidade [p &lt;0,001, OR (IC 95%) = 3,43 (2,26-5,22)], morte card&#237;aca [p &lt;0,001, OR (IC 95%) = 3,65 (1,80- 7,40)], hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC [p = 0,001, OR (IC 95%) = 2,87 (1,53-5,39)] e eventos arr&#237;tmicos maiores [p &lt;0,001, OR (IC 95%) = 4,24 (2,95-6,08)] e MSC [p &lt;0,001, OR (IC 95%) = 3,33 (1,80-6,17)]. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora a RMC forne&#231;a informa&#231;&#245;es importantes aos m&#233;dicos, ela tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. A RMC n&#227;o est&#225; amplamente dispon&#237;vel, as interpreta&#231;&#245;es da RMC precisam de especializa&#231;&#227;o, os custos s&#227;o altos e a sua seguran&#231;a para pacientes com implantes met&#225;licos ainda &#233; debatida, podendo ser menos confi&#225;vel em pacientes taquiarr&#237;tmicos e claustrof&#243;bicos; o uso de gadol&#237;nio como agente de contraste em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia renal grave &#233; outra limita&#231;&#227;o importante. Portanto, pode ser de grande conveni&#234;ncia prever a fibrose mioc&#225;rdica com par&#226;metros de repolariza&#231;&#227;o calculados a partir do ECG, os quais s&#227;o facilmente dispon&#237;veis e interpret&#225;veis. O presente estudo foi realizado com esse objetivo e investigamos se o intervalo QTc, o intervalo Tp-e e o &#226;ngulo QRS-T frontal est&#227;o relacionados com a presen&#231;a de RTG e qual desses par&#226;metros pode ser o melhor preditor.</p>
      <p>Os intervalos QT e QTc s&#227;o par&#226;metros e bem conhecidos e amplamente utilizados da repolariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica est&#227;o relacionados &#224; arritmia ventricular e mortalidade cardiovascular. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Em alguns estudos &#233; demonstrado que a dura&#231;&#227;o entre o pico e o ponto final da onda T (intervalo Tp-e) &#233; um novo marcador para avaliar a repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, e por n&#227;o ser afetado pela variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, o intervalo Tp-e pode ser mais confi&#225;vel para avaliar a repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Al&#233;m disso, as rela&#231;&#245;es Tp-e/QT e Tp-e/QTc demonstraram ser um &#237;ndice sens&#237;vel de repolariza&#231;&#227;o e arritmog&#234;nese ventricular, pois fornecem uma estimativa da dispers&#227;o da repolariza&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o total da repolariza&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Outro novo marcador &#233; o &#226;ngulo QRS-T espacial. Ele &#233; definido como a diferen&#231;a angular entre a dire&#231;&#227;o da despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular (onda QRS) e a dire&#231;&#227;o da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular (onda T). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Por&#233;m, o c&#225;lculo do &#226;ngulo QRS espacial &#233; muito complicado e requer programa&#231;&#227;o de computador avan&#231;ada. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Por outro lado, o &#226;ngulo QRS frontal pode ser medido facilmente a partir de laudos autom&#225;ticos de aparelhos de ECG e tem uma boa correla&#231;&#227;o com o &#226;ngulo QRS espacial na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Por este motivo utilizamos o &#226;ngulo QRS-T frontal em nosso estudo.</p>
      <p>Estudos anteriores revelaram que em pacientes com IC, os par&#226;metros de repolariza&#231;&#227;o estavam associados a mortalidade por todas as causas, morte card&#237;aca, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC, MSC e choques adequados em pacientes com cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Que seja de nosso conhecimento, nenhum estudo investigou a rela&#231;&#227;o do RTG com RMC e os par&#226;metros de repolariza&#231;&#227;o, e, portanto, buscamos atender esse d&#233;ficit. Em nosso estudo, semelhante aos da literatura, o &#237;ndice de RTG foi de 53,6% em pacientes com ICFEr. Todos os par&#226;metros de repolariza&#231;&#227;o foram significativamente maiores em pacientes com RTG. Na an&#225;lise univariada, todos os tr&#234;s par&#226;metros previram a presen&#231;a de RTG separadamente. Na an&#225;lise multivariada, primeiro foi gerado um modelo que incluiu todos os tr&#234;s par&#226;metros de repolariza&#231;&#227;o e as outras vari&#225;veis significativas. Neste modelo, apenas o intervalo Tp-e, dentre os par&#226;metros de repolariza&#231;&#227;o, permaneceu significativo e foi considerado um preditor independente da presen&#231;a de RTG [p=0,001, OR (IC 95%) = 1,085 (1,032-1,140)]. A partir de um ponto de vista diferente, ao inserirmos os par&#226;metros separadamente nos modelos, o intervalo QTc e o intervalo Tp-e permaneceram significativos, mas o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia do intervalo Tp-e foi melhor do que o do intervalo QTc (p &lt;0,001 vs. p=0,007). Por outro lado, o intervalo Tp-e apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia (r = 0,564, p&lt;0,001) com o n&#250;mero de segmentos do VE com RTG, enquanto os outros dois par&#226;metros apresentaram correla&#231;&#245;es fracas. Como resultado, em nosso estudo, o intervalo Tp-e mostrou-se mais relacionado com o RTG em pacientes com ICFEr quando comparado aos outros dois par&#226;metros de repolariza&#231;&#227;o. A estimativa do risco de ECAM em pacientes com ICFEr pode ser poss&#237;vel com este par&#226;metro, o qual pode ser facilmente medido a partir do ECG padr&#227;o de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo apresentou algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Em primeiro lugar, o desenho do estudo foi retrospectivo, de centro &#250;nico, e com uma popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo pequena. Nenhum volunt&#225;rio saud&#225;vel foi inclu&#237;do no estudo. N&#227;o houve dados de seguimento cl&#237;nico. Pacientes com IC foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo independentemente da etiologia. A avalia&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes separadamente de acordo com a etiologia isqu&#234;mica ou n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mica poderia fornecer mais informa&#231;&#245;es. Os dados da RMC s&#227;o limitados em nosso estudo. O RTG &#233; fornecido apenas como presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia e o n&#250;mero de segmentos que mostram envolvimento. A disponibilidade de dados adicionais mostrando a transmuralidade da cicatriz, porcentagem de cicatriz do VE e <italic>strain</italic> regional poderiam enriquecer o estudo. Finalmente, neste estudo, os valores do ponto de corte dos par&#226;metros de repolariza&#231;&#227;o foram desenvolvidos utilizando curvas ROC. Portanto, nossos resultados devem ser interpretados com cautela at&#233; que sejam confirmados em estudos subsequentes.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, encontramos um intervalo QTc, intervalo Tp-e e &#226;ngulo QRS-T frontal mais elevados em pacientes com ICFEr e RTG por RMC quando comparados a pacientes com ICFEr sem RTG. O intervalo Tp-e foi o melhor preditor independente da presen&#231;a de RTG. Essa informa&#231;&#227;o, com o prolongamento do intervalo Tp-e, permite prever a presen&#231;a de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, que &#233; um substrato arritmog&#234;nico, em pacientes com ICFEr. Como resultado, acreditamos que com um ECG padr&#227;o de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, facilmente dispon&#237;vel e interpretado, pode ser poss&#237;vel prever o risco de eventos cardiovasculares adversos em pacientes com ICFEr; tamb&#233;m acreditamos que a redu&#231;&#227;o nas taxas de ECAM pode ser obtida com terapia m&#233;dica intensiva, seguimento rigoroso e terapia com CDI. Sabemos que mais estudos prospectivos, randomizados e com uma popula&#231;&#227;o maior s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para apoiar nossas opini&#245;es.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31. Li SN , Zhang XL , Cai GL , Lin RW , Jiang H , Chen JZ , et al . Prognostic sMed J. Significance of frontal QRS-T angle in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy . Chin . 2016 ; 129 ( 16 ): 1904 .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>SN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>XL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cai</surname>
              <given-names>GL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lin</surname>
              <given-names>RW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jiang</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>JZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prognostic sMed J. Significance of frontal QRS-T angle in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>Chin</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>129</volume>
          <issue>16</issue>
          <size units="pages">1904</size>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>:  O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Relationship between Late Gadolinium Enhancement and Ventricular Repolarization Parameters in Heart Failure Patients with Reduced Ejection Fraction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3776-0228</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Demir</surname>
            <given-names>Ali Riza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Celik</surname>
            <given-names>Omer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ust&#252;nda&#287;</surname>
            <given-names>Song&#252;l</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3998-3713</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Uygur</surname>
            <given-names>Begum</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8786-1388</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Somuncu</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa Umut</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yilmaz</surname>
            <given-names>Emre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Avci</surname>
            <given-names>Yalcin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Demirci</surname>
            <given-names>Gokhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2796-0987</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kahraman</surname>
            <given-names>Serkan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Erturk</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiology Department, University of Health Science, Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiology Department, Erzincan Binali Y&#305;ld&#305;r&#305;m University Meng&#252;cek Gazi Training and Research Hospital, Erzincan - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiology Department, Zonguldak B&#252;lent Ecevit University Faculty of Medicine, Zonguldak - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiology Department, G&#246;rele Op. Dr. Ergun Ozdemir State Hospital, Giresun - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Ali Riza Demir &#8226; &#304;stasyon Mah. Turgut &#214;zal Bulvar&#305;, 11 K&#252;&#231;&#252;k&#231;ekmece, Istanbul - Turquia E-mail: alirdemir1986@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Demir AR, Celik O, Ust&#252;nda&#287; S; Acquisition of data: Demir AR, Ust&#252;nda&#287; S, Avci Y, Demirci G; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Demir AR, Uygur B, Somuncu MU; Statistical analysis: Demir AR; Writing of the manuscript: Demir AR, Yilmaz E; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Kahraman S, Erturk M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is a highly prevalent disease that requires repeating hospitalizations, causes significant morbidity and mortality. Therefore, early recognition of poor outcome predictors is essential for patient management.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>The aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) detected by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and repolarization parameters such as corrected QT (QTc) interval, Tp-e interval, frontal QRS-T angle detected by 12 lead electrocardiograph (ECG) in HFrEF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method</title>
          <p>In this single-center, retrospective observational study included 97 consecutive HFrEF patients who had CMR scan. Study population was divided into two groups according to the presence of LGE. Echocardiographic and CMR measurements and demographic features were recorded. QTc intervals, Tp-e intervals, frontal QRS-T angles were calculated from the ECG. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>LGE was detected in 52 (53.6%) out of 97 HFrEF patients. QTc intervals (p=0.001), Tp-e intervals (p&lt;0.001), frontal QRS-T angles (p&lt;0.001) were found to be significantly higher in LGE group when compared to non-LGE group. In univariate regression analysis which was performed to investigate the predictors of LGE in HFrEF, all three repolarization parameters were reached significant values but in multivariate analysis the only repolarization parameter remained significant was Tp-e interval (OR=1.085 95% CI 1.032-1.140, p=0.001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>With the prolongation of the Tp-e interval, the presence of myocardial fibrosis which is an arrhythmogenic substrate, can be predicted in patients with HFrEF.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Gadolinium</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke Volume</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic, Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Continuity of Patient Care/ethic</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Heart failure (HF) is a highly prevalent disease in the general population that requires repeat hospitalizations and causes significant morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> As a consequence of these serious outcomes, HF results in a high economic burden for healthcare systems. Therefore, early recognition of poor outcome predictors is essential for patient management. Mortality occurs commonly due to pump failure or arrhythmogenic episodes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Whether ischemic or nonischemic origin, patients with HF have more myocardial fibrosis than healthy subjects which is a substrate for arrhythmias and negative remodeling which gradually decreases left ventricular functions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) from cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is capable of detecting tissue abnormalities, particularly myocardial fibrosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Researchers recently discovered that, in addition to LVEF, LGE could be used as a marker of poor prognosis in patients with HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In clinical practices, ECG is widely used to predict the arrhythmogenic risk. QTc interval, Tp-e interval and QRS-T angle are ventricular repolarization parameters, recommended as predictors of malignant ventricular arrhythmias. Tp-e is a relatively new parameter for transmural repolarization dispersion and also related with the sudden cardiac death (SCD) risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Frontal QRS-T angle defined as an angle between ventricular depolarization and repolarization directions, reflects electrical heterogeneity and abnormal changes in direction of repolarization sequence due to cardiac structural abnormalities and frontal QRS-T angle is a strong predictor of electrical instability and SCD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>We aimed to investigate the relationship between LGE detected by CMR and repolarization parameters such as QTc interval, Tp-e interval, frontal QRS-T angle detected by 12 lead ECG inHFrEF patients and to determine which one of these parameters is more significant in this aspect.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>This study included 97 HFrEF patients admitted to the cardiology clinic between January 2017 and June 2019, who had undergone CMR for various reasons (HF etiology research, viability research, EF calculation, etc.) and had an EF &lt;40% on transthoracic echocardiography.</p>
          <p>Data regarding patients&#8217; demographic characteristics (age, gender and body mass index), medical history [diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HT), hyperlipidemia (HL) and coronary artery disease], medications [beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB), spironolactone, diuretics, digoxin, statins], cardiac rhythm [sinus rhythm, atrial fibrillation, and left bundle branch block (LBBB)], echocardiographic examination results, 12-lead ECG and biochemical blood tests were recorded. The NYHA functional class of each patient was determined.</p>
          <p>Patients who were aged &lt;18 years or &gt;90 years; who had a history of acute coronary syndrome or primary coronary intervention within the past 6 months; and who had hypotension, pulmonary edema, or cardiogenic shock were excluded from the study. In addition, patients with stage 4-5 chronic kidney disease (CKD); those with an active focus of infection, neurological illness severe enough to affect biochemical and hematological results, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), malignancy or liver function impairment/liver failure were excluded.</p>
          <p>The study was approved by the ethics committee of Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training Research Hospital. This study was performed in accordance with the requirements of the Declaration of Helsinki.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Electrocardiography</title>
          <p>12-lead ECG was performed at paper speed of 25 mm/second with the patient at rest in supine position. Resting heart rate was then measured from ECG data. All ECG data were scanned and transferred to personal computer and used for x400% magnification with Adobe Photoshop software (Adobe Systems, Inc., San Jose, CA, USA). ECG measurements of QTc, Tp-e intervals and frontal QRS-T angle were performed by 2 cardiologists who were blinded to the patient's CMR data. Subjects with U wave on their ECG were excluded from the study. Average value of 3 examinations was calculated for each lead. QT interval was measured from beginning of QRS complex to end of T wave. In patients with LBBB, the formula [QT = QTLBBB - (0.86 x QRSLBBB - 71)] recommended by Wang et al was used<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> and QT interval was corrected by heart rate using Bazett&#8217;s formula [QTc=QT&#8730; (R&#8211;R interval)]. Tp-e interval was defined as interval from peak of T wave to end of T wave. Measurements of Tp-e interval were performed from precordial leads. Tp&#8211;e/QT ratio and Tp-e/QTc ratio were calculated from these measurements. The frontal QRS-T angle was calculated as the absolute value of the difference between the frontal plane QRS and T axes. If such a difference was more than 180&#176;, QRS-T angle was adjusted to the minimal angle as 360&#176; minus the absolute value of the difference between the frontal plane QRS and T axes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> The intra-researcher and inter-researcher differences for QTc, Tp-e intervals and QRS-T angle were less than 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Image acquisition</title>
          <p>Images were acquired using 1.5 T scanners (MAGNETON Aera, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) with full myocardial coverage. Balanced steady-state free-precession sequences were used to obtain breath-hold cine images in three long-axis planes, followed by a contiguous stack of short-axis slices from the atrioventricular ring to the apex.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Late enhancement images were acquired 10 min after the administration of 0.1 mmol/kg intravenous gadolinium contrast agent (gadopentetate dimeglumine/gadobutrol, Bayer, Berlin, Germany) with an inversion recovery-prepared gradient-echo sequence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Inversion times were optimised to null normal myocardium with images acquired in two orthogonal phase-encoding directions to exclude artefact.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Image analysis</title>
          <p>Images were transferred to a workstation (Leonardo, Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany) for analysis. For the functional analysis, commercially available software program, Argus (Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany) was used.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>CMR data analysis</title>
          <p>The endocardial and epicardial borders were traced manually using both software systems and functional analysis was performed.</p>
          <p>Analysis using Argus (Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany) Software for each study, the end-diastolic and end-systolic phases were determined. For the detection of each phase, the largest and narrowest diameters of the ventricular cavity at the middle of the ventricle were used. The endocardial and epicardial borders were traced manually in short axis images in both phases. The borders of the endocardium were traced by using the intensity difference between the chamber when filled with blood and the moderate intensity of the myocardium. The papillary muscles were included in the LV volumetric analysis. While the epicardial border was being detected, the interventricular septum was included in the LV volume. The most basal slice that was surrounded by at least 50% of the myocardium with filled blood was defined as the basal segment of the left ventricle. This was included in the LV chamber volume. The apex was defined as the last slice with a visible lumen throughout the entire cardiac cycle. The end-systolic volume (ESV), end-diastolic volume (EDV) and EF were determined according to the Simpson&#8217;s rule. The elapsed time from inputting of the data to obtaining the results was calculated for each patient.</p>
          <p>CMR images were reanalyzed and documented using the 17-segment cardiac model recommended by the American Heart Association to improve standardization of the results. The left ventricle was evaluated from the short-axis images from basal, mid, and apical segments. The basal and mid cavity were divided into 6 equal segments: anterior, anteroseptal, inferoseptal, inferior, inferolateral, and anterolateral. The apical segment was divided into 4 segments: anterior, septal, inferior, and lateral. The apical cap was termed the apex and constituted the 17th segment. The contrast-enhanced images were analyzed visually by two experienced observers who were blinded to other MRI, echocardiographic, and clinical data. Late gadolinium enhancement was rated by visual assessment, and each segment was graded on a 2-point scale (segmental fibrosis score; 0 = absence of late gadolinium enhancement, 1 = presence of late gadolinium enhancement), using the method of Kaandorp et al. because of the frequency of linear and patchy enhancement in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 24.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA). Whether the variables show normal distribution; was evaluated using visual (histograms, probability curves) and analytical (Kolmogorov-Smirnov) methods. Continuous variables showing normal distribution were mean &#177; standard deviation (SD), continuous variables not showing normal distribution were expressed as median (interquartile range) and categorical variables as percentage (%). Continuous variables such as QTc, Tp-e interval and QRS-T angle were evaluated using unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test and the Mann-Whitney U-test between the two groups. Chi-Square or Fisher exact test were used to compare categorical variables. The correlation between QTc, Tp-e interval and QRS-T angle and the other continuous variables were identified using Pearson or Spearman tests. Logistic regression analysis was performed to the determine the independent predictors of LGE presence with CMR in HFrEF patients. Firstly, univariate logistic regression analysis was performed, parameters which were significant in this analysis (p &lt;0.05) were included in the multivariate logistic regression analysis. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was carried out to determine the cutoff values. Significant prediction was accepted when the area under the ROC curve was more than 0.5; p&lt;0.05 was accepted as statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The mean age of the 97 HFrEF patients was 54.8&#177;13.8. Our study population included 75 (77.3%) male and 22 (22.7%) female patients. We divided our patients into two groups according to the presence of LGE with CMR. LGE was detected in 52 (53.6%) patients. Basal demographics and laboratory results for both groups were in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Baseline demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of the study groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>HFrEF without LGE (n=45)</th>
                  <th>HFrEF with LGE (n=52)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age, years</td>
                  <td align="center">50.2&#177;15.6</td>
                  <td align="center">58.7&#177;10.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (57.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (94.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Body mass index, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">27.7&#177;4.2</td>
                  <td align="center">26.6&#177;3.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.171</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (24.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (32,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.371</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (88.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (88.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.947</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Coronary artery disease, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (44.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (86.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hyperlipidemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (44.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (69.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.014</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart rate, bpm</td>
                  <td align="center">78.2&#177;18.9</td>
                  <td align="center">76.8&#177;16.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.691</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Atrial fibrillation, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (11.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (5.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.466</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LBBB, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (17.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (15.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.751</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NYHA class I, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (22.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (17.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.543</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NYHA class II, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (71.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (69.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.840</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NYHA class III, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (6.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (13.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.331</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">0.80 (0.70-0.90)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.10 (0.80-1.40)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glomerular filtration rate, ml/dk</td>
                  <td align="center">91.3&#177;25.1</td>
                  <td align="center">71.9&#177;26.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Beta blockers, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (93.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (96.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.661</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACEi or ARB, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (88.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (80.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.270</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Statins, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (35.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (69.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diuretics, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (55.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (59.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.686</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Spironolactone, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (68.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (55.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.185</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Digoxin, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (11.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.244</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diltiazem, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (6.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.661</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Verapamil, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Data are presented as percentage, mean &#177; standard deviation or median (interquartile range). HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; LGE: late gadolinium enhancement; LBBB: left bundle branch block; NYHA: New York Heart Association; ACEi: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Comparison of parameters calculated from ECG and variables detected by CMR were shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> . Reflection of repolarization on ECG such as QT, QTc, Tp-e interval, Tp-e/QTc ratio and QRS-T angle were significantly higher in LGE group. In LGE group, mean 6.48&#177;3.54 enhanced segments were detected.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison of study groups in terms of some parameters calculated from CMR and ECG</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>HFrEF without LGE (n=45)</th>
                  <th>HFrEF with LGE (n=52)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>QRS duration, ms</td>
                  <td align="center">103.6&#177;26.2</td>
                  <td align="center">101.4&#177;20.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.650</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>QT interval, ms</td>
                  <td align="center">391.6&#177;53.3</td>
                  <td align="center">418.9&#177;50.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.011</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>QTc interval, Bazett</td>
                  <td align="center">438.2&#177;42.3</td>
                  <td align="center">467.3&#177;42.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tp-e interval, ms</td>
                  <td align="center">91.4&#177;12.3</td>
                  <td align="center">108.3&#177;14.6</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tp&#8211;e/QT ratio</td>
                  <td align="center">0.235&#177;0.034</td>
                  <td align="center">0.261&#177;0.042</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tp&#8211;e/QTc ratio</td>
                  <td align="center">0.208&#177;0.025</td>
                  <td align="center">0.233&#177;0.038</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>QRS-T angle, degree</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (28-112)</td>
                  <td align="center">136 (82-159)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF, %</td>
                  <td align="center">30.9&#177;10.7</td>
                  <td align="center">28.8&#177;8.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.275</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEDD, mm</td>
                  <td align="center">57.3&#177;8.8</td>
                  <td align="center">57.7&#177;7.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.826</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVESD, mm</td>
                  <td align="center">45.9&#177;10.5</td>
                  <td align="center">45.6&#177;8.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.891</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEDV index, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">110.1&#177;40.8</td>
                  <td align="center">113.9&#177;36.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.641</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVESV index, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">73.8&#177;40.1</td>
                  <td align="center">77.1&#177;31.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.661</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Number of LV segments with LGE</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">6.48&#177;3.54</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Data are presented as percentage, mean &#177; standard deviation or median (interquartile range). HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; LGE: late gadolinium enhancement; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVEDD: left ventricular end diastolic diameter; LVESD: left ventricular end systolic diameter; LVEDV: left ventricular end diastolic volume; LVESV: left ventricular end systolic volume; LV: left ventricle.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The correlation analysis of QTc, Tp-e interval and QRS-T angle with other variables was shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> . There were poor correlations between QTc interval and LVEF, LVEDD and LVESD and also there were poor correlations between QRS-T angle and LVEF, LVEDD, LVESD, LVEDV index and LVESV index. Although there wasn't any correlation between Tp-e and CMR parameters show cardiac structures and functions, the best correlation coefficient between LGE segment number was obtained with Tp-e interval. There were medium correlation with Tp-e interval (r=0.564, p&lt;0.001) and poor correlations with QTc interval (r=0.262, p=0.009) and QRS-T angle (r=0.369, p&lt;0.001). Another finding of our study, there were various degrees of correlations between QTc, Tp-e interval, QRS-T angle themselves.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Correlation analysis of QTc, Tp-e interval and QRS-T angle with other variables</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Variable</th>
                  <th colspan="2">QTc interval</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Tp-e interval</th>
                  <th colspan="2">QRS-T angle</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="6" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>r</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>r</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>r</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age</td>
                  <td align="center">0.204</td>
                  <td align="center">0.045</td>
                  <td align="center">0.309</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  <td align="center">0.396</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Body mass index</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.990</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.019</td>
                  <td align="center">0.860</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.014</td>
                  <td align="center">0.896</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NYHA class</td>
                  <td align="center">0.022</td>
                  <td align="center">0.831</td>
                  <td align="center">0.051</td>
                  <td align="center">0.657</td>
                  <td align="center">0.020</td>
                  <td align="center">0.846</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine</td>
                  <td align="center">0.149</td>
                  <td align="center">0.165</td>
                  <td align="center">0.272</td>
                  <td align="center">0.010</td>
                  <td align="center">0.389</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glomerular filtration rate</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.184</td>
                  <td align="center">0.087</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.294</td>
                  <td align="center">0.005</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.412</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.328</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.028</td>
                  <td align="center">0.788</td>
                  <td align="center">0.341</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEDD</td>
                  <td align="center">0.256</td>
                  <td align="center">0.013</td>
                  <td align="center">0.089</td>
                  <td align="center">0.398</td>
                  <td align="center">0.442</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVESD</td>
                  <td align="center">0.269</td>
                  <td align="center">0.009</td>
                  <td align="center">0.080</td>
                  <td align="center">0.446</td>
                  <td align="center">0.401</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEDV index</td>
                  <td align="center">0.149</td>
                  <td align="center">0.157</td>
                  <td align="center">0.060</td>
                  <td align="center">0.568</td>
                  <td align="center">0.280</td>
                  <td align="center">0.007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVESV index</td>
                  <td align="center">0.171</td>
                  <td align="center">0.103</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.015</td>
                  <td align="center">0.890</td>
                  <td align="center">0.333</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Number of LV segments with LGE</td>
                  <td align="center">0.262</td>
                  <td align="center">0.009</td>
                  <td align="center">0.564</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.369</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>QTc interval</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.338</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.505</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tp-e interval</td>
                  <td align="center">0.338</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.368</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>QRS-T angle</td>
                  <td align="center">0.505</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.368</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>NYHA: New York Heart Association; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVEDD: left ventricular end diastolic diameter; LVESD: left ventricular end systolic diameter; LVEDV: left ventricular end diastolic volume; LVESV: left ventricular end systolic volume; LV: left ventricle.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Univariate regression analysis was performed to determine the variables which predict the LGE with CMR in HFrEF patients ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> ). Age, male sex, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease, QTc interval, Tp-e interval, QRS-T angle and plasma creatinine level were found to be significant. With these variables four different models were generated and multivariate regression analysis was done. In the first model all three QTc, Tp-e interval and QRS-T angle and other significant variables were included ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> ). In other three models, these parameters were evaluated separately ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref> ). In first model male sex (p=0.032), coronary artery disease (p=0.009), plasma creatinine level (p=0037) and Tp-e interval [p=0.001, OR (95% CI) = 1.085 (1.032-1.140)] remained significant and they were independent predictors of LGE presence. In this model QTc interval (p=0.185) and QRS-T angle (p=0.944) lost their significance. In the model which evaluated only the QTc interval, QTc interval (p=0.007) was also found to be an independent predictor as well as male sex, coronary artery disease, plasma creatinine level. In the model which evaluated only the Tp-e interval, Tp-e interval remained significant (p&lt;0.001) as in first model. In the model which evaluated only the QRS-T angle, male sex and coronary artery disease were found to be independent predictors but QRS-T angle couldn't reach the significance (p=0.058).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Univariate and multivariate regression analysis to determine the predictability of LGE in HF patients</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Variable</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Univariate analysis</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Multivariate analysis</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>OR (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>OR (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age</td>
                  <td align="center">1.051 (1.016-1.086)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004</td>
                  <td align="center">0.960 (0.901-1.023)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.209</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">11.936 (3.230-44.114)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">6.348 (1.172-34.392)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.032</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Body mass index</td>
                  <td align="center">0.927 (0.831-1.034)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.173</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">1.501 (0.615-3.668)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.373</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">0.958 (0.272-3.379)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.947</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hyperlipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">2.812 (1.224-6.464)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.015</td>
                  <td align="center">0.484 (0.105-2.226)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.352</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Coronary artery disease</td>
                  <td align="center">8.036 (2.986-21.624)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">12.355 (1.851-82.445)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LBBB</td>
                  <td align="center">0.841 (0.288-2.459)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.752</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Atrial fibrillation</td>
                  <td align="center">0.490 (1.110-2.176)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.348</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>QRS duration</td>
                  <td align="center">0.996 (0.979-1.013)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.646</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>QTc interval</td>
                  <td align="center">1.016 (1.006-1.027)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  <td align="center">1.011 (0.995-1.028)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.185</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tp-e interval</td>
                  <td align="center">1.099 (1.055-1.144)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.085 (1.032-1.140)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>QRS-T angle</td>
                  <td align="center">1.017 (1.008-1.026)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.999 (0.984-1.015)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.944</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF</td>
                  <td align="center">0.976 (0.935-1.019)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.273</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEDV index</td>
                  <td align="center">1.003 (0.992-1.013)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.637</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVESV index</td>
                  <td align="center">1.003 (0.991-1.013)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.657</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine</td>
                  <td align="center">18.678 (3.460-100.82)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">12.501 (1.170-133.63)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.037</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>
                  <italic>OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; LBBB: left bundle branch block; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVEDV: left ventricular end diastolic volume; LVESV: left ventricular end systolic volume.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5001">
            <label>Table 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Multivariate regression analysis to determine the independent predictor of LGE in HF patients</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="5">Variable</th>
                  <th colspan="6">Multivariate analysis</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="6">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">QTc interval</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Tp-e interval</th>
                  <th colspan="2">QRS-T angle</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="6" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>OR (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>OR (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>OR (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age</td>
                  <td align="center">0.974 (0.921-1.030)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.359</td>
                  <td align="center">0.964 (0.905-1.027)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.252</td>
                  <td align="center">0.980 (0.927-1.036)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.469</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">6.393 (1.468-27.84)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.013</td>
                  <td align="center">7.405 (1.383-39.64)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.019</td>
                  <td align="center">7.369 (1.617-33.58)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.010</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hyperlipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">0.643 (0.169-2.452)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.518</td>
                  <td align="center">0.513 (0.118-2.226)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.626</td>
                  <td align="center">0.727 (0.202-2.621)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.398</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Coronary artery disease</td>
                  <td align="center">11.676 (2.43-56.09)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  <td align="center">10.989 (1.89-63.69)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.008</td>
                  <td align="center">7.227 (1.605-32.55)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.010</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine</td>
                  <td align="center">9.551 (1.548-58.92)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.015</td>
                  <td align="center">10.892 (1.26-94.01)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.030</td>
                  <td align="center">5.299 (0.947-29.66)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.058</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>QTc, Tp-e, QRS-T angle</td>
                  <td align="center">1.018 (1.005-1.032)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.007</td>
                  <td align="center">1.097 (1.045-1.152)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.010 (1.000-1.021)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.058</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5001">
                <p>
                  <italic>OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>ROC curves for QTc, Tp-e interval and QRS-T angle were generated for LGE presence with CMR in HFrEF patients ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ). Although there is a need for confirmation with prospective studies, according to the ROC curves we obtained, the best QTc interval cut off value was 460.5 ms, Tp-e interval cut off value was 101.5 ms, and QRS-T angle cut off value was 110 degrees in the determination of HFrEF patients with LGE. When the patients were divided into two groups according to the Tp-e cut off which had the best AUC value, there were 54 patients (55.7%) in Tp-e&#8804;101.5 group, 43 patients (44.3%) in Tp-e&gt;101.5 group. In Tp-e&gt;101.5 group, patients with LGE ratio were significantly higher than other group ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ). Similar to these findings, LGE segment numbers median values were significantly higher [5.0 (3.0-9.0) vs 0.0 (0.0-2.25), p&lt;0.001] in Tp-e&gt;101.5 group.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Receiver operating characteristics curve showing the distinguishing ability of the QTc, Tp-e interval and QRS-T angle for LGE presence with CMR in HfrEF.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-04-0678-00149-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison of LGE rates in low and high Tp-e groups. HFrEF: Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; LGE: late gadolinium enhancement.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-04-0678-00149-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In our study, we stated significantly higher QTc interval, Tp-e interval and QRS-T angle in HFrEF patients with LGE by CMR when compared to HFrEF patients without LGE. Also in correlation analysis, it was seen that the best correlation coefficients were found between CMR measurements which show cardiac structure and function and QRS-T angle; number of left ventricular segments with LGE and Tp-e intervals. In multivariate regression analysis which was performed by different models, Tp-e interval was found to be the best parameter within three parameters to predict the LGE presence in HFrEF patients. Also, Tp-e interval had the highest AUC value in ROC analysis performed for the LGE presence.</p>
        <p>HF patients were divided into three groups according to the EF in latest European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guideline published in 2016. Group with EF under 40% was classified as HFrEF, group with EF 50% and more was classified as preserved EF HF (HFpEF), group with EF 40&#8211;49% was classified as mid-range EF HF (HFmrEF).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The highest mortality rates are seen in HFrEF group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> One of the important reasons of mortality is malignant arrhythmias. Myocardial fibrosis which is a substrate for these arrhythmias can be detected with LGE by CMR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In literature there are several studies showed the relationship between LGE presence and adverse cardiovascular events in HF patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Liu et al. showed the relationship between LGE amount detected by CMR and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in 84 stage C or D HF patients whether ischemic or not [p = 0.022, HR (95% CI) = 1.045 (1.001-1.084)].<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Shi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> stated in their meta analysis which contained five studies and 545 dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) patients, LGE presence was the predictor of high cardiovascular mortality [p=0.03, OR (95% CI) = 2.67 (1.12-6.35)], aborted SCD [p=0.007, OR (95% CI) = 5.26 (1.57-17.55)] and hospitalization due to HF [p&lt;0.001, OR (95% CI) = 3.91 (1.99-7.69)].<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> In Duan et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> meta analysis which evaluated 13 studies and included 1675 DCM patients, investigated the effects of LGE presence on MACE. In these 13 studies LGE presence ratios were between 18% and 71%. Results of analysis showed that LGE was associated with all cause mortality [p&lt;0.001, OR (95% CI) = 3.43 (2.26-5.22)], cardiac death [p&lt;0.001, OR (95% CI) = 3.65 (1.80-7.40)], hospitalization due to HF [p=0.001, OR (95% CI) = 2.87 (1.53-5.39)], major arrhythmic events [p&lt;0.001, OR (95% CI) = 4.24 (2.95-6.08)] and SCD [p&lt;0.001, OR (95% CI) = 3.33 (1.80-6.17)].<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although CMR gives great informations to the clinicians, it has some limitations. CMR is not widely available, CMR interpretations need speciality, costs are high and safety for patients with metallic implants is still debated, can be less reliable in tachyarrhythmic patients, claustrophobia and contrast agent gadolinium usage in severe renal failure patients are other important limitations. So it can be a great convenience to predict myocardial fibrosis with repolarization parameters calculated from ECG which is easily available and interpretable. We built our study on this aim and we investigated whether QTc interval, Tp-e interval and frontal QRS-T angle are related with LGE presence and which one these parameters can be a better predictor.</p>
        <p>QT and QTc intervals are the well known and largely used parameters of myocardial repolarization and are related to ventricular arrhythmia and cardiovascular mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> In some studies it is shown that the duration between peak and end-point of T wave (Tp-e interval) is a new marker to evaluate the ventricular repolarization and because it isn't affected by heart rate variability, Tp-e interval can be more reliable to evaluate the ventricular repolarization. Moreover, Tp-e/QT and Tp-e/QTc ratio were shown to be a sensitive index of ventricular repolarization and arrhythmogenesis, as it provided an estimate of the dispersion of repolarization relative to the total duration of repolarization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Another new marker is spatial QRS-T angle. It is defined as angle difference between ventricular depolarization (QRS wave) direction and ventricular repolarization (T wave) direction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> But calculation of the spatial QRS angle is too complicated and needs advanced computer programming.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Conversely frontal QRS angle can be measured easily from automatic reports of ECG devices and has a good correlation with spatial QRS angle in risk stratification.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> That's reason why we used frontal QRS-T angle in our study.</p>
        <p>Previous studies revealed in HF patients repolarization parameters were associated with all cause mortality, cardiac death, hospitalization due to HF, SCD and proper shocking in patients with ICD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Best of our knowledge there isn't any study investigating the relation of LGE with CMR and repolarization parameters so we aimed to meet the deficit. In our study, similar to the literature LGE ratio was 53.6% in HFrEF patients. All the repolarization parameters were significantly higher in patients with LGE. In univariate analysis all three parameters predicted LGE presence separately. In multivariate analysis firstly a model was generated which included all three repolarization parameters and the other significant variables. In this model only Tp-e interval from repolarization parameters remained significant and found to be an independent predictor of LGE presence [p=0.001, OR (95% CI) = 1.085 (1.032-1.140)]. With a different point of view, when we inserted the parameters separately to the models QTc interval and Tp-e interval remained significant but the significance level of Tp-e interval was better than the QTc interval (p&lt;0.001 vs p=0.007). On the other hand Tp-e interval had medium correlation (r=0.564, p&lt;0.001) with number of LV segments with LGE and other two parameters had poor correlations. As a result in our study Tp-e interval was found to be more related with the LGE in HFrEF patients when compared to other two repolarization parameters. Risk estimation of MACE in HFrEF patients can be possible with this parameter which can be easily measured from standard 12 lead ECG.</p>
        <p>Our study had some limitations. First of all this study designed as a retrospective, single center and contained a small study population. No healthy volunteers were included to the study. There wasn't any clinical follow up data. HF patients were included to the study independent from the etiology. Evaluation of the patients separately according to the ischemic or non ischemic etiology could give more information. Our CMR data is limited in our study. LGE is only given as presence-absence and the number of segments showing involvement. The availability of additional data showing scar transmurality, percentage of LV scar and regional strain could enrich the study. Finally, in this study, cut-off values of repolarization parameters were developed using ROC curves. Therefore, our results must be interpreted carefully until they are confirmed in subsequent studies.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In our study we found higher QTc interval, Tp-e interval and frontal QRS-T angle in HFrEF patients with LGE by CMR when compared to HFrEF patients without LGE. Tp-e interval was the best independent predictor of LGE presence. This information with the prolongation of the Tp-e interval allows us to predict the presence of myocardial fibrosis which is an arrhythmogenic substrate, in patients with HFrEF. As a result, we believe with a standard 12 lead ECG which is easily available and interpreted, it can be possible to predict the risk of adverse cardiovascular events in HFrEF patients and also we think decrease in MACE ratios can be obtained with intensive medical therapy, close follow-ups and ICD therapy. We know there should be more prospective, randomized, large populated studies to support our opinions.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
