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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">jgMBZrdwpfGYZ347LQD7Dpf</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001200637</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210629</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210629</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Helicobacter Pylori e Press&#227;o Alta</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1506-0327</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dur&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Andre Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Andre Rodrigues Dur&#227;es &#8226; Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon, s/n. CEP 40110-100, Vale do Canela, Salvador, BA - Brasil E-mail: <email>andreduraes@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>637</fpage>
      <lpage>638</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Helicobacter pylori</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A press&#227;o arterial alta (PA) continua sendo a principal causa de morte no mundo, respondendo por 10,4 milh&#245;es de mortes por ano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, data da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de destacou o impacto global significativo da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS): estima-se que 1,13 bilh&#227;o de pessoas em todo o mundo t&#234;m hipertens&#227;o, a maioria (dois ter&#231;os) vivendo em pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda; e &#233; uma das principais causas de morte prematura em todo o mundo.</p>
    <p>A PA &#233; determinada por v&#225;rios par&#226;metros do sistema cardiovascular, incluindo volume sangu&#237;neo e sa&#237;da card&#237;aca (a quantidade de sangue bombeada pelo cora&#231;&#227;o por minuto) e o equil&#237;brio do tom arterial que &#233; afetado pelo volume intravascular e os sistemas neurohumorais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A HAS &#233; uma eleva&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica da press&#227;o arterial que, a longo prazo, causa danos nos &#243;rg&#227;os alvo e resulta em aumento da morbidade e mortalidade. O aumento da resist&#234;ncia vascular sist&#234;mica, da rigidez vascular e da responsividade vascular aos est&#237;mulos s&#227;o centrais para a fisiopatologia da hipertens&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a HAS &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o multifatorial que depende de fatores gen&#233;ticos (epigen&#233;ticos), ambientais e sociais associados a fatores de risco metab&#243;licos para doen&#231;as cardiocirculat&#243;rias e renais, tais como dislipidemia, obesidade abdominal, intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose e diabetes mellitus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Entre as diversas possibilidades de associa&#231;&#245;es j&#225; levantadas como relacionadas &#224; HAS, Huang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> trazem uma hip&#243;tese presente principalmente na literatura asi&#225;tica a qual seria a associa&#231;&#227;o entre Helicobacter pylori e a preval&#234;ncia de HAS. Nesta metan&#225;lise, foram inclu&#237;dos 17 estudos observacionais (11 de controle de caso e 6 transversais) de 1996 a 2019, totalizando 17.226 participantes. A detec&#231;&#227;o de H. pylori foi de 64,9% vs. 56,3% entre hipertensos e normotensos. Tamb&#233;m detectaram uma rela&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante entre H. pylori e HAS (raz&#227;o de chances 2,07; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC), 1,46, 2,94), que s&#243; permaneceu na popula&#231;&#227;o asi&#225;tica. Recentemente, Xiong et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> publicou um estudo transversal chin&#234;s com 17.100 participantes e descobriu que indiv&#237;duos com infec&#231;&#227;o por H. pylori apresentaram maior preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial (57,5% vs. 55,1%, p = 0,002). A taxa de infec&#231;&#227;o por H. pylori em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o &#233; maior do que em indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o hipertensos (48,8% vs. 46,4%, p = 0,002). Ap&#243;s ajuste para potenciais fatores de confus&#227;o, a infec&#231;&#227;o por H. pylori aumentou a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial (raz&#227;o de chances, 1.117, IC95%, 1.029-1.213, p = 0,008). Este artigo agrega valor &#224; hip&#243;tese dos autores. No entanto, podemos ver que temos informa&#231;&#245;es baseadas em estudos observacionais, o que impossibilita a cria&#231;&#227;o de uma rela&#231;&#227;o causa-efeito.</p>
    <p>A busca por fatores que possam estar causalmente relacionados &#224; doen&#231;a come&#231;a com a ideia de que as pessoas que t&#234;m a exposi&#231;&#227;o devem ter uma frequ&#234;ncia diferente da doen&#231;a daqueles que n&#227;o t&#234;m a exposi&#231;&#227;o. Fator de confus&#227;o &#233; o vi&#233;s resultante da presen&#231;a de causas comuns de exposi&#231;&#245;es e desfechos. A confus&#227;o ocorre quando uma vari&#225;vel est&#225; associada tanto &#224; exposi&#231;&#227;o quanto &#224; doen&#231;a que estamos estudando.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Determinar se uma vari&#225;vel &#233; um fator de confus&#227;o requer fazer suposi&#231;&#245;es intest&#225;veis. O &#250;nico progresso real que pode ser feito com o teste emp&#237;rico para fatores de confus&#227;o &#233; fazer outras suposi&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o test&#225;veis que logicamente implicam em um teste para suposi&#231;&#245;es que nos importam.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os autores t&#234;m o m&#233;rito de coletar sistematicamente todas as informa&#231;&#245;es dispon&#237;veis e realizar uma metan&#225;lise sobre uma associa&#231;&#227;o inesperada. Al&#233;m disso, o desafio de buscar mais informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a HAS &#233; extremamente relevante devido ao impacto bem conhecido dessa condi&#231;&#227;o em desfechos significativos nos n&#237;veis cardiovascular, renal e neurol&#243;gico, uma vez que a HAS tem uma alta preval&#234;ncia mundial. No entanto, o cuidado e a cautela s&#227;o necess&#225;rios ao utilizar dados de estudos observacionais que fornecem mais informa&#231;&#245;es geradoras de hip&#243;teses do que dados conclusivos. Portanto, &#233; necess&#225;rio realizar estudos prospectivos, preferencialmente randomizados, para elucidar essa hip&#243;tese.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Associa&#231;&#227;o entre Infec&#231;&#227;o por Heicobacter Pylori e Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica: Metan&#225;lise</italic>
        </p>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Helicobacter Pylori and High Blood Pressure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1506-0327</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dur&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Andre Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Andre R. Dur&#227;es &#8226; Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon, s/n. Postal Code 40110-100, Vale do Canela, Salvador, BA - Brazil E-mail: andreduraes@gmail.com</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Helicobacter pylori</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
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      <p>Raised blood pressure (BP) remains the leading cause of death globally, accounting for 10.4 million deaths per year.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In addition, data from the World Health Organization highlighted the significant global impact of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH): an estimated 1.13 billion people worldwide have hypertension, most (two-thirds) living in low- and middle-income countries; and is a major cause of premature death worldwide.</p>
      <p>BP is determined by several parameters of the cardiovascular system, including blood volume and cardiac output (the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute) and the balance of arterial tone that is affected by intravascular volume and neurohumoral systems.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>SAH is a chronic elevation of blood pressure that, in the long-term, causes end-organ damage and results in increased morbidity and mortality. Increased systemic vascular resistance, vascular stiffness, and vascular responsiveness to stimuli are central to the pathophysiology of hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Furthermore, SAH is a multifactorial condition that depends on genetic (epigenetic), environmental and social factors associated with metabolic risk factors for cardiocirculatory and renal systems diseases, such as dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity, glucose intolerance, and diabetes mellitus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Among the various possibilities of associations already raised as related to SAH, Huang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> bring a hypothesis present in mainly Asian literature that would be the association between Helicobacter pylori and the prevalence of SAH. In this meta-analysis, they included 17 observational studies (11 case-control and 6 cross-sectional) from 1996 to 2019 with a total of 17226 participants. Detection of H. pylori was 64.9% vs. 56.3% between hypertensive and normotensive individuals. They also detected a statistically significant relationship between H. pylori and SAH (odds ratio 2.07; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.46, 2.94), which only remained in the Asian population. Recently, Xiong et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> published a Chinese cross-sectional study with 17,100 participants and found that individuals with H. pylori infection had a higher prevalence of hypertension (57.5% vs. 55.1%, p = 0.002). The infection rate of H. pylori infection in patients with hypertension is higher than that in non-hypertensive individuals (48.8% vs. 46.4%, p = 0.002). After adjustment for potential confounders, H. pylori infection increased the prevalence of hypertension (odds ratio, 1,117, 95% CI, 1,029-1,213, p = 0.008). This paper adds value to the authors&#8217; hypothesis. However, we can see that we have information based on observational studies, which makes it impossible to establish a cause-effect relationship.</p>
      <p>The search for factors that might be causally related to disease begins with the idea that people who have the exposure should have a different frequency of the disease from those who do not have the exposure. Confounding is the bias resulting from the presence of common causes of exposures and outcomes. Confounding occurs when a variable is associated with both the exposure and the disease that we are studying.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Determining whether a variable is a confounder requires making untestable assumptions. The only real progress that can be made with empirical testing for confounders is by making other untestable assumptions that logically imply a test for assumptions we care about.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The authors have the merit of systematically collecting all available information and performing a meta-analysis on an unexpected association. Furthermore, the challenge of seeking more information about SAH is extremely relevant due to the well-known impact of this condition on significant outcomes at the cardiovascular, renal and neurological levels since SAH has a high worldwide prevalence. However, care and caution are necessary when using data from observational studies that provide more hypothesis-generating information than conclusive data. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out prospective studies, preferably randomized, to elucidate this hypothesis.</p>
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            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Association between Helicobacter Pylori Infection and Systemic Arterial Hypertension: A Meta-Analysis</italic>
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