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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">5Q6FqJVjTcbtYxCXJ7PvdPQ</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021005010203</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001200657</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200148</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200148</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Interven&#231;&#227;o Paliativa Endovascular no Lactente com Tetralogia de Fallot: Uma S&#233;rie de Casos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0860-543X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kupas</surname>
            <given-names>Kerli Dreier</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9533-7540</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oldoni</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4100-5444</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Juliano Mendes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdades Pequeno Pr&#237;ncipe</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdades Pequeno Pr&#237;ncipe, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade federal do Paran&#225; (UFPR), Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Kerli Dreier &#8226; Faculdades Pequeno Pr&#237;ncipe - Avenida Igua&#231;u, 333. CEP 80230-020, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>kerlidreier@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Souza JM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Kupas KD, Oldoni I; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Kupas KD, Oldoni I, Souza JM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>657</fpage>
      <lpage>663</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Tendo em vista os casos de lactentes sintom&#225;ticos com Tetralogia de Fallot (TF), baixo peso ao nascimento e anatomia complexa, o implante de <italic>stent</italic> na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito (VSVD) tem sido indicado alternativamente &#224; cirurgia de Blalock-Taussig (BT).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Avaliar o implante endovascular de <italic>stent</italic> na VSVD como abordagem prim&#225;ria no lactente com TF e n&#227;o candidato &#224; cirurgia de BT, bem como relatar seus resultados a m&#233;dio prazo e at&#233; a retirada do <italic>stent</italic> na cirurgia corretiva.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Entre outubro de 2015 e abril de 2018, uma s&#233;rie de seis lactentes portadores de TF receberam <italic>stents</italic> para desobstru&#231;&#227;o da VSVD. Os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos foram comparados em per&#237;odos pr&#233; e p&#243;s-implante.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> As medianas de idade e peso no momento do procedimento foram de 146,5 dias e 4,9 kg, respectivamente. O gradiente sist&#243;lico m&#225;ximo diminuiu de 63,5 mmHg para 50,5 mmHg, enquanto o di&#226;metro dos ramos pulmonares direito e esquerdo aumentou de 3,5 mm para 4,9 mm e 4,3 mm, respectivamente. O &#237;ndice de Nakata aumentou de 96,5 mm para 108,3 mm; assim como o peso, de 4,9 kg para 5,5 kg. A satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio aumentou de 83,5% para 93%. Houve um caso de migra&#231;&#227;o do <italic>stent</italic> e dois &#243;bitos, um deles devido &#224; emboliza&#231;&#227;o do <italic>stent</italic> e o outro n&#227;o teve rela&#231;&#227;o com o procedimento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> O implante de <italic>stent</italic> na VSVD como procedimento paliativo na TF se mostra uma alternativa promissora para o tratamento de lactentes com m&#225; anatomia e baixo peso ao nascimento.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>Tetralogia de Fallot</kwd>
        <kwd>Procedimentos Cir&#250;rgicos Operat&#243;rios</kwd>
        <kwd>Lactente</kwd>
        <kwd>Procedimento de Blalock Taussig</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="17"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A tetralogia de Fallot (TF) &#233; a cardiopatia cong&#234;nita mais comum dentre as malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas cian&#243;ticas, acomete tr&#234;s em cada 10.000 nascidos vivos no mundo, com incid&#234;ncia maior em pacientes do sexo masculino.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Ela se caracteriza por apresentar quatro anomalias b&#225;sicas: comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular, obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito, hipertrofia ventricular direita e dextroposi&#231;&#227;o da aorta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A sintomatologia varia conforme o grau da estenose na VSVD e o tamanho da comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular, manifestando tipicamente a colora&#231;&#227;o azul-arroxeada, cansa&#231;o &#224;s mamadas e crises de hip&#243;xia aliviadas pelo uso da posi&#231;&#227;o de c&#243;coras.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Isso posto, o diagn&#243;stico pode ser feito com o exame de ultrassonografia morfol&#243;gica durante o pr&#233;-natal e deve ser confirmada pela ecocardiografia fetal ou transtor&#225;cica no p&#243;s-natal. Em casos inconclusivos ou para avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria, podem ser solicitados o cateterismo, a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica ou a tomografia computadorizada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Dentre as possibilidades terap&#234;uticas, est&#225; dispon&#237;vel a cirurgia corretiva, que pode ser antecedida por procedimentos paliativos, como &#233; o caso da cirurgia de Blalock-Taussig (BT) e o implante de <italic>stent</italic> (IS) na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito (VSVD).</p>
      <p>O BT, empregado desde 1945 como tratamento inicial de escolha, consiste em estabelecer um <italic>shunt</italic> sist&#234;mico-pulmonar, de maneira invasiva, entre as art&#233;rias subcl&#225;via e pulmonar. Em neonatos e lactentes com menos de tr&#234;s meses, est&#225; associada a in&#250;meros casos de oclus&#227;o de <italic>shunt</italic> , mortalidade e falha na preserva&#231;&#227;o anular da valva pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Alternativamente a estes lactentes com baixo peso ao nascimento, portadores de altera&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas complexas e com sintomas de moderados a exacerbados, indica-se o IS na VSVD,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> que se destaca por ser uma t&#233;cnica menos invasiva, de baixa taxa de morbimortalidade e restabelece o desenvolvimento neuronal adequado e qualidade de vida dos pacientes at&#233; a cirurgia corretiva definitiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nesse contexto, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o implante endovascular de <italic>stent</italic> na VSVD como abordagem prim&#225;ria no lactente com TF e n&#227;o candidato &#224; cirurgia de BT e identificar modifica&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas nos per&#237;odos pr&#233; e p&#243;s-IS na VSVD at&#233; a retirada do <italic>stent</italic> na cirurgia corretiva.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este estudo foi submetido e aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica com o n&#250;mero CAAE 17443119.3.0000.5580. Nesse sentido, respeitou-se as diretrizes e crit&#233;rios estabelecidos na Resolu&#231;&#227;o n<sup>o</sup> 466, de 12 de dezembro de 2012, do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de (CNS), preceitos &#233;ticos estabelecidos no que se refere a zelar pela legitimidade, privacidade e sigilo das informa&#231;&#245;es. Trata-se de um estudo observacional, descritivo e longitudinal que inclui a busca de dados retrospectivos com abordagem quantitativa em um hospital infantil de grande porte de Curitiba (PR).</p>
      <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: ser portador de TF e ter sido submetido a um procedimento terap&#234;utico paliativo endovascular com IS na VSVD. Por sua vez, os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram os seguintes: ter sido submetido ao IS card&#237;aco por outras cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas que n&#227;o a TF, apresentar IS em outra regi&#227;o anat&#244;mica card&#237;aca e possuir outras malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas.</p>
      <p>O presente estudo tratou de uma s&#233;rie dos seis lactentes consecutivos com TF que realizaram IS na VSVD entre outubro de 2015 e abril de 2018. A an&#225;lise dos dados, dispon&#237;veis nos prontu&#225;rios, foi feita para as seguintes vari&#225;veis:</p>
      <list list-type="bullet">
        <list-item>
          <p>Dados sociodemogr&#225;ficos: sexo, idade (em dias).</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Dados antropom&#233;tricos: peso (em kg).</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Dados cl&#237;nicos: satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio capilar em porcentagem.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos: gradientes sist&#243;licos m&#225;ximos e m&#233;dios na VSVD em mmHg; tipo e gravidade da estenose na VSVD; tamanhos dos ramos pulmonares direito e esquerdo, do tronco pulmonar e anel valvar pulmonar em mm; &#237;ndice de Nakata da art&#233;ria pulmonar em mm.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Dados da pr&#243;tese endovascular: marca e tamanho (di&#226;metro em mm x comprimento em mm).</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Dados cir&#250;rgicos: descri&#231;&#227;o da t&#233;cnica de implante de <italic>stent</italic> .</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>Tais vari&#225;veis de desfecho foram identificadas em tr&#234;s per&#237;odos: pr&#233;-implante e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato do IS na VSVD, bem como no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tardio da retirada do <italic>stent</italic> da cirurgia corretiva subsequente.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, o banco de dados foi estruturado em uma planilha do Excel (Microsoft) e foram analisados de forma descritiva. Por conseguinte, os resultados foram expressos por medianas, valores m&#237;nimos, valores m&#225;ximos e percentuais.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos seis lactentes, dos quais tr&#234;s eram do sexo masculino e tr&#234;s do sexo feminino, com a mediana de idade de 146,5 dias no procedimento de implante de <italic>stent</italic> na VSVD, que variava entre 68 e 261 dias. Em contrapartida, no procedimento de retirada da endopr&#243;tese, a mediana de idade foi de 367 dias, conforme demonstrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Idade dos pacientes e mediana no IS na VSVD, na retirada do <italic>stent</italic> na cirurgia corretiva. Idade dos pacientes no intervalo entre IS na VSVD e retirada do <italic>stent</italic> na cirurgia corretiva</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Paciente</th>
                <th>Idade no IS na VSVD (dias)</th>
                <th>Idade na retirada do <italic>stent</italic> na cirurgia corretiva (dias)</th>
                <th>Intervalo entre IS na VSVD e retirada do <italic>stent</italic> na cirurgia corretiva (dias)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>A</td>
                <td align="center">261</td>
                <td align="center">1211</td>
                <td align="center">950</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>B</td>
                <td align="center">68</td>
                <td align="center">1078</td>
                <td align="center">1010</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>C</td>
                <td align="center">151</td>
                <td align="center">367</td>
                <td align="center">216</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>D</td>
                <td align="center">74</td>
                <td align="center">184</td>
                <td align="center">110</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E</td>
                <td align="center">142</td>
                <td align="center">200</td>
                <td align="center">58</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>F</td>
                <td align="center">170</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mediana</td>
                <td align="center">146,5</td>
                <td align="center">367</td>
                <td align="center">216</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>VSVD: via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito; IS: implante de stent.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>As marcas dos <italic>stents</italic> e seus respectivos tamanhos utilizados na VSVD est&#227;o demonstrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> . A marca predominante foi a Dynamic-Biotronik. Dois pacientes n&#227;o apresentaram o registro do fabricante da pr&#243;tese.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Marca e tamanho da pr&#243;tese endovascular ( <italic>stent</italic> )</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Paciente</th>
                <th>Marca do stent</th>
                <th>Tamanho do stent (di&#226;metro (mm) x comprimento (mm))</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>A</td>
                <td align="center">Dynamic-Biotronik</td>
                <td align="center">8 x 12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>B</td>
                <td align="center">Dynamic-Biotronik</td>
                <td align="center">8 x 15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>C</td>
                <td align="center">Woven-NIH</td>
                <td align="center">8 x 15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>D</td>
                <td align="center">Dynamic-Biotronik</td>
                <td align="center">7 x 15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>F</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A t&#233;cnica do implante de <italic>stent</italic> empregada nos lactentes est&#225; descrita a seguir:</p>
      <list list-type="roman-upper">
        <list-item>
          <p>Paciente sob anestesia geral;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Pun&#231;&#227;o de veia e art&#233;ria femoral direita com coloca&#231;&#227;o de introdutores n&#250;meros 6F e 5F, respectivamente;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Utiliza&#231;&#227;o de guia hidrof&#237;lica 0,035&#8221; e cateter Judkins (JR), realizado manometria D/E;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Coletas de gasometrias seriadas para oximetrias e realiza&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lculo de fluxo e resist&#234;ncia;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Realiza&#231;&#227;o de cineangiografias com cateter tipo <italic>pigtail</italic> ;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Troca da guia 0,035&#8221; pela guia 0,014&#8221;;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Posicionamento do <italic>stent</italic> em VSVD com balonamento sequencial;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Retirada das guias e introdutores com compress&#227;o e encaminhamento para a UTI.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>No per&#237;odo pr&#233;-implante de <italic>stent</italic> na VSVD, a mediana do gradiente sist&#243;lico m&#225;ximo na VSVD foi de 63,5 mmHg (variando de 52 a 97 mmHg), enquanto 46 foi a mediana do gradiente sist&#243;lico m&#233;dio na VSVD, que teve varia&#231;&#227;o de 38 a 56 mmHg. A estenose na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito de predom&#237;nio infundibular foi encontrada em quatro dos seis pacientes, prevalecendo sobre &#224; estenose do tipo valvar. Pode-se observar que a mediana do &#237;ndice de Nakata da art&#233;ria pulmonar foi de 96,5 mm (sendo o menor valor de 68,44 e maior de 138 mm), ao passo que a satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio variou de 75% a 90% durante o per&#237;odo pr&#233;-IS. Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao tamanho dos ramos pulmonares direito e esquerdo, tronco pulmonar e anel valvar pulmonar, verificaram-se medianas de 3,5 mm (2,1 mm a 4,8 mm), 3,5 mm (2 mm a 5 mm), 6,9 mm (3,5 mm a 7,5 mm) e 4,2 mm (3,5 mm a 6,5 mm), respectivamente. A respeito do peso dos pacientes selecionados, a mediana foi de 4,9 kg, com peso m&#237;nimo de 4,0 kg e m&#225;ximo de 8,3 kg no momento do implante do <italic>stent</italic> . Tais vari&#225;veis est&#227;o descritas na 3, anexo A.</p>
      <p>No per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato de IS na VSVD, observou-se varia&#231;&#227;o no gradiente sist&#243;lico m&#225;ximo na VSVD de 28 mmHg a 72 mmHg, correspondente a mediana de 50,5 mmHg. Por outro lado, tr&#234;s pacientes apresentaram informa&#231;&#245;es acerca da gravidade de estenose na VSVD em leve, moderada e residual importante. Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao tamanho dos ramos pulmonares direito e esquerdo, verificaram-se medianas de 4,9 mm (2,5 mm a 6,0 mm) e 4,3 mm (2,8 mm a 5,2 mm), respectivamente. Quanto ao &#237;ndice de Nakata da art&#233;ria pulmonar, observou-se que a mediana foi de 108,6 mm (42,44 a 138 mm) e constatou-se mediana de 93% (68% a 98%) na satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio. No que diz respeito ao peso dos pacientes, obteve-se mediana de 5,5 kg, em que o menor peso observado foi de 4,9 kg e o maior, 8,5 kg, conforme descrito na <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="">Tabela 1</inline-supplementary-material>, do material suplementar.</p>
      <p>No per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tardio da retirada do implante de <italic>stent</italic> e cirurgia corretiva total, o gradiente sist&#243;lico m&#225;ximo na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito variou entre 17,4 mmHg a 85 mmHg, com mediana de 50,5 mmHg. A mediana do gradiente sist&#243;lico m&#233;dio na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito foi de 19 mmHg, oscilando entre 10 mmHg a 51 mmHg. O peso dos pacientes atingiu uma mediana de 11 kg, com peso m&#237;nimo de 6,5 kg e m&#225;ximo de 16,5 kg, conforme descrito na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas do per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tardio de retirada de <italic>stent</italic> na VSVD.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Paciente</th>
                <th>Gradiente sist&#243;lico</th>
                <th>Gradiente sist&#243;lico</th>
                <th>Peso</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">m&#225;ximo na VSVD</td>
                <td align="center">m&#233;dio na VSVD</td>
                <td align="center">(kg)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">(mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">(mmHg)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>A</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;</td>
                <td align="center">16,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>B</td>
                <td align="center">41</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">10,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>C</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;</td>
                <td align="center">6,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>D</td>
                <td align="center">17,4</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E</td>
                <td align="center">85</td>
                <td align="center">51</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>F</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mediana</td>
                <td align="center">50,5</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>VSVD: via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Em todos os casos, foi poss&#237;vel implantar o <italic>stent</italic> na VSVD; no entanto, dois casos obtiveram evolu&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel. O paciente E apresentou emboliza&#231;&#227;o do <italic>stent</italic> 28 horas ap&#243;s o procedimento e necessitou de cirurgia de emerg&#234;ncia para substitui&#231;&#227;o da endopr&#243;tese, evoluindo para um quadro instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica e &#243;bito. O paciente F foi a &#243;bito 72 horas depois do IS, por causa n&#227;o relacionada ao procedimento. A mortalidade global foi de 33% (2/6). No que diz respeito a outras complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao procedimento, o paciente A evoluiu com dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o do ramo direito; o paciente C apresentou bradicardia no momento da coloca&#231;&#227;o do <italic>stent,</italic> revertida com atropina, al&#233;m de revelar estenose ostioinfundibular abaixo da endopr&#243;tese, tendo em vista a migra&#231;&#227;o da mesma.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em 1969, Dotter prop&#244;s o implante endovascular de uma pr&#243;tese que promovesse sustenta&#231;&#227;o luminal, que foi chamada de <italic>stent</italic> . Desde ent&#227;o, &#233; amplamente descrito o uso de endopr&#243;teses; por&#233;m, h&#225; poucos relatos de seu uso em obstru&#231;&#245;es musculares intracard&#237;acas, como &#233; o caso da anatomia de portadores da TF, compreendida por hipoplasia, atresia pulmonar e/ou estenoses distais dos ramos pulmonares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma variante paliativa ao IS na VSVD para cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas &#233; o implante de <italic>stent</italic> ductal, descrito e publicado por Gibbs em 1991 como uma alternativa n&#227;o cir&#250;rgica para assegurar o fluxo pulmonar em RN e lactentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Ele &#233; indicado em situa&#231;&#245;es de fluxo pulmonar dependentes de canal arterial ou quando h&#225; restri&#231;&#227;o de fluxo pulmonar infundibular, mas cujo quadro n&#227;o est&#225; relacionado &#224; valva pulmonar ou &#224; comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular, como &#233; habitual na TF4.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> O IS no canal arterial pode exacerbar a estenose infundibular preexistente e gerar distor&#231;&#227;o do ramo da art&#233;ria pulmonar, o que traria efeitos negativos no tratamento definitivo dos pacientes com T4F.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Sandoval et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> em suas an&#225;lises, definiram que o resultado imediato do implante de <italic>stent</italic> do canal arterial &#233; o sucesso em mais de 80% dos casos, mortalidade precoce entre 0-10% e efetividade no crescimento da &#225;rvore vascular pulmonar, principalmente nos casos em que a VSVD est&#225; severamente comprometida pela estenose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Roshental et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> em estudo, determinaram que a m&#233;dio e longo prazo, o implante de <italic>stent</italic> no canal arterial, quando comparado ao BT e &#224; fistula sist&#234;mico-pulmonar (tipo BT modificada), revela uma taxa de reestenose alta em 43% dos pacientes, al&#233;m de prolifera&#231;&#227;o neointimal no centro <italic>intrastent</italic> e nas bordas a&#243;rtica e pulmonares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Outra desvantagem reconhecida do implante de <italic>stent</italic> no canal arterial traz refer&#234;ncia ao risco de obstru&#231;&#227;o da luz do canal de at&#233; 75% em seis meses ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o paliativa &#8211; tempo reduzido quando comparado ao IS na VSVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar de alguns pacientes apresentarem estenose predominantemente valvar, todos apresentavam componente infundibular din&#226;mico de estenose tamb&#233;m importantes, o que faz com que a realiza&#231;&#227;o apenas da valvoplastia com bal&#227;o tenha resultados insatisfat&#243;rios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Assim, optou-se pelo implante de <italic>stent</italic> na VSVD ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figuras 1</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">3</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Implante de stent na VSVD. Cineangiografia da paciente A: in&#237;cio da dilata&#231;&#227;o do balonete.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>
            <italic>Fonte: Servi&#231;o de Hemodin&#226;mica. Hospital infantil de grande porte em Curitiba (PR).</italic>
          </attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-04-0657-00148-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Implante de stent na VSVD. Cineangiografia da paciente A: final da dilata&#231;&#227;o do balonete e posicionamento do stent.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>
            <italic>Fonte: Servi&#231;o de Hemodin&#226;mica. Hospital infantil de grande porte em Curitiba (PR).</italic>
          </attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-04-0657-00148-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>P&#243;s-implante de stent na VSVD. Cineangiografia da paciente A: resultado final do procedimento.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>
            <italic>Fonte: Servi&#231;o de Hemodin&#226;mica. Hospital infantil de grande porte em Curitiba (PR).</italic>
          </attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-04-0657-00148-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>No presente estudo, foi poss&#237;vel observar que a mediana de idade dos pacientes foi de 146,5 dias no procedimento de implante de <italic>stent</italic> (IS), enquanto que na retirada associada &#224; cirurgia corretiva foi de 367 dias, com perman&#234;ncia da endopr&#243;tese em um per&#237;odo de cerca de 216 dias, bem como as pesquisas dispon&#237;veis na literatura indicam idade precoce nos pacientes submetidos a processos de IS e adiamento adequado temporal para efetuar a cirurgia definitiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Foi poss&#237;vel observar o ganho ponderal adequado dos pacientes para a idade, proporcional ao tempo de perman&#234;ncia do <italic>stent</italic> , o que permitiu o crescimento e o desenvolvimento que promoveu maior sobrevida em procedimento cir&#250;rgico definitivo invasivo. Al&#233;m de ampliar a sobrevida no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, o implante de <italic>stent</italic> na VSVD disp&#245;e de outras vantagens: otimiza o intervalo de tempo necess&#225;rio para a corre&#231;&#227;o definitiva, restringe a quantidade de cirurgias paliativas mandat&#243;rias e restabelece o desenvolvimento neuronal adequado e a qualidade de vida dos pacientes at&#233; a cirurgia corretiva definitiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>H&#225; um grande espectro estrutural de varia&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica da estenose na VSVD na TF quanto &#224; origem da obstru&#231;&#227;o, como: infundibular, valvar pulmonar, arterial pulmonar e/ou ramifica&#231;&#245;es da art&#233;ria pulmonar. Foi observado no presente estudo que os dois primeiros pacientes (A e B) possuiam estenoses de predom&#237;nio valvar, enquanto os demais eram portadores de estenoses infundibulares, manifestando &#224; domin&#226;ncia corroborada pela literatura &#8211; a exemplo da pesquisa de Costa et al. de 2016, que avaliou 30 pacientes portadores de TF com IS na VSVD e obteve frequ&#234;ncia de 43% em casos de estenose com origem infundibular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No ano de 2019, acerca das diferentes interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas poss&#237;veis em pacientes portadores de TF, Sandoval et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> compararam quatro grupos: um deles realizou IS na VSVD, dois eram formados por pacientes com menos de tr&#234;s meses de idade realizaram a cirurgia corretiva precocemente &#8211; dentre eles, um grupo com estenose pulmonar e outro com atresia pulmonar &#8211; e o &#250;ltimo realizou a cirurgia corretiva em pacientes de tr&#234;s a 11 meses. Os lactentes submetidos ao IS na VSVD expressaram os menores &#237;ndices de Nakata quando comparados aos outros tr&#234;s grupos, com valores inferiores a 100 mm<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> /m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> .</p>
      <p>Tal circunst&#226;ncia esteve presente em nosso estudo: &#233; o caso dos pacientes A e B no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-IS na VSVD, que apresentaram, respectivamente, 68,4 mm<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> /m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> e 82 mm<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> /m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> . No per&#237;odo p&#243;s-IS, houve incremento relevante nestes &#237;ndices, o que os elegeu como bons candidatos ao procedimento de corre&#231;&#227;o total da TF por apresentarem &#237;ndices acima de 100 mm<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> /m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Quanto &#224;s marcas dos <italic>stents</italic> implantados, em nosso estudo foi poss&#237;vel notar predom&#237;nio da Dynamic-biotronik sobre a Woven-NIH em tr&#234;s dos quatro procedimentos descritos, os quais apresentaram varia&#231;&#227;o de di&#226;metro e comprimento conforme estenose na VSVD, salvo registro de especifica&#231;&#245;es t&#233;cnicas ausentes em dois pacientes.</p>
      <p>A mediana do gradiente sist&#243;lico m&#225;ximo na VSVD, no per&#237;odo de pr&#233;-implante de <italic>stent,</italic> diminuiu de 69,4 mmHg para 50,5 mmHg ap&#243;s o implante imediato da endopr&#243;tese, circunst&#226;ncia descrita na literatura por Peng et al. em 2006 e por Ovaert et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> em 1999, o que corrobora a presen&#231;a imediata de queda no gradiente sist&#243;lico m&#225;ximo e de sobrecarga press&#243;rica de VD &#8211; objetivo fundamental almejado ap&#243;s a IS na VSVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os resultados dos ecocardiogramas transtor&#225;cicos constataram a taxa de crescimento dos ramos pulmonares direito e esquerdo, pr&#233;-implante e p&#243;s-implante imediato de <italic>stent</italic> na VSVD. Observou-se tamb&#233;m que a mediana dos tamanhos pulmonares direito e esquerdo pr&#233;-IS eram de 3,5 mm, ao passo que no p&#243;s-IS tais valores subiram para 4,9 mm e 4,3 mm, respectivamente. Destacamos o caso do paciente C, que apresentou desenvolvimento significativo dos ramos pulmonares direito de 3,7 mm para 6 mm, e esquerdo de 3,5mm para 5,2 mm.</p>
      <p>Ao comparar os par&#226;metros de pacientes submetidos ao IS na VSVD com outras op&#231;&#245;es de procedimentos paliativos ou com a cirurgia corretiva precoce, &#233; poss&#237;vel enquadrar os portadores de <italic>stent</italic> como os detentores dos piores progn&#243;sticos: baixo peso ao nascimento, menor &#237;ndice de Nakata, m&#225; anatomia e ramos de art&#233;ria pulmonar de pequeno tamanho &#8211; caracter&#237;sticas capazes de gerar maior risco de sequelas como a hipoplasia pulmonar. Este fato tamb&#233;m foi descrito em 2019 na s&#233;rie de casos de Bigdelian et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> que fez uma compara&#231;&#227;o entre tr&#234;s grupos: oito pacientes que passaram pelo IS na VSVD, sete pacientes que foram submetidos &#224; t&#233;cnica de BT e 15 pacientes que passaram por por cirurgias corretivas definitivas e precoces. Nesse estudo, foi poss&#237;vel observar que mesmo com menores tamanhos de ramos pulmonares iniciais, os pacientes com <italic>stent</italic> obtiveram desenvolvimento pulmonar compar&#225;vel ao dos pacientes submetidos &#224; t&#233;cnica BT e crescimento ponderal similar aos que foram submetidos a outros procedimentos. Isto posto, o crescimento dos ramos pulmonares, bem esclarecido por Bigdelian et al. em 2019, reflete diretamente no aumento da satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio, assim como na melhora da condi&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica desses pacientes cr&#237;ticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Entre as informa&#231;&#245;es dispon&#237;veis nos prontu&#225;rios sobre a satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio capilar, quatro pacientes apresentaram valores compreendidos entre 75% e 90% no per&#237;odo de pr&#233;-IS na VSVD. Contudo, no per&#237;odo de p&#243;s-IS na VSVD imediato, foi observada a melhora substancial em quatro dos cinco pacientes com informa&#231;&#245;es descritas, que apresentaram valores superiores a 89% &#8211; objetivo almejado quando ocorre &#224; indica&#231;&#227;o do IS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Um paciente teve complica&#231;&#245;es no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-IS na VSVD imediato, com satura&#231;&#227;o compreendida em 68%. Nos estudos publicados, n&#227;o foram descritos grau e dura&#231;&#227;o da cianose, ou sobre a exist&#234;ncia de crises de hip&#243;xia nos per&#237;odos de pr&#233;-IS na VSVD e p&#243;s-IS na VSVD imediato.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>S&#227;o raras as complica&#231;&#245;es descritas na literatura m&#233;dica. Dentre elas, as mais preocupantes envolvem casos de trombose e mal posicionamento da endopr&#243;tese, o que pode acarretar a necessidade de remo&#231;&#227;o e/ou de substitui&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do <italic>stent</italic> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> No presente estudo, dois pacientes foram a &#243;bito, um deles por emboliza&#231;&#227;o do <italic>stent</italic> ap&#243;s 28 horas do implante, n&#227;o havendo &#234;xito na retirada e reimplante. O outro paciente apresentava hist&#243;rico de transplante hep&#225;tico e atresia de vias biliares, n&#227;o resistindo &#224;s intercorr&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas e veio a falecer 72 horas ap&#243;s o IS na VSVD. No paciente C, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel o adequado posicionamento do <italic>stent</italic> , o que refletiu em estenose ostioinfundibular abaixo da endopr&#243;tese. No entanto, n&#227;o houve repercuss&#245;es significativas, tendo em vista a amplia&#231;&#227;o dos ramos pulmonares direito e esquerdo, de 3,7 mm para 6 mm e de 3,5 mm para 5,2 mm, respectivamente; e redu&#231;&#227;o no gradiente sist&#243;lico m&#225;ximo na VSVD, de 69 mmHg no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-IS para 40 mmHg no p&#243;s-IS de VSVD imediato.</p>
      <p>Este estudo apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es pelo tamanho da amostra e pela presen&#231;a de registros incompletos das vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, hemodin&#226;micas e dos desfechos cl&#237;nicos nos prontu&#225;rios relacionados.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Apesar do pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes, conclui-se que a interven&#231;&#227;o endovascular na VSVD por meio de <italic>stent</italic> &#233; uma medida paliativa eficaz, capaz de retardar a necessidade de interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica imediata, prolongar a sobrevida dos pacientes com TF e tornar poss&#237;vel a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica definitiva nos lactentes de baixo peso e m&#225; anatomia.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>A todos que contribu&#237;ram, direta ou indiretamente, ao desenvolvimento deste artigo cient&#237;fico, em especial ao Dr Leo Agostinho Solarewicz, por ceder gentilmente o material das cineangiografias e &#224; Dra Maria Cec&#237;lia Knoll Farah, por enriquecer essa pesquisa com sua expertise em Tetralogia de Fallot.</p>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p><bold>Fontes de financiamento:</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <app-group>
      <app id="app1">
        <title>* Material suplementar</title>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2021/11704/2020-0148_material_suplementar.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </app>
    </app-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Palliative Endovascular Intervention in Infants with Tetralogy of Fallot: A Case Series</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0860-543X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kupas</surname>
            <given-names>Kerli Dreier</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9533-7540</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oldoni</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4100-5444</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Juliano Mendes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdades Pequeno Pr&#237;ncipe, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade federal do Paran&#225; (UFPR), Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Kerli Dreier &#8226; Faculdades Pequeno Pr&#237;ncipe - Avenida Igua&#231;u, 333. Postal Code 80230-020, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil E-mail: kerlidreier@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Souza JM; Acquisition of data, Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Kupas KD, Oldoni I; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Kupas KD, Oldoni I, Souza JM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Endovascular stent placement in the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) has been an alternative to Blalock-Taussig (BT) surgery in the treatment of Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) in symptomatic infants with low birth weight and complex anatomy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To evaluate endovascular stent placement in the RVOT as a primary treatment for infants with TOF who are not candidates for BT surgery, and evaluate medium-term outcomes until the stent is removed during corrective surgery.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Six infants with TOF were treated with RVOT stenting from October 2015 to April 2018. Hemodynamic parameters were compared between the pre- and post-stenting periods.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>At the time of stenting, participants had a median age and weight of 146.5 days and 4.9 kg, respectively. Peak systolic gradient decreased from 63.5 mm Hg to 50.5 mm Hg, while the diameter of the left and right pulmonary arteries increased from 3.5 mm to 4.9 mm and 4.3 mm, respectively. The Nakata index increased from 96.5 mm to 108.3 mm; weight increased from 4.9 kg to 5.5 kg; and oxygen saturation, from 83.5% to 93%. There was one case of stent migration and two deaths, one caused by stent embolization and the other unrelated to study procedures.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>RVOT stenting is a promising alternative for the palliative treatment of TOF in infants with low birth weight and complex anatomy.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Defects, Congenital</kwd>
        <kwd>Tetralogy of Fallot</kwd>
        <kwd>Surgical Procedures Operative</kwd>
        <kwd>Infant</kwd>
        <kwd>Blalock-Taussig Procedure</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is the most common cyanotic congenital heart defect, affecting three in every 10,000 live births worldwide, and occurring more frequently in males.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> It is characterized by four basic anomalies: interventricular communication, obstructed right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT), right ventricular hypertrophy and dextroposition of the aorta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The symptomatology varies depending on the degree of stenosis in the RVOT and the extent of intraventricular communication, but typical manifestations include bluish-purple discoloration of the skin, fatigue during feeding, and episodes of hypoxia relieved by squatting.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> TOF can be diagnosed during pregnancy through morphological ultrasound and should be confirmed after birth using fetal or transthoracic echocardiography. In inconclusive cases or during preoperative assessment, procedures such as catheterization, magnetic resonance imaging, or computed tomography can also be helpful.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Treatment alternatives include corrective surgery, possibly preceded by palliative procedures such as the placement of a Blalock-Taussig (BT) shunt, and RVOT stenting.</p>
        <p>BT shunts have been the treatment of choice for FOT since 1945. The procedure involves the surgical placement of a systemic-pulmonary shunt between the subclavian and pulmonary arteries. In neonates and infants younger than 3 months, this procedure is associated with high rates of shunt occlusion, death, and destruction of the pulmonary valve annulus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> An alternative treatment for these low-birth-weight infants with complex anatomical defects and moderate to severe symptoms is RVOT stenting,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> a less invasive strategy with lower morbidity and mortality rates that can restore neuronal development and improve quality of life until they undergo definitive corrective surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In light of these observations, this study aimed to evaluate the RVOT stenting as a primary treatment for children with TOF who are not candidates for BT surgery, and evaluate echocardiographic characteristics in the pre- and postoperative periods until the stent is removed during corrective surgery.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Method</title>
        <p>This study was submitted and approved by a research ethics committee under protocol number CAAE 17443119.3.0000.5580. All procedures were conducted per the guidelines and criteria established in National Health Council (Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de; CNS) Resolution No. 466, issued on December 12, 2012, which stipulates ethical principles for the preservation of data integrity, privacy, and anonymity.</p>
        <p>This was an observational, descriptive longitudinal study involving retrospective quantitative data collected at a large pediatric hospital in Curitiba, in the state of Paran&#225;.</p>
        <p>Inclusion criteria were having TOF and undergoing palliative endovascular treatment with RVOT stenting. Exclusion criteria were as follows: stenting due to congenital heart disease other than TOF; having a stent in another anatomical region of the heart; having other cardiac malformations.</p>
        <p>The present study evaluated a series of 6 consecutive infants with TOF who underwent RVOT stenting between October 2015 and April 2018.</p>
        <p>The following data were collected from medical records for subsequent analysis:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Sociodemographic data: sex, age in days.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Anthropometric data: weight in kg.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Clinical data: percent oxygen saturation.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Echocardiographic data: mean and peak systolic pressure gradients in the RVOT, measured in mm Hg; type and severity of stenosis in the RVOT; and the size of the left and right pulmonary arteries, the pulmonary trunk, and the pulmonary valve annulus, measured in mm; Nakata index of the pulmonary artery, measured in mm.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Endovascular prosthesis data: brand and size (diameter in mm x length in mm).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Surgical data: description of the stenting technique.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>These outcome variables were collected at 3 different time points: preoperatively, in the immediate postoperative period of RVOT stenting, and in the late postoperative period of stent removal during corrective surgery.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The data was entered into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and analyzed using descriptive methods. Results were expressed using median, minimum, and maximum values, as well as percentages.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The sample consisted of 6 infants, 3 of whom were female while 3 were male. The median age at the time of RVOT stenting was 146.5 days (range, 68-121). At the time of stent removal, the median age of the sample was 367 days, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Median age of patients at the time of RVOT stenting and stent removal during corrective surgery; length of interval between stent placement and removal</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Patient</th>
                  <th>Age at RVOT stenting (days)</th>
                  <th>Age at stent removal during corrective surgery (days)</th>
                  <th>Interval between placement and removal of stent in the RVOT (days)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>A</td>
                  <td align="center">261</td>
                  <td align="center">1211</td>
                  <td align="center">950</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>B</td>
                  <td align="center">68</td>
                  <td align="center">1078</td>
                  <td align="center">1010</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>C</td>
                  <td align="center">151</td>
                  <td align="center">367</td>
                  <td align="center">216</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>D</td>
                  <td align="center">74</td>
                  <td align="center">184</td>
                  <td align="center">110</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>W</td>
                  <td align="center">142</td>
                  <td align="center">200</td>
                  <td align="center">58</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>F</td>
                  <td align="center">170</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Median</td>
                  <td align="center">146.5</td>
                  <td align="center">367</td>
                  <td align="center">216</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>RVOT: Right ventricular outflow tract.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The manufacturers and sizes of the stents used in the study are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> . The most commonly used brand was Dynamic-Biotronik. In two cases, the manufacturer of the stents used was not indicated.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Manufacturer and size of endovascular prosthesis (stent)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Patient</th>
                  <th>Stent manufacturer</th>
                  <th>Stent size (diameter mm x length mm)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>A</td>
                  <td align="center">Dynamic - Biotronik</td>
                  <td align="center">8 x 12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>B</td>
                  <td align="center">Dynamic - Biotronik</td>
                  <td align="center">8 x 15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>C</td>
                  <td align="center">Woven - NIH</td>
                  <td align="center">8 x 15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>D</td>
                  <td align="center">Dynamic - Biotronik</td>
                  <td align="center">7 x 15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>E</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>F</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>RVOT: Right ventricular outflow tract.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The stenting technique used in the present study is described below:</p>
        <list list-type="roman-upper">
          <list-item>
            <p>Patient under general anesthesia;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Placement of 6F and F5 sheaths in the right femoral vein and artery, respectively;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Judkins catheter advanced over a 0.035&#8221; hydrophilic guidewire and manometry performed;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Collection of serial blood samples for gasometry, oximetry, and measurements of flow and resistance;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Cineangiography via pigtail catheters;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Exchange of the 0.035&#8221; for a 0.014&#8221; guidewire;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Placement of the stent in the RVOT followed by balloon inflation;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Removal of guidewires and sheaths, application of compression, and referral to the ICU.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Prior to stenting, the median peak systolic gradient across the RVOT was 63.5 (range, 52-97) mm Hg, while the median value for the mean systolic gradient at the RVOT was 46 (range, 38-56) mm Hg. Infundibular stenosis of the right ventricle was present in 4 out of 6 patients, while valve stenosis was less frequently observed. The median Nakata index for the pulmonary artery was 96.5 (range, 68.44-138) mm, while the oxygen saturation ranged from 75 to 90% during the pre-stenting period. The median size of the left and right pulmonary branches, pulmonary trunk, and pulmonary valve annulus were 3.5 (range, 2.1-4.8) mm, 3.5 (range, 2-5) mm, 6.9 (range, 3.5-7.5) mm, and 4.2 (3.5 - 6.5) mm, respectively. The median weight of patients at the time of stenting was 4.9 (range, 4.0-8.2) kg. These variables are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> , appendix A.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Distribution of anthropometric and echocardiographic variables in the late postoperative period after stent removal from the RVOT</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Patient</th>
                  <th>Systolic Gradient</th>
                  <th>Systolic Gradient</th>
                  <th>Weight</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">Peak across RVOT</td>
                  <td align="center">Mean across RVOT</td>
                  <td align="center">(kg)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">(mm Hg)</td>
                  <td align="center">(mm Hg)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>A</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">16.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>B</td>
                  <td align="center">41</td>
                  <td align="center">19</td>
                  <td align="center">10.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>C</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">6.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>D</td>
                  <td align="center">17.4</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>W</td>
                  <td align="center">85</td>
                  <td align="center">51</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>F</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Median</td>
                  <td align="center">50.5</td>
                  <td align="center">19</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>RVOT: Right ventricular outflow tract.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>In the immediate post-operative period after stenting, the peak systolic gradient across the RVOT in the sample ranged from 28 to 72 mm Hg, with a median value of 50.5 mm Hg. However, the records of 3 patients revealed the presence of mild, moderate, and significant residual stenosis in the RVOT. The median sizes of the left and right pulmonary branches were 4.9 (range, 2.5-6.0) mm and 4.3 (2.8-5.2) mm, respectively. The median Nakata index for the pulmonary artery was 108.6 (range, 42.44-138) mm, while median oxygen saturation was 93% (range, 68-98%). Lastly, at this time, the median weight in the sample was 5.5 (range, 4.9-8.5) kg, as described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> , supplementary material.</p>
        <p>In the late postoperative period after stent removal and corrective surgery, the peak systolic gradient across the RVOT ranged from 17.4 to 85 mm Hg, with a median value of 50.5 mm Hg. The mean systolic pressure gradient had a median value of 19 (range, 10-51) mm Hg. Patients weighed a median of 11 (range, 6.5-16.5) kg, as described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> .</p>
        <p>In all cases, the stent was successfully inserted in the RVOT, although 2 cases had an unfavorable clinical course. Patient E experienced stent embolization 28 h after implantation, requiring emergency surgery to reposition the stent. This was eventually followed by hemodynamic instability and death. Patient F died 82 h after stenting for causes unrelated to the procedure. The overall mortality rate in the present study was 33% (2/6). With regard to other complications observed after the procedure, Patient A displayed a right bundle branch block, while Patient C had bradycardia during stent placement, which was reversed with atropine, as well as infundibular stenosis below the graft due to stent migration.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In 1969, Dotter developed a technique involving the endovascular implantation of a prosthetic device to support the structure of the venous lumen. The device was referred to as a stent. Since then, studies have evaluated the use of vascular prostheses in a variety of cases, although few focused on patients with intracardiac flow obstruction as seen in TOF, whose manifestations include pulmonary atresia and/or hypoplasia, and distal pulmonary branch stenosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A palliative alternative to RVOT stenting for the treatment of congenital heart disorders is the placement of a duct stent, described in a publication by Gibbs in 1991 as a non-surgical alternative to ensure adequate pulmonary flow in neonates and infants.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> This technique is indicated for cases of ductus arteriosus-dependent pulmonary flow or infundibular pulmonary stenosis not associated with the pulmonary valve or interventricular communication, as in the case of TOF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Stenting the ductus arteriosus can exacerbate infundibular stenosis and lead to deformation of the pulmonary artery so that its use in the treatment of patients with TOF would have several negative consequences.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In a study of the immediate results of arterial stent placement, Sandoval et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> found the procedure to be successful in over 80% of cases, with early mortality rates of 0-10% and effectiveness in promoting the growth of the pulmonary vascular tree, especially in cases of severe stenosis of the RVOT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Rosenthal et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> determined that in the medium- and long-term, arterial stents are associated with a higher likelihood of restenosis relative to BT and systemic-pulmonary fistula (modified BT shunt); arterial stents are associated with a restenosis rate of 43%, in addition to neointimal proliferation in the intrastent segment and the aortic and pulmonary borders.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Another known limitation of arterial stents is the risk of luminal obstruction, which can reach 75% in the 6 months after the palliative intervention - a much shorter time than observed in RVOT stenting.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Though some patients had predominantly valvular stenosis, all showed a significant degree of dynamic infundibular obstruction, so that balloon valvuloplasty alone would have unsatisfactory results.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> We therefore opted for RVOT stenting ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figures 1</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">2</xref> , and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Stent implantation in the right ventricular outflow tract. Cineangiography of Patient A: start of balloon expansion.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>
              <italic>Source: Hemodynamics service. Large pediatric hospital (Curitiba - PR).</italic>
            </attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-04-0657-00148-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>During stent implantation in the right ventricular outflow tract. Cineangiography of patient A: end of balloon expansion and stent positioning.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>
              <italic>Source: Hemodynamics service. Large pediatric hospital (Curitiba - PR).</italic>
            </attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-04-0657-00148-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>After stent implantation in the right ventricular outflow tract. Cineangiography of Patient A: final result of the procedure.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>
              <italic>Source: Hemodynamics service. Large pediatric hospital (Curitiba - PR).</italic>
            </attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-04-0657-00148-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>In the present study, the median age of patients at the time of stent placement was 146.5 days, while at the time of removal and corrective surgery, patients had a median age of 367 days. The time spent with the stent in place was approximately 216 days. This is in line with previous research, which highlights the early age of patients submitted to stenting, and the need to wait for a sufficient time before performing definitive surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> It was also possible to confirm that patients had adequate weight gain for their age, proportional to the time with the stent, allowing for sufficient growth and development to improve survival after the invasive surgical procedure. In addition to improving postoperative survival, RVOT stenting has other advantages such as optimizing the time interval for definitive surgery; reducing the number of palliative surgeries required; and restoring neuronal development and quality of life until corrective surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The anatomy of RVOT stenosis can vary significantly between patients concerning the origin of the obstruction, which can be in the infundibulum, the pulmonary artery, and/or the pulmonary artery branches. In the present study, the first two patients (A and B) had predominantly valvar stenosis, while the other patients had infundibular stenosis. These findings reflect the results of previous studies, such as that of Costa et al., 2016, who found that 43% of a sample of 30 patients with TOF who underwent RVOT stenting had infundibular stenosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Concerning the different treatment possibilities for patients with TOF, Sandoval et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> compared four groups. One underwent RVOT stenting; two groups with patients younger than 3 months&#8212;one group with pulmonary stenosis and the other with pulmonary atresia&#8212;underwent early corrective surgery; and the last underwent corrective surgery at 3 to 11 months of age. Infants submitted to RVOT stenting had lower Nakata indices than those in all other groups, with values below 100 mm<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> /m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> . This was also observed in the present study, with Patients A and B showing indices of 68.4 mm<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> /m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> and 82 mm<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> /m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> in the pre-stenting period, respectively. In the post-stenting period, these values increased significantly and exceeded 100 mm<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> /m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> , confirming that participants were good candidates for total correction of TF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Regarding the manufacture of the stents used in the present study, 3 of the 4 patients received devices produced by Dynamic-Biotronik, while one patient received an endoprosthesis made by Woven-NIH. The devices varied in length and diameter depending on the degree of stenosis in the RVOT. This information was unavailable for 2 patients.</p>
        <p>The median peak systolic gradient across the VSOT decreased from 69.4 mm Hg in the pre-implant period to 50.5 mm Hg in the immediate post-implant period, following a similar pattern to that described by Peng et al., 2006, and Ovaert et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> 1999, who observed a decrease in the peak systolic gradient and right ventricular pressure overload immediately after surgery, confirming that the procedure had fulfilled its main purpose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Transthoracic echocardiography also showed the growth rate of the left and right pulmonary branches before and immediately after the placement of the stent in the RVOT. The median sizes of the right and left pulmonary arteries prior to stenting were 3.5 mm, but increased to 4.9 mm and 4.3 mm, respectively, after the procedure. These changes were especially evident in Patient C, whose right pulmonary artery increased in size from 3.7 mm to 6 mm, while the left went from 3.5 mm to 5.2 mm. Patients submitted to RVOT stenting rather than other palliative procedures or early corrective surgery usually exhibit risk factors for poor prognosis, such as low birth weight; lower Nakata index; anatomical malformations small pulmonary artery branches, which have an increased risk of complications such as pulmonary hypoplasia. This was also observed in a case series by Bigdelian et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> 2019, who compared 3 groups: 8 patients who underwent RVOT stenting, 7 who underwent BT surgery, and 15 who underwent early corrective surgery. Even though patients with stent placement initially had smaller pulmonary artery branches than the other participant groups, their lung development was similar to that of patients who underwent BT surgery, while their weight gain did not differ from that of the other participants. As described by Bigdelian et al., 2019, the increased size of pulmonary artery branches results in improvements to the oxygen saturation and hemodynamic status of these critical patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The information available on patient records showed that 4 participants had oxygen saturation values ranging from 75 and 90% prior to stent placement. However, immediately after stenting, there was a substantial improvement in 4 of the 5 patients for whom this information was available. The 4 participants showed values over 89%, indicating that stenting was successful;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> one patient, however, experienced complications after stenting and had a saturation of 68%. No information was available on the degree and duration of cyanosis or the presence of hypoxia before and immediately after stenting in previously published studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Complications are rarely described in the literature, but the most concerning include thrombosis and malpositioning of the endoprosthesis, which may require surgical removal and/or replacement of the <italic>stent.</italic> <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> In this study, 2 patients ultimately died. One death was associated with the occurrence of stent embolization 28 hours after stent placement, which was followed by unsuccessful attempts at stent removal and reimplantation. The other patient had undergone a liver transplant and had biliary atresia. The patient experienced complications and died 72 hours after stenting. In the case of Patient C, the stent could not be adequately positioned, resulting in infundibular stenosis below the placement site. However, this had no significant clinical consequences, with the patient showing an increase in the size of the right and left pulmonary artery branches - from 3.7 to 6 mm and 3.5 to 5.2 mm, respectively - and a reduction in peak systolic gradient across the RVOT, which fell from 69 mm Hg before stenting to 40 mm Hg in the immediate period after stent placement.</p>
        <p>Limitations of this study include the sample size and a lack of data on echocardiographic variables, hemodynamic parameters, and clinical outcomes due to incomplete medical records.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Despite the small sample size, the present study demonstrated that an endovascular intervention consisting of the placement of a stent in the RVOT was effective at delaying the need for immediate surgical intervention, extending the survival of patients with TOF, and allowing for the definitive surgical correction of congenital disorders in low-birth-weight neonates with anatomical defects.</p>
      </sec>
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    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgment</title>
        <p>To all who contributed, directly or indirectly, to the development of this scientific article, especially Dr Leo Agostinho Solarewicz, for kindly providing the material from the cineangiographies, and Dr Maria Cec&#237;lia Knoll Farah, for enriching this research with her expertise in Tetralogy of Fallot.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <app-group>
        <app id="app1001">
          <title>* Supplemental Materials</title>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2021/11704/2020-0148_material_suplementar.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </app>
      </app-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
