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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">f37s3w9mxKJsPMwhtHpGR8f</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001200655</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210702</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210702</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Pr&#233;-Hipertens&#227;o Em Adolescentes: Um Novo Velho Problema</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7773-2902</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rigatto</surname>
            <given-names>Katya</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Katya Rigatto &#8226; Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre - Av. Toropi, 126/301. CEP 90470-480, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>kvr@ufcspa.edu.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>655</fpage>
      <lpage>656</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Adolescentes</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Pr&#233;-Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Sedentarismo</kwd>
        <kwd>Qualidade de Vida</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o M&#233;dica Precoce/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="14"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; d&#250;vida de que o risco de hipertens&#227;o &#233; proporcional ao aumento da press&#227;o arterial (PA) e n&#227;o havendo um limiar espec&#237;fico, quanto maior a press&#227;o, maior o risco. Nesse contexto, a identifica&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com risco cardiovascular aumentado na fase subcl&#237;nica e assintom&#225;tica &#233; de suma import&#226;ncia<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> para, no futuro, melhorar a qualidade de vida dos pacientes e reduzir os custos e encargos dos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de.</p>
    <p>Desde a primeira tentativa de mensura&#231;&#227;o do pulso arterial &#8211; realizada por Santorio Sanctorius (1561-1636) &#8211;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> at&#233; Riva-Rocci,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> que encerrou a busca por um m&#233;todo cl&#237;nico simples de avalia&#231;&#227;o da PA, o controle da PA vem ganhando cada vez mais destaque entre cl&#237;nicos e pesquisadores e os valores da PA considerados normais t&#234;m se tornado cada vez mais baixos.</p>
    <p>De fato, fortes evid&#234;ncias demonstram que fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) podem ser observados precocemente<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> e, em sua maioria, podem ser evitados para reduzir a ocorr&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o na inf&#226;ncia e/ou adolesc&#234;ncia. Entre esses riscos est&#227;o o sedentarismo e a obesidade, cuja preven&#231;&#227;o tem sido um grande desafio nos &#250;ltimos anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Atualmente, acredita-se que 57% das crian&#231;as ser&#227;o obesas at&#233; os 35 anos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> e a maioria das causas de obesidade e hipertens&#227;o na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia s&#227;o modific&#225;veis. Dentre essas causas, podemos destacar a inatividade f&#237;sica e os transtornos alimentares devido ao acesso a alimentos n&#227;o saud&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Portanto, justifica-se a grande preocupa&#231;&#227;o em monitorar precocemente a PA e o esfor&#231;o para evitar os fatores que podem levar &#224; hipertens&#227;o.</p>
    <p>De 2000 a 2015, o aumento da preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o na inf&#226;ncia oscilou entre 75% e 79%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Hoje em dia, a pandemia causada pelo v&#237;rus SARS-CoV-2 aumentou o sedentarismo devido ao confinamento for&#231;ado e tornou a situa&#231;&#227;o ainda mais preocupante. O sedentarismo, entre outros efeitos, estimula a remodela&#231;&#227;o do microbioma intestinal, levando ao predom&#237;nio da coloniza&#231;&#227;o obesog&#234;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Portanto, h&#225; uma necessidade urgente de prevenir o risco de DCV em jovens. &#201; necess&#225;rio aprimorar o manejo da doen&#231;a na inf&#226;ncia ou adolesc&#234;ncia para minimizar a ocorr&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o na vida adulta. Os valores de PA que classificam um indiv&#237;duo como normotenso t&#234;m diminu&#237;do significativamente nos &#250;ltimos anos, chamando a aten&#231;&#227;o para a necessidade de monitoramento da PA em jovens e interven&#231;&#245;es cada vez mais precoces.</p>
    <p>A possibilidade de utilizar t&#233;cnicas de monitoramento da PA n&#227;o invasivas, indolores e de baixo custo, como a medida da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC), facilita significativamente o diagn&#243;stico e o tratamento de estados de pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o e hipertens&#227;o. Nesse sentido, a VFC vem ganhando destaque, pois reflete a efici&#234;ncia do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico e parassimp&#225;tico no controle do sistema cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>No artigo de Mac&#234;do et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> fica clara a import&#226;ncia da VFC em adolescentes com pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o. Os autores chamam a aten&#231;&#227;o para a associa&#231;&#227;o entre aumento da PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica com a redu&#231;&#227;o da VFC em adolescentes. Coletivamente, a redu&#231;&#227;o da VFC e o aumento da entropia de Shannon demonstraram um desequil&#237;brio no controle simpatovagal quando a PA sist&#243;lica estava acima de 120mmHg. As t&#233;cnicas que avaliam a VFC, embora n&#227;o invasivas e de baixo custo, s&#227;o pouco utilizadas na cl&#237;nica m&#233;dica. No entanto elas t&#234;m se mostrado eficazes para o monitoramento dos sistemas simp&#225;tico e parassimp&#225;tico e tamb&#233;m podem ser &#250;teis para o monitoramento de pacientes, mesmo antes do in&#237;cio dos sintomas.</p>
    <p>Por outro lado, embora dados da literatura apontem para uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre PA e ancestralidade gen&#233;tica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> os autores n&#227;o encontraram essa associa&#231;&#227;o entre os adolescentes. Al&#233;m disso, dados da literatura indicam que o desequil&#237;brio na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica provavelmente precede as altera&#231;&#245;es no endot&#233;lio vascular<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> que &#233; um importante componente no controle da PA.</p>
    <p>Coletivamente, esses achados demonstram a complexidade do controle da PA e explicam, pelo menos em parte, as dificuldades de controle desse em pacientes hipertensos. Apesar dos grandes avan&#231;os nas descobertas sobre o controle da PA, mais de 400 anos nos separam de Riva-Rocci e o manejo da hipertens&#227;o continua sendo um grande desafio.</p>
    <p>&#201; fundamental saber a preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o e da pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, os prontu&#225;rios eletr&#244;nicos de pacientes devem ser introduzidos para todos os m&#233;dicos e devem ser criados de forma que o m&#233;dico n&#227;o possa prosseguir com a introdu&#231;&#227;o de outras informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas sem primeiro inserir a medida da PA. Esse simples procedimento evitaria v&#225;rios problemas no futuro e facilitaria os registros epidemiol&#243;gicos.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, a monitora&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo, atrav&#233;s da observa&#231;&#227;o da VFC, pode ser uma alternativa de baixo custo para a identifica&#231;&#227;o e tratamento precoce da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica do sistema cardiovascular. Assim, ser&#225; poss&#237;vel fazer um diagn&#243;stico precoce de dist&#250;rbios reflexos que contribuem para o in&#237;cio da hipertens&#227;o e, portanto, trabalhar com mais rigor para evitar a hipertens&#227;o de causas control&#225;veis. &#201; necess&#225;rio medir a PA para prevenir as consequ&#234;ncias das DCV o mais r&#225;pido poss&#237;vel e n&#227;o apenas trat&#225;-las quando o problema se apresenta quase sem solu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Modula&#231;&#227;o Auton&#244;mica Card&#237;aca &#233; Fator Chave para Press&#227;o Alta em Adolescentes</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Pre-Hypertension in Adolescents: A New Old Issue</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7773-2902</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rigatto</surname>
            <given-names>Katya</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Katya Rigatto &#8226; Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre - Av. Toropi, 126/301. Postal Code 90470-480, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil E-mail: kvr@ufcspa.edu.br</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Adolescents</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Prehypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Arterial Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Sedentarism</kwd>
        <kwd>Quality of Life</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Early Medical Intervention/trends</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>As there is no doubt that the risk of hypertension is proportional to the increase in blood pressure (BP) and has no specific threshold, the higher the pressure, the higher the risk. In this context, the identification of individuals with increased cardiovascular risk in the subclinical asymptomatic stage is of paramount importance<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> in the future to improve patients&#8217; quality of life and reduce the costs and burden of health services.</p>
      <p>From the first attempt to measure the arterial pulse, performed by Santorio Sanctorius (1561 <bold>&#8211;</bold> 1636),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> to Riva-Rocci,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> who put an end to the search for a simple clinical method for BP assessment, BP control has gained more and more prominence among clinicians and researchers. Consequently, BP values considered to be normal have gradually become lower and lower.</p>
      <p>In fact, strong evidence demonstrates that cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors can be observed early in life<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> and, for the most part, can be avoided to reduce the occurrence of hypertension in childhood and/or adolescence. Among these risks are sedentarism and obesity, whose prevention has been a major challenge in recent years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Currently, it is believed that 57% of children will be obese by the age of 35.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Importantly, most causes of obesity and hypertension in childhood and adolescence are modifiable. Among them, we can highlight physical inactivity and eating disorders due to the access to unhealthy foods.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Therefore, the great concern to monitor BP early and the effort to avoid those factors that could lead to hypertension are justified.</p>
      <p>From 2000 to 2015, the increasing prevalence of childhood hypertension fluctuated between 75% and 79%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Nowadays, the pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has increased sedentary lifestyles due to forced confinement and made the situation even more worrying. A sedentary lifestyle, among other effects, stimulates the remodeling of our intestinal microbiome, leading to a predominance of obesogenic colonization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Therefore, there is an urgent need to prevent the risk of CVD in young people. It is necessary to improve management of the disease in childhood or adolescence in order to minimize the occurrence of hypertension in adulthood. The BP values that classify an individual as normotensive have been significantly reduced in recent years, drawing attention to the need to monitor the BP of young people and increasingly earlier interventions.</p>
      <p>The possibility of using non-invasive, painless and low-cost BP monitoring techniques such as heart rate variability (HRV) measurement significantly facilitates the diagnosis and management of pre-hypertension and hypertension states. In this sense, HRV has been gaining prominence. HRV reflects the efficiency of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems in controlling the cardiovascular system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In the article by Mac&#234;do et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> the importance of HRV in adolescents with pre-hypertension is made clear. The authors draw attention to the association between increased systolic and diastolic BP and a reduction in HRV in adolescents. Collectively, the reduction in HRV and the increase in Shannon entropy demonstrated an imbalance in sympathovagal control when the systolic BP was above 120mmHg. The techniques that assess HRV, although non-invasive and inexpensive, are hardly utilized in clinical medicine. However, they have shown to be efficient for the monitoring of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems and could also be helpful for monitoring patients, even before symptom onset.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, although literature data point to an association between BP and genetic ancestry,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> the authors did not find this association among the adolescents. Furthermore, literature data indicate that the imbalance in the autonomic modulation probably precedes changes in the vascular endothelium,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> which is an important component of BP control.</p>
      <p>Collectively, these findings demonstrate the complexity of BP control and explain, at least in part, the difficulties of controlling BP in hypertensive patients. Despite great advances in the discoveries regarding BP control, more than 400 years separate us from Riva-Rocci and the management of hypertension remains a major challenge.</p>
      <p>It is critical to know the prevalence of hypertension and pre-hypertension in the population. In addition, electronic patient charts should be introduced for all clinicians. The files should be created so that the physician cannot proceed to introduce other medical information without first entering the BP measurement. This simple step would prevent several problems in the future and would facilitate epidemiological records.</p>
      <p>Moreover, the autonomic nervous system monitoring, through the observation of HRV, can be a low-cost alternative for the identification and early-onset treatment of the cardiovascular system autonomic modulation. Thus, it will be possible to make an early diagnosis of reflex disorders that contribute to the onset of hypertension and therefore work more rigorously to prevent hypertension from controllable causes. It is necessary to measure BP to prevent the consequences of CVD as soon as possible and not just to treat them when the problem is almost beyond remedy.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Cardiac Autonomic Modulation is a Key Factor for High Blood Pressure in Adolescentes</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
