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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">mnZP3ZV8s9fH5vRNXnh8x9t</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021005015201</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001200626</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200186</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200186</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre Infec&#231;&#227;o por Heicobacter Pylori e Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica: Metan&#225;lise</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0238-9948</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Huang</surname>
            <given-names>Mengyun</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN1">*</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2147-9407</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zhu</surname>
            <given-names>Lijun</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN1">*</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jin</surname>
            <given-names>Yuelong</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0292-8681</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fang</surname>
            <given-names>Zhengmei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chen</surname>
            <given-names>Yan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yao</surname>
            <given-names>Yingshui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Wannan Medical College/ Institute of Chronic Disease Prevention and Control</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">School of Public Health</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Wuhu</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College/ Institute of Chronic Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhu &#8211; China</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Anhui College of Traditional Chinese Medicine</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Medicine</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Wuhu</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Medicine, Anhui College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhu &#8211; China</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Yingshui Yao &#8226;</bold> N&#186; 22, Wenchang Road, Wuhu 241002, Anhui, China / N&#186; 18, Wuxia Shanxi Road, Wuhu. <postal-code>241002</postal-code> , Anhui, China. E-mail: <email>yingshuiyao@163.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="equal" id="FN1">
          <p>Os autores Mengyun Huang e Lijun Zhu contribu&#237;ram igualmente para o manuscrito.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Huang M, Zhu L. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Jin Y, Fang Z. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Fang Z. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Jin Y. Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Yao Y, Chen Y. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Huang M, Zhu L. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Yao Y, Chen Y.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>626</fpage>
      <lpage>636</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos recentes demonstraram que altera&#231;&#245;es na microbiota e seus metab&#243;litos est&#227;o associadas &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica. A Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) &#233; um dos pat&#243;genos bacterianos mais comuns, e a poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o entre a infec&#231;&#227;o por H. pylori e a hipertens&#227;o &#233; controversa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Este estudo teve o objetivo de esclarecer a associa&#231;&#227;o entre eles e proporcionar uma nova base te&#243;rica para detectar a patog&#234;nese da hipertens&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram selecionados estudos caso-controle e transversais sobre a associa&#231;&#227;o entre H. pylori e hipertens&#227;o, publicados de 1996 a 2019 indexados nos bancos de dados PubMed, Google Scholar, Chinese Wan Fang Data, e Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). As raz&#245;es de chance (RC) combinadas e o intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) 95% foram estimados. O I&#178; foi realizado para avaliar a heterogeneidade estat&#237;stica. O vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o foi avaliado utilizando-se os testes de Beggs e de Egger. Os dados extra&#237;dos foram analisados no software Stata 12.0. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida com um p-valor &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram cadastrados 17 estudos envolvendo 6376 casos de hipertens&#227;o e 10850 controles. A taxa de infec&#231;&#227;o por H. pylori em pacientes hipertensos e em controles foi de 64,9% e 56,3%, respectivamente. Foi demonstrada uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativamente positiva entre a infec&#231;&#227;o por H. pylori e a hipertens&#227;o, com uma RC global de 2,07 (IC 95%: 1,46&#8211;2,94; p &lt; 0,05). A an&#225;lise de subgrupos revelou que a preval&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o por H. pylori foi associada &#224; hipertens&#227;o na regi&#227;o da &#193;sia e no grupo de caso-controle, as RC (IC 95%) foram 2,26 (1,51-3,38) e 2,53 (1,72-3,72), respectivamente. Depois de estratificar por m&#233;todos de detec&#231;&#227;o, ainda existiam diferen&#231;as entre os subgrupos (todos p &lt; 0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Esta metan&#225;lise indicou que a infec&#231;&#227;o por H. pylori est&#225; associada positivamente &#224; hipertens&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o ArterialPress&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Microbiota</kwd>
        <kwd>Infec&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Helicobacter pylori</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Endot&#233;lio Vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Metan&#225;lise</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>National Natural Science Foundation of China</funding-source>
          <award-id>81874280</award-id>
          <award-id>81673266</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation</funding-source>
          <award-id>1808085QH283</award-id>
          <award-id>1808085MH297</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Key Research and Development Program of Anhui Province</funding-source>
          <award-id>1804h08020261</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Key Projects of Anhui Provincial Department of Education</funding-source>
          <award-id>KJ2019A0405</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>O presente estudo foi financiado por National Natural Science Foundation of China (N&#186; 81874280 and N&#186; 81673266); Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation (N&#186; 1808085QH283 and N&#186; 1808085MH297); Key Research and Development Program of Anhui Province (N&#186; 1804h08020261); Key Projects of Anhui Provincial Department of Education (N&#186; KJ2019A0405).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="14"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="49"/>
        <page-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, tamb&#233;m conhecida como press&#227;o arterial alta ou elevada, &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o em que os vasos sangu&#237;neos aumentam a press&#227;o constantemente. De acordo com a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de (OMS), aproximadamente 1,13 bilh&#245;es de pessoa em todo o mundo t&#234;m hipertens&#227;o, e dois-ter&#231;os delas vivem em pa&#237;ses com renda baixa ou m&#233;dia. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Na China, cerca de 270 milh&#245;es de pessoas t&#234;m hipertens&#227;o, e sua preval&#234;ncia &#233; mais alta no Norte e mais baixa no Sul. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> Como um problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica global, a hipertens&#227;o contribui para a carga de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas, acidente vascular cerebral, insufici&#234;ncia renal, e outras doen&#231;as. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Ela &#233; considerada um dist&#250;rbio causal complexo, por ser influenciada pela intera&#231;&#227;o entre v&#225;rios fatores, tais como m&#225; alimenta&#231;&#227;o, uso indevido de &#225;lcool, sedentarismo, tabagismo e fatores gen&#233;ticos. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Recentemente, estudos em seres humanos e animais demonstraram que altera&#231;&#245;es na microbiota e seus metab&#243;litos est&#227;o associados &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>A H. pylori &#233; um dos pat&#243;genos bacterianos mais comuns, e existe no piloro do est&#244;mago humano. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> A preval&#234;ncia da H. pylori, em pa&#237;ses espec&#237;ficos varia de 18,9% na Su&#237;&#231;a a 87,7% na Nig&#233;ria. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Ela j&#225; infectou mais da metade da popula&#231;&#227;o mundial. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> A infec&#231;&#227;o por H. pylori causa inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica ativa com um recrutamento cont&#237;nuo de neutr&#243;filos para a mucosa g&#225;strica inflamada. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, outro estudo demonstrou que a microbiota intestinal facilita a disfun&#231;&#227;o vascular induzida por AngII e a hipertens&#227;o, causando a infiltra&#231;&#227;o e a inflama&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas imunes vasculares. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> Um estudo recente relatou que a soropositividade para H. pylori est&#225; intimamente relacionada a aterosclerose, e a infec&#231;&#227;o por H. pylori pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> A pesquisa em animais demonstrou que a coinfec&#231;&#227;o de Chlamydia pneumoniae e H. pylori levou &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial vascular e aumentou a express&#227;o de VCAM-1 em ratos. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> Esses achados destacam o papel importante desempenhado pela H. pylori na regula&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e do sistema AngIII, e a possibilidade de a H. pylori estar envolvida no desenvolvimento da hipertens&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Um estudo transversal envolvendo 5.246 participantes detectou uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre a infec&#231;&#227;o por H. pylori e a hipertens&#227;o ap&#243;s o ajuste de poss&#237;veis fatores de confus&#227;o. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> Inversamente, o status de H. pylori n&#227;o foi significativamente diferente em pacientes com graus de hipertens&#227;o diferentes. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> Considerando a introdu&#231;&#227;o acima e a diversidade de resultados sobre a infec&#231;&#227;o por H. pylori e hipertens&#227;o, a necessidade de ser realizar um estudo para determinar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre infec&#231;&#227;o por H. pylori e hipertens&#227;o fica muito clara. Portanto, para investigar em mais detalhes o poss&#237;vel papel da infec&#231;&#227;o por H. pylori na hipertens&#227;o, conduzimos uma metan&#225;lise para proporcionar uma base para a interven&#231;&#227;o na hipertens&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta da literatura</title>
        <p>Todos os trabalhos sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre H. pylori e hipertens&#227;o publicados entre 1996 e 2019 foram selecionados para esta metan&#225;lise. Foram pesquisados artigos cujos t&#237;tulos e/ou resumos continham as express&#245;es &#8220;H. pylori&#8221; ou &#8220;Helicobacter pylori&#8221; e &#8220;hipertens&#227;o&#8221; ou &#8220;press&#227;o arterial alta&#8221;, publicados em chin&#234;s nos bancos de dados Chinese Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform e Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), e em ingl&#234;s nos bancos de dados PubMed e Google Scholar. Por &#250;ltimo, as refer&#234;ncias foram filtradas novamente para evitar omiss&#227;o, no processo de leitura de triagem dos artigos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e de exclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Todos os estudos que foram identificados pela pesquisa de literatura foram selecionados de acordo com os seguintes elementos essenciais: pacientes (indiv&#237;duos que foram diagnosticados de acordo com o padr&#227;o de diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica); exposi&#231;&#227;o (infec&#231;&#227;o por H. pylori); comparador (normotens&#227;o); resultado (associa&#231;&#227;o entre infec&#231;&#227;o por H. pylori e hipertens&#227;o); e desenho do estudo (estudo transversal ou caso-controle). Foram exclu&#237;dos estudos ecol&#243;gicos e de coorte, os que n&#227;o agruparam por hipertens&#227;o e normotens&#227;o, aqueles em que o n&#250;mero de pacientes com H. pylori em cada grupo n&#227;o possa ser determinado, ou devido a poss&#237;veis erros. Nos casos em que o mesmo estudo apareceu em bancos de dados diferentes ou em que a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo coincidiu, apenas o maior foi selecionado.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Extra&#231;&#227;o de dados e avalia&#231;&#227;o de qualidade no processo</title>
        <p>Em conformidade com o objetivo deste estudo, dois pesquisadores independentes selecionaram t&#237;tulos e/ou resumos para serem inclu&#237;dos nos artigos, e chegou-se a um consenso final pela avalia&#231;&#227;o de um terceiro especialista. Os estudos necess&#225;rios foram lidos na &#237;ntegra, e as seguintes informa&#231;&#245;es e caracter&#237;sticas foram registradas: nome do primeiro autor, ano de publica&#231;&#227;o, pa&#237;s, tipo de estudo, m&#233;dia de idade, n&#250;mero de participantes, e testes de infec&#231;&#227;o por H. pylori.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
      <p>Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando-se o software Stata 12.0. As raz&#245;es de chance (RC) combinadas, com os intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95% correspondentes, foram consideradas tamanho de efeito para todos os estudos qualificados. Dois m&#233;todos (o teste de Cochran e a estat&#237;stica I&#178;) firam usados para avaliar a heterogeneidade estat&#237;stica entre os dados resumidos: o p&lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativos quanto &#224; heterogeneidade, e a estat&#237;stica I&#178; sugere heterogeneidade significativa com um valor &gt;50%. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> Um modelo de efeito rand&#244;mico foi usado para calcular a estimativa de tamanho de efeito geral para esta metan&#225;lise. Para examinar as fontes de heterogeneidade entre os estudos qualificados, foram realizadas an&#225;lises de subgrupos de acordo com caracter&#237;sticas diferentes, tais como desenho do estudo (estudos transversais ou caso-controle), pa&#237;s do estudo (asi&#225;ticos ou ocidentais), e testes para infec&#231;&#227;o por H. pylori (teste respirat&#243;rio com ureia marcada, testes sorol&#243;gicos ou outros). Os testes respirat&#243;rios com ureia marcada (UBT) inclu&#237;ram o 13C-UBT e o 14C-UBT, os testes sorol&#243;gicos inclu&#237;ram o m&#233;todo Colloidal gold e o ELISA. Outros testes inclu&#237;ram a Colora&#231;&#227;o de Giemsa e os casos em que as informa&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis (N/D). A an&#225;lise de sensibilidade foi realizada para avaliar os efeitos do estudo espec&#237;fico na estimativa de efeitos resumidos e na estabilidade dos resultados. Os testes de regress&#227;o de Begg e Egger foram usados para avaliar o vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o. Foi realizado o m&#233;todo de metarregress&#227;o para dados de medi&#231;&#227;o, tais como, tamanho da amostra, m&#233;dia de idade e raz&#227;o de sexos. Um p valor bicaudal &lt; 0,05 foi definido como estatisticamente significativo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas b&#225;sicas dos artigos <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref> </title>
        <p>Foi apresentado um fluxograma de estudos para revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref> . Desses estudos, foram exclu&#237;dos 80 estudos duplicados, e, em seguida, com base nos t&#237;tulos e resumos dos artigos restantes, foram exclu&#237;dos 57 estudos. Ao final, 17 publica&#231;&#245;es foram selecionadas ap&#243;s realizar o exame do texto dessas 22 publica&#231;&#245;es na &#237;ntegra, conforme especificado no fluxograma.</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fluxograma dos estudos inclu&#237;dos na meta-an&#225;lise.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-04-0626-00186-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        <p>No total, 6 estudos transversais e 11 estudos caso-controle foram selecionados na metan&#225;lise, no per&#237;odo de 1996 a 2019. Entre os 17.226 participantes, a preval&#234;ncia de H. pylori em 6.376 pacientes hipertensos foi de 64,9, e em 10.850 normotensos foi de 56,3%. As principais caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos inclu&#237;dos nesta revis&#227;o foram apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> . <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref> </p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas b&#225;sicas dos dezessete artigos inclu&#237;dos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="10%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Estudos</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Ano</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Pa&#237;s</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Constata&#231;&#227;o da <break/> H. pylori</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Hipertens&#227;o <break/> (H. pylori + / -)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Normotensos <break/> (H. pylori + / -)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">M&#233;dia de idade</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Desenho do estudo</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Raz&#227;o de sexos</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">limiar p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Yang <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2016</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">China <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">#</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14C-UBT</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">78(66/12)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">78(37/41)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N/D</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Estudo caso-controle</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,79</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Liu <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2015</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">China <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">#</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14C-UBT</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">150(125/25)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">150(71/79)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">63,60</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Estudo caso-controle</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,04</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Huai <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2014</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">China <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">#</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13C-UBT</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">535(338/197)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1051(232/819)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">68,30</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Estudo transversal</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,68</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Ma <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2015</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">China <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">#</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Colora&#231;&#227;o de Giemsa</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">112(42/70)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">170(53/117)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N/D</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Estudo caso-controle</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N/D</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Chu <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2014</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">China <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">#</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">IgG Colloidal gold</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">150(67/83)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">50(14/36)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">60,85</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Estudo caso-controle</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,41</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Hu <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2017</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">China <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">#</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N/D</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">176(82/94)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">568(224/344)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">52,53</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Estudo transversal</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,23</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Lip <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1996</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Reino Unido <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">$</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">ELISA&#8805;8 unidades/ml).</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">124(106/18)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">38(25/13)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">53,06</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Estudo caso-controle</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,03</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Liu <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2007</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">China <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">#</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">ELISA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">488(189/299)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">942(317/625)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">46,56</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Estudo transversal</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,71</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sun <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2018</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">China <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">#</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14C-UBT</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">90(76/14)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">65(34/31)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">44,74</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Estudo caso-controle</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,12</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Li <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1999</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">China <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">#</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">IgG ELISA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">42(16/26)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">60(18/42)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">55,41</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Estudo caso-controle</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,62</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Zhao <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2019</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">China <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">#</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14C-UBT</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">102(43/59)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">102(18/84)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">47,85</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Estudo caso-controle</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,94</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Migneco <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2003</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">It&#225;lia <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">$</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13C-UBT</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">72(40/32)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">70(35/35)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">52,51</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Estudo caso-controle</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,95</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Vahdat <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2013</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Ir&#227; <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">#</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">ELISA &gt;30 RU/ml</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">459(316/143)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1295(764/531)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">40,79</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Estudo transversal</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,97</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Zheng <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2014</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">China <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">#</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Colora&#231;&#227;o de Giemsa</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">112(42/70)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">170(53/117)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">52,19</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Estudo caso-controle</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,29</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sung <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2003</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Coreia <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">#</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">ELISA&#8805;6 U/mL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2838(1964/874)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5509(3818/1691)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">48,06</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Estudo transversal</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,36</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sotuneh <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2014</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">It&#225;lia <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">$</xref> </td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">ELISA &gt;20 ur/ml</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">808(606/202)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">492(385/107)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">69,23</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Estudo transversal</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N/D</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">S.VSM <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2012</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#205;ndia <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">#</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">IgG ELISA &gt; <break/> 40 ur/ml</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">40(18/22)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">40(9/31)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">44,09</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Estudo caso-controle</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,05</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,05</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>UBT: teste respirat&#243;rio com ureia marcada; ELISA: ensaio de imunoabsor&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica; N/D: n&#227;o dispon&#237;vel;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Raz&#227;o de sexos: masculino/feminino</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>#</label>
              <p>pa&#237;ses asi&#225;ticos</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>$</label>
              <p>pa&#237;ses ocidentais.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Resultados da metan&#225;lise</title>
        <p>Com base no modelo de efeitos rand&#244;micos da <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref> , a estimativa geral das RC combinadas (IC 95%) de H. pylori e hipertens&#227;o foi 2,07 (1,46&#8211;2,94), o que era estatisticamente significativo (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Gr&#225;fico de floresta da associa&#231;&#227;o entre infec&#231;&#227;o por H. pylori infec&#231;&#227;o e hipertens&#227;o.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-04-0626-00186-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de subgrupos por regi&#227;o, desenho de estudo, e m&#233;todo de teste</title>
        <p>Para a an&#225;lise por subgrupo por regi&#227;o (em pa&#237;ses asi&#225;ticos, 5372 pacientes hipertensos e 10250 normotensos, e em pa&#237;ses ocidentais, 1004 pacientes hipertensos e 600 normotensos), a infec&#231;&#227;o por H. pylori foi associada ao risco de hipertens&#227;o em pa&#237;ses asi&#225;ticos (RC 2,26, IC 95% 1,51-3,38; I<sup>2</sup> = 95,1%, p &lt; 0,05), e n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas nos pa&#237;ses ocidentais.</p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise por subgrupo por desenho do estudo, a RC combinada para infec&#231;&#227;o por H. pylori e hipertens&#227;o foi de 2,53 (IC 95% 1,72-3,72; I<sup>2</sup> = 72,7%, p &lt; 0,05) nos estudos caso-controle. N&#227;o se observaram diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas nos estudos transversais (Figuras <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">4</xref> ).</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Gr&#225;fico de floresta de an&#225;lises de subgrupos comparando a &#193;sia ao Ocidente.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-04-0626-00186-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Gr&#225;fico de floresta de an&#225;lises de subgrupos estudos caso-controle a estudos transversais.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-04-0626-00186-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise por subgrupo que utilizou o UBT para testar quanto &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o por H. pylori, esta foi associada a um risco mais alto de hipertens&#227;o (RC 4,13, IC 95% 2,60-6,54; I<sup>2</sup> = 76,7%, p &lt; 0,05). A infec&#231;&#227;o por H. pylori tamb&#233;m foi associada a um risco mais alto de hipertens&#227;o na an&#225;lise por subgrupo que utilizou testes sorol&#243;gicos (RC 1,33, IC 95% 1,04-1,68; I<sup>2</sup> = 77,1%, p &lt; 0,05) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5</xref> ).</p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Gr&#225;fico de floresta de an&#225;lises de subgrupos comparando v&#225;rios m&#233;todos de diagn&#243;stico.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-04-0626-00186-gf05.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O teste de Begg foi utilizado para avaliar o vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o com o gr&#225;fico de funil ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 6</xref> ). Houve uma assimetria no gr&#225;fico de funil para os estudos selecionados. O vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o significativo tamb&#233;m foi identificado no teste de regress&#227;o de Egger (p = 0,047).</p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figura 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Gr&#225;fico de funil com pseudolimite de confian&#231;a de 95%.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-04-0626-00186-gf06.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de sensibilidade</title>
        <p>Realizamos uma an&#225;lise de sensibilidade para testar as fontes de heterogeneidade e avaliamos a estabilidade dos resultados. Os resultados da an&#225;lise de sensibilidade demonstraram que nenhum estudo espec&#237;fico teve influ&#234;ncia extrema na raz&#227;o de chances combinada ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 7</xref> ).</p>
        <fig id="f7">
          <label>Figura 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise de sensibilidade para associa&#231;&#227;o entre H. pylori e hipertens&#227;o.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-04-0626-00186-gf07.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Metarregress&#227;o</title>
        <p>Estudos espec&#237;ficos sem m&#233;dia de dados (n = 2) ou sem dados de sexo masculino ou feminino (n = 2) foram exclu&#237;dos. Os resultados de metarregress&#245;es univariadas mostram a aus&#234;ncia de efeitos significativos de tamanho de amostra (p = 0,181), m&#233;dia de idade (p = 0,542), raz&#227;o de sexos (p = 0,367) na associa&#231;&#227;o entre a infec&#231;&#227;o por H. pylori e o risco de hipertens&#227;o nos estudos (Material Suplementar: Figuras suplementares 1-3).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo de revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica que demonstra a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a infec&#231;&#227;o por H. pylori e a hipertens&#227;o. Os achados demonstraram que a preval&#234;ncia da infec&#231;&#227;o por H. pylori foi associada positivamente &#224; hipertens&#227;o, e esse resultado foi consistente no grupo de caso-controle na an&#225;lise por subgrupo. Mendel et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref> foram os primeiros a levantar a hip&#243;tese da rela&#231;&#227;o entre a infec&#231;&#227;o por H. pylori e as doen&#231;as card&#237;acas coron&#225;rias. Depois disso, alguns acad&#234;micos realizaram pesquisas sobre a infec&#231;&#227;o por H. pylori em doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Um estudo de coorte pr&#233;vio demonstrou que indiv&#237;duos infectados por H. pylori, com diagn&#243;stico positivo de gastrite ativa cr&#244;nica, tinham o risco 29% mais alto de desenvolver hipertens&#227;o durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref> Um estudo chin&#234;s indicou que a infec&#231;&#227;o por H. pylori foi independentemente associada a PAD mais alta, mas n&#227;o PAS mais alta depois de se ajustar as covari&#225;veis. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> Entretanto, v&#225;rios estudos demonstraram que a infec&#231;&#227;o por H. pylori n&#227;o influenciou a press&#227;o arterial. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"><sup>38</sup></xref> Obviamente, n&#227;o podemos concluir que a infec&#231;&#227;o por H. pylori facilita a hipertens&#227;o. Entretanto, nossa metan&#225;lise agora sustenta a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a infec&#231;&#227;o por H. pylori e a hipertens&#227;o.</p>
      <p>A preval&#234;ncia da infec&#231;&#227;o por H. pylori varia notadamente em v&#225;rios pa&#237;ses e regi&#245;es. As infec&#231;&#245;es por H. pylori em pa&#237;ses asi&#225;ticos eram comuns e distribu&#237;das por uma grande extens&#227;o. A taxa m&#233;dia de infec&#231;&#227;o na China foi de 58,07%, com 50% na faixa et&#225;ria entre 10 e 20 anos. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39"><sup>39</sup></xref> A investiga&#231;&#227;o epidemiol&#243;gica demonstrou que a cepa positiva para o gene A associado a citocina (gene cagA) de v&#225;rias &#225;reas geogr&#225;ficas apresenta clara diferencia&#231;&#227;o filogeol&#243;gica. Mais de 90% dos isolados de H. pylori de pa&#237;ses da &#193;sia Ocidental, tais como a China e o Jap&#227;o, cont&#234;m prote&#237;na cagA, enquanto apenas 60% a 70% dos isolados de H. pylori em pa&#237;ses ocidentais, tais como os Estados Unidos, cont&#234;m a prote&#237;na cagA. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"><sup>40</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, Migneco A et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> identificaram que apenas entre os pacientes com resultado positivo alto para cagA a PAD diminuiu mais claramente depois de o H. pylori ter sido erradicado, e isso pode estar ligado ao relacionamento molecular entre o ant&#237;geno cagA da H. pylori e alguns pept&#237;deos expressos por c&#233;lulas endoteliais e c&#233;lulas de m&#250;sculo liso. &#201; not&#225;vel que a RC da hipertens&#227;o em popula&#231;&#245;es asi&#225;ticas com infec&#231;&#227;o por H. pylori foi 2,26 vezes maiores do que as de sujeitos normotensos em nosso estudo. Esses resultados sugerem que a origem &#233;tnica pode ter um poss&#237;vel impacto na rela&#231;&#227;o entre a infec&#231;&#227;o por H. pylori e a hipertens&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Outro problema para se determinar a infec&#231;&#227;o por H. pylori e hipertens&#227;o &#233; o m&#233;todo utilizado para testar a infec&#231;&#227;o por H. pylori. Embora os testes sorol&#243;gicos sejam uma forma de triagem comum, eles n&#227;o garantem a identifica&#231;&#227;o da infec&#231;&#227;o por H. pylori ativa. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41"><sup>41</sup></xref> A precis&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico utilizando-se o UBT para se detectar a infec&#231;&#227;o por H. pylori na popula&#231;&#227;o asi&#225;tica, especialmente o 13C-UBT, que tinha uma precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica impressionante, com uma sensibilidade de 97% e uma especificidade de 96%. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42"><sup>42</sup></xref> Em nossa an&#225;lise por subgrupo, o risco de hipertens&#227;o era mais alto quando a infec&#231;&#227;o por H. pylori foi determinada utilizando-se um UBT, em compara&#231;&#227;o com outros testes.</p>
      <p>Os mecanismos que ligam a infec&#231;&#227;o por H. pylori &#224; hipertens&#227;o ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o claros. H&#225; v&#225;rias hip&#243;teses que sustentam a rela&#231;&#227;o, e uma das mais plaus&#237;veis &#233; a dos n&#237;veis de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias. Epstein et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43"><sup>43</sup></xref> indicaram que a inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica causada pela infec&#231;&#227;o por H. pylori pode levar &#224; aterosclerose avan&#231;ada, consequentemente. Al&#233;m disso, um estudo prospectivo demonstrou que a H. pylori tinha uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva com LDL alto e HDL baixo. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44"><sup>44</sup></xref> Os lip&#237;deos, como parte integral da membrana celular, t&#234;m um papel importante no desenvolvimento da hipertens&#227;o. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45"><sup>45</sup></xref> Especula-se que a infec&#231;&#227;o por H. pylori leva ao metabolismo anormal de LDL-C, HDL-C e TC, o que, por sua vez, resulta em hipertens&#227;o. A infec&#231;&#227;o por H. pylori destr&#243;i a toler&#226;ncia imune e causa rea&#231;&#227;o autoimune, que pode fazer parte da patog&#234;nese da hipertens&#227;o. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46"><sup>46</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47"><sup>47</sup></xref> Identificou-se que a idade &#233; um preditor independente da infec&#231;&#227;o por H. pylori, e h&#225; uma tend&#234;ncia crescente de preval&#234;ncia com a idade, apesar de n&#227;o existir diferen&#231;a de preval&#234;ncia entre os sexos. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48"><sup>48</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, os homens t&#234;m duas vezes mais probabilidade de desenvolver doen&#231;as cardiovasculares que as mulheres, pelo menos abaixo dos 60 anos. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49"><sup>49</sup></xref> Entretanto, nosso estudo mostra a aus&#234;ncia de efeitos significativos de idade e sexo na associa&#231;&#227;o entre a infec&#231;&#227;o por H. pylori e o risco de hipertens&#227;o. &#201; poss&#237;vel que diferen&#231;as &#233;tnicas, avalia&#231;&#227;o da infec&#231;&#227;o por H. pylori, tamanho de amostras, e poss&#237;veis fatores de confus&#227;o contribuam para a exist&#234;ncia de discrep&#226;ncias.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>H&#225; v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es em nosso estudo. Primeiramente, todos os estudos inclu&#237;dos foram estudos observacionais, o que dificultou a estimativa de uma associa&#231;&#227;o causal. Em segundo lugar, foi identificada uma heterogeneidade nas metan&#225;lises e n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel ajustar vari&#225;veis com o potencial de serem fatores de confus&#227;o por outras informa&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o acess&#237;veis. Em terceiro lugar, mais estudos originais foram realizados na popula&#231;&#227;o asi&#225;tica, e houve um vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o na metan&#225;lise.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, nossos resultados indicaram que a infec&#231;&#227;o por H. pylori est&#225; associada positivamente &#224; hipertens&#227;o. As estrat&#233;gias de preven&#231;&#227;o da infec&#231;&#227;o por H. pylori e a erradica&#231;&#227;o da H. pylori podem ter um efeito significativo na preven&#231;&#227;o e no tratamento da hipertens&#227;o, e devem ser avaliadas em mais detalhes.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por National Natural Science Foundation of China (N&#186; 81874280 and N&#186; 81673266); Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation (N&#186; 1808085QH283 and N&#186; 1808085MH297); Key Research and Development Program of Anhui Province (N&#186; 1804h08020261); Key Projects of Anhui Provincial Department of Education (N&#186; KJ2019A0405).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Association between Helicobacter Pylori Infection and Systemic Arterial Hypertension: A Meta-Analysis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0238-9948</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Huang</surname>
            <given-names>Mengyun</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2">*</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2147-9407</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zhu</surname>
            <given-names>Lijun</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2">*</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jin</surname>
            <given-names>Yuelong</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0292-8681</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fang</surname>
            <given-names>Zhengmei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chen</surname>
            <given-names>Yan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yao</surname>
            <given-names>Yingshui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Wuhu</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College/ Institute of Chronic Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhu &#8211; China</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Wuhu</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Medicine, Anhui College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhu &#8211; China</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Yingshui Yao &#8226;</bold> N&#186; 22, Wenchang Road, Wuhu 241002, Anhui, China / N&#186; 18, Wuxia Shanxi Road, Wuhu. <postal-code>241002</postal-code> , Anhui, China. E-mail: <email>yingshuiyao@163.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="equal" id="FN2">
          <p>The authors Mengyun Huang and Lijun Zhu have contributed equally to the manuscript.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Huang M, Zhu L. Acquisition of data: Jin Y, Fang Z. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Fang Z. Statistical analysis: Jin Y. Obtaining financing: Yao Y, Chen Y. Writing of the manuscript: Huang M, Zhu L. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Yao Y, Chen Y.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Recent epidemiological studies have shown that alterations in microbiota and its metabolites are associated with systemic arterial hypertension. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is one of the most common bacterial pathogens, and the potential association between H. pylori infection and hypertension are controversial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>This study aimed to clarify their association and provide a new theoretical basis for uncovering the pathogenesis of hypertension.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Case-control and cross-sectional studies on the association between H. pylori and hypertension published from 1996 to 2019 indexed in PubMed, Google Scholar, Chinese Wan Fang Data, and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). The pooled odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated. I2 was performed to evaluate the statistical heterogeneity. Publication bias was evaluated using Begg&#8217;s and Egger&#8217;s test. The extracted data was analyzed in Stata 12.0. Statistical significance was defined as p-value &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>A total of 17 studies involving 6,376 cases of hypertension and 10,850 controls were enrolled. H. pylori infection rate in hypertension patients and controls were 64.9% and 56.3%, respectively. A significantly positive association was shown between H. pylori infection and hypertension with an overall OR of 2.07 (95% CI: 1.46&#8211;2.94; p &lt; 0.05). Subgroup analysis revealed that the prevalence of H. pylori infection was associated with hypertension in the region of Asia and the case-control group, ORs (95% CI) were 2.26 (1.51-3.38) and 2.53 (1.72-3.72), respectively. After stratifying by detection methods, differences still existed in subgroups (all p &lt; 0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>This meta-analysis indicated that H. pylori infection is positively associated with hypertension.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Microbiota</kwd>
        <kwd>Infection</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Helicobacter Pylori</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Endothelium Vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Meta-Analysis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>National Natural Science Foundation of China</funding-source>
          <award-id>81874280</award-id>
          <award-id>81673266</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation</funding-source>
          <award-id>1808085QH283</award-id>
          <award-id>1808085MH297</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Key Research and Development Program of Anhui Province</funding-source>
          <award-id>1804h08020261</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Key Projects of Anhui Provincial Department of Education</funding-source>
          <award-id>KJ2019A0405</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (N&#186; 81874280 and N&#186; 81673266); Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation (N&#186; 1808085QH283 and N&#186; 1808085MH297); Key Research and Development Program of Anhui Province (N&#186; 1804h08020261); Key Projects of Anhui Provincial Department of Education (N&#186; KJ2019A0405).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Systemic arterial hypertension, also known as high or raised blood pressure, is a condition in which the blood vessels have a persistently high pressure. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), an estimated 1.13 billion people worldwide have hypertension, with two-thirds living in low- and middle-income countries. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> In China, about 270 million people have hypertension, and its prevalence is highest in the North and lowest in the South. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> As a global public health problem, hypertension contributes to the burden of heart disease, stroke, and kidney failure, among other diseases. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> It is considered a complex causal disorder, which be influenced by the interaction among many factors, such as unhealthy diet, harmful use of alcohol, physical inactivity, tobacco use, and genetic factors. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Recently, studies in humans and animals have shown that alterations in microbiota and its metabolites are associated with hypertension. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>H. pylori is one of the most common bacterial pathogens and exists in the pylorus of the human stomach. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> The prevalence of H. pylori in individual countries varies from 18.9% in Switzerland to 87.7% in Nigeria <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> and has infected more than half of the global population. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> H. pylori infection causes active chronic inflammation with a continuous recruitment of neutrophils to the inflamed gastric mucosa. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Moreover, another study showed that abnormal gut microbiota facilitate AngII-induced vascular dysfunction and hypertension by driving vascular immune cell infiltration and inflammation. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> A recent study has reported that H. pylori seropositivity is closely related to arteriosclerosis, and H. pylori infection may contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Animal research has revealed that co-infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae and H. pylori result in vascular endothelial dysfunction and enhanced VCAM-1 expression in mice. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> These findings highlight the important role of H. pylori in regulating endothelial dysfunction and the AngII system, and H. pylori infection may be involved in the development of hypertension.</p>
        <p>A cross-sectional study involving 5,246 participants found a positive association between H. pylori infection and hypertension after adjusting for potential confounders. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> By contrast, H. pylori status was not significantly different in patients with different grades of hypertension. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> Given the above introduction and the diversity of the results about H. pylori infection and hypertension, the need to conduct a study to determine H. pylori infection with hypertension is quite clear. Thus, to further investigate the potential role of H. pylori infection in hypertension, a meta-analysis was conducted to provide a basis for intervention in hypertension.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Literature retrieval</title>
          <p>All papers on the relationship between H. pylori and hypertension, published from 1996 to 2019, were selected in this meta-analysis. The articles were searched by titles and/or abstracts that contained ther terms &#8220;H. pylori&#8221; or &#8220;helicobacter pylori&#8221; and &#8220;hypertension&#8221; or &#8220;high blood pressure&#8221;, and which were published in Chinese on the Chinese Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform and in the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and in English in the PubMed and Google Scholar Databases. Finally, the references were again filtered to avoid omission, in the screening process of reading the papers.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria</title>
          <p>All studies that were identified by the literature search were selected according to the following essentials: patients (individuals who were diagnosed according to systemic arterial hypertension diagnosis standard); exposure (H. pylori infection); comparator (normotension); outcome (association between H. pylori infection and hypertension); and study design (cross-sectional or case-control study). Studies were excluded if they were ecological and cohort studies, if they were not grouped by hypertension and normotension, if the number of H. pylori patients in each group cannot be determined, or if there were possible errors. If the same studies duplicated in different databases or the study population overlapped, only the largest one was selected.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data extraction and quality assessment in the process</title>
          <p>According to the purpose of this study, two independent researchers selected titles and/or abstracts to be included in the articles, and finally reached a consensus through a third expert&#8217;s evaluation. The required studies were read through the full articles, and the following information and characteristics were recorded: the first author&#8217;s name, year of publication, country, type of study, average age, number of participants, and testing for H. pylori infection.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>All statistical analyses were performed using Stata 12.0. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) were considered as the effect size for all the eligible studies. Two methods (Cochran Q test and the I <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> statistic) were used to assess the statistical heterogeneity among the summary data: if p&lt;0.05 was considered to be statistically significant for heterogeneity, and the I <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> statistic suggested a significant heterogeneity with a value of &gt;50%. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> A random-effects model was used to calculate the overall effect size estimate in this meta-analysis. To examine the sources of heterogeneity among the eligible studies, subgroup analyses were conducted according to different characteristics, such as study design (cross-sectional and case-control studies), study country (Asian and Western) and testing for H. pylori infection (urea breath test, serological test, among others). The urea breath test (UBT) included 13C-UBT and 14C-UBT; the serological test included the Colloidal gold method and ELISA; others included Giemsa staining and not available (N/A). Sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate the effects of individual study on the summarized effects estimate and the stability of results. Begg&#8217;s and Egger&#8217;s regression tests were used to assess the publication bias. The meta-regression method was conducted for measurement data, such as sample size, average age, and gender ratio, and a two-tailed p-value &lt;0.05 was defined as statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Basic characteristics of included articles <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref> </title>
          <p>A flow diagram of studies for systematic review was shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 1</xref> . Of these, 80 duplicate studies were excluded, and, based on the titles and abstracts of the remaining articles, 57 studies were also excluded. Ultimately, 17 publications were selected after examining the full text of these 22 publications, as specified in the flow diagram.</p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Flow diagram of studies included in the meta-analysis.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-04-0626-00186-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>In total, six cross-sectional studies and eleven case-control studies were selected in the meta-analysis from 1996 to 2019. Among the 17,226 participants, the prevalence of H. pylori in 6,376 hypertensive patients was 64.9% and in 10,850 normotensives was 56.3%. The main characteristics of the studies included in this review were presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref> . <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref> </p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Basic characteristic of the seventeen articles included herein</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="10%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Studies</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Year</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Country</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">H. pylori <break/> ascertainment</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Hypertension <break/> (H. pylori + / -)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Normotensive <break/> (H. pylori + / -)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Average age</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Study design</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Gender ratio <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref> </th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p threshold</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Yang <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2016</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">China <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">14C-UBT</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">78(66/12)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">78(37/41)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Case-control study</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.79</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Liu <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2015</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">China <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">14C-UBT</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">150(125/25)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">150(71/79)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">63.60</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Case-control study</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.04</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Huai <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2014</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">China <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">13C-UBT</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">535(338/197)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1051(232/819)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">68.30</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Cross-sectional study</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2.68</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Ma <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2015</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">China <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Giemsa staining</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">112(42/70)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">170(53/117)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Case-control study</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Chu <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2014</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">China <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">IgG Colloidal gold</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">150(67/83)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">50(14/36)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">60.85</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Case-control study</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.41</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Hu <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2017</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">China <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">176(82/94)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">568(224/344)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">52.53</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Cross-sectional study</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.23</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Lip <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1996</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">UK <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">$</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">ELISA&#8805;8 units/ml).</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">124(106/18)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">38(25/13)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">53.06</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Case-control study</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.03</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Liu <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2007</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">China <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">ELISA</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">488(189/299)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">942(317/625)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">46.56</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Cross-sectional study</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.71</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Sun <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2018</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">China <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">14C-UBT</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">90(76/14)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">65(34/31)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">44.74</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Case-control study</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.12</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Li <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1999</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">China <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">IgG ELISA</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">42(16/26)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">60(18/42)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">55.41</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Case-control study</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.62</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Zhao <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2019</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">China <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">14C-UBT</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">102(43/59)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">102(18/84)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">47.85</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Case-control study</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.94</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Migneco <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2003</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Italy <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">$</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">13C-UBT</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">72(40/32)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">70(35/35)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">52.51</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Case-control study</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.95</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Vahdat <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2013</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Iran <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">ELISA &gt;30 RU/ml</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">459(316/143)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1295(764/531)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">40.79</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Cross-sectional study</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.97</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Zheng <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2014</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">China <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Giemsa staining</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">112(42/70)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">170(53/117)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">52.19</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Case-control study</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.29</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Sung <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2003</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Korea <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">ELISA&#8805;6 U/mL</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2838(1964/874)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">5509(3818/1691)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">48.06</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Cross-sectional study</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.36</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Sotuneh <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2014</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Italy <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">$</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">ELISA&gt;20 ur/ml</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">808(606/202)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">492(385/107)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">69.23</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Cross-sectional study</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">S.VSM <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2012</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">India <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">IgG ELISA&gt;40 ur/ml</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">40(18/22)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">40(9/31)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">44.09</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Case-control study</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.05</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.05</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>UBT, urea breath test; ELISA, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; N/A, not available</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Gender ratio: male /female</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <label>#</label>
                <p>Asian countries</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <label>$</label>
                <p>Occident countries.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results of meta-analysis</title>
          <p>Based on the random effects model in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 2</xref> , the general estimate of the pooled OR (95% CI) of H. pylori and hypertension was 2.07 (1.46&#8211;2.94), which was statistically significant (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
          <fig id="f9">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A forest plot of the association between H.pylori infection and hypertension.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-04-0626-00186-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Subgroup analysis according to region, study design, and test method</title>
          <p>For the subgroup analysis by region (Asian in 5,372 hypertensives and 10,250 normotensives, Western in 1,004 hypertensives and 600 normotensives), the H. pylori infection was associated with the risk of hypertension in Asian countries (OR 2.26, 95%CI 1.51-3.38; I<sup>2</sup>= 95.1%, p &lt; 0.05), while no significant difference was found in Western nations.</p>
          <p>In the subgroup analysis grouped by study design, the pooled OR for H. pylori infection for hypertension was 2.53 (95% CI 1.72-3.72; I<sup>2</sup>= 72.7%, p &lt; 0.05) in the case-control studies. No statistical difference was observed in the cross-sectional studies ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">4</xref> ).</p>
          <fig id="f10">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Forest plot of subgroup analyses comparing Asia with the West.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-04-0626-00186-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          <fig id="f11">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Forest plot of subgroup analyses comparing case-control study with cross-sectional study.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-04-0626-00186-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>In the subgroup analysis of studies that used UBT to test H. pylori infection, H. pylori infection was associated with an increased risk for hypertension (OR 4.13, 95% CI 2.60-6.54; I<sup>2</sup>= 76.7%, p &lt; 0.05). H. pylori infection was also associated with a high risk for hypertension in a subgroup analysis of studies in a serological test (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.04&#8211;1.68; I<sup>2</sup>= 77.1%, p &lt; 0.05) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figure 5</xref> ).</p>
          <fig id="f12">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Forest plot of subgroup analyses comparing in different diagnostic methods.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-04-0626-00186-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Publication bias</title>
          <p>Begg&#8217;s test was used to evaluate publication bias, using the funnel plot ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figure 6</xref> ). This was an asymmetry in the funnel plot for eligible studies. The significant publication bias was also identified in the Egger&#8217;s regression test (p = 0.047).</p>
          <fig id="f13">
            <label>Figure 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Begg&#8217;s Funnel plot with pseudo 95% confidence interval.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-04-0626-00186-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sensitivity analysis</title>
          <p>A sensitivity analysis was performed to test the sources of heterogeneity and assess the stability of results. The sensitivity analysis results showed that no individual study had extreme influence on the pooled odds ratio ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figure 7</xref> ).</p>
          <fig id="f14">
            <label>Figure 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Sensitivity analyses for association between H. pylori and hypertension.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-04-0626-00186-gf07-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Meta regression</title>
          <p>Individual studies without an average age (n = 2) or without the number of men and women (n = 2) were excluded. Results of univariable meta-regressions show the lack of significant effects of sample size (p = 0.181), average age (p = 0.542), as well as gender ratio (p = 0.367) on the association between H. pylori infection and risk of hypertension in the studies (Supplementary Material: Supplementary Figures 1-3).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic review study to demonstrate that the relationship between H. pylori infection and hypertension. The finding showed that the prevalence of H. pylori infection was positively associated with hypertension, and this result was consistent in the case-control group in the subgroup analysis. Mendel et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref> first put forward the hypothesis of the relationship between H. pylori infection and coronary heart disease. Subsequently, some scholars have carried out research on H. pylori infection in cardiovascular disease. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>A previous cohort study demonstrated that H. pylori-infected, chronic active gastritis positive individuals showed a 29% higher risk for hypertension development during the follow-up period. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref> One Chinese study indicated that H. pylori infection was independently associated with higher DBP but not SBP after adjusting for covariates. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> However, several studies showed that H. pylori infection did not influence blood pressure. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"><sup>38</sup></xref> Of course, we cannot conclude that H. pylori infection facilitates hypertension; however, our meta-analysis now supports the association between H. pylori infection and hypertension.</p>
        <p>The prevalence of H. pylori infection varies markedly in different countries and regions. H. pylori infections in Asian nations were common and extensively distributed, and the average infection rate of H. pylori infection in China was 58.07%, with 50% in the age group of 10 to 20 years. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39"><sup>39</sup></xref> Epidemiological investigation showed that the cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) positive strain from different geographic areas exhibits clear phylogeographic differentiation. More than 90% of H. pylori isolates from East Asian countries, such as China and Japan, contain CagA protein, while only 60% - 70% of H. pylori isolates from Western countries, such as the United States, contain the CagA protein. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"><sup>40</sup></xref> Moreover, Migneco A et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> found that only among the high CagA positive patients did the DBP decrease, most visibly after the H. pylori had been eradicated, and may be related to the molecular relationship between the CagA antigen of H. pylori and some peptides expressed by endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. It is notable that the OR of hypertension in Asian populations with H. pylori infection was 2.26-fold more than that of the normotensive subjects in our study. These results suggest that ethnic origin may have a potential impact on the relationship between H. pylori infection and hypertension.</p>
        <p>Another issue in determining the relationship between H. pylori infection and hypertension is the method used to test for H. pylori infection. Although serological testing is a popular screen for H. pylori infection, it does not guarantee current H. pylori infection. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41"><sup>41</sup></xref> Diagnostic accuracy of using UBT to detect H. pylori infection in the Asian population, especially 13C-UBT, which had outstanding diagnostic accuracy with a sensitivity of 97% and a specificity of 96%. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42"><sup>42</sup></xref> In our subgroup analysis, the risk for hypertension was higher when H. pylori infection was determined using UBT compared with other tests.</p>
        <p>The mechanisms that link H. pylori infection to hypertension remain unclear. There are several hypotheses supporting the relationship, and one of the most plausible is the levels of inflammatory cytokines. Epstein et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43"><sup>43</sup></xref> indicated that the chronic inflammation caused by H. pylori infection may consequently result in advanced atherosclerosis. In addition, a prospective study has demonstrated that H. pylori had a positive association with high LDL and low HDL. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44"><sup>44</sup></xref> Lipids, as an integral part of the cell membrane, play an important role in the development of hypertension. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45"><sup>45</sup></xref> It is speculated that H. pylori infection leads to the abnormal metabolism of LDL-C, HDL-C, and TC, which in turn results in hypertension. H. pylori infection destroys immune tolerance and causes autoimmune reaction, which may participate in the pathogenesis of hypertension. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46"><sup>46</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47"><sup>47</sup></xref> Age were found to be independent predictors of H. pylori infection, and an increasing trend of prevalence with age ,while no difference in prevalence was found between both sexes. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48"><sup>48</sup></xref> Furthermore, men were more than twice as likely to develop cardiovascular disease as women at least under the age of 60. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49"><sup>49</sup></xref> However, our study indicates a lack of significant effects of age and gender on the association between H. pylori infection and the risk of hypertension. It is possible that different ethnicity, assessment of H. pylori infection, sample sizes, and potential confounders may contribute to the discrepancies.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>There are several limitations in our study. First, all included studies were observational, which made it difficult to estimate a causal association. Second, significant heterogeneity was identified in the meta-analyses, and it was not possible to adjust for potentially confounding variables by other inaccessible information. Third, most original studies were performed in the Asian population, and a publication bias was found in the meta-analysis.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In conclusion, our results indicated that H. pylori infection is positively associated with hypertension. The strategies of preventing H. pylori infection and eradicating H. pylori may have a significant impact on the prevention and treatment of hypertension, and warrants further evaluation.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (N&#186; 81874280 and N&#186; 81673266); Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation (N&#186; 1808085QH283 and N&#186; 1808085MH297); Key Research and Development Program of Anhui Province (N&#186; 1804h08020261); Key Projects of Anhui Provincial Department of Education (N&#186; KJ2019A0405).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
