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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">gFkvYYWmZNzCsqzMVTFZmxx</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021005010204</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001200666</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200378</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200378</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impacto da Concentra&#231;&#227;o de &#193;cido &#218;rico S&#233;rico no Risco de Doen&#231;a Cardiovascular: Um Estudo Coorte Realizado no Norte da China</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5394-2382</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nie</surname>
            <given-names>Qian</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Xuemei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hao</surname>
            <given-names>Zhihua</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Liqin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Liu</surname>
            <given-names>Huanxin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Liu</surname>
            <given-names>Chenghao</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Zhongli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9901-6074</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Song</surname>
            <given-names>Guangyao</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hebei Medical University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Internal Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Shijiazhuang City</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hebei Medical University - Department of Internal Medicine, Shijiazhuang City - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hebei General Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Physical Examination Center</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Shijiazhuang</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Hebei</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hebei General Hospital - Physical Examination Center, Shijiazhuang, Hebei - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hebei Medical University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">School of Public Health</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Shijiazhuang City</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Hebei</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hebei Medical University - School of Public Health, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hebei General Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hebei Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Shijiazhuang</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hebei General Hospital - Hebei Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Shijiazhuang - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Guangyao Song &#8226; Hebei Medical University - 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, China Shijiazhuang City 050017 E-mail: <email>sguangyao2@163.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Nie Q, Song G; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Nie Q, Zhang X, Hao Z, Wang L, Liu H, Liu C, Wang Z; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Nie Q; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Zhang X, Hao Z, Song G.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>666</fpage>
      <lpage>675</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Os resultados de estudos anteriores sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico (AUS) e o risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV) at&#233; agora s&#227;o inconsistentes devido aos fatores de confus&#227;o causados por outros fatores de risco cardiovascular conhecidos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Este estudo tem o objetivo de avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o AUS e as DCV incidentes em chineses de meia-idade e idosos, que foram estratificados de acordo com o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Recrutamos 5.721 participantes com idades entre 40 e 75 anos que n&#227;o tinham diagn&#243;stico de DCV na linha de base, e que foram monitorados de 2008 a 2017. Os participantes foram categorizados em quintis de AUS. A regress&#227;o de Cox e a an&#225;lise de sobreviv&#234;ncia de Kaplan-Meier foram utilizadas para comparar a incid&#234;ncia de DCV entre os grupos de AUS. As correla&#231;&#245;es entre AUS e a incid&#234;ncia de DCV em grupos com IMC e circunfer&#234;ncia de cintura (CC) variados tamb&#233;m foram analisadas. Um P valor &lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Durante um per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de monitoramento de 7,6 anos, a incid&#234;ncia de DCV aumentou com o AUS (teste de Log-rank p&lt;0,001). Em compara&#231;&#227;o com o primeiro quintil, as raz&#245;es de risco padronizadas (intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95%) para p desenvolvimento de DCV foram 1,08 (0,78&#8211;1,65), 1,17 (0,88&#8211;1,77), 1,47 (1,12&#8211;2,21), e 1,68 (1,28&#8211;2,44) para o segundo, terceiro, quarto e quinto quintis, respectivamente. Essa rela&#231;&#227;o ficou mais clara em participantes com IMC e CC normais. A raz&#227;o de risco ajustada para cada aumento de 100 &#956;mol/L de AUS foi de 1,13 (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 1,02&#8211;1,39) para eventos de DCV.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> O AUS alto &#233; um fator de risco de DCV independente em pessoas de meia-idade e idosas do norte da China. Esse efeito &#233; mantido mesmo depois da estratifica&#231;&#227;o de acordo com medidas de magreza/obesidade.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Hiperuricemia</kwd>
        <kwd>&#193;cido &#218;rico</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/incid&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Peso Corporal</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Organiza&#231;&#227;o de Pesquisa Cient&#237;fica da Prov&#237;ncia de Hebei</funding-source>
          <award-id>20200731</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela Bolsa N&#186; 20200731 da Organiza&#231;&#227;o de Pesquisa Cient&#237;fica da Prov&#237;ncia de Hebei</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="34"/>
        <page-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A hiperuricemia tornou-se altamente prevalente nos &#250;ltimos anos, provavelmente devido a desenvolvimento financeiro r&#225;pido e mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Alguns estudos anteriores demonstraram que a alta concentra&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico (AUS) est&#225; associada a incid&#234;ncias mais altas de fatores de risco convencionais de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV), tais como hipertens&#227;o, diabetes e aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> &#201; fato not&#243;rio que as DCV, incluindo doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e acidente vascular cerebral, s&#227;o as causas mais comuns de morbidade e mortalidade em todo o mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, houve um aumento acumulado das evid&#234;ncias de uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre hiperuricemia e a ocorr&#234;ncia e o progn&#243;stico de DCV. No estudo cardiol&#243;gico de Framingham,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> um estudo observacional longitudinal com 6.763 participantes, a concentra&#231;&#227;o de AUS n&#227;o demonstrou ter uma rela&#231;&#227;o causal no desenvolvimento de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coron&#225;ria, ou a morte resultante dela. Entretanto, outros estudos demonstraram que a hiperuricemia aumenta o risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e cerebrovasculares e de mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Em um estudo transversal realizado no nordeste da China,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> o AUS foi associado a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana em mulheres, especialmente nas com idade superior a 80 anos, mas n&#227;o em homens. Esses achados contradit&#243;rios podem ser explicados por fatores de confus&#227;o causados por v&#225;rios outros fatores de risco.</p>
      <p>A hiperuricemia &#233; comum na popula&#231;&#227;o chinesa, especialmente nas regi&#245;es economicamente desenvolvidas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Portanto, &#233; importante, para a sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, que sejam determinados o status do AUS como fator de risco para DCV, bem como a concentra&#231;&#227;o de AUS que exige a interven&#231;&#227;o. Dessa forma, este estudo tem o objetivo de determinar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a concentra&#231;&#227;o de AUS e o risco de DCV em um coorte de chineses de meia-idade e idosos em um per&#237;odo de 10 anos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Padr&#245;es &#233;ticos</title>
        <p>Todos os procedimentos realizados em estudos envolvendo participantes humanos foram feitos em conformidade com os padr&#245;es &#233;ticos do comit&#234; institucional e/ou nacional de pesquisa, e com a declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1964 e suas emendas posteriores, ou com padr&#245;es &#233;ticos compar&#225;veis. O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica do Hospital Geral Hebei (N&#186; 190106). O termo de consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Foram recrutados participantes entre 40 e 75 anos de idade durante um check-up detalhado no Hospital Geral Hebei, Shijiazhuang, China, em 2008, para este estudo coorte. Esses participantes eram funcion&#225;rios de empresas, universidades, organiza&#231;&#245;es governamentais locais e hospitais. Durante a investiga&#231;&#227;o de monitoramento at&#233; 2017, os participantes repetiram o check-up todos os anos, incluindo um question&#225;rio de entrevistas, exames f&#237;sicos, e coleta de sangue, de forma semelhante ao realizado no levantamento de linha de base. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica Humana do Hospital Geral Hebei (N&#186; 190106). O termo de consentimento informado escrito foi obtido de todos os participantes.</p>
        <p>Para a an&#225;lise, DCV foi definida como doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica (DCI), acidente vascular cerebral hemorr&#225;gico, ou acidente vascular isqu&#234;mico. A DCI foi definida como infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, angina pectoris, interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea, ou cirurgia de bypass da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria. O coorte incluiu 11.842 participantes que n&#227;o tinham hist&#243;rico de DCI, acidente vascular cerebral, c&#226;ncer, ou insufici&#234;ncia renal anterior ao per&#237;odo de cadastro, de 2008, e que passaram por exames m&#233;dicos anuais at&#233; 2017. Quatro mil, oitocentos e noventa e dois participantes foram exclu&#237;dos devido a dados incompletos, presen&#231;a de comorbidades, ou aus&#234;ncia de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o do estilo de vida em qualquer um dos anos. Participantes foram exclu&#237;dos por terem apresentado c&#226;ncer (n=189), nefrite cr&#244;nica ou insufici&#234;ncia renal (n=106), ou um evento de DCV dentro do primeiro ano do estudo (n=68); por terem morrido de outras causas al&#233;m da DCV (n=45); ou por terem perdido o contato durante o acompanhamento (n=821). Depois da exclus&#227;o desses participantes, dados de um total de 5.721 participantes (3.156 homens e 2.565 mulheres) foram analisados ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Descri&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo. Os participantes de cada sexo foram alocados separadamente em cinco grupos (Q1 a Q5) com base em sua concentra&#231;&#227;o de AUS.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-04-0666-00378-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de dados utilizando question&#225;rios</title>
        <p>Todos os participantes passaram por exames f&#237;sicos anuais e preencheram um question&#225;rio estruturado sobre seu hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico geral, uso de medicamentos, hist&#243;rico de cirurgias, e hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico familiar. Quest&#245;es relacionadas a tabagismo (nunca fumou, ex-fumante ou fumante) e consumo de &#225;lcool (nunca bebeu, ex-consumidor e consumidor atual) foram inclu&#237;das.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medi&#231;&#245;es antropom&#233;tricas</title>
        <p>Os dados antropom&#233;tricos foram coletados anualmente, incluindo altura, massa corporal, circunfer&#234;ncia de cintura (CC), press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS), e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD), que foram medidas por enfermeiros bem treinados. O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) foi calculado como a massa corporal, em quilogramas, dividida pela altura, em metros, ao quadrado. A press&#227;o arterial foi medida utilizando-se um esfigmoman&#244;metro de merc&#250;rio padr&#227;o (Omron HEM-7125, Dalian, China). Os participantes ficaram em repouso por &gt;5 minutos antes da aferi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial. A altura e a massa corporal foram medidas com os participantes usando roupas leves e descal&#231;os. Essas medi&#231;&#245;es foram feitas duas vezes durante os exames f&#237;sicos e os valores m&#233;dios foram utilizados para as an&#225;lises subsequentes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exames laboratoriais</title>
        <p>Amostras de sangue venoso foram coletadas de todos os participantes, ap&#243;s jejum noturno de 12 horas, e foram usadas para medir contagens de leuc&#243;citos (WBC) e plaquetas (PLT); concentra&#231;&#245;es de hemoglobina (Hb), &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico (AUS), glicemia plasm&#225;tica em jejum (FPG), creatinina (Cr), triglic&#233;rides (TG), colesterol total (CT), lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-C), e lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-C); e atividades de alanina aminotransferase (ALT) e aspartato aminotransferase (AST). Todas essas medi&#231;&#245;es foram feitas utilizando-se m&#233;todos padronizados, com um analisador bioqu&#237;mico autom&#225;tico (Beckman Coulter AU5800, T&#243;quio, Jap&#227;o). A taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada (TFG) foi calculada utilizando-se a equa&#231;&#227;o de modifica&#231;&#227;o da dieta em doen&#231;a renal para pacientes chineses com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Defini&#231;&#245;es</title>
      <p>Os participantes de cada sexo foram alocados separadamente em cinco grupos com base em sua concentra&#231;&#227;o de AUS: &lt;278 &#181;mol/L, 278&#8211;324 &#181;mol/L, 324&#8211;362 &#181;mol/L, 362&#8211;417 &#181;mol/L, e &#8805;417 &#181;mol/L para homens; e &lt;210 &#181;mol/L, 210&#8211;241 &#181;mol/L, 241&#8211;272 &#181;mol/L, 272&#8211;328 &#181;mol/L, &#8805; 328 &#181;mol/L para mulheres. A hiperuricemia foi definida como um AUS &#8805; 420 &#956;mol/L para homens, e &#8805; 360 &#956;mol/L para mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Hipertens&#227;o foi definida como uma PAS &#8805; 140 mmHg e/ou PAD &#8805; 90 mmHg, ou uso atual de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Diabetes foi definida como um diagn&#243;stico de diabetes feito por um m&#233;dico, relatado pelo participante, uma FPG &#8805; 7,0 mmol/L, ou uso atual de medicamentos antidiabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> De acordo com os crit&#233;rios recomendados para chineses, um IMC de 18,5&#8211;23,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup> foi considerado normal, um IMC de 24,0&#8211;27,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup> foi considerado indicativo de sobrepeso, e um IMC &#8805; 28 kg/m<sup>2</sup> foi considerado indicativo de obesidade. Gordura abdominal foi definida como uma circunfer&#234;ncia de cintura (CC) &gt;90 cm nos homens e &gt;85 cm nas mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Os principais desfechos foram o desenvolvimento de DCI (Classifica&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Doen&#231;as-10 c&#243;digos I20&#8211;25), acidente vascular cerebral hemorr&#225;gico (I61), ou acidente vascular isqu&#234;mico (I63).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas de linha de base dos participantes foram analisadas de acordo com o quintil de AUS, utilizando-se estat&#237;sticas descritivas. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o expressas como m&#233;dias &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) e vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, como porcentagens. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram testadas quanto &#224; normalidade por meio de gr&#225;ficos P-P. Compara&#231;&#245;es entre dois grupos foram realizadas usando o teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado para dados normalmente distribu&#237;dos, e teste qui-quadrado para dados categ&#243;ricos. Foram realizadas compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas utilizando-se ANOVA de uma via, e o P valor foi corrigido pelo teste post hoc de Bonferroni. A an&#225;lise de sobreviv&#234;ncia de Kaplan-Meier e o teste de Log-rank foram utilizados para comparar a incid&#234;ncia de DCV entre os grupos de AUS. A regress&#227;o de Cox foi utilizada para avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre AUS e a incid&#234;ncia de DCV. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando-se o software SPSS vers&#227;o 22.0 (IBM Inc., Armonk, NY, EUA) para Windows. Um p valor &lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas de linha de base dos participantes</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas de linha de base dos participantes do coorte, categorizadas de acordo com sexo e quintil de AUS, s&#227;o apresentadas nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref> . IMC, CC, PAS, PAD, colesterol total, triglic&#233;rides, LDL-C, ALT, Cr, FPG, e a preval&#234;ncia de consumo de &#225;lcool, obesidade, hipertens&#227;o e diabetes aumentaram com n&#237;veis mais altos de &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico em ambos os sexos. Os homens com os n&#237;veis mais altos de concentra&#231;&#227;o de AUS tenderam a ser mais jovens, enquanto as mulheres eram mais velhas. Al&#233;m disso, uma concentra&#231;&#227;o de AUS alta estava associada a TFG e HDL-C baixos.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas de linha de base dos participantes do sexo masculino, categorizadas de acordo com o quintil de concentra&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Todos</th>
                  <th>Q1</th>
                  <th>Q2</th>
                  <th>Q3</th>
                  <th>Q4</th>
                  <th>Q5</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>N (participantes)</td>
                  <td align="center">3156</td>
                  <td align="center">635</td>
                  <td align="center">631</td>
                  <td align="center">632</td>
                  <td align="center">631</td>
                  <td align="center">627</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AUS (&#956;mol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">334,3&#177;40,5</td>
                  <td align="center">240,2&#177;28,9</td>
                  <td align="center">296,2&#177;11,8</td>
                  <td align="center">337,5&#177;13,3</td>
                  <td align="center">384,4&#177;13,4</td>
                  <td align="center">456,3&#177;40,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">53,8&#177;9,6</td>
                  <td align="center">53,2&#177;9,5</td>
                  <td align="center">52,9&#177;9,6</td>
                  <td align="center">52,0&#177;9,3</td>
                  <td align="center">52,4&#177;9,5</td>
                  <td align="center">51,7&#177;9,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">25,6&#177;2,9</td>
                  <td align="center">24,5&#177;3,2</td>
                  <td align="center">25,4&#177;2,8</td>
                  <td align="center">25,7&#177;2,8</td>
                  <td align="center">26,2&#177;2,7</td>
                  <td align="center">26,9&#177;2,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CC (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">89,1&#177;8,3</td>
                  <td align="center">85,9&#177;8,9</td>
                  <td align="center">88,3&#177;7,7</td>
                  <td align="center">89,2&#177;8,2</td>
                  <td align="center">90,2&#177;7,9</td>
                  <td align="center">92,0&#177;8,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAS (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">123,8&#177;16,9</td>
                  <td align="center">122,2&#177;16,5</td>
                  <td align="center">122,3&#177;17,0</td>
                  <td align="center">123,4&#177;16,8</td>
                  <td align="center">123,0&#177;16,6</td>
                  <td align="center">124.8&#177;16,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,012</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAD (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">79,5&#177;10,5</td>
                  <td align="center">78,1&#177;11,3</td>
                  <td align="center">78,2&#177;10,3</td>
                  <td align="center">79,8&#177;10,5</td>
                  <td align="center">80,2&#177;9,8</td>
                  <td align="center">81,9&#177;10,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CT (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,92&#177;0,85</td>
                  <td align="center">4,67&#177;0,85</td>
                  <td align="center">4,76&#177;0,80</td>
                  <td align="center">4,92&#177;0,83</td>
                  <td align="center">5,00&#177;0,89</td>
                  <td align="center">5,12&#177;0,85</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TG (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,85&#177;0,97</td>
                  <td align="center">1,55&#177;0,91</td>
                  <td align="center">1,66&#177;1,01</td>
                  <td align="center">1,80&#177;1,04</td>
                  <td align="center">2,06&#177;1,12</td>
                  <td align="center">2,39&#177;1,23</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-C (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,27&#177;0,27</td>
                  <td align="center">1,32&#177;0,28</td>
                  <td align="center">1,26&#177;0,24</td>
                  <td align="center">1,25&#177;0,26</td>
                  <td align="center">1,24&#177;0,25</td>
                  <td align="center">1,23&#177;0,27</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-C (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,8&#177;0,77</td>
                  <td align="center">2,83&#177;0,72</td>
                  <td align="center">2,85&#177;0,74</td>
                  <td align="center">2,82&#177;0,82</td>
                  <td align="center">2,83&#177;0,91</td>
                  <td align="center">2,86&#177;0,83</td>
                  <td align="center">0,132</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ALT (U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">25,0&#177;11,8</td>
                  <td align="center">23,3&#177;10,5</td>
                  <td align="center">23,4&#177;10,8</td>
                  <td align="center">25,4&#177;11,5</td>
                  <td align="center">28,2&#177;11,3</td>
                  <td align="center">28,7&#177;11,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AST (U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">22,7&#177;8,5</td>
                  <td align="center">22,2&#177;9,3</td>
                  <td align="center">21,9&#177;6,7</td>
                  <td align="center">23,1&#177;10,7</td>
                  <td align="center">23.8&#177;10,2</td>
                  <td align="center">23,9&#177;6,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,097</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cr (&#956;mol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">81,0&#177;9,2</td>
                  <td align="center">75,5&#177;9,8</td>
                  <td align="center">78,9&#177;9,6</td>
                  <td align="center">82,4&#177;10,7</td>
                  <td align="center">83,4&#177;10,6</td>
                  <td align="center">87,0&#177;11,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FPG (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,96&#177;1,05</td>
                  <td align="center">5,31&#177;1,81</td>
                  <td align="center">5,96&#177;0,89</td>
                  <td align="center">5,97&#177;0,91</td>
                  <td align="center">6,02&#177;1,11</td>
                  <td align="center">6,05&#177;0,85</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TFG (ml/min&#183;1,73m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">93,4&#177;12,4</td>
                  <td align="center">97,8&#177;10,8</td>
                  <td align="center">95,2&#177;10,9</td>
                  <td align="center">92,8&#177;11,7</td>
                  <td align="center">91,8&#177;12,4</td>
                  <td align="center">87,5&#177;14,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fumantes (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">40,67</td>
                  <td align="center">40,39</td>
                  <td align="center">42,77</td>
                  <td align="center">41,83</td>
                  <td align="center">39,98</td>
                  <td align="center">41,48</td>
                  <td align="center">0,326</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Consumidor atual (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">37,23</td>
                  <td align="center">35,69</td>
                  <td align="center">36,66</td>
                  <td align="center">38,02</td>
                  <td align="center">41,86</td>
                  <td align="center">42,78</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesidade (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20,8</td>
                  <td align="center">13,72</td>
                  <td align="center">16,08</td>
                  <td align="center">19,44</td>
                  <td align="center">24,42</td>
                  <td align="center">31,82</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16,98</td>
                  <td align="center">11,76</td>
                  <td align="center">12,86</td>
                  <td align="center">14,36</td>
                  <td align="center">20,16</td>
                  <td align="center">25,48</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11,08</td>
                  <td align="center">7,42</td>
                  <td align="center">8,38</td>
                  <td align="center">9,79</td>
                  <td align="center">9,98</td>
                  <td align="center">13,23</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>AUS: &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CC: circunfer&#234;ncia de cintura; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; CT: colesterol total; TG: triglic&#233;rides; LDL-C: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade-colesterol; HDL-C: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade-colesterol; ALT: alanina aminotransferase; AST: aspartato aminotransferase; Cr: creatinina; FPG: glicemia plasm&#225;tica em jejum; TFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada. Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dias &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP), se forem cont&#237;nuos, e como n&#250;meros (porcentagens), se forem categ&#243;ricos. Foram realizadas compara&#231;&#245;es utilizando-se o ANOVA de uma via ou o teste qui-quadrado para dados categ&#243;ricos. As concentra&#231;&#245;es de &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico para cada quintil foram &lt;278, 278&#8211;324, 324&#8211;362, 362&#8211;417, e &#8805;417 &#956;mol/L.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas de linha de base dos participantes do sexo feminino, categorizadas de acordo com o quintil de concentra&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Todos</th>
                  <th>Q1</th>
                  <th>Q2</th>
                  <th>Q3</th>
                  <th>Q4</th>
                  <th>Q5</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>N (participantes)</td>
                  <td align="center">2565</td>
                  <td align="center">515</td>
                  <td align="center">513</td>
                  <td align="center">513</td>
                  <td align="center">514</td>
                  <td align="center">510</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AUS (&#956;mol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">259,8&#177;40,9</td>
                  <td align="center">186,2&#177;18,2</td>
                  <td align="center">226,0&#177;8,5</td>
                  <td align="center">255,3&#177;10,9</td>
                  <td align="center">290,5&#177;13,4</td>
                  <td align="center">365,2&#177;30,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">52,1&#177;9,0</td>
                  <td align="center">48,6&#177;7,7</td>
                  <td align="center">50,3&#177;8,7</td>
                  <td align="center">52,0&#177;8,6</td>
                  <td align="center">53,5&#177;8,9</td>
                  <td align="center">57,1&#177;9,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">24,2&#177;3,1</td>
                  <td align="center">22,8&#177;2,6</td>
                  <td align="center">23,7&#177;3,0</td>
                  <td align="center">24,4&#177;3,3</td>
                  <td align="center">24,7&#177;3,2</td>
                  <td align="center">25,5&#177;3,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CC (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">79,3&#177;9,5</td>
                  <td align="center">75,1&#177;7,2</td>
                  <td align="center">77,9&#177;8,3</td>
                  <td align="center">79,6&#177;8,7</td>
                  <td align="center">81,2&#177;8,6</td>
                  <td align="center">83,6&#177;7,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAS (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">118,6&#177;19,3</td>
                  <td align="center">110,7&#177;15,1</td>
                  <td align="center">116,7&#177;17,6</td>
                  <td align="center">118,8&#177;18,5</td>
                  <td align="center">123,6&#177;19,6</td>
                  <td align="center">124,0&#177;19,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAD (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">72,3&#177;9,7</td>
                  <td align="center">69,1&#177;8,3</td>
                  <td align="center">71,8&#177;9,8</td>
                  <td align="center">73,0&#177;9,5</td>
                  <td align="center">74,2&#177;10,0</td>
                  <td align="center">74,6&#177;9,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CT (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,15&#177;0,92</td>
                  <td align="center">4,86&#177;0,90</td>
                  <td align="center">4,99&#177;0,86</td>
                  <td align="center">5,21&#177;0,86</td>
                  <td align="center">5,22&#177;0,93</td>
                  <td align="center">5,58&#177;0,92</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TG (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,46&#177;0,95</td>
                  <td align="center">1,03&#177;0,52</td>
                  <td align="center">1,22&#177;0,61</td>
                  <td align="center">1,45&#177;0,59</td>
                  <td align="center">1,64&#177;0,60</td>
                  <td align="center">2,09&#177;0,92</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-C (mmol/L&#65289;</td>
                  <td align="center">1,56&#177;0,33</td>
                  <td align="center">1,61&#177;0,32</td>
                  <td align="center">1,60&#177;0,31</td>
                  <td align="center">1,57&#177;0,32</td>
                  <td align="center">1,50&#177;0,33</td>
                  <td align="center">1,48&#177;0,36</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-C (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,92&#177;0,78</td>
                  <td align="center">2,89&#177;0,73</td>
                  <td align="center">2,95&#177;0,73</td>
                  <td align="center">2,99&#177;0,79</td>
                  <td align="center">3,01&#177;0,81</td>
                  <td align="center">3,04&#177;0,90</td>
                  <td align="center">0,056</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ALT (U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">16,3&#177;10,5</td>
                  <td align="center">17,9&#177;8,6</td>
                  <td align="center">17,9&#177;10,3</td>
                  <td align="center">19,0&#177;8,6</td>
                  <td align="center">20,6&#177;11,6</td>
                  <td align="center">21,9&#177;9,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,013</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AST (U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">21,6&#177;10,0</td>
                  <td align="center">21,3&#177;9,8</td>
                  <td align="center">20,6&#177;6,9</td>
                  <td align="center">21,4&#177;7,1</td>
                  <td align="center">22,3&#177;9,5</td>
                  <td align="center">22,9&#177;6,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,087</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cr (&#956;mol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">61,3&#177;9,1</td>
                  <td align="center">58,6&#177;8,1</td>
                  <td align="center">59,6&#177;8,4</td>
                  <td align="center">60,9&#177;8,6</td>
                  <td align="center">61,9&#177;9,0</td>
                  <td align="center">66,8&#177;10,02</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FPG (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,81&#177;1,00</td>
                  <td align="center">5,61&#177;0,77</td>
                  <td align="center">5,76&#177;0,91</td>
                  <td align="center">5,87&#177;1,05</td>
                  <td align="center">6,00&#177;1,15</td>
                  <td align="center">6,18&#177;1,00</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TFG (ml/min&#183;1,73m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">97,7&#177;12,3</td>
                  <td align="center">101,9&#177;11,3</td>
                  <td align="center">99,9&#177;11,5</td>
                  <td align="center">96,5&#177;12,6</td>
                  <td align="center">94,2&#177;12,9</td>
                  <td align="center">87,1&#177;14,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fumante (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,06</td>
                  <td align="center">3,72</td>
                  <td align="center">4,08</td>
                  <td align="center">3,93</td>
                  <td align="center">4,70</td>
                  <td align="center">4,16</td>
                  <td align="center">0,079</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Consumidores atuais (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,73</td>
                  <td align="center">2,53</td>
                  <td align="center">5,22</td>
                  <td align="center">4,01</td>
                  <td align="center">4,85</td>
                  <td align="center">6,08</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesidade (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14,54</td>
                  <td align="center">3,80</td>
                  <td align="center">7,23</td>
                  <td align="center">13,71</td>
                  <td align="center">16,36</td>
                  <td align="center">17,51</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20,34</td>
                  <td align="center">8,86</td>
                  <td align="center">16,87</td>
                  <td align="center">18,39</td>
                  <td align="center">23,05</td>
                  <td align="center">26,72</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,78</td>
                  <td align="center">2,11</td>
                  <td align="center">6,02</td>
                  <td align="center">6,45</td>
                  <td align="center">10,41</td>
                  <td align="center">11,30</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>AUS: &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CC: circunfer&#234;ncia de cintura; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; CT: colesterol total; TG: triglic&#233;rides; LDL-C: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade-colesterol; HDL-C: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade-colesterol; ALT: alanina aminotransferase; AST: aspartato aminotransferase; Cr: creatinina; FPG: glicemia plasm&#225;tica em jejum; TFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada. Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dias &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP), se forem cont&#237;nuos, e como n&#250;meros (porcentagens), se forem categ&#243;ricos. Foram realizadas compara&#231;&#245;es utilizando-se o ANOVA de uma via ou o teste qui-quadrado para dados categ&#243;ricos. As concentra&#231;&#245;es de &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico para cada quintil foram &lt;210, 210&#8211;241, 241&#8211;272, 272&#8211;328, e &#8805;328 &#956;mol/L.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre AUS e o risco de DCV.</title>
        <p>As concentra&#231;&#245;es de AUS na linha de base e no monitoramento s&#227;o comparadas para cada um dos sexos na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> . O AUS aumentou significativamente do Q1 para o Q5, tanto na linha de base quanto no per&#237;odo de monitoramento, de acordo com o ANOVA. A concentra&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de AUS foi mais baixa no final do estudo do que na linha de base nos homens do Q5, mas, ainda assim, atendendo ao crit&#233;rio diagn&#243;stico de hiperuricemia. As caracter&#237;sticas de linha de base dos participantes, categorizadas de acordo com DCV incidente, s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> . O per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de monitoramento foi de 7,6 anos, durante os quais a incid&#234;ncia cumulativa de DCV foi de 14,3% (n=821) entre os participantes, com incid&#234;ncias de 13,9% (n=438) em homens e 14,9% (n=383) em mulheres. Al&#233;m disso, comparados a participantes que n&#227;o desenvolveram DCV, os que desenvolveram tinham IMC, CC, PAS, PAD, CT, TG, LDL-C, ALT e FPG mais altos. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os dois grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; Cr.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Concentra&#231;&#245;es de linha de base e de monitoramento de &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico em participantes de cada um dos sexos. AUS, &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico. Foram realizadas compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas utilizando-se ANOVA de uma via, e o p valor foi corrigido pelo teste post hoc de Bonferroni. Tanto em homens (A) quanto em mulheres (B), houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre os cinco grupos na linha de base e durante o monitoramento. *p&lt;0,05 (Q1 vs. outros quintis nas concentra&#231;&#245;es de AUS na linha de base), #p&lt;0,05 (Q1 vs. outros quintis nas concentra&#231;&#245;es de AUS durante o per&#237;odo de monitoramento).</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-04-0666-00378-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas de linha de base dos participantes do sexo masculino, categorizadas por doen&#231;a cardiovascular desenvolvida ou n&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>DCV (-)</th>
                  <th>DCV (+)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>AUS (&#956;mol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">299,4&#177;75,1</td>
                  <td align="center">319,5&#177;73,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,012</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">52,2&#177;9,2</td>
                  <td align="center">59,6&#177;9,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Homens (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">47,1</td>
                  <td align="center">53,4</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">24,9&#177;3,1</td>
                  <td align="center">25,7&#177;3,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CC (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">84,4&#177;9,7</td>
                  <td align="center">87,4&#177;9,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAS (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">120,9&#177;18,1</td>
                  <td align="center">131,9&#177;19,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAD (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">76,1&#177;10,7</td>
                  <td align="center">77,8&#177;10,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,037</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CT (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,0&#177;0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">5,3&#177;0,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TG (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,6&#177;0,7</td>
                  <td align="center">2,0&#177;1,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-C (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,41&#177;0,3</td>
                  <td align="center">1,27&#177;0,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-C (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,86&#177;0,7</td>
                  <td align="center">3,1&#177;0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,034</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cr (&#956;mol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">71,8&#177;14,3</td>
                  <td align="center">72,1&#177;14,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,061</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FPG (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,9&#177;1,0</td>
                  <td align="center">6,4&#177;1,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Tabagismo</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nunca (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">67,3</td>
                  <td align="center">58,4</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ex-fumante (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11,6</td>
                  <td align="center">17,7</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fumante (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21,0</td>
                  <td align="center">23,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Consumo de &#225;lcool</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nunca (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">76,1</td>
                  <td align="center">69,5</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ex-consumidor (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,2</td>
                  <td align="center">8,6</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Consumidor atual (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20,6</td>
                  <td align="center">21,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>AUS: &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CC: circunfer&#234;ncia de cintura; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; CT: colesterol total; TG: triglic&#233;rides; LDL-C: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade-colesterol; HDL-C: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade-colesterol; Cr: creatinina; FPG: glicemia plasm&#225;tica em jejum. Compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos foram realizadas usando o teste t de Student para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e teste qui-quadrado para dados categ&#243;ricos. Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dias &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP), se forem vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, e como n&#250;meros (porcentagens), se forem vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3A</xref> , a an&#225;lise de Kaplan-Meier da incid&#234;ncia de DCV nos quintis de AUS durante os 10 anos do estudo demonstrou diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos (teste de Log-rank p &lt;0,001). Os aumentos de AUS foram associados a incid&#234;ncia de DCV mais alta. Como o AUS &#233; afetado pela fun&#231;&#227;o renal, em seguida, os participantes foram categorizados de acordo com TFG, e os dados foram analisados novamente. Identificou-se que a rela&#231;&#227;o entre AUS e DCV permaneceu intacta em participantes que tinham valores de TFG dentro da faixa normal (teste de Log-rank p &lt;0,001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3B</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Curvas de Kaplan-Meier para doen&#231;a cardiovascular incidente para cada quintil de concentra&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico (AUS). (A) Todos os participantes (p-valor &gt;0,01 no teste de Log-rank, Q1 vs. outros quintis). (A) Participantes com TFG normal (p-valor &gt;0,01 no teste de Log-rank, Q1 vs. outros quintis).</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-04-0666-00378-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A regress&#227;o de Cox foi utilizada para avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a concentra&#231;&#227;o de AUS e a incid&#234;ncia de DCV em mais detalhes. ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> ). No modelo bruto, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o Q1 de AUS, as raz&#245;es de risco (RR) para DCV nos outros quatro quintis de AUS foram 1,18 (0,82&#8211;1,70), 1,41 (1,01&#8211;1,98), 1,95 (1,40&#8211;2,71), e 2,58 (1,84&#8211;3,61), respectivamente. Os riscos permaneceram significativamente diferentes ap&#243;s a padroniza&#231;&#227;o por idade no modelo 2, e por idade e sexo no modelo 3. A RR diminuiu gradualmente &#224; medida que o n&#250;mero de covari&#225;veis padronizadas aumentou, mas a associa&#231;&#227;o entre AUS e DCV permaneceu significativa ap&#243;s a padroniza&#231;&#227;o para idade, sexo, TFG, IMC, PA, colesterol total, triglic&#233;rides, FPG, tabagismo e consumo de &#225;lcool (modelo 4). Em compara&#231;&#227;o com o Q1, as RR (intervalos de confian&#231;a [IC] de 95%) para os quintis Q2&#8211;Q5 foram 1,08 (0,78&#8211;1,65), 1,17 (0,88&#8211;1,77), 1,47 (1,12&#8211;2,21), e 1,68 (1,28&#8211;2,44). A RR ajustada para cada aumento de 100 &#956;mol/L de AUS foi de 1,13 (IC de 95%: 1,02&#8211;1,39) para eventos de DCV. Em seguida, os dados foram analisados novamente ap&#243;s a estratifica&#231;&#227;o por IMC e CC, e identificou-se que a associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre AUS e DCV ficou mais evidente em participantes com IMC e CC normais ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Raz&#245;es de risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular incidente</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th rowspan="3">N&#250;mero de eventos</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Raz&#227;o de risco (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">N&#237;veis de AUS</th>
                  <th>Modelo 1</th>
                  <th>Modelo 2</th>
                  <th>Modelo 3</th>
                  <th>Modelo 4</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Q1</td>
                  <td align="center">106/1150</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Q2</td>
                  <td align="center">124/1144</td>
                  <td align="center">1,18(0,82-1,70)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,56(0,80-1,66)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,12(0,77-1,63)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,08(0,78-1,65)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Q3</td>
                  <td align="center">146/1145</td>
                  <td align="center">1,41(1,01-1,98)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,34(0,96-1,89)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,27(0,91-1,79)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,17(0,88-1,77)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Q4</td>
                  <td align="center">203/1145</td>
                  <td align="center">1,95(1,40-2,71)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,73(1,25-2,41)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,61(1,15-2,23)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,47(1,12-2,21)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Q5</td>
                  <td align="center">242/1137</td>
                  <td align="center">2,58(1,84-3,61)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,08(1,48-2,91)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,89(1,34-1,34)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,68(1,28-2,44)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AUS por 100 &#956;mol/L</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1,25(1,11-1,42)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,18(1,04-1,34)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,16(1,09-1,29)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,13(1,02-1,39)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>
                  <italic>IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; AUS: &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico. O Modelo 1 utilizou dados brutos. O Modelo 2 foi padronizado para idade. O Modelo 3 foi padronizado para idade e sexo. O Modelo 4 foi padronizado para idade, sexo, TFG, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, press&#227;o arterial, colesterol total, triglic&#233;rides, glicemia plasm&#225;tica em jejum, tabagismo, e consumo de &#225;lcool.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Raz&#245;es de risco padronizadas para risco de DCV associada a concentra&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico, estratificadas de acordo com &#237;ndice de massa corporal e circunfer&#234;ncia de cintura</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="5">Raz&#245;es de risco (IC 95%)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="6" style="font-weight:normal">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Q1</th>
                  <th>Q2</th>
                  <th>Q3</th>
                  <th>Q4</th>
                  <th>Q5</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC (&#8804;23,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">1,15(0,92-1,29)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,21(0,98-1,56)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,26(1,01-1,64)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,32(1,08-1,82)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC (24,0-27,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">1,08(0,78-1,67)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,13(0,69-1,89)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,15(0,87-1,65)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,18(0,98-1,83)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC (&#8805;28)</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">0,92(0,74-1,56)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01(0,85-1,85)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,98(0,78-1,49)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,08(0,95-1,77)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CC (homens &lt;90, mulheres &lt;85)</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">0,89(0,78-1,45)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,08(0,88-1,37)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,12(1,01-1,43)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,21(1,03-1,59)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CC (homens &#8805;90, mulheres &#8805;85)</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02(0,72-1,78)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,15(0,83-1,85)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,23(0,75-1,91)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,30(0,91-1,89)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>
                  <italic>As raz&#245;es de risco padronizadas foram calculadas no Modelo 4 e foram estratificadas de acordo com &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>) e circunfer&#234;ncia de cintura (CC, cm). O Q1 de AUS foi utilizado como grupo de refer&#234;ncia. As covari&#225;veis utilizadas no Modelo 4 foram idade, sexo, TFG, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, press&#227;o arterial, colesterol total, triglic&#233;rides, glicemia plasm&#225;tica em jejum, tabagismo, e consumo de &#225;lcool.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>No presente estudo coorte, foi identificada uma rela&#231;&#227;o positiva significativa entre concentra&#231;&#227;o de AUS e a incid&#234;ncia de DCV em chineses de meia-idade e idosos. Essa rela&#231;&#227;o foi independente dos poss&#237;veis fatores de confus&#227;o de idade, IMC, PAS, PAD, CT, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, FBG, e hist&#243;rico de hipertens&#227;o ou diabetes. Al&#233;m disso, demonstrou-se que um incremento de 100 &#956;mol/L de AUS aumenta o risco de DCV em 13%. Esses resultados demonstram que a concentra&#231;&#227;o de AUS &#233; um fator de risco independente para DCV.</p>
      <p>Estudos anteriores tamb&#233;m demonstraram uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre AUS e DCV em outros pa&#237;ses e regi&#245;es. Uma meta-an&#225;lise anterior demonstrou que a hiperuricemia aumenta o risco de DCV, que era 2,1 vezes mais alto em pessoas com AUS alto do que naquelas com AUS baixo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Outra meta-an&#225;lise de 16 estudos coorte demonstrou que a hiperuricemia est&#225; associada a um risco mais alto de acidente vascular cerebral (raz&#227;o de risco: 1,41, IC 95%: 1,05&#8211;1,76) e mortalidade relacionada a acidente vascular cerebral mais alta (raz&#227;o de risco: 1,36, IC de 95%: 1,03&#8211;1,69), e essas rela&#231;&#245;es se mantiveram significativas ap&#243;s a padroniza&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o a outros fatores de risco, tais como, sexo, idade e a presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o ou diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> H&#225; tamb&#233;m uma quantidade crescente de evid&#234;ncias de que a hiperuricemia aumenta o risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e cerebrovasculares, e de mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> No presente estudo, os participantes era pessoas de meia-idade e idosas que vivem em cidades no norte da China, mas os achados n&#227;o s&#243; s&#227;o consistentes com achados anteriores, como tamb&#233;m v&#227;o al&#233;m deles.</p>
      <p>Entretanto, a maioria dos estudos anteriores se concentraram na rela&#231;&#227;o entre AUS e a mortalidade relacionada a DCV, e somente alguns foram voltados para a rela&#231;&#227;o com a incid&#234;ncia de DCV. Vale ressaltar que um estudo coorte de 10 anos com 128.569 pessoas realizado em Taiwan<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> demonstrou que a hiperuricemia &#233; um fator de risco potencial de DCI. Entretanto, um ponto fraco desse estudo foi o fato de o AUS ter sido dividido apenas entre os grupos de AUS alto e AUS normal, e a rela&#231;&#227;o foi padronizada apenas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao hist&#243;rico de hipertens&#227;o ou diabetes, tabagismo, consumo de &#225;lcool, e o uso de diur&#233;ticos. Dessa forma, outras covari&#225;veis importantes, tais como o IMC, a idade, e a TFG n&#227;o foram padronizados. O objetivo do presente estudo foi sanar essas defici&#234;ncias. Foram utilizados quintis de AUS para demonstrar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre AUS e DCV ap&#243;s a padroniza&#231;&#227;o para uma ampla s&#233;rie de fatores de risco convencionais. Al&#233;m disso, essa rela&#231;&#227;o foi mantida quando o AUS foi tratado como vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua. Estudos anteriores tamb&#233;m demonstraram uma rela&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua entre o AUS e as DCV,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> e, no presente estudo, os valores de AUS no Q4, que n&#227;o ultrapassaram a faixa de refer&#234;ncia, foram associados a um risco de DCV significativamente mais alto.</p>
      <p>O mecanismo pelo qual o AUS alto pode aumentar o risco de DCV ainda n&#227;o pode ser determinado. Entretanto, com frequ&#234;ncia as DCV s&#227;o intimamente relacionadas &#224; aterosclerose, e alguns estudos anteriores demonstraram que uma concentra&#231;&#227;o de AUS alta acelera seu desenvolvimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Um grande estudo anterior da rela&#231;&#227;o entre AUS e a aterosclerose precoce demonstrou que, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o quartil de AUS mais baixo, a espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia da car&#243;tida (EIMC) era 37% mais alta em homens e 48% mais alta em mulheres no quartil de AUS mais alto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> V&#225;rios poss&#237;veis mecanismos podem explicar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre AUS e EIMC alta e DCV. Primeiramente, uma concentra&#231;&#227;o alta de AUS pode levar &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, e, portanto, ao desenvolvimento de DCV. Alguns estudos anteriores detectaram que redu&#231;&#245;es de AUS induzidas por alopurinol est&#227;o fortemente relacionadas &#224; melhoria da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Em experimentos com animais, identificou-se que um n&#237;vel de AUS alto pode causar disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial por meio de redu&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Segundo, o AUS pode induzir o aumento da secre&#231;&#227;o de subst&#226;ncias pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias, levando a aumentos na inflama&#231;&#227;o vascular e na aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Em terceiro lugar, um estudo longitudinal realizado no Instituto Nacional de Sa&#250;de demonstrou uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre o AUS e a velocidade da onda de pulso em homens, o que pode ter sido mediado por meio de um efeito pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rio e/ou pela indu&#231;&#227;o da prolifera&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas do m&#250;sculo liso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Portanto, o AUS alto pode n&#227;o somente ter efeitos indiretos no avan&#231;o da aterosclerose, por sua associa&#231;&#227;o com obesidade, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e outros fatores de risco cardiovascular convencionais, como tamb&#233;m aumentar a incid&#234;ncia e a mortalidade associada a eventos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No presente estudo, uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva mais forte foi demonstrada entre a concentra&#231;&#227;o de AUS e a incid&#234;ncia de DCV nos participantes com idade &#8805;40 anos. Isso pode ser mediado pelo efeito de exposi&#231;&#227;o em longo prazo &#224; hiperuricemia no avan&#231;o da aterosclerose. Vale ressaltar que, no presente estudo, em compara&#231;&#227;o com participantes no Q1, os homens e mulheres no Q4, com concentra&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dias de AUS de 384,4 &#956;mol/L e 290,5 &#956;mol/L, respectivamente, que ficam abaixo dos crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos de hiperuricemia, ainda assim, tinham riscos significativamente mais altos de DCV. Portanto, deve-se estar atento para o caso de pacientes que possam ter concentra&#231;&#245;es de AUS normais-altas. Notadamente, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre AUS e a incid&#234;ncia de DCV estava presente em participantes com IMC e CC normais. Os mecanismos subjacentes ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o claros, mas, considerando que a obesidade &#233; um fator de risco importante de DCV, ela ainda pode ocultar um efeito do AUS alto na incid&#234;ncia de DCV em uma popula&#231;&#227;o obesa.</p>
      <p>O presente estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. O AUS foi medido somente uma vez, na linha de base, como em quase todos os estudos anteriores, e, portanto, n&#227;o se pode excluir a possibilidade de que alguns desses participantes tenham tido apenas um aumento tempor&#225;rio de AUS no momento do cadastro. Foi estudada uma popula&#231;&#227;o residente nas cidades do norte da China que trabalha em universidades, hospitais, &#243;rg&#227;os governamentais, ou empresas, e, portanto, com grau de escolaridade alto e renda est&#225;vel. Dessa forma, n&#227;o se pode ter certeza de que esses resultados poderiam ser extrapolados para outras regi&#245;es. Portanto, &#233; necess&#225;rio que se realizem estudos posteriores em grande escala e multic&#234;ntricos. Al&#233;m disso, embora uma variedade de poss&#237;veis fatores de confus&#227;o tenham sido padronizadas, ainda existe uma possibilidade de fatores de confus&#227;o residuais, tais como exerc&#237;cios di&#225;rios, dieta, stress e hist&#243;rico familiar, que n&#227;o foram avaliados no presente estudo. Entretanto, apesar das limita&#231;&#245;es acima, acredita-se que nossos achados fazem uma contribui&#231;&#227;o valiosa ao conhecimento da liga&#231;&#227;o entre AUS e a incid&#234;ncia de DCV.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em resumo, o presente estudo confirmou que a alta concentra&#231;&#227;o de AUS &#233; um fator de risco independente para DCV em pessoas de meia-idade e idosos. A hiperuricemia deve ser considerada um risco potencial e levada em considera&#231;&#227;o como alternativa para a preven&#231;&#227;o e o tratamento de DCV.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Qian Nie pelo Hebei Medical University.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4">
        <p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold> O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela Bolsa N&#186; 20200731 da Organiza&#231;&#227;o de Pesquisa Cient&#237;fica da Prov&#237;ncia de Hebei</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impact of Serum Uric Acid Concentration on the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Cohort Study Conducted in Northern China</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5394-2382</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nie</surname>
            <given-names>Qian</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Xuemei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hao</surname>
            <given-names>Zhihua</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Liqin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Liu</surname>
            <given-names>Huanxin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Liu</surname>
            <given-names>Chenghao</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Zhongli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9901-6074</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Song</surname>
            <given-names>Guangyao</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hebei Medical University - Department of Internal Medicine, Shijiazhuang City - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hebei General Hospital - Physical Examination Center, Shijiazhuang, Hebei - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hebei Medical University - School of Public Health, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hebei General Hospital - Hebei Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Shijiazhuang - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Correspond&#234;ncia: Guangyao Song &#8226; Hebei Medical University - 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, China Shijiazhuang City 050017 E-mail: sguangyao2@163.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Obtaining financing: Nie Q, Song G; Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis: Nie Q, Zhang X, Hao Z, Wang L, Liu H, Liu C, Wang Z; Writing of the manuscript: Nie Q; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Zhang X, Hao Z, Song G.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>The results of previous studies of the relationship between serum uric acid (SUA) and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) have been inconsistent due to confounding factors caused by other known cardiovascular risk factors.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between SUA and incident CVD in middle-aged and elderly Chinese people, who were stratified according to body mass index (BMI).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>This study recruited 5,721 participants of 40&#8211;75 years of age, who were free of CVD at baseline and who underwent follow-up from 2008 to 2017. Participants were categorized in SUA quintiles. Cox proportional hazard and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis were used to compare CVD incidence among the SUA groups. The correlations between SUA and CVD incidence in groups with differing BMI and waist circumference (WC) were also analyzed. A P value &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>During a mean follow-up period of 7.6 years, CVD incidence increased with SUA (log-rank test p&lt;0. 001). Compared with the first quintile, the adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval (CI)) for the development of CVD were 1.08 (0.78&#8211;1.65), 1.17 (0.88&#8211;1.77), 1.47 (1.12&#8211;2.21), and 1.68 (1.28&#8211;2.44) for the second to fifth quintiles, respectively. This relationship was clearer in participants with normal BMI and WC. The adjusted hazard ratio for each 100 &#956;mol/L increase in SUA was 1.13 (95% CI: 1.02&#8211;1.39) for CVD events.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>High SUA is an independent risk factor for CVD in middle-aged and elderly northern Chinese people. This effect is maintained even after stratification according to measures of leanness/obesity.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hyperuricemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Uric Acid</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/incidence</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Body Weight</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Hyperuricemia has become highly prevalent in recent years, most likely as a result of rapid economic development and changes in lifestyle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Some previous studies have shown that high serum uric acid (SUA) concentration is associated with higher incidences of conventional risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), such as hypertension, diabetes, and arteriosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> CVDs, including coronary artery disease, heart failure, and stroke, are well-known to be the most common causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In recent decades, increasing evidence has accumulated of a relationship between hyperuricemia and the occurrence and prognosis of CVD. In the Framingham heart study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> a longitudinal observational study of 6,763 participants, the SUA concentration proved to have no causal role in the development of or death from coronary heart disease. However, other studies have shown that hyperuricemia increases the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In a cross-sectional study conducted in northeast China,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> SUA was associated with coronary artery disease in women, and particularly in those who were &gt;80 years old, but not in men. These contradictory findings may be explained by confounding factors caused by numerous other risk factors.</p>
        <p>Hyperuricemia is common in the Chinese population, especially in economically developed regions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Therefore, it is important for public health that the status of SUA as a risk factor for CVD and the SUA concentration that requires intervention should be determined. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the relationship between SUA concentration and the risk of CVD in a cohort of middle-aged and elderly Chinese people over a 10-year period.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical standards</title>
          <p>All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the ethics committee of Hebei General Hospital (No. 190106). Informed consent was obtained from all the participants included in the study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>This cohort study recruited 40&#8211;75-year-old participants in comprehensive annual health screening at Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China in 2008. These participants were employed by companies, universities, local governmental organizations, and hospitals. At the follow-up investigation until 2017, participants repeated the health screening each year, comprised of a questionnaire interview, physical examinations, and blood collection, similar to those during the baseline survey. This study was approved by the Human Ethics Committee of Hebei General Hospital (No.190106). Written informed consent was obtained from each participant.</p>
          <p>For the analysis, CVD was defined as an ischemic heart disease (IHD), hemorrhagic stroke, or ischemic stroke. IHD was defined as myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, percutaneous coronary intervention, or coronary artery bypass surgery. The cohort consisted of 11,842 participants who had not experienced IHD, stroke, cancer, or kidney failure prior to enrollment, from 2008, and who had undergone annual medical examinations until 2017. This study excluded 4,892 participants due to incomplete data, the presence of comorbidities, or a lack of lifestyle assessment in any year. Participants were excluded because they developed cancer (n=189), chronic nephritis or renal failure (n=106), or a CVD event within the first year of the study (n=68); because they died from causes other than CVD (n=45); or because they were lost to follow-up (n=821). After the exclusion of these participants, data from a total of 5,721 participants (3,156 men and 2,565 women) were analyzed ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure.1</xref> ).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection using questionnaires</title>
          <p>Each participant underwent an annual physical examination and completed a structured questionnaire regarding their general medical history, use of medication, history of surgery, and family medical history. Questions regarding smoking (never, former, or current smoker) and alcohol consumption (never, former, or current drinker) were included.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Anthropometric measurements</title>
          <p>Anthropometric data were collected annually, including height, body mass, waist circumference (WC), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), which were measured by well-trained nurses. The body mass index (BMI) was calculated as body mass in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters. Blood pressure was measured using a standard mercury sphygmomanometer (Omron HEM-7125, Dalian, China). The participants rested for &gt;5 min before their blood pressure was measured. Height and body mass were measured while the participant was wearing light clothing and no shoes. These measurements were made twice during each physical examination, and the mean values were used in subsequent analyses.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Laboratory assessment</title>
          <p>Venous blood samples were collected from all of the participants, following a 12-h overnight fast, and were used to measure white blood cell (WBC) and platelet (PLT) counts; hemoglobin (Hb), serum uric acid (SUA), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), creatinine (Cr), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations; and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities. All of these measurements were made using standard methods with an automated biochemistry analyzer (Beckman Coulter AU5800, Tokyo, Japan). Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation for Chinese patients with chronic kidney disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Definitions</title>
          <p>Participants of each sex were separately allocated to five groups on the basis of their SUA concentration: &lt;278 &#181;mol/L, 278&#8211;324 &#181;mol/L, 324&#8211;362 &#181;mol/L, 362&#8211;417 &#181;mol/L, and &#8805;417 &#181;mol/L for men; and &lt;210 &#181;mol/L, 210&#8211;241 &#181;mol/L, 241&#8211;272 &#181;mol/L, 272&#8211;328 &#181;mol/L, &#8805; 328 &#181;mol/L for women. Hyperuricemia was defined as an SUA &#8805; 420 &#956;mol/L in men and &#8805; 360 &#956;mol/L in women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Hypertension was defined as an SBP &#8805; 140 mmHg and/or DBP &#8805; 90 mmHg, or the current use of antihypertensive medication.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Diabetes was defined as a physician-made diagnosis of diabetes reported by the participant, an FPG &#8805; 7.0 mmol/L, or current use of antidiabetic medication.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> According to the recommended criteria for Chinese people, a BMI of 18.5&#8211;23.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>was regarded as normal, a BMI of 24.0&#8211;27.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>was regarded as indicating overweight, and a BMI &#8805; 28 kg/m<sup>2</sup>was regarded as indicating obesity. Abdominal obesity was defined as a WC of &gt;90 cm in men and of &gt;85 cm in women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> The primary endpoints were the development of IHD (International Classification of Disease-10 codes I20&#8211;25), hemorrhagic stroke (I61), or ischemic stroke (I63).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analyses</title>
          <p>The baseline characteristics of the participants were analyzed according to SUA quintile using descriptive statistics. Continuous variables are expressed as means &#177; standard deviations (SD) and categorical variables as percentages. The continuous variables were tested for normality through P-P plots. Comparisons between two groups were performed using unpaired Student&#8217;s <italic>t</italic> -test for normally distributed data and the chi-square test for categorical data. Multiple comparisons were performed using one-way ANOVA and the <italic>P-</italic> value was corrected by post hoc Bonferroni test. The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and the log-rank test were used to compare the incidences of CVD among the SUA groups. Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to assess the relationship between SUA and the incidence of CVD. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 22.0 (IBM Inc., Armonk, NY, USA) for Windows. A p-value &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Baseline characteristic of the participants</title>
          <p>The baseline characteristics of the cohort participants, categorized according to sex and SUA quintile, are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">2</xref> . BMI, WC, SBP, DBP, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, ALT, Cr, FPG, and the prevalence of alcohol consumption, obesity, hypertension, and diabetes increased with higher serum uric acid levels in both sexes. Men with the highest SUA concentrations tended to be young, whereas women were older. In addition, a high SUA concentration was associated with low eGFR and HDL-C.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics of the male participants, categorized according to quintile of serum uric acid concentration</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>All</th>
                    <th>Q1</th>
                    <th>Q2</th>
                    <th>Q3</th>
                    <th>Q4</th>
                    <th>Q5</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>N (participants)</td>
                    <td align="center">3156</td>
                    <td align="center">635</td>
                    <td align="center">631</td>
                    <td align="center">632</td>
                    <td align="center">631</td>
                    <td align="center">627</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SUA(&#956;mol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">334.3&#177;40.5</td>
                    <td align="center">240.2&#177;28.9</td>
                    <td align="center">296.2&#177;11.8</td>
                    <td align="center">337.5&#177;13.3</td>
                    <td align="center">384.4&#177;13.4</td>
                    <td align="center">456.3&#177;40.7</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age(years)</td>
                    <td align="center">53.8&#177;9.6</td>
                    <td align="center">53.2&#177;9.5</td>
                    <td align="center">52.9&#177;9.6</td>
                    <td align="center">52.0&#177;9.3</td>
                    <td align="center">52.4&#177;9.5</td>
                    <td align="center">51.7&#177;9.4</td>
                    <td align="center">0.009</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI(kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">25.6&#177;2.9</td>
                    <td align="center">24.5&#177;3.2</td>
                    <td align="center">25.4&#177;2.8</td>
                    <td align="center">25.7&#177;2.8</td>
                    <td align="center">26.2&#177;2.7</td>
                    <td align="center">26.9&#177;2.6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>WC(cm)</td>
                    <td align="center">89.1&#177;8.3</td>
                    <td align="center">85.9&#177;8.9</td>
                    <td align="center">88.3&#177;7.7</td>
                    <td align="center">89.2&#177;8.2</td>
                    <td align="center">90.2&#177;7,9</td>
                    <td align="center">92.0&#177;8.3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SBP(mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">123.8&#177;16.9</td>
                    <td align="center">122.2&#177;16.5</td>
                    <td align="center">122.3&#177;17.0</td>
                    <td align="center">123.4&#177;16.8</td>
                    <td align="center">123.0&#177;16.6</td>
                    <td align="center">124.8&#177;16.7</td>
                    <td align="center">0.012</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>DBP(mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">79.5&#177;10.5</td>
                    <td align="center">78.1&#177;11.3</td>
                    <td align="center">78.2&#177;10.3</td>
                    <td align="center">79.8&#177;10.5</td>
                    <td align="center">80.2&#177;9.8</td>
                    <td align="center">81.9&#177;10.6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TC(mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.92&#177;0.85</td>
                    <td align="center">4.67&#177;0.85</td>
                    <td align="center">4.76&#177;0.80</td>
                    <td align="center">4.92&#177;0.83</td>
                    <td align="center">5.00&#177;0.89</td>
                    <td align="center">5.12&#177;0.85</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TG(mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.85&#177;0.97</td>
                    <td align="center">1.55&#177;0.91</td>
                    <td align="center">1.66&#177;1.01</td>
                    <td align="center">1.80&#177;1.04</td>
                    <td align="center">2.06&#177;1.12</td>
                    <td align="center">2.39&#177;1.23</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HDL-C(mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.27&#177;0.27</td>
                    <td align="center">1.32&#177;0.28</td>
                    <td align="center">1.26&#177;0.24</td>
                    <td align="center">1.25&#177;0.26</td>
                    <td align="center">1.24&#177;0.25</td>
                    <td align="center">1.23&#177;0.27</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDL-C(mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.8&#177;0.77</td>
                    <td align="center">2.83&#177;0.72</td>
                    <td align="center">2.85&#177;0.74</td>
                    <td align="center">2.82&#177;0.82</td>
                    <td align="center">2.83&#177;0.91</td>
                    <td align="center">2.86&#177;0.83</td>
                    <td align="center">0.132</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ALT(U/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">25.0&#177;11.8</td>
                    <td align="center">23.3&#177;10.5</td>
                    <td align="center">23.4&#177;10.8</td>
                    <td align="center">25.4&#177;11.5</td>
                    <td align="center">28.2&#177;11.3</td>
                    <td align="center">28.7&#177;11.9</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AST(U/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">22.7&#177;8.5</td>
                    <td align="center">22.2&#177;9.3</td>
                    <td align="center">21.9&#177;6.7</td>
                    <td align="center">23.1&#177;10.7</td>
                    <td align="center">23.8&#177;10.2</td>
                    <td align="center">23.9&#177;6.8</td>
                    <td align="center">0.097</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cr(&#956;mol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">81.0&#177;9.2</td>
                    <td align="center">75.5&#177;9.8</td>
                    <td align="center">78.9&#177;9.6</td>
                    <td align="center">82.4&#177;10.7</td>
                    <td align="center">83.4&#177;10.6</td>
                    <td align="center">87.0&#177;11.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>FPG(mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.96&#177;1.05</td>
                    <td align="center">5.31&#177;1.81</td>
                    <td align="center">5.96&#177;0.89</td>
                    <td align="center">5.97&#177;0.91</td>
                    <td align="center">6.02&#177;1.11</td>
                    <td align="center">6.05&#177;0.85</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>eGFR(ml/min&#183;1.73m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">93.4&#177;12.4</td>
                    <td align="center">97.8&#177;10.8</td>
                    <td align="center">95.2&#177;10.9</td>
                    <td align="center">92.8&#177;11.7</td>
                    <td align="center">91.8&#177;12.4</td>
                    <td align="center">87.5&#177;14.8</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Current smokers (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">40.67</td>
                    <td align="center">40.39</td>
                    <td align="center">42.77</td>
                    <td align="center">41.83</td>
                    <td align="center">39.98</td>
                    <td align="center">41.48</td>
                    <td align="center">0.326</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Current drinkers (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">37.23</td>
                    <td align="center">35.69</td>
                    <td align="center">36.66</td>
                    <td align="center">38.02</td>
                    <td align="center">41.86</td>
                    <td align="center">42.78</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Obesity (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">20.8</td>
                    <td align="center">13.72</td>
                    <td align="center">16.08</td>
                    <td align="center">19.44</td>
                    <td align="center">24.42</td>
                    <td align="center">31.82</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">16.98</td>
                    <td align="center">11.76</td>
                    <td align="center">12.86</td>
                    <td align="center">14.36</td>
                    <td align="center">20.16</td>
                    <td align="center">25.48</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">11.08</td>
                    <td align="center">7.42</td>
                    <td align="center">8.38</td>
                    <td align="center">9.79</td>
                    <td align="center">9.98</td>
                    <td align="center">13.23</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>SUA: serum uric acid; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP diastolic blood pressure; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; Cr: creatinine; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate. Data are presented as means &#177; standard deviations (SD) if continuous and numbers (percentages) if categorical. Comparisons were performed using one-way ANOVA or the chi-square test for categorical data. The serum uric acid concentrations for each quintile were &lt;278, 278&#8211;324, 324&#8211;362, 362&#8211;417, and &#8805;417 &#956;mol/L.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics of the female participants, categorized according to quintile of serum uric acid concentration</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>All</th>
                    <th>Q1</th>
                    <th>Q2</th>
                    <th>Q3</th>
                    <th>Q4</th>
                    <th>Q5</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>N (participants)</td>
                    <td align="center">2565</td>
                    <td align="center">515</td>
                    <td align="center">513</td>
                    <td align="center">513</td>
                    <td align="center">514</td>
                    <td align="center">510</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SUA(&#956;mol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">259.8&#177;40.9</td>
                    <td align="center">186.2 &#177;18.2</td>
                    <td align="center">226.0&#177;8.5</td>
                    <td align="center">255.3&#177;10.9</td>
                    <td align="center">290.5&#177;13.4</td>
                    <td align="center">365.2&#177;30.7</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age(years)</td>
                    <td align="center">52.1&#177;9.0</td>
                    <td align="center">48.6&#177;7.7</td>
                    <td align="center">50.3&#177;8.7</td>
                    <td align="center">52.0&#177;8.6</td>
                    <td align="center">53.5&#177;8.9</td>
                    <td align="center">57.1&#177;9.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI(kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">24.2&#177;3.1</td>
                    <td align="center">22.8&#177;2.6</td>
                    <td align="center">23.7&#177;3.0</td>
                    <td align="center">24.4&#177;3.3</td>
                    <td align="center">24.7&#177;3.2</td>
                    <td align="center">25.5&#177;3.1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>WC(cm)</td>
                    <td align="center">79.3&#177;9.5</td>
                    <td align="center">75.1&#177;7.2</td>
                    <td align="center">77.9&#177;8.3</td>
                    <td align="center">79.6&#177;8.7</td>
                    <td align="center">81.2&#177;8.6</td>
                    <td align="center">83.6&#177;7.4</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SBP(mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">118.6&#177;19.3</td>
                    <td align="center">110.7&#177;15.1</td>
                    <td align="center">116.7&#177;17.6</td>
                    <td align="center">118.8&#177;18.5</td>
                    <td align="center">123.6&#177;19.6</td>
                    <td align="center">124.0&#177;19.5</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>DBP(mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">72.3&#177;9.7</td>
                    <td align="center">69.1&#177;8.3</td>
                    <td align="center">71.8&#177;9.8</td>
                    <td align="center">73.0&#177;9.5</td>
                    <td align="center">74.2&#177;10.0</td>
                    <td align="center">74.6&#177;9.8</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TC(mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.15&#177;0.92</td>
                    <td align="center">4.86&#177;0.90</td>
                    <td align="center">4.99&#177;0.86</td>
                    <td align="center">5.21&#177;0.86</td>
                    <td align="center">5.22&#177;0.93</td>
                    <td align="center">5.58&#177;0.92</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TG(mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.46&#177;0.95</td>
                    <td align="center">1.03&#177;0.52</td>
                    <td align="center">1.22&#177;0.61</td>
                    <td align="center">1.45&#177;0.59</td>
                    <td align="center">1.64&#177;0.60</td>
                    <td align="center">2.09&#177;0.92</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HDL-C(mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.56&#177;0.33</td>
                    <td align="center">1.61&#177;0.32</td>
                    <td align="center">1.60&#177;0.31</td>
                    <td align="center">1.57&#177;0.32</td>
                    <td align="center">1.50&#177;0.33</td>
                    <td align="center">1.48&#177;0.36</td>
                    <td align="center">0.006</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDL-C(mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.92&#177;0.78</td>
                    <td align="center">2.89&#177;0.73</td>
                    <td align="center">2.95&#177;0.73</td>
                    <td align="center">2.99&#177;0.79</td>
                    <td align="center">3.01&#177;0.81</td>
                    <td align="center">3.04&#177;0.90</td>
                    <td align="center">0.056</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ALT(U/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">16.3&#177;10.5</td>
                    <td align="center">17.9&#177;8.6</td>
                    <td align="center">17.9&#177;10.3</td>
                    <td align="center">19.0&#177;8.6</td>
                    <td align="center">20.6&#177;11.6</td>
                    <td align="center">21.9&#177;9.3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.013</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AST(U/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">21.6&#177;10.0</td>
                    <td align="center">21.3&#177;9.8</td>
                    <td align="center">20.6&#177;6.9</td>
                    <td align="center">21.4&#177;7.1</td>
                    <td align="center">22.3&#177;9.5</td>
                    <td align="center">22.9&#177;6.0</td>
                    <td align="center">0.087</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cr(&#956;mol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">61.3&#177;9.1</td>
                    <td align="center">58.6&#177;8,1</td>
                    <td align="center">59.6&#177;8.4</td>
                    <td align="center">60.9&#177;8.6</td>
                    <td align="center">61.9&#177;9.0</td>
                    <td align="center">66.8&#177;10.02</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>FPG(mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.81&#177;1.00</td>
                    <td align="center">5.61&#177;0.77</td>
                    <td align="center">5.76&#177;0.91</td>
                    <td align="center">5.87&#177;1.05</td>
                    <td align="center">6.00&#177;1.15</td>
                    <td align="center">6.18&#177;1.00</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>eGFR(ml/min&#183;1.73m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">97.7&#177;12.3</td>
                    <td align="center">101.9&#177;11.3</td>
                    <td align="center">99.9&#177;11.5</td>
                    <td align="center">96.5&#177;12.6</td>
                    <td align="center">94.2&#177;12.9</td>
                    <td align="center">87.1&#177;14.0</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Current smoker (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.06</td>
                    <td align="center">3.72</td>
                    <td align="center">4.08</td>
                    <td align="center">3.93</td>
                    <td align="center">4.70</td>
                    <td align="center">4.16</td>
                    <td align="center">0.079</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Current drinkers (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.73</td>
                    <td align="center">2.53</td>
                    <td align="center">5.22</td>
                    <td align="center">4.01</td>
                    <td align="center">4.85</td>
                    <td align="center">6.08</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Obesity (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">14.54</td>
                    <td align="center">3.80</td>
                    <td align="center">7.23</td>
                    <td align="center">13.71</td>
                    <td align="center">16.36</td>
                    <td align="center">17.51</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">20.34</td>
                    <td align="center">8.86</td>
                    <td align="center">16.87</td>
                    <td align="center">18.39</td>
                    <td align="center">23.05</td>
                    <td align="center">26.72</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">8.78</td>
                    <td align="center">2.11</td>
                    <td align="center">6.02</td>
                    <td align="center">6.45</td>
                    <td align="center">10.41</td>
                    <td align="center">11.30</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>SUA: serum uric acid; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP diastolic blood pressure; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; Cr: creatinine; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate. Data are presented as means &#177; standard deviations (SD) if continuous and numbers (percentages) if categorical. Comparisons were performed using one-way ANOVA or the chi-square test for categorical data. The serum uric acid concentrations for each quintile were &lt;210, 210&#8211;241, 241&#8211;272, 272&#8211;328, and &#8805;328 &#956;mol/L.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>The relationship between SUA and the risk of CVD</title>
          <p>The baseline and follow-up SUA concentrations are compared for each sex in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> . SUA significantly increased from Q1 to Q5, both at baseline and during the follow-up period, according to ANOVA. The mean SUA concentration was lower at the end of the study than at baseline in men in Q5, but it still fulfilled the diagnostic criterion for hyperuricemia. The baseline characteristics of the participants, categorized according to incident CVD, are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> . The mean follow-up period was 7.6 years, during which the cumulative CVD incidence was 14.3% (n=821) among the participants, with incidences of 13.9% (n=438) in men and 14.9% (n=383) in women. In addition, compared with participants who did not develop CVD, those who did develop CVD had higher BMI, WC, SBP, DBP, TC, TG, LDL-C, ALT, and FPG. There was no significant difference in Cr between the two groups.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Baseline and follow-up serum uric acid concentrations in participants of each sex. SUA, serum uric acid. Multiple comparisons were performed using one-way ANOVA and the P-value was corrected by post hoc Bonferroni test. In both men (A) and women (B), there were significant differences in SUA among the five groups at baseline and during follow-up. *P&lt;0.05 (Q1 vs. other quintiles at baseline SUA concentrations), #P&lt;0.05 (Q1 vs. other quintiles at follow-up SUA concentrations).</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-04-0666-00378-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics of the participants, categorized according to whether cardiovascular disease developed or not</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="25%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>CVD (-)</th>
                    <th>CVD (+)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SUA (&#956;mol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">299.4&#177;75.1</td>
                    <td align="center">319.5&#177;73.6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.012</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (years)</td>
                    <td align="center">52.2&#177;9.2</td>
                    <td align="center">59.6&#177;9.1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Men (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">47.1</td>
                    <td align="center">53.4</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8211;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">24.9&#177;3.1</td>
                    <td align="center">25.7&#177;3.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>WC(cm)</td>
                    <td align="center">84.4&#177;9.7</td>
                    <td align="center">87.4&#177;9.5</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SBP (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">120.9&#177;18.1</td>
                    <td align="center">131.9&#177;19.0</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>DBP (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">76.1&#177;10.7</td>
                    <td align="center">77.8&#177;10.6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.037</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TC(mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.0&#177;0.8</td>
                    <td align="center">5.3&#177;0.9</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TG(mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.6&#177;0.7</td>
                    <td align="center">2.0&#177;1.0</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HDL-C(mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.41&#177;0.3</td>
                    <td align="center">1.27&#177;0.3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDL-C(mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.86&#177;0.7</td>
                    <td align="center">3.1&#177;0.8</td>
                    <td align="center">0.034</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cr(&#956;mol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">71.8&#177;14.3</td>
                    <td align="center">72.1&#177;14.1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.061</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>FPG (mmol/L)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.9&#177;1.0</td>
                    <td align="center">6.4&#177;1.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Smoker</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Never (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">67.3</td>
                    <td align="center">58.4</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Former (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">11.6</td>
                    <td align="center">17.7</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Current (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">21.0</td>
                    <td align="center">23.8</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Alcohol intake</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Never (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">76.1</td>
                    <td align="center">69.5</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Former (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.2</td>
                    <td align="center">8.6</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Current (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">20.6</td>
                    <td align="center">21.8</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>SUA: serum uric acid; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP diastolic blood pressure; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; Cr: creatinine; FPG: fasting plasma glucose. Comparisons were performed using Student&#8217;s t-test for continuous variables and the Chi-square test for categorical data. Data was presented as means &#177; standard deviations (SD) for continuous variable and numbers (percentage) for category variables.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3A</xref> , Kaplan-Meier analysis of CVD incidence in the SUA quintiles over the 10 years of the study showed significant differences between each group (log-rank test p &lt; 0.001). Increases in SUA were associated with higher incidences of CVD. Because SUA is affected by renal function, we next categorized the participants according to eGFR and reanalyzed the data, and found that the relationship between SUA and CVD remained intact in participants who had eGFR values within the normal range (log-rank test p &lt; 0.001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3B</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Kaplan-Meier curves for incident cardiovascular disease for each quintile of serum uric acid (SUA) concentration. (A) All participants (log-rank test p-value &lt; 0.01, Q1 vs. other quintiles). (B) Participants with normal eGFR (log-rank test p-value &lt; 0.01, Q1 vs. other quintiles).</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-04-0666-00378-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to further assess the relationship between SUA concentration and CVD incidence ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> ). In the crude model, compared with SUA Q1, the hazard ratios (HRs) for CVD in the other four SUA quintiles were 1.18 (0.82&#8211;1.70), 1.41 (1.01&#8211;1.98), 1.95 (1.40&#8211;2.71), and 2.58 (1.84&#8211;3.61), respectively. The risks remained significantly different after adjustment for age in model 2, and age and sex in model 3. The HR decreased gradually as the number of adjusted covariates increased, but the association between SUA and CVD remained significant after adjustment for age, sex, eGFR, BMI, BP, total cholesterol, triglyceride, FPG, smoking, and alcohol intake (model 4). Compared with Q1, the HRs (95% CIs) for Q2&#8211;Q5 were 1.08 (0.78&#8211;1.65), 1.17 (0.88&#8211;1.77), 1.47 (1.12&#8211;2.21), and 1.68 (1.28&#8211;2.44). The adjusted HR for each 100 &#956;mol/L increase in SUA was 1.13 (95% CI: 1.02&#8211;1.39) for CVD events. We subsequently reanalyzed the data after stratification according to BMI and WC, and found that the significant association between SUA and CVD was more evident in participants with normal BMI and WC ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Hazard ratios for incident cardiovascular disease</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th rowspan="3">Number of events</th>
                    <th colspan="3">Hazard ratio (95% CI)</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                    <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">SUA levels</th>
                    <th>Model 1</th>
                    <th>Model 2</th>
                    <th>Model 3</th>
                    <th>Model 4</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Q1</td>
                    <td align="center">106/1150</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Q2</td>
                    <td align="center">124/1144</td>
                    <td align="center">1.18(0.82-1.70)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.56(0.80-1.66)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.12(0.77-1.63)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.08(0.78-1.65)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Q3</td>
                    <td align="center">146/1145</td>
                    <td align="center">1.41(1.01-1.98)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.34(0.96-1.89)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.27(0.91-1.79)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.17(0.88-1.77)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Q4</td>
                    <td align="center">203/1145</td>
                    <td align="center">1.95(1.40-2.71)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.73(1.25-2.41)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.61(1.15-2.23)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.47(1.12-2.21)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Q5</td>
                    <td align="center">242/1137</td>
                    <td align="center">2.58(1.84-3.61)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.08(1.48-2.91)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.89(1.34-1.34)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.68(1.28-2.44)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SUA per 100 &#956;mol/L</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1.25(1.11-1.42)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.18(1.04-1.34)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.16(1.09-1.29)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.13(1.02-1.39)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>CI: confidence interval; SUA: serum uric acid. Model 1 used the crude data. Model 2 was adjusted for age. Model 3 was adjusted for age and sex. Model 4 was adjusted for age, sex, eGFR, body mass index, blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglyceride, fasting plasma glucose, smoking, and alcohol intake.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t5001">
              <label>Table 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Adjusted hazard ratios for the risk of CVD associated with serum uric acid concentration, stratified according to body mass index and waist circumference</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="5">Hazards radio(95%CI)</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="5">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Q1</th>
                    <th>Q2</th>
                    <th>Q3</th>
                    <th>Q4</th>
                    <th>Q5</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI (&#8804;23.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                    <td align="center">1.15(0.92-1.29)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.21(0.98-1.56)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.26(1.01-1.64)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.32(1.08-1.82)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI (24.0-27.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                    <td align="center">1.08(0.78-1.67)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.13(0.69-1.89)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.15(0.87-1.65)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.18(0.98-1.83)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI (&#8805;28)</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                    <td align="center">0.92(0.74-1.56)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.01(0.85-1.85)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.98(0.78-1.49)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.08(0.95-1.77)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>WC (male&lt;90,female&lt;85)</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                    <td align="center">0.89(0.78-1.45)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.08(0.88-1.37)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.12(1.01-1.43)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.21(1.03-1.59)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>WC (male&#8805;90,female&#8805;85)</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                    <td align="center">1.02(0.72-1.78)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.15(0.83-1.85)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.23(0.75-1.91)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.30(0.91-1.89)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN5001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>The adjusted hazard ratios were calculated in Model 4 and were stratified according to body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) and waist circumference (WC, cm). SUA Q1 was used as the reference group. The covariates used in Model 4 were age, sex, eGFR, body mass index, blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglyceride, fasting plasma glucose, smoking, and alcohol intake.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The present cohort study found a significant positive relationship between SUA concentration and the CVD incidence in middle-aged and elderly Chinese people. This relationship was regardless of the potential confounding factors of age, BMI, SBP, DBP, TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, FBG, and a history of hypertension or diabetes. In addition, our study showed that a 100 &#956;mol/L increase in SUA increases the risk of CVD by 13%. These results demonstrate that SUA concentration is an independent risk factor for CVD.</p>
        <p>Previous studies have also shown a relationship between SUA and CVD in other countries and regions. One previous meta-analysis showed that hyperuricemia increases the risk of CVD: the risk of CVD was 2.1-fold higher in people with a high SUA than in those with a low SUA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Another meta-analysis of 16 cohort studies showed that hyperuricemia is associated with a higher risk of stroke (risk ratio: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.05&#8211;1.76) and higher stroke-related mortality (risk ratio: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.03&#8211;1.69), and these relationships remained significant after adjustment for other risk factors, such as sex, age, and the presence of hypertension or diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> There is also an increasing amount of evidence that hyperuricemia increases the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> In the present study, the participants were middle-aged and elderly people living in northern cities in China, but the findings were consistent with and extend previous findings.</p>
        <p>However, most of the previous studies focused on the relationship between SUA and CVD-related mortality, and only a few focused on the relationship with CVD incidence. It is worth noting that a 10-year cohort study of 128,569 people conducted in Taiwan<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> showed that hyperuricemia is a potential risk factor for IHD. However, a weakness of this study was that SUA was divided into only high or normal groups, and the relationship was only adjusted for a history of hypertension or diabetes, smoking, alcohol consumption, and the use of diuretics. Thus, other important covariates, such as BMI, age, and eGFR were not adjusted for. The present study aimed to remedy these deficiencies by using quintiles of SUA to demonstrate the relationship between SUA and CVD after adjustment for a wide range of conventional risk factors. Furthermore, this relationship remained when SUA was treated as a continuous variable. Previous studies have also demonstrated a continuous relationship between SUA and CVD,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> and in the present study, the SUA values in Q4, which did not exceed the reference range, were associated with a significantly higher risk of CVD.</p>
        <p>The mechanism by which a high SUA may increase the risk of CVD remains elusive. However, CVD is often closely related to atherosclerosis, and some previous studies have shown that a high SUA concentration accelerates its development.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> A large previous study of the relationship between SUA and early atherosclerosis showed that, compared with people in the lowest quartile of SUA, the carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) was 37% higher in men and 48% higher in women in the highest SUA quartile.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Several potential mechanisms may account for the relationship between SUA and high CIMT and CVD. First, a high SUA concentration may promote endothelial dysfunction, and therefore the development of CVD. Some previous studies have found that allopurinol-induced reductions in SUA correlate strongly with improvements in endothelial function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> In animal experiments, it was found that high SUA may cause endothelial dysfunction by means of a reduction in nitric oxide production.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Second, SUA may induce greater secretion of proinflammatory substances, leading to increases in vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Third, a longitudinal study conducted at the National Institutes of Health showed a positive correlation between SUA and pulse wave velocity in men, which may have been mediated though a pro-inflammatory effect and/or by inducing the proliferation of smooth muscle cells.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Thus, high SUA may not only have indirect effects on the progression of atherosclerosis, through its association with obesity, hypertension, diabetes, the metabolic syndrome, and other conventional cardiovascular risk factors, but may also increase the incidence and mortality associated with cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the present study, a stronger positive correlation was shown between SUA concentration and the CVD incidence in participants aged &#8805;40 years. This may be mediated though the effect of long-term exposure to hyperuricemia in the progression of atherosclerosis. It is worth noting that, in the present study, compared with participants in Q1, men and women in Q4, with mean SUA concentrations of 384.4 &#956;mol/L and 290.5 &#956;mol/L, respectively, which are below the diagnostic criteria for hyperuricemia, still presented significantly higher risks of CVD. Therefore, we should be vigilant if patients have high-normal SUA concentrations. Notably, the relationship between SUA and the CVD incidence was present in participants with normal BMI and WC. The underlying mechanisms are unclear, but given that obesity is an important risk factor for CVD, it may also conceal an effect of high SUA on the CVD incidence in an obese population.</p>
        <p>There were some limitations to the present study. SUA was only measured once, at baseline, as in almost all of the previous studies, so we could not exclude the possibility that some of the participants may have had only a brief increase in SUA at the time of enrollment. This study analyzed a population living in the northern cities of China who work in universities, hospitals, government departments, or companies, and therefore had a high educational level and a stable income. Therefore, it is uncertain whether the results could be extrapolated to other regions. Thus, further large-scale, multi-center studies are required. Furthermore, although a variety of potential confounding factors were adjusted for, there remains a possibility of residual confounding due to factors such as daily exercise, diet, stress, and family history, which were not evaluated in the present study. However, despite the above limitations, we believe that our findings make a valuable contribution to knowledge of the link between SUA and the incidence of CVD.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In summary, the present study confirmed that high SUA concentration is an independent risk factor for CVD in middle-aged and elderly people. Hyperuricemia should be considered as a potential risk and considered in the prevention and treatment of CVD.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Description of the study population. Participants of each sex were separately allocated to five groups (Q1-Q5) on the basis of their SUA concentration.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-04-0666-00378-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Qian Nie, from Hebei Medical University.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold>:  This study was partially funded by Grant No.20200731 from the Hebei Province Medical Science Research Organization.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
