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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">STDyxrk3LYm9G8KH3jNbMDc</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021005011201</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001200639</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200250</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200250</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo Aumentada, Diminu&#237;da ou Est&#225;vel ao Longo do Tempo em uma S&#233;rie de 626 Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca que Receberam Tratamento M&#233;dico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Han</surname>
            <given-names>Meng-Meng</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">*</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhao</surname>
            <given-names>Wen-Shu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">*</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xu</surname>
            <given-names>Xiao-Rong</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">*</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Xin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Li</surname>
            <given-names>Kui-Bao</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dang</surname>
            <given-names>Cai-Jing</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Juan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Liu</surname>
            <given-names>Jia-Mei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chen</surname>
            <given-names>Mu-Lei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yang</surname>
            <given-names>Xin-Chun</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2043-7256</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Xu</surname>
            <given-names>Lin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Hua</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Beijing Longfu Hospital</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Intensive Care Unit</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Beijing</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Longfu Hospital, Beijing - China</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Capital Medical University</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Beijing Chaoyang Hospital</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Beijing</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing - China</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Lin Xu, Hua Wang &#8226;</bold> Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Gong-Ti South Road, Beijing, <postal-code>100020</postal-code> E-mail: <email>xulin1183@163.com</email>, <email>wangh_whh33@21cn.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Meng-Meng H, Wen-Shu Z, Kui-Bao L, Cai-Jing D, Zhang J, Mu-Lei C, Xin-Chun Y, Wang H, Xu L; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Meng-Meng H, Wen-Shu Z, Xiao-Rong X, Wang X, Kui-Bao L, Zhang J, Jia-Mei L, Xin-Chun Y, Wang H; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Kui-Bao L, Cai-Jing D, Jia-Mei L, Mu-Lei C, Xin-Chun Y, Wang H, Xu L; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Xiao-Rong X, Wang X, Cai-Jing D, Zhang J; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Wang X, Cai-Jing D; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Meng-Meng H, Wen-Shu Z, Xiao-Rong X, Wang H, Xu L; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Meng-Meng H, Wen-Shu Z, Jia-Mei L, Mu-Lei C, Wang H, Xu L.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>Os tr&#234;s primeiros autores contribu&#237;ram igualmente para esta pesquisa.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>639</fpage>
      <lpage>647</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) tem sido utilizada em an&#225;lises fenot&#237;picas e na tomada de decis&#245;es sobre o tratamento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC). Assim, a FE tornou-se parte fundamental da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Este estudo tem como objetivo investigar caracter&#237;sticas, preditores e desfechos associados a altera&#231;&#245;es da FE em pacientes com diferentes tipos de IC grave.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo 626 pacientes com IC grave e classe III&#8211;IV da New York Heart Association (NYHA). Os pacientes foram classificados em tr&#234;s grupos de acordo com as altera&#231;&#245;es da FE, ou seja, FE aumentada (FE-A), definida como aumento da FE &#8805;10%, FE diminu&#237;da (FE-D), definida como diminui&#231;&#227;o da FE &#8805;10%, e FE est&#225;vel (FE-E), definida como altera&#231;&#227;o da FE &lt;10%. Valores p inferiores a 0,05 foram considerados significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Dos 377 pacientes com IC grave, 23,3% apresentaram FE-A, 59,5% apresentaram FE-E e 17,2% apresentaram FE-D. Os resultados mostraram ainda 68,2% de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFEr) no grupo FE-A e 64,6% de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEp) no grupo FE-D. Os preditores de FE-A identificados foram faixa et&#225;ria mais jovem, aus&#234;ncia de diabetes e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) menor. J&#225; os preditores de FE-D encontrados foram aus&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, baixos n&#237;veis de &#225;cido &#250;rico e maior FEVE. Em um seguimento mediano de 40 meses, 44,8% dos pacientes foram v&#237;timas de morte por todas as causas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Na IC grave, a ICFEr apresentou maior percentual no grupo FE-A e a ICFEp foi mais comum no grupo FE-D.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume Sist&#243;lico</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Uso de Medicamentos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Basic and Clinical Research Cooperative project of Capital Medical University</funding-source>
          <award-id>15JL04</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Natural Science Foundation of Capital Medical University</funding-source>
          <award-id>PYZ2018109</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>O presente estudo foi financiado por Basic and Clinical Research Cooperative project of Capital Medical University (15JL04) and the Natural Science Foundation of Capital Medical University (PYZ2018109).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="19"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) tem sido utilizada em an&#225;lises fenot&#237;picas e na tomada de decis&#245;es sobre o tratamento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Assim, a FE tornou-se parte fundamental da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria. A IC &#233; atualmente classificada de acordo com a FE &#8212; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFEr; FE&lt;40%), insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o intermedi&#225;ria (ICFEi; FE 40&#8211;49%) ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEp; FE&#8805;50%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> A avalia&#231;&#227;o da FE de refer&#234;ncia em todos os pacientes com IC &#233; essencial para o diagn&#243;stico, tratamento e progn&#243;stico. O grau de ativa&#231;&#227;o neuro-humoral e a resposta ao tratamento m&#233;dico diferem entre os tipos de IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Indica&#231;&#245;es para o tratamento de IC podem surgir com a deteriora&#231;&#227;o da FE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, a FE n&#227;o &#233; uma medida est&#225;tica e altera&#231;&#245;es ao longo do tempo s&#227;o comuns em todos os grupos de IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref></p>
      <p>A maioria dos estudos recentes sobre IC incluiu pacientes com classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional II&#8211;IV da New York Heart Association (classe NYHA). Entretanto, algumas pesquisas t&#234;m se concentrado em pacientes cr&#237;ticos com classe III&#8211;IV da NYHA. Adicionalmente, essas pesquisas avaliaram o espectro completo de altera&#231;&#245;es da FE para todos os grupos de IC, mas n&#227;o detalharam os determinantes da mudan&#231;a e o progn&#243;stico associado em pacientes com IC grave. Assim, este estudo examinou os padr&#245;es de altera&#231;&#227;o longitudinal da FE em uma coorte de pacientes com IC grave e analisou se as altera&#231;&#245;es da FE tiveram implica&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas na ICFEr, ICFEi e ICFEp.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Pacientes acometidos de IC grave foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo entre janeiro de 2011 e dezembro de 2016. Os cardiologistas respons&#225;veis chegaram ao diagn&#243;stico de IC com base nos crit&#233;rios do estudo de Framingham.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> A gravidade da IC foi definida como classe III&#8211;IV da NYHA, N-terminal do pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral (NT-proBNP) &gt;1000 pg/mL e teste de caminhada de 6 minutos &lt;150 m. Pacientes com tipos diferentes de IC foram classificados de acordo com as novas Diretrizes da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia (<italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic> &#8212; ESC) para o diagn&#243;stico e tratamento da IC cr&#244;nica e aguda: ICFEr, ICFEi e ICFEp. Esta pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, e foi conduzida em conformidade com a declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki. O termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido foi obtido de todos os participantes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: (1) pacientes com IC grave e classe III&#8211;IV da NYHA; (2) pacientes com dados completos de hist&#243;rico cl&#237;nico e anamnese; (3) pacientes com 18 anos ou mais. Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o: (1) pacientes com dispneia n&#227;o card&#237;aca; (2) pacientes com choque cardiog&#234;nico; (3) pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; (4) pacientes com doen&#231;as terminais e tempo de sobrevida previsto &lt;1 ano (por exemplo, c&#226;ncer terminal); (5) pacientes gr&#225;vidas ou lactantes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fluxograma de pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo. FE-A: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o aumentada; FE-E: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o est&#225;vel; FE-D: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o diminu&#237;da; ICFEr: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida; ICFEi: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o intermedi&#225;ria; ICFEp: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-04-0639-00250-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de dados</title>
        <p>Todas as informa&#231;&#245;es dos pacientes, incluindo caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, anamnese, exames laboratoriais, resultados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e uso de medica&#231;&#227;o, foram coletadas a partir dos prontu&#225;rios eletr&#244;nicos por um &#250;nico pesquisador como dados de refer&#234;ncia.</p>
        <p>Pacientes com pelo menos duas avalia&#231;&#245;es de FE foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo. Para pacientes com mais de duas avalia&#231;&#245;es de FE, foram considerados o primeiro e o &#250;ltimo resultado para o c&#225;lculo de altera&#231;&#227;o da FE. O tempo decorrido entre os dois exames foi demonstrado por meio de um gr&#225;fico de dispers&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). Um ultrassonografista card&#237;aco realizou todos os estudos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos utilizando um aparelho de ultrassom VV5. T&#233;cnicas padr&#227;o foram adotadas para obten&#231;&#227;o de medidas de modo M, bidimensionais e de Doppler conforme as diretrizes da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Os pacientes foram divididos em tr&#234;s grupos com base nas altera&#231;&#245;es da FE: FE aumentada (FE-A), definida como aumento da FE &#8805;10%, FE diminu&#237;da (FE-D), definida como diminui&#231;&#227;o da FE &#8805;10% e FE est&#225;vel (FE-E), definida como altera&#231;&#227;o da FE &lt;10%. O m&#233;todo utilizado para calcular a taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada (TFGe) foi a modifica&#231;&#227;o da dieta na doen&#231;a renal (<italic>Modification of Diet in Renal Disease</italic> &#8212; MDRD) e para medir o NT-proBNP foi a eletroluminesc&#234;ncia.</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Gr&#225;fico de dispers&#227;o da distribui&#231;&#227;o do tempo decorrido entre os exames de ultrassom.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-04-0639-00250-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Todos os pacientes foram acompanhados por telefone ou em ambulat&#243;rios e os desfechos prim&#225;rios foram registrados. Os desfechos prim&#225;rios inclu&#237;ram morte por todas as causas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>O programa SPSS 22.0 foi utilizado para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. A distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foi testada nas vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas pelo m&#233;todo de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia&#177;desvio padr&#227;o (DP) ou mediana com intervalo interquartil (IIQ) segundo o teste de normalidade. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como porcentagem (%). Para compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas, cada valor foi comparado por an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) de uma via, seguindo o teste de Dunnett, quando os dados apresentavam distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, enquanto os dados cont&#237;nuos com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal foram comparados por testes n&#227;o param&#233;tricos (teste H de Kruskal-Wallis). Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram testadas pelo teste qui-quadrado. Modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada foram aplicados para avaliar preditores independentes de FE aumentada ou diminu&#237;da. Como os preditores de altera&#231;&#227;o da FE eram desconhecidos na maioria dos casos, os modelos multivariados inclu&#237;ram todas as vari&#225;veis clinicamente relevantes que poderiam potencialmente afetar a FE ao longo do tempo. Curvas de Kaplan-Meier foram utilizadas para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre as altera&#231;&#245;es da FE e a morte por todas as causas e comparadas pelo teste de Mantel-Cox. Valores p&lt;0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Dados gerais</title>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo 626 pacientes com IC grave e classe III&#8211;IV da NYHA entre janeiro de 2011 e dezembro de 2016. Ap&#243;s uma mediana de 27 meses, 377 pacientes com pelo menos 2 exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram inseridos nesta an&#225;lise. As informa&#231;&#245;es dos pacientes s&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>. O perfil geral da popula&#231;&#227;o foi: m&#233;dia de idade de 67&#177;13 anos, 60,2% do sexo masculino, 43,0% com ICFEr, 17,2% com ICFEi e 39,8% com ICFEp. De acordo com a primeira medida do Doppler, 88 pacientes (23,3%) apresentavam FE-A &#8212; 68,2% com ICFEr, 17,0% com ICFEi e 14,8% com ICFEp; 224 pacientes (59,5%) apresentavam FE-E &#8212; 40,2% com ICFEr, 17,4% com ICFEi e 42,4% com ICFEp; e 65 pacientes (17,2%) apresentavam FE-D &#8212; 18,5% com ICFEr, 16,9% com ICFEi e 64,6% com ICFEp (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Tipos diferentes de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de acordo com mudan&#231;as na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. FE-A: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o aumentada; FE-E: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o est&#225;vel; FE-D: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o diminu&#237;da; ICFEr: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida; ICFEi: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o intermedi&#225;ria; ICFEp: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-04-0639-00250-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas de refer&#234;ncia dos pacientes</title>
        <p>Os pacientes com FE-A eram mais jovens e predominantemente do sexo masculino, enquanto os pacientes com FE-D apresentaram maior percentual de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica e ICFEp. Al&#233;m disso, os pacientes com FE-A tinham maior frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e menor press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica. A m&#233;dia da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica foi 129 mmHg, da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica foi 80 mmHg e da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi 78 bpm entre os pacientes com ICFEr do grupo FE-A. No entanto, pacientes com FE-D demonstraram n&#237;veis mais baixos de hemoglobina e &#225;cido &#250;rico. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a de NT-proBNP e TFGe entre os tr&#234;s grupos de altera&#231;&#227;o da FE. Ademais, os pacientes com FE-A apresentaram n&#237;veis menores de FEVE e maior di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDFVE) ou di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DSFVE). O uso de digoxina e antagonistas da aldosterona (AA) foi maior entre pacientes com FE-A, enquanto o uso de betabloqueadores, inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina/bloqueadores do receptor da angiotensina II (IECA/BRA) e diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a n&#227;o diferiram entre os tr&#234;s grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Um total de 106 pacientes com ICFEr faziam uso de betabloqueadores, 107 de IECA/BRA e 133 de AA. Contudo, a dose desses medicamentos foi dif&#237;cil de ser coletada, j&#225; que os pacientes tomavam tipos diferentes de betabloqueadores e IECA/BRA.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas de refer&#234;ncia de acordo com altera&#231;&#245;es da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="19%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2"/>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">FE-A</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">FE-E</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">FE-D</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2">Valor p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">(n=88)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">(n=224)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">(n=65)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Idade, anos</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">61,2&#177;13,0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">68,8&#177;12,8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">70,0&#177;11,8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Masculino, n (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">65 (73,9%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">129 (57,6%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">33 (50,8%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Etiologia, n (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,014</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Isqu&#234;mica</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">43 (48,9%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">139 (62,1%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">45 (69,2%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Valvar</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">8 (9,1%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">33 (14,7%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">9 (13,8%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Cardiopatia</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">21 (23,9%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">25 (11,2%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">4 (6,2%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">9 (10,2%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">18 (8,0%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">6 (9,2%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Outra</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">7 (8,0%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">9 (4,0%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1 (1,5%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Hist&#243;rico cl&#237;nico, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">58 (65,9%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">161 (71,9%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">50 (76,9%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,318</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">32 (36,4%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">112 (50,0%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">29 (44,6%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,092</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">34 (38,6%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">93 (41,5%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">18 (27,7%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,131</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">20 (22,7%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">80 (35,7%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">13 (20,0%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,012</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Tipo de IC, n (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">ICFEr</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">60 (68,2%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">90 (41,2%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">12 (18,5%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">ICFEi</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">15 (17,0%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">39 (17,4%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">11 (16,9%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">ICFEp</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">13 (14,8%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">95 (42,4%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">42 (64,6%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">25,2&#177;3,9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">24,9&#177;4,5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">24,1&#177;4,4</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,371</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">FC, bpm</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">89,5&#177;23,6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">81,4&#177;19,9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">80,9&#177;16,2</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">PAS, mmHg</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">133,3&#177;27,6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">134,7&#177;24,1</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">142,4&#177;23,4</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,052</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">PAD, mmHg</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">81,5&#177;16,7</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">77,3&#177;14,7</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">80,1&#177;13,4</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,060</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Hemoglobina, g/L</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">131,4&#177;23,6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">119,8&#177;21,0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">118,8&#177;22,1</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Albumina, g/L</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">33,8&#177;5,4</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">34,3&#177;4,9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">33,1&#177;4,7</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,211</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">LDL-C, mmol/L</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2,2&#177;0,7</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2,1&#177;0,8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2,2&#177;0,8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,568</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">PCR-as, mg/L</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">8,1&#177;6,4</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">6,7&#177;5,0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">7,0&#177;5,0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,149</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">cTnI, ng/mL</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,03 (0,00&#8211;0,08)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,03 (0,00&#8211;0,08)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,04 (0,01&#8211;0,14)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,909</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">CK-MB, ng/mL</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,8 (0,4&#8211;1,8)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,9 (0,4&#8211;1,4)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,0 (0,7&#8211;1,7)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,488</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">NT-proBNP, pg/mL</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">3140 (1420&#8211;8345)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">3071 (1499&#8211;6961)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">3866 (1541&#8211;10163)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,439</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">NUS, mmol/L</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">8,5&#177;5,0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">9,2&#177;5,3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">8,3&#177;4,6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,310</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">TFGe, mL/min/1,73 m<sup>3</sup></td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">65,9&#177;29,8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">57,3&#177;36,6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">56,1&#177;33,0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,111</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">AU, umol/L</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">432,4&#177;126,1</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">426,1&#177;139,7</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">371,5&#177;119,9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">S&#243;dio, mmol/L</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">139,2&#177;3,3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">143,6&#177;6,6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">138,7&#177;3,5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,695</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Pot&#225;ssio, mmol/L</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">4,0&#177;0,6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">4,0&#177;0,6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">4,0&#177;0,6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,722</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Glicemia, mmol/L</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">5,9&#177;2,8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">6,2&#177;2,6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">6,5&#177;2,8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,387</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">HbA1c, % Ecocardiograma</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">6,6&#177;1,3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">6,7&#177;1,3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">6,8&#177;1,3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,749</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">FEVE, %</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">36,8&#177;11,6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">47,4&#177;15,7</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">55,3&#177;14,4</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">DDFVE, mm</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">59,6&#177;8,5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">56,5&#177;9,1</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">53,8&#177;9,3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">DSFVE, mm</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">48,9&#177;9,7</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">42,8&#177;11,4</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">38,3&#177;10,9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Medica&#231;&#227;o, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Digoxina</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">60 (68,2%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">125 (55,8%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">25 (38,5%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Betabloqueadores</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">56 (63,6%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">126 (56,3%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">41 (63,1%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,381</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">IECA/BRA</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">57 (64,8%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">117 (52,2%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">34 (52,3%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,118</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">76 (86,4%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">188 (83,9%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">50 (76,9%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,279</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">AA</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">70 (79,5%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">160 (71,4%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">39 (60,0%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,030</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; LDL-C: colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; PCR-as: prote&#237;na C reativa de alta sensibilidade; cTnI: troponina I card&#237;aca; CK-MB: isoenzima MB da creatina quinase; NT-proBNP: N-terminal do pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral; NUS: nitrog&#234;nio ureico no sangue; TFGe: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada; AU: &#225;cido &#250;rico; HbA1c: hemoglobina glicada; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DDFVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSFVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina II; AA: antagonista da aldosterona.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Preditores de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o aumentada ou diminu&#237;da</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta a raz&#227;o de chances (<italic>odds ratio</italic> &#8212; OR) ajustada para FE-A e FE-D ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada. Faixa et&#225;ria mais jovem, aus&#234;ncia de diabetes e FEVE menor foram associadas com a FE-A. Por sua vez, as vari&#225;veis preditoras de FE-D foram aus&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, baixos n&#237;veis de &#225;cido &#250;rico e maior FEVE. Nenhum medicamento foi associado &#224; altera&#231;&#227;o da FE ap&#243;s ajuste para fatores multivariados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre hist&#243;rico cl&#237;nico e altera&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2">FE-A</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2">FE-D</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">OR (IC95%)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">p</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">OR (IC95%)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Idade (por incremento de 10 anos)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,677 (0,509&#8211;0,902)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,008</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,509 (0,285&#8211;0,909)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,022</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,430 (0,230&#8211;0,805)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">AU (por incremento de 100 umol/L)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,743 (0,575&#8211;0,960)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,023</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">FEVE</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,947 (0,926&#8211;0,968)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,001</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,048 (1,028&#8211;1,067)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>FE-A: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o aumentada; FE-D: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o diminu&#237;da; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos cl&#237;nicos</title>
        <p>A mortalidade por todas as causas de acordo com as altera&#231;&#245;es da FE na IC geral, na ICFEr, na ICFEi e na ICFEp foi: em um seguimento mediano de 40 meses, 44,8% de todos os pacientes do estudo foram v&#237;timas de morte por todas as causas. O grupo FE-A apresentou maior sobrevida que os grupos FE-E e FE-D, embora esse aumento n&#227;o seja estatisticamente significativo (p=0,064) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mortalidade por todas as causas para altera&#231;&#245;es da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o em diferentes tipos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">FE-A</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">FE-E</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">FE-D</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">IC</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">31 (35,2%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">104 (46,4%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">34 (52,3%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,064</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">ICFEr</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">18 (30,0%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">42 (46,7%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">6 (50,0%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,048</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">ICFEi</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">6 (40,0%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">17 (43,6%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">5 (45,5%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,981</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">ICFEp</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">7 (53,8%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">45 (47,4%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">23 (54,8%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,976</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>FE-A: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o aumentada; FE-E: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o est&#225;vel; FE-D: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o diminu&#237;da; ICFEr: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida; ICFEi: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o intermedi&#225;ria; ICFEp: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Na ICFEr, os pacientes com FE-A apresentaram mortalidade significativamente menor em rela&#231;&#227;o aos com FE-E e FE-D. Ao mesmo tempo, n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as na mortalidade por todas as causas relacionadas a altera&#231;&#245;es da FE na ICFEi e ICFEp. As curvas de Kaplan-Meier estimaram a mortalidade para diferentes tipos de IC, como mostra a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A) Curva de Kaplan-Meier de mortalidade por todas as causas para altera&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca geral. B) Curva de Kaplan-Meier de mortalidade por todas as causas para altera&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida. C) Curva de Kaplan-Meier de mortalidade por todas as causas para altera&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o intermedi&#225;ria. D) Curva de Kaplan-Meier de mortalidade por todas as causas para altera&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-04-0639-00250-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os resultados deste estudo revelaram que, dos 377 pacientes com IC grave, 23,3% apresentaram FE-A, 59,5% apresentaram FE-E e 17,2% apresentaram FE-D. Adicionalmente, 68,2% dos pacientes com ICFEr estavam no grupo FE-A e 64,6% dos pacientes com ICFEp estavam no grupo FE-D. Os preditores de FE-A identificados foram faixa et&#225;ria mais jovem, aus&#234;ncia de diabetes e FEVE menor. J&#225; os preditores de FE-D encontrados foram aus&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, baixos n&#237;veis de &#225;cido &#250;rico e maior FEVE. Em um seguimento mediano de 40 meses, 44,8% dos pacientes foram v&#237;timas de morte por todas as causas. A mortalidade no grupo FE-A foi menor que no grupo FE-D entre os pacientes com ICFEr. Entretanto, n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as na mortalidade por todas as causas relacionadas &#224; altera&#231;&#227;o da FE em pacientes com ICFEi e ICFEp.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Altera&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca grave</title>
        <p>A IC grave apresenta sintomas e resultados preocupantes quanto &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, levando a taxas de mortalidade extremamente altas e progn&#243;sticos insatisfat&#243;rios. Alguns estudos anteriores investigaram a melhora da FE em pacientes com ICFEr.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> Ainda assim, a extens&#227;o da altera&#231;&#227;o da FE em pacientes com IC grave tem sido pouco revisada. Zhang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> revelaram que o uso de metoprolol combinado com irbesartana, hidroclorotiazida e ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-invasiva ajudou a recuperar a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca normal, aumentando o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e normalizando a FE de pacientes com IC grave. Este estudo mostrou que 23,3% dos pacientes com IC grave apresentaram FE-A, 17,2% FE-D e 59,5% FE-E. Dunlay et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> relataram que uma propor&#231;&#227;o significativa de pacientes com ICFEp teve redu&#231;&#227;o da FE &lt;50% e uma propor&#231;&#227;o similar de pacientes com ICFEr teve aumento da FE de &#8805;50%. A presente pesquisa tamb&#233;m identificou que a hist&#243;ria natural da IC foi semelhante em pacientes com IC grave.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e preditores de altera&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Entender as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e os preditores da altera&#231;&#227;o da FE &#233; essencial, pois eles fornecem informa&#231;&#245;es importantes e podem ser utilizados na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e no direcionamento do tratamento para pacientes com IC grave. Neste estudo, a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada mostrou que a faixa et&#225;ria mais jovem, a aus&#234;ncia de diabetes e a FEVE menor estavam associadas &#224; FE-A. Por sua vez, as vari&#225;veis preditoras da FE-D foram aus&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, baixos n&#237;veis de &#225;cido &#250;rico e FEVE mais elevada.</p>
        <p>Estudos anteriores relataram que pacientes com melhora da FE eram mais jovens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> No entanto, esta an&#225;lise identificou a aus&#234;ncia de diabetes como preditora da FE-A, o que pode ser explicado por estudos pr&#233;vios que detectaram uma associa&#231;&#227;o inversa da diabetes mellitus, da cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica e da prescri&#231;&#227;o de AA na alta hospitalar com a IC e a melhora da FE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref></p>
        <p>O preditor aus&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial demonstrou rela&#231;&#227;o com a FE-D, em concord&#226;ncia com um relat&#243;rio que indicou a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial como um preditor positivo para a melhora da FE. Surpreendentemente, o baixo n&#237;vel de &#225;cido &#250;rico foi um preditor da FE-D, o que &#233; dif&#237;cil de explicar.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo constatou que a FEVE menor estava associada &#224; FE-A, enquanto a FEVE maior estava associada &#224; FE-D. Dunlay et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> tamb&#233;m identificaram esse resultado em sua an&#225;lise, j&#225; que a FE diminuiu 5,8% em pacientes com ICFEp. Por outro lado, a FE aumentou 6,9% em pacientes com ICFEr ao longo de 5 anos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Altera&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e desfechos nos diferentes tipos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
        <p>Pouco se sabe, a partir de estudos publicados, sobre a implica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica da altera&#231;&#227;o da FE em diferentes tipos de IC grave. Este estudo demonstrou que o grupo FE-A teve maior sobrevida que os grupos FE-E e FE-D, embora esse aumento n&#227;o seja estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        <p>No grupo ICFEr, a altera&#231;&#227;o da FE foi inversamente associada &#224; mortalidade por todas as causas, o que &#233; consistente com achados de estudos anteriores indicando que a recupera&#231;&#227;o da FEVE reduzida est&#225; relacionada a melhores desfechos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Lupon et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> observaram que ao utilizar como refer&#234;ncia o grupo com recupera&#231;&#227;o da IC, a raz&#227;o de risco (<italic>hazard ratio</italic> &#8212; HR) da morte cardiovascular ou da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC foi de 2,33 para ICFEp e 1,99 para ICFEr. Essas linhas de evid&#234;ncia sugerem fortemente que a recupera&#231;&#227;o da ICFEr estava associada a um melhor progn&#243;stico em pacientes com IC. Assim, ressalta-se a import&#226;ncia do controle direcionado a aumentar a FE em pacientes com ICFEr.</p>
        <p>A presente pesquisa identificou que as implica&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas da altera&#231;&#227;o da FE entre os pacientes com ICFEi e ICFEp foram menos evidentes. A falta de associa&#231;&#245;es de risco com a altera&#231;&#227;o da FE na ICFEi e ICFEp pode resultar da falta de rela&#231;&#227;o linear entre FE e os desfechos da IC quando a FE &#233; mais elevada.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Destaques deste estudo</title>
        <p>Pesquisas anteriores sobre a IC avaliaram pacientes com classe II&#8211;IV da NYHA, enquanto este estudo se concentrou em pacientes cr&#237;ticos com classe III&#8211;IV da NYHA. Al&#233;m disso, outras investiga&#231;&#245;es relatam que o progn&#243;stico melhora com o aumento do valor da FE. Adicionalmente, o presente estudo constatou que, em pacientes com IC grave e ICFEr, a FE aumentou ap&#243;s o tratamento, sugerindo assim que o progn&#243;stico pode ser melhorado. Os outros dois tipos de pacientes com IC n&#227;o foram associados &#224; altera&#231;&#227;o e ao progn&#243;stico da FE ap&#243;s o tratamento. Os conte&#250;dos mencionados acima foram os destaques deste artigo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Este estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiro, a amostra, especialmente no grupo FE-D, foi relativamente pequena, o que pode reduzir as diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre esses pacientes. Segundo, este estudo &#233; uma an&#225;lise retrospectiva de centro &#250;nico; os achados podem n&#227;o ser generaliz&#225;veis a outras coortes. Terceiro, os pacientes tinham ao menos dois ecocardiogramas para a medida inicial e final da FE, com mediana de 27 meses. No entanto, o ecocardiograma no seguimento de 1 ano n&#227;o foi registrado, o que poderia ter fornecido novos resultados. Por &#250;ltimo, n&#227;o se chegou a um consenso sobre a defini&#231;&#227;o adequada de altera&#231;&#227;o da FE. Sabe-se que pequenas melhoras na FEVE, mas ainda qualificadas como FE-A, t&#234;m implica&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas prov&#225;veis e diferentes do que as maiores. Portanto, para quantificar esse efeito, o presente estudo definiu FE-A como um aumento da FE &#8805;10%, a FE-D como uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da FE &#8805;10% e a FE-E como uma altera&#231;&#227;o da FE &lt;10%, al&#233;m da transi&#231;&#227;o para outros fen&#243;tipos de IC.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Na IC grave, a ICFEr apresentou maior percentual no grupo FE-A e a ICFEp foi mais comum no grupo FE-D. A altera&#231;&#227;o da FE foi associada a uma s&#233;rie de caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, preditores e desfechos, particularmente em pacientes com ICFEr.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por Basic and Clinical Research Cooperative project of Capital Medical University (15JL04) and the Natural Science Foundation of Capital Medical University (PYZ2018109).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Gostar&#237;amos de agradecer o trabalho &#225;rduo e dedicado de toda a equipe que implementou a interven&#231;&#227;o e avaliou os componentes do estudo.</p>
    </ack>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chen</surname>
            <given-names>Mu-Lei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yang</surname>
            <given-names>Xin-Chun</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2043-7256</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Xu</surname>
            <given-names>Lin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Hua</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Beijing</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Longfu Hospital, Beijing - China</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Beijing</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing - China</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Lin Xu, Hua Wang &#8226;</bold> Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Gong-Ti South Road, Beijing, <postal-code>100020</postal-code> E-mail: <email>xulin1183@163.com</email>, <email>wangh_whh33@21cn.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Meng-Meng H, Wen-Shu Z, Kui-Bao L, Cai-Jing D, Zhang J, Jia-Mei L, Mu-Lei C, Xin-Chun Y, Wang H, Xu L; Acquisition of data: Meng-Meng H, Wen-Shu Z, Xiao-Rong X, Wang X, Kui-Bao L, Zhang J, Jia-Mei L, Xin-Chun Y, Wang H; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Kui-Bao L, Cai-Jing D, Mu-Lei C, Xin-Chun Y, Wang H, Xu L; Statistical analysis: Xiao-Rong X, Wang X, Cai-Jing D, Zhang J; Obtaining financing: Wang X, Cai-Jing D; Writing of the manuscript: Meng-Meng H, Wen-Shu Z, Xiao-Rong X, Wang H, Xu L; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Meng-Meng H, Wen-Shu Z, Jia-Mei L, Mu-Lei C, Wang H, Xu L.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>The first three authors contributed equally to this study</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Ejection fraction (EF) has been used in phenotype analyses and to make treatment decisions regarding heart failure (HF). Thus, EF has become a fundamental part of daily clinical practice.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>This study aims to investigate the characteristics, predictors, and outcomes associated with EF changes in patients with different types of severe HF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A total of 626 severe HF patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III&#8211;IV were enrolled in this study. The patients were classified into three groups according to EF changes, namely, increased EF (EF-I), defined as an EF increase &#8805;10%, decreased EF (EF-D), defined as an EF decrease &#8805;10%, and stable EF (EF-S), defined as an EF change &lt;10%. A p-value lower than 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Out of 377 severe HF patients, 23.3% presented EF-I, 59.5% presented EF-S, and 17.2% presented EF-D. The results further showed 68.2% of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) in the EF-I group and 64.6% of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) in the EF-D group. The predictors of EF-I included younger age, absence of diabetes, and lower left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). The predictors of EF-D were absence of atrial fibrillation, lower uric acid level, and higher LVEF. Within a median follow-up of 40 months, 44.8% of patients suffered from all-cause death.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>In severe HF, HFrEF presented the highest percentage in the EF-I group, and HFpEF was most common in the EF-D group.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure/mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke Volume</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Dysfunction, Left</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Drug Utilization</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Basic and Clinical Research Cooperative project of Capital Medical University</funding-source>
          <award-id>15JL04</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Natural Science Foundation of Capital Medical University</funding-source>
          <award-id>PYZ2018109</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was partially funded by the Basic and Clinical Research Cooperative project of Capital Medical University (15JL04) and the Natural Science Foundation of Capital Medical University (PYZ2018109)</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Ejection fraction (EF) has been used in phenotype analyses and to make treatment decisions regarding heart failure (HF).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Thus, EF has become a fundamental part of daily clinical practice. HF is currently classified according to EF &#8212; heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF; EF&lt;40%), heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction (HFmrEF; EF 40&#8211;49%), or heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF; EF&#8805;50%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Assessing the baseline EF in all HF patients is essential for diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. The degree of neurohumoral activation and the response to medical therapy differ among the HF types.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Indications for HF treatment may arise with deteriorating EF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Moreover, EF is not a static measurement, and changes over time are common in all HF groups.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Most of the recent HF studies have included patients with New York Heart Association functional classification (NYHA class) II&#8211;IV. However, a few investigations have focused on critically ill patients with NYHA class III&#8211;IV. Furthermore, these studies evaluated the whole spectrum of EF changes for all HF groups but did not detail determinants of change and the associated prognosis in patients with severe HF. Thus, we examined patterns of longitudinal EF change in a cohort of severe HF patients and investigated whether EF changes had prognostic implications in HFrEF, HFmrEF, and HFpEF.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>Patients affected by severe HF were enrolled in this study from January 2011 to December 2016. The attending cardiologists made the diagnosis of HF based on the Framingham study criteria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> HF severity was defined as NYHA class III&#8211;IV, N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)&gt;1000 pg/mL, and 6-minute walk test&lt;150 m. Patients with different types of HF were classified following the new European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic and acute HF: HFrEF, HFmrEF, and HFpEF. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, and complied with the declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Inclusion and exclusion criteria</title>
          <p>Inclusion criteria: (1) patients with severe HF and NYHA class III&#8211;IV; (2) patients with complete clinical and medical history data; (3) patients aged 18 years and older. Exclusion criteria: (1) patients with non-cardiac dyspnea; (2) patients with cardiogenic shock; (3) patients with acute myocardial infarction; (4) patients with terminal diseases and predicted survival time&lt;1 year (e.g., terminal cancer); (5) pregnant or lactating patients (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Flowchart of patients included in the study. EF-I: increased ejection fraction; EF-S: stable ejection fraction; EF-D: decreased ejection fraction; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HFmrEF: heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-04-0639-00250-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection</title>
          <p>All patient information, including demographic characteristics, medical history, laboratory tests, echocardiography results, and medication use, was collected from electronic medical records by a single investigator as baseline data.</p>
          <p>Patients with at least two EF assessments were enrolled in this study. When the same patient presented more than two EF assessments, the first and last results were considered to calculate the EF change. The time elapsed between the two examinations was shown through a scatter plot (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref>). A cardiac sonographer performed all echocardiographic studies using a VV5 ultrasound machine. Standard techniques were adopted to obtain M-mode, 2-dimensional, and Doppler measurements in accordance with the American Society of Echocardiography guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Patients were divided into three groups based on EF change: increased EF (EF-I), defined as an EF increase &#8805;10%, decreased EF (EF-D), defined as an EF decrease &#8805;10%, and stable EF (EF-S), defined as EF change &lt;10%. The method used to calculate the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) and to measure NT-proBNP was electroluminescence.</p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Scatter plot of the distribution of time elapsed between the ultrasound examinations.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-04-0639-00250-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>All patients were followed up by telephone or in outpatient clinics, and the primary endpoints were recorded. The primary endpoints included all-cause death.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>We used the SPSS 22.0 software to conduct the statistical analysis. Continuous variables were tested for normal distribution using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov method. Continuous variables were expressed as mean&#177;standard deviation (SD) or median with interquartile range (IQR) according to the normality test. Categorical variables were expressed as a percentage (%). For multiple comparisons, every value was compared by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) following the Dunnett test when each datum conformed to a normal distribution, while non-normally distributed continuous data were compared by non-parametric tests (Kruskal-Wallis H test). Categorical variables were tested by the chi-square test. Multivariate logistic regression models were applied to assess independent predictors of EF increase or decrease. Since the predictors of EF change were mostly unknown, multivariate models included all clinically relevant variables that could potentially affect EF over time. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to evaluate the association between EF changes and all-cause death and were compared by a log-rank test. A p-value&lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>General data</title>
          <p>A total of 626 severe HF patients with NYHA class III&#8211;IV were enrolled in this study from January 2011 to December 2016. After a median of 27 months, 377 patients with at least 2 echocardiographic examinations were included in our analysis. Patient information is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref>. The overall population profile was: mean age of 67&#177;13 years, 60.2% of males, 43.0% with HFrEF, 17.2% with HFmrEF, and 39.8% with HFpEF. According to the first Doppler measurement, 88 patients (23.3%) presented EF-I &#8212; 68.2% HFrEF, 17.0% HFmrEF, and 14.8% HFpEF; 224 patients (59.5%) presented EF-S &#8212; 40.2% HFrEF, 17.4% HFmrEF, and 42.4% HFpEF; and 65 patients (17.2%) presented EF-D &#8212; 18.5% HFrEF, 16.9% HFmrEF, and 64.6% HFpEF (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Different types of heart failure according to changes in ejection fraction. EF-I: increased ejection fraction; EF-S: stable ejection fraction; EF-D: decreased ejection fraction; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HFmrEF: heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-04-0639-00250-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Baseline patient characteristics</title>
          <p>Patients with EF-I were younger and mostly male, whereas patients with EF-D had a higher percentage of ischemic heart disease and HFpEF. Also, patients with EF-I had a higher heart rate and lower systolic blood pressure. The mean systolic blood pressure was 129 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure was 80 mmHg, and heart rate was 78 bpm among patients with HFrEF within the EF-I group. However, patients with EF-D had lower hemoglobin and uric acid levels. No difference was found in NT-proBNP and eGFR among the three EF change groups. In addition, patients with EF-I showed lower LVEF levels and larger left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) or left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD). The use of digoxin and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA) was higher among patients with EF-I, while the use of &#946;-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blocker (ACEI/ARB), and loop diuretics did not differ among the three groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>). A total of 106 patients with HFrEF were on &#946;-blockers, 107 were on ACEI/ARBs, and 133 were on MRAs. However, the dose of these medications was hard to collect as the patients took different kinds of &#946;-blockers and ACEI/ARBs.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Baseline characteristics according to ejection fraction changes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="19%">
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2"/>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">EF-I</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">EF-S</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">EF-D</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2">P-value</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">(n=88)</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">(n=224)</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">(n=65)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Age, years</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">61.2&#177;13.0</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">68.8&#177;12.8</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">70.0&#177;11.8</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Male, n (%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">65 (73.9%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">129 (57.6%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">33 (50.8%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Etiology, n (%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.014</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Ischemic</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">43 (48.9%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">139 (62.1%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">45 (69.2%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Valvular</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">8 (9.1%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">33 (14.7%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">9 (13.8%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Cardiopathy</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">21 (23.9%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">25 (11.2%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">4 (6.2%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Hypertension</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">9 (10.2%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">18 (8.0%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">6 (9.2%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Other</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">7 (8.0%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">9 (4.0%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1 (1.5%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">
                    <bold>Clinical history, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Hypertension</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">58 (65.9%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">161 (71.9%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">50 (76.9%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.318</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">32 (36.4%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">112 (50.0%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">29 (44.6%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.092</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Atrial fibrillation</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">34 (38.6%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">93 (41.5%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">18 (27.7%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.131</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Previous heart failure</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">20 (22.7%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">80 (35.7%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">13 (20.0%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.012</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">
                    <bold>Type of HF, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">HFrEF</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">60 (68.2%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">90 (41.2%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">12 (18.5%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">HFmrEF</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">15 (17.0%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">39 (17.4%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">11 (16.9%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">HFpEF</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">13 (14.8%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">95 (42.4%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">42 (64.6%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">25.2&#177;3.9</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">24.9&#177;4.5</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">24.1&#177;4.4</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.371</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">HR, bpm</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">89.5&#177;23.6</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">81.4&#177;19.9</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">80.9&#177;16.2</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">SBP, mmHg</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">133.3&#177;27.6</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">134.7&#177;24.1</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">142.4&#177;23.4</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.052</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">DBP, mmHg</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">81.5&#177;16.7</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">77.3&#177;14.7</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">80.1&#177;13.4</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.060</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Hemoglobin, g/L</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">131.4&#177;23.6</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">119.8&#177;21.0</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">118.8&#177;22.1</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Albumin, g/L</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">33.8&#177;5.4</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">34.3&#177;4.9</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">33.1&#177;4.7</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.211</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">LDL-C, mmol/L</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">2.2&#177;0.7</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">2.1&#177;0.8</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">2.2&#177;0.8</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.568</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">hs-CRP, mg/L</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">8.1&#177;6.4</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">6.7&#177;5.0</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">7.0&#177;5.0</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.149</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">cTnI, ng/mL</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.03 (0.00&#8211;0.08)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.03 (0.00&#8211;0.08)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.04 (0.01&#8211;0.14)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.909</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">CK-MB, ng/mL</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.8 (0.4&#8211;1.8)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.9 (0.4&#8211;1.4)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1.0 (0.7&#8211;1.7)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.488</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">NT-proBNP, pg/mL</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">3140 (1420&#8211;8345)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">3071 (1499&#8211;6961)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">3866 (1541&#8211;10163)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.439</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">BUN, mmol/L</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">8.5&#177;5.0</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">9.2&#177;5.3</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">8.3&#177;4.6</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.310</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">eGFR, mL/min/1.73m<sup>3</sup></td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">65.9&#177;29.8</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">57.3&#177;36.6</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">56.1&#177;33.0</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.111</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">URIC, umol/L</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">432.4&#177;126.1</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">426.1&#177;139.7</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">371.5&#177;119.9</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.008</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Sodium, mmol/L</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">139.2&#177;3.3</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">143.6&#177;6.6</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">138.7&#177;3.5</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.695</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Potassium, mmol/L</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">4.0&#177;0.6</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">4.0&#177;0.6</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">4.0&#177;0.6</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.722</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Blood glucose, mmol/L</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">5.9&#177;2.8</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">6.2&#177;2.6</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">6.5&#177;2.8</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.387</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">HbA1c, % Echocardiography</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">6.6&#177;1.3</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">6.7&#177;1.3</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">6.8&#177;1.3</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.749</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">LVEF, %</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">36.8&#177;11.6</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">47.4&#177;15.7</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">55.3&#177;14.4</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">LVEDD, mm</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">59.6&#177;8.5</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">56.5&#177;9.1</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">53.8&#177;9.3</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">LVESD, mm</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">48.9&#177;9.7</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">42.8&#177;11.4</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">38.3&#177;10.9</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">
                    <bold>Medication, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Digoxin</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">60 (68.2%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">125 (55.8%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">25 (38.5%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">&#946;-blockers</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">56 (63.6%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">126 (56.3%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">41 (63.1%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.381</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">ACEI/ARB</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">57 (64.8%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">117 (52.2%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">34 (52.3%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.118</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Loop diuretics</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">76 (86.4%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">188 (83.9%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">50 (76.9%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.279</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">MRA</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">70 (79.5%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">160 (71.4%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">39 (60.0%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.030</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>
                  <italic>BMI: body mass index; HR: heart rate; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; cTnI: cardiac troponin I; CK-MB: creatine-kinase MB isoenzyme; NT-proBNP: N-terminal prohormone brain natriuretic peptide; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; URIC: uric acid; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVEDD: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVESD: left ventricular end-systolic diameter; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Predictors of ejection fraction increase and decrease</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref> presents the adjusted odds ratio (OR) for EF-I and EF-D after the multivariate logistic regression analysis. Younger age, absence of diabetes, and lower LVEF were independently associated with EF-I. On the other hand, variables predicting EF-D included absence of atrial fibrillation, lower uric acid level, and higher LVEF. No medications were associated with EF change after being adjusted for multivariate factors (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Association between clinical backgrounds and ejection fraction changes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2">EF-I</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2">EF-D</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">OR (95%CI)</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">p</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">OR (95%CI)</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Age (per 10-year increase)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.677 (0.509&#8211;0.902)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.008</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Diabetes</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.509 (0.285&#8211;0.909)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.022</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Atrial fibrillation</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.430 (0.230&#8211;0.805)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.008</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">URIC (per 100 umol/L increase)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.743 (0.575&#8211;0.960)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.023</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">LVEF</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.947 (0.926&#8211;0.968)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.001</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1.048 (1.028&#8211;1.067)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>
                  <italic>EF-I: increased ejection fraction; EF-D: decreased ejection fraction; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical outcomes</title>
          <p>All-cause mortality according to EF changes in overall HF, HFrEF, HFmrEF, and HFpEF was as follows: within a median follow-up of 40 months, 44.8% of all study patients suffered from all-cause death. The EF-I group had a higher survival rate than the EF-S and EF-D groups, although this increase was not statistically significant (p=0.064) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>All-cause mortality for ejection fraction changes in different types of heart failure</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center"/>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">EF-I</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">EF-S</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">EF-D</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">HF</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">31 (35.2%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">104 (46.4%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">34 (52.3%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.064</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">HFrEF</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">18 (30.0%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">42 (46.7%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">6 (50.0%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.048</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">HFmrEF</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">6 (40.0%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">17 (43.6%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">5 (45.5%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.981</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">HFpEF</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">7 (53.8%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">45 (47.4%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">23 (54.8%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.976</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>
                  <italic>EF-I: increased ejection fraction; EF-S: stable ejection fraction; EF-D: decreased ejection fraction; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HFmrEF: heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>In HFrEF, patients with EF-I presented significantly lower mortality compared to those with EF-S and EF-D. At the same time, we found no difference in all-cause mortality related to EF changes in HFmrEF and HFpEF. Kaplan-Meier curves estimated mortality for different types of HF, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4</xref>.</p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A) Kaplan-Meier curve of all-cause mortality for ejection fraction change in overall heart failure. B) Kaplan-Meier curve of all-cause mortality for ejection fraction change in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. C) Kaplan-Meier curve of all-cause mortality for ejection fraction change in heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction. D) Kaplan-Meier curve of all-cause mortality for ejection fraction change in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-04-0639-00250-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The outcomes of this study revealed that, among 377 severe HF patients, 23.3% presented EF-I, 59.5% presented EF-S, and 17.2% presented EF-D. Moreover, 68.2% of patients with HFrEF were in the EF-I group, and 64.6% of those with HFpEF were in the EF-D group. Predictors of EF-I included younger age, absence of diabetes, and lower LVEF. The predictors of EF-D were absence of atrial fibrillation, lower uric acid level, and higher LVEF. Within a median follow-up of 40 months, 44.8% of patients suffered from all-cause death. Mortality in the EF-I group was lower than in the EF-D group among HFrEF patients. However, we found no difference in all-cause mortality related to EF change in HFmrEF and HFpEF patients.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Ejection fraction change in severe heart failure patients</title>
          <p>Severe HF has worrying symptoms and results regarding cardiac function, leading to extremely high mortality rates and poor prognoses. Some previous studies have investigated EF improvement in patients with HFrEF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> Still, the extent of the EF change in severe HF patients has been poorly reviewed. Zhang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> revealed that metoprolol combined with irbesartan, hydrochlorothiazide, and non-invasive ventilation helped recover normal cardiac function, increasing cardiac output and normalizing the EF of severe HF patients. Our study showed that 23.3% of severe HF patients had EF-I, 17.2% had EF-D, and 59.5% had EF-S. Dunlay et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> reported that a significant proportion of patients with HFpEF had a decline in EF of &lt;50%, and a similar proportion of patients with HFrEF experienced an increase in EF of &#8805;50%. The present research also identified that the natural history of HF was similar in patients with severe HF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical characteristics and predictors of ejection fraction change</title>
          <p>Understanding the clinical characteristics and predictors of EF change is essential, as they provide important information and can be used for risk stratification and for guiding the therapy for patients with severe HF. In the present study, multivariate logistic regression showed that younger age, absence of diabetes, and the lower LVEF were associated with EF-I. In turn, the variables predicting EF-D were the absence of atrial fibrillation, lower uric acid level, and higher LVEF.</p>
          <p>Previous studies have reported patients with EF improvement to be younger.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> However, our analysis identified the absence of diabetes as a predictor of EF-I, which could be explained by previous studies that detected an inverse association of diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, and MRA prescription at discharge with HF and improved EF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref></p>
          <p>The predictor absence of atrial fibrillation was related to EF-D, in accordance with a report indicating that atrial fibrillation was a positive predictor for improving EF. Surprisingly, lower uric acid level was a predictor for EF-D, which is difficult to explain.</p>
          <p>Our study found that lower LVEF was associated with EF-I, while higher LVEF was associated with EF-D. Dunlay et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> also identified this result in their analysis, since EF decreased by 5.8% in HFpEF patients. Conversely, EF increased by 6.9% in HFrEF patients over 5 years.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ejection fraction change and outcomes in the different types of heart failure</title>
          <p>Little is known from published studies about the prognostic implication of EF change in different types of severe HF. This study showed that the EF-I group had a higher survival rate than the EF-S and EF-D groups, although this increase was not statistically significant.</p>
          <p>In the HFrEF group, EF change was inversely associated with all-cause mortality, which is consistent with the findings of previous studies indicating that recovery from reduced LVEF is connected with better outcomes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Lupon et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> found that by using the HF-recovered group as a reference, the hazard ratio (HR) of cardiovascular death or HF hospitalization was 2.33 for HFpEF and 1.99 for HFrEF. These lines of evidence strongly suggest that recovery from HFrEF was associated with a better prognosis in HF patients. Thus, we underline the importance of management aiming at increasing EF in HFrEF patients.</p>
          <p>The present research identified that the prognostic implications of EF change among HFmrEF and HFpEF patients were less evident. The lack of risk associations with EF change in HFmrEF and HFpEF might result from the lack of a linear relationship between EF and HF outcomes when EF is higher.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Highlights of this study</title>
          <p>Previous HF studies assessed patients with NYHA class II&#8211;IV, whereas our study focused on critically ill patients with NYHA class III&#8211;IV. Furthermore, other investigations report that the prognosis improves with the increase in the EF value. In addition, the present study found that in patients with severe HF and HFrEF, EF increased after treatment, thus suggesting that the prognosis can be improved. The other two types of HF patients were not associated with EF change and prognosis after receiving treatment. The above-mentioned contents were the highlights of this article.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>This study has several limitations. First, the sample, especially in the EF-D group, was relatively small, which may reduce the statistically significant differences among these patients. Second, this study is a single-center and retrospective analysis; the findings might not be generalizable to other cohorts. Third, the patients had at least two echocardiograms for the initial and final EF measurement, with a median of 27 months. However, we did not record the echocardiogram at the 1-year follow-up, which could have provided further results. Finally, no consensus has been reached on the appropriate definition of EF change. We recognize that small improvements in LVEF that still qualify as EF-I have probable and different prognostic implications than larger improvements. Therefore, in order to quantify this effect, we defined EF-I as an EF increase &#8805;10%, EF-D as an EF decrease &#8805;10%, and EF-S as an EF change &lt;10%, other than the transition to the other HF phenotypes.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In severe HF, HFrEF presented the highest percentage in the EF-I group, and HFpEF was more common in the EF-D group. EF change was associated with a series of clinical characteristics, predictors, and outcomes, especially in HFrEF patients.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was partially funded by the Basic and Clinical Research Cooperative project of Capital Medical University (15JL04) and the Natural Science Foundation of Capital Medical University (PYZ2018109)</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>We would like to acknowledge the hard and dedicated work of all the staff that implemented the intervention and evaluated components of the study.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
