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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">6tNh3QfmQhBt9JVMJn3LSTh</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001200664</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210735</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210735</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Palia&#231;&#227;o Transcateter para Tetralogia de Fallot</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6004-4959</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Chami&#233;</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Intercat - Cardiologia Intervencionista</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botafogo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Intercat - Cardiologia Intervencionista, Botafogo, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Francisco Chami&#233; &#8226; R. Ministro Armando de Alencar, 16/201. CEP 22.471-080, Lagoa, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>chamief@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>664</fpage>
      <lpage>665</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Tetralogia de Fallot</kwd>
        <kwd>Cianose</kwd>
        <kwd>Cateterismo Card&#237;aco</kwd>
        <kwd>Stents</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="17"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A Tetralogia de Fallot (TOF) &#233; o defeito card&#237;aco cian&#243;tico mais comum. A principal caracter&#237;stica morfol&#243;gica da TOF &#233; o desalinhamento do septo infundibular. O desalinhamento do septo infundibular faz com que a aorta cavalgue o septo interventricular (dextroposi&#231;&#227;o) num grande defeito do septo ventricular (DSV) e promova obstru&#231;&#227;o do trato infundibular ventricular direito. A v&#225;lvula pulmonar tamb&#233;m &#233; esten&#243;tica, e o tronco pulmonar e as art&#233;rias s&#227;o, at&#233; certo ponto, hipopl&#225;sicos. A obstru&#231;&#227;o severa ao fluxo sangu&#237;neo pulmonar (FSP) leva a uma insatura&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica e, portanto, &#224; hip&#243;xia prolongada.</p>
    <p>A cirurgia card&#237;aca aberta &#233; a modalidade tradicional de tratamento, aumentando o trato de sa&#237;da ventricular direita (RVOT), fechando o DSV, redirecionando assim a aorta para o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, corrigindo a anatomia card&#237;aca e normalizando a satura&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sist&#234;mico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Alguns pacientes n&#227;o s&#227;o candidatos &#224; cirurgia precoce devido ao peso corporal insuficiente, pequeno tamanho da art&#233;ria pulmonar (m&#225; anatomia), prematuridade, comprometimento neurol&#243;gico ou defeitos associados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Nesses casos, procedimentos paliativos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para aumentar a satura&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica de oxig&#234;nio e o FSP, reduzindo os n&#237;veis de hip&#243;xia. A palia&#231;&#227;o ideal seria oferecer uma fonte de fluxo sangu&#237;neo pulmonar est&#225;vel e sim&#233;trico e crescimento adequado das art&#233;rias pulmonares, sem deixar res&#237;duos que possam prejudicar a cirurgia corretiva.</p>
    <p>A forma mais tradicional de palia&#231;&#227;o &#233; o Blalock-Taussig Shunt (BTS), idealizado por Alfred Blalock e Helen Taussig e realizado pela primeira vez em 1944 por Alfred Blalock.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> O BTS cl&#225;ssico consiste em anastomose da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita na art&#233;ria pulmonar direita quando o arco a&#243;rtico &#233; do lado esquerdo. Quando a aorta est&#225; do lado direito, a anastomose &#233; realizada na art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via esquerda.</p>
    <p>O BTS modificado usando interposi&#231;&#227;o de um enxerto de tubo PTFE foi posteriormente desenvolvido nos anos 70 com o objetivo de preservar o fluxo subcl&#225;vio para o bra&#231;o ipsilateral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Embora eficaz, o BTS tem alguns problemas, incluindo o FSP seletivo, desenvolvimento desigual de art&#233;rias pulmonares, estenose de ramo pulmonar mediada por sutura e oclus&#227;o de shunt com hipoxemia consequente. Al&#233;m disso, deve-se levar em conta que transportar um paciente gravemente doente para a sala de cirurgia &#233; um risco em si mesmo.</p>
    <p>Alternativas paliativas n&#227;o cir&#250;rgicas foram buscadas, e v&#225;rias estrat&#233;gias foram oferecidas, como valvoplastia pulmonar por bal&#227;o (VPB) e implante de stent ductal ou RVOT.</p>
    <p>O VPB &#233; eficaz nos casos em que a principal caracter&#237;stica obstrutiva &#233; a v&#225;lvula pulmonar, tendo efic&#225;cia reduzida quando h&#225; estenose infundibular significativa. Nesse caso, a palia&#231;&#227;o eficaz tem efic&#225;cia de curto prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O stent ductal &#233; um procedimento seguro e eficaz quando realizado em centros experientes. Tem resultados compar&#225;veis ao BTS em pacientes selecionados com FSP dependente de ductal. Glatz et al. relatam 106 pacientes tratados com stent ductal versus 251 pacientes tratados com BTS. Os desfechos compostos prim&#225;rios (morte ou reinterven&#231;&#227;o) foram mais comuns no grupo BTS (29,5% vs. 17%, p= 0,014) devido principalmente a reinterven&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o planejadas para al&#237;vio da cianose (10,4% x 6,6%, p=0,26). Como previsto, as complica&#231;&#245;es do processo foram mais comumente encontradas no grupo BTS, embora sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. O crescimento da art&#233;ria pulmonar no grupo de stent ductal foi maior e mais sim&#233;trico (p=0,015).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> As poss&#237;veis complica&#231;&#245;es do stent ductal s&#227;o re-estenose intra-stent, prolifera&#231;&#227;o intimal e obstru&#231;&#227;o do stent.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O stent RVOT emergiu como uma t&#233;cnica convincente para a palia&#231;&#227;o da TOF. O al&#237;vio da obstru&#231;&#227;o infundibular e da estenose da v&#225;lvula pulmonar por implanta&#231;&#227;o de stent de metal nu no RVOT pode levar a FSP est&#225;vel e crescimento satisfat&#243;rio das art&#233;rias pulmonares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O implante de stent RVOT melhora o fluxo puls&#225;til de sangue venoso sist&#234;mico para a art&#233;ria pulmonar, melhorando a satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio sem decl&#237;nio na press&#227;o a&#243;rtica diast&#243;lica e perfus&#227;o coron&#225;ria resultante. Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise por Ghaderian et al. mostrou alta efic&#225;cia cl&#237;nica do stent RVOT na obten&#231;&#227;o de crescimento arterial pulmonar adequado durante a palia&#231;&#227;o e obten&#231;&#227;o de satura&#231;&#227;o adequada de oxig&#234;nio arterial. Tamb&#233;m apresentaram baixa morbidade p&#243;s-procedimento e mortalidade ap&#243;s o stent RVOT e nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa nos desfechos do processo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Em pacientes pequenos e anatomias complexas, o stent RVOT permite a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica em um est&#225;gio posterior. A remo&#231;&#227;o do stent durante a cirurgia, embora vi&#225;vel, prolonga o tempo de by-pass e, na maioria dos casos, determina o uso de remendos transanulares no momento da cirurgia definitiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Na edi&#231;&#227;o atual do Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Kupas et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> relataram seis beb&#234;s tratados pelo stent RVOT. A idade mediana no momento do implante foi de 146,5 dias e 367 dias no momento do implante e recupera&#231;&#227;o do stent, respectivamente. Quatro pacientes tiveram obstru&#231;&#227;o infundibular, e dois pacientes predominantemente tiveram uma obstru&#231;&#227;o valvar. A avalia&#231;&#227;o imediata p&#243;s-procedimento mostrou redu&#231;&#227;o do gradiente sist&#243;lico de pico, aumento do tamanho das art&#233;rias pulmonares e satura&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica de oxig&#234;nio. A mortalidade geral foi de 33%. Assim, embora constituindo uma s&#233;rie de casos muito pequenos, os autores prop&#245;em a implanta&#231;&#227;o de stent em RVOT como uma op&#231;&#227;o interessante e atraente para a palia&#231;&#227;o da TOF em rec&#233;m-nascidos muito doentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A palia&#231;&#227;o transcateter pode direcionar pacientes de alto risco ao caminho para resolu&#231;&#227;o completa e fisiol&#243;gica do TOF. Novas t&#233;cnicas no horizonte tornam o tratamento da TOF muito prov&#225;vel de ser realizado de forma menos invasiva, com procedimentos baseados em cateteres e/ou h&#237;bridos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Interven&#231;&#227;o Paliativa Endovascular no Lactente com Tetralogia de Fallot: Uma S&#233;rie de Casos</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Transcatheter Palliation for Tetralogy of Fallot</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6004-4959</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Chami&#233;</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Intercat - Cardiologia Intervencionista, Botafogo, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Francisco Chami&#233; &#8226; R. Ministro Armando de Alencar, 16/201. Postal Code 22.471-080, Lagoa, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: chamief@gmail.com</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Tetralogy of Fallot</kwd>
        <kwd>Cyanosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Catheterization</kwd>
        <kwd>Stents</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is the most common cyanotic congenital heart defect. The morphologic key feature of TOF is the malalignment of the infundibular septum. The infundibular septum malalignment makes the aorta override interventricular septum (dextroposition) over a large ventricular septal defect (VSD) and promotes obstruction to the right ventricular infundibular tract. The pulmonary valve is also stenotic, and the pulmonary trunk and arteries are, to some degree, hypoplastic. Severe obstruction to pulmonary blood flow (PBF) leads to more systemic unsaturation and, thus, prolonged hypoxia.</p>
      <p>Open heart surgery is the traditional treatment modality, augmenting the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT), closing the VSD, thus redirecting the aorta to the left ventricle, correcting the cardiac anatomy, and normalizing systemic flow saturation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Some patients are not candidates for early surgery due to insufficient body weight, small pulmonary artery size (bad anatomy), prematurity, neurologic impairment, or associated defects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In those cases, palliative procedures are necessary to increase PBF and systemic oxygen saturation, reducing levels of hypoxia. Ideal palliation would offer a stable and symmetric pulmonary blood flow source and adequate growth of pulmonary arteries, leaving behind no residues that can impair corrective surgery.</p>
      <p>The most traditional form of palliation is the Blalock-Taussig Shunt (BTS), idealized by Alfred Blalock and Helen Taussig and first performed in 1944 by Alfred Blalock.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Classic BTS consists of right subclavian artery anastomosis to the right pulmonary artery when the aortic arch is left-sided. When the aorta is right-sided, the anastomosis is performed in the left subclavian artery.</p>
      <p>Modified BTS using interposition of a PTFE tube graft was later developed in the &#8216;70s aiming to preserve subclavian flow to the ipsilateral arm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Although effective, BTS has some issues, including selective PBF, unequal development of pulmonary arteries, suture-mediated pulmonary branch stenosis, and shunt occlusion with consequent hypoxemia. In addition, it should be considered that transporting a severely ill patient to the operating room is a risk in itself.</p>
      <p>Non-surgical palliation alternatives were pursued, and several strategies were offered, such as pulmonary balloon valvuloplasty (PBV) and ductal or RVOT stenting.</p>
      <p>PBV is effective in cases where the main obstructive feature is the pulmonary valve, having reduced efficacy when significant infundibular stenosis is present. In that case, effective palliation has short-term efficacy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Ductal stenting is a safe and effective procedure when performed in experienced centers. It has comparable results to BTS in selected patients with ductal-dependent PBF. Glatz et al. report on 106 patients treated with ductal stenting versus 251 patients treated with BTS. Primary composite outcomes (death or reintervention) were more common in the BTS group (29.5% vs 17%, p= 0.014) due mainly to unplanned reinterventions for cyanosis relief (10.4% x 6.6%, p=0.26). As anticipated, procedural complications were more commonly found in the BTS group, although without statistical significance. Pulmonary artery growth in the ductus stenting group was greater and more symmetric (p=0.015).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Possible complications of ductal stenting are in-stent re-stenosis, intimal proliferation, and stent obstruction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>RVOT stenting emerged as a compelling technique for TOF palliation. Relief of infundibular obstruction and pulmonary valve stenosis by bare-metal stent implantation in the RVOT can lead to stable PBF and satisfactory growth of pulmonary arteries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>RVOT stenting improves the pulsatile flow of systemic venous blood to the pulmonary artery, improving oxygen saturation without a decline in diastolic aortic pressure and resultant coronary perfusion. A systematic review and meta-analysis by Ghaderian et al. showed high clinical efficacy of RVOT stenting in achieving adequate pulmonary arterial growth during palliation and obtaining proper arterial oxygen saturation. They also showed low post-procedure morbidity and mortality following RVOT stenting and no significant difference in procedural outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> In small patients and complex anatomies, RVOT stenting allows for surgical correction in a later stage. Stent removal during surgery, albeit feasible, lengthens by-pass time and, in most cases, determines the use of transannular patches at the time of definitive surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In the current issue of Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Kupas et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> reported on six infants treated by RVOT stenting. The median age at the moment of the implant was 146.5 days and 367 days at the moment of stent implant and retrieval, respectively. Four patients had an infundibular obstruction, and two patients predominantly had a valvar obstruction. The immediate post-procedure evaluation showed a reduction of the peak systolic gradient, increased pulmonary arteries size and systemic oxygen saturation. Overall mortality was 33%. Thus, albeit constituting a very small case series, the authors propose stent implantation in RVOT as an interesting and appealing option for TOF palliation in very sick neonates.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Transcatheter palliation may direct high-risk patients to the path for complete and physiologic resolution of TOF. New techniques on the horizon make TOF treatment very likely to be performed less invasively, with catheter-based and/or hybrid procedures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Palliative Endovascular Intervention in Infants with Tetralogy of Fallot: A Case Series</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
