<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">FbW4VGjc7wd9fdLKyd7j9pj</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001200624</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210733</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210733</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Modelos Preditivos para Aprimorar nosso Conhecimento: &#201; Necess&#225;rio?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6800-8100</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Noya-Rabelo</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Diogo Freitas Cardoso de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Olga Ferreira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto D&#8217;Or de Pesquisa e Ensino</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto D&#8217;Or de Pesquisa e Ensino (IDOR), Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Alian&#231;a</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Alian&#231;a, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Marcia M. Noya-Rabelo &#8226; Rua Queira Deus, Condom&#237;nio Rio Jones, Lote B13. CEP 42713-480, Port&#227;o, Lauro de Freitas, BA &#8211; Brasil Email: <email>marcianoya@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>624</fpage>
      <lpage>625</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Medi&#231;&#227;o de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>China/epidemiologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o com progn&#243;stico adverso; as taxas de mortalidade em 1 ano em estudos de base populacional foram relatadas em 35% a 40%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> No Brasil, o registro BREATHE, grande amostra de pacientes hospitalizados com IC descompensada de diferentes regi&#245;es, demonstrou alta mortalidade intra-hospitalar (12,6%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Embora a interna&#231;&#227;o por IC tenha diminu&#237;do de 2008 a 2017, foi observado aumento da taxa de tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o por IC em pacientes hospitalizados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas precisas podem aumentar nossa capacidade de prever resultados, informando assim as decis&#245;es aos pacientes. In&#250;meros dados demogr&#225;ficos, vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e bioqu&#237;micas foram relatados para fornecer importante valor prognostico em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, e v&#225;rios modelos preditivos foram desenvolvidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Portanto, o conhecimento dos preditores de mortalidade pode ser usado para gerar modelos preditivos que podem auxiliar na tomada de decis&#227;o dos m&#233;dicos identificando pacientes com alto ou baixo risco de morte.</p>
    <p>Embora a maioria dos modelos anteriores sejam abrangentes e bem validados, ainda existem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiro, alguns modelos foram constru&#237;dos no per&#237;odo anterior ao recente tratamento farmacol&#243;gico orientado por diretrizes. Em segundo lugar, a maioria dos modelos anteriores visava prever a taxa de mortalidade de curto prazo. Al&#233;m disso, a maioria foi constru&#237;da usando popula&#231;&#227;o de pa&#237;ses ocidentais. Como j&#225; sabemos, os fatores que predizem a mortalidade no ambiente comunit&#225;rio podem diferir.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o do Jornal, Wan et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> apresentam o resultado de 1.742 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca inclu&#237;dos no Estudo de Pequim de Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca e de Constru&#231;&#227;o de uma Rede de Manejo da Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca de outubro de 2015 a outubro de 2017. Esses pacientes foram aleatoriamente atribu&#237;dos em dois grupos: deriva&#231;&#227;o (882 pacientes) e de valida&#231;&#227;o (860 pacientes). O objetivo foi identificar fatores de risco correlacionados com a mortalidade em um ano entre pacientes chineses e desenvolver um simples escore de risco. A vari&#225;vel desfecho foi a mortalidade por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em um ano, definida como morte por todas as causas ap&#243;s interna&#231;&#227;o por IC. As informa&#231;&#245;es de mortalidade foram obtidas por entrevista por telefone. As taxas de mortalidade em um ano para as amostras de deriva&#231;&#227;o e valida&#231;&#227;o foram de 7,3% e 5,8%, respectivamente (p=0,22). Wan et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> identificaram cinco vari&#225;veis associadas &#224; mortalidade em um ano: idade, sexo feminino, IMC, di&#226;metro atrial esquerdo e classe NYHA &gt; 3. A &#225;rea sob a curva ROC dessas cinco vari&#225;veis foi de 0,789, com boa discrimina&#231;&#227;o. As vari&#225;veis finais identificadas foram consistentes com os fatores de risco previamente identificados nas coortes ocidentais. Verificou-se que o sexo feminino e o IMC s&#227;o fatores protetores, e a classifica&#231;&#227;o da NYHA, idade e di&#226;metro atrial esquerdo s&#227;o fatores relacionados &#224; mortalidade por IC, como sab&#237;amos com base no achado anterior da popula&#231;&#227;o ocidental.</p>
    <p>Existem v&#225;rios modelos progn&#243;sticos validados, cada um deles combinando diferentes vari&#225;veis, o que sugere como &#233; dif&#237;cil estimar riscos em pacientes com IC. No entanto, os esfor&#231;os para desenvolver e melhorar tais modelos probabil&#237;sticos s&#227;o justificados porque o risco de mortalidade hospitalar, mortalidade ap&#243;s alta e reinterna&#231;&#227;o ainda s&#227;o elevados apesar da evolu&#231;&#227;o do tratamento espec&#237;fico.</p>
    <p>O uso de modelos probabil&#237;sticos melhora a precis&#227;o e oferece uma gama de probabilidades cont&#237;nuas, aproximando o pensamento m&#233;dico &#224; melhor forma de lidar com a incerteza. No entanto, as imita&#231;&#245;es do presente estudo devem ser reconhecidas. Em primeiro lugar, a baixa incid&#234;ncia de mortalidade em um ano em pacientes com IC, embora 42% dos pacientes sejam da classe NYHA &gt; 3. Segundo, algumas vari&#225;veis, que poderiam contribuir para o desfecho, n&#227;o est&#227;o inclu&#237;das no modelo, como o tratamento farmacol&#243;gico. Em terceiro lugar, a heterogeneidade na qualidade do atendimento entre os hospitais n&#227;o foi medida. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre qualidade hospitalar e mortalidade tem sido relatada em estudos anteriores fora e dentro da China.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Outra poss&#237;vel limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; a classifica&#231;&#227;o incorreta de comorbidades com base na subnotifica&#231;&#227;o no prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico porque as condi&#231;&#245;es coexistentes, mas n&#227;o diagnosticadas, podem n&#227;o ser reconhecidas ou ter variabilidade na abstra&#231;&#227;o. Finalmente, o hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico da doen&#231;a, especialmente doen&#231;as n&#227;o circulat&#243;rias, pode ser relatado e documentado de forma incompleta. No entanto, isso resultaria em efeitos reais maiores porque tenderia a desviar os resultados em dire&#231;&#227;o ao nulo. Al&#233;m disso, existem limita&#231;&#245;es para a infer&#234;ncia causal sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre qualidade e resultados devido &#224; natureza observacional dos dados. No entanto, os resultados s&#227;o congruentes com outros estudos publicados. O escore de risco visa identificar par&#226;metros independentes associados ao risco de mortalidade em vez de determinar a rela&#231;&#227;o causal com a mortalidade. Neste escore, a maioria dos par&#226;metros significativos n&#227;o s&#227;o modific&#225;veis. Portanto, este sistema de pontua&#231;&#227;o visa ajudar os m&#233;dicos a prestar mais aten&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com alto risco de mortalidade durante e ap&#243;s a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Os m&#233;dicos geralmente avaliam a probabilidade de doen&#231;a por um julgamento cl&#237;nico n&#227;o estruturado que pode subestimar ou superestimar o progn&#243;stico em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com base em experi&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas passadas. Embora os m&#233;dicos geralmente confiem nesse tipo de julgamento, ele tende a ser impreciso. V&#225;rios relat&#243;rios aludiram &#224; necessidade de ferramentas para estimar o progn&#243;stico quantitativamente. Em contraste com a experi&#234;ncia aned&#243;tica, o modelo preditivo de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; uma estratifica&#231;&#227;o precisa do risco de mortalidade. Esta escore simples, facilmente obtido e n&#227;o dependente de um teste especializado, pode ser usado na China como uma estrutura para discutir o progn&#243;stico e fornecer evid&#234;ncias para apoiar a tomada de decis&#227;o racional em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sob maior risco.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Ho KK, Anderson KM, Kannel WB, Grossman W, Levy D. Survival after the onset of congestive heart failure in Framingham Heart Study subjects. Circulation. 1993;88(1):107-15.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ho</surname>
              <given-names>KK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kannel</surname>
              <given-names>WB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grossman</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levy</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Survival after the onset of congestive heart failure in Framingham Heart Study subjects</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1993</year>
          <volume>88</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>107</fpage>
          <lpage>115</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Zannad F, Braincon S, Juilliere Y, Mertes PM, Villemo JP, Alia F, et al. Incidence, clinical and etiologic features, and outcomes of advanced chronic heart failure: the EPICAL study. J Am Coll Cardiol.1999;33(3):734-42.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zannad</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Braincon</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Juilliere</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mertes</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Villemo</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alia</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Incidence, clinical and etiologic features, and outcomes of advanced chronic heart failure: the EPICAL study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>734</fpage>
          <lpage>742</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Senni M, Tribouilloy CM, Rodeheffer RJ, Jacobsen SJ. Congestive heart failure in the community. Circulation. 1998;98(21):2282-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Senni</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tribouilloy</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodeheffer</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jacobsen</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Congestive heart failure in the community</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>98</volume>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <fpage>2282</fpage>
          <lpage>2289</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. MacIntyre K, Capewell S, Stewart S, Chalmers JWT, Boyd J, Finlayson A, et al. Evidence of improving prognosis in heart failure. Circulation. 2000;102(10): 1126-31.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>MacIntyre</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Capewell</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stewart</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chalmers</surname>
              <given-names>JWT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boyd</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Finlayson</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Evidence of improving prognosis in heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>102</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1126</fpage>
          <lpage>1131</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Tu JV, Zhang H. Congestive heart failure outcomes in Ontario. In: Naylor CD, Slaughter PM, eds. Cardiovascular Health and Services in Ontario: An ICES Atlas. Toronto, Ontario: Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences; 1999: 111-122.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tu</surname>
              <given-names>JV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <chapter-title>Congestive heart failure outcomes in Ontario</chapter-title>
          <person-group person-group-type="editor">
            <name>
              <surname>Naylor</surname>
              <given-names>CD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Slaughter</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <role>eds</role>
          </person-group>
          <source>Cardiovascular Health and Services in Ontario: An ICES Atlas</source>
          <publisher-loc>Toronto, Ontario</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences</publisher-name>
          <year>1999</year>
          <fpage>111</fpage>
          <lpage>122</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Albuquerque DC, Souza Neto JD, Bacal F, Rohde LEP, Bernardez-Pereira S, Berwanger O, Rodrigues D, et al. Arq Bras Cardiol; 2015: 104(6): 433-441.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
              <suffix>Neto</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bacal</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rohde</surname>
              <given-names>LEP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bernardez-Pereira</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berwanger</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>104</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>433</fpage>
          <lpage>441</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Fernandes AD, Fernandes G, Mazza MR, Knijnik LM, Fernandes GS, Vilela AT, Badiye A, Chaparro SV. Arq Bras Cardiol; 2020: 114(2): 222-231.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandes</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandes</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mazza</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Knijnik</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandes</surname>
              <given-names>GS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vilela</surname>
              <given-names>AT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Badiye</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chaparro</surname>
              <given-names>SV</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>114</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>222</fpage>
          <lpage>231</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. MacInteyre K, Capewell S, Stewart S, Chalmers JW, Boyd J, Finlayson A, et al. Evidence of improving prognosis in heart failure: trends in case fatality in 66 547 patients hospitalized between 1986 and 1995. Circulation. 2000 Sep 5. 102 (10):1126-31.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>MacInteyre</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Capewell</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stewart</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chalmers</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boyd</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Finlayson</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Evidence of improving prognosis in heart failure: trends in case fatality in 66 547 patients hospitalized between 1986 and 1995</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <month>09</month>
          <day>5</day>
          <volume>102</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1126</fpage>
          <lpage>1131</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Sharpe N. Heart failure in the community. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1998;41(1 suppl 1):73-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sharpe</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart failure in the community</article-title>
          <source>Prog Cardiovasc Dis</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <supplement>suppl 1</supplement>
          <fpage>73</fpage>
          <lpage>76</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Wan L, Wang L-Q, Gu M, Li L, Wang C, Xia Y. A simple risk score to predict post-discharge mortality in Chinese patients hospitalized with heart failure. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 117(4):615-623.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wan</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>L-Q</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gu</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xia</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A simple risk score to predict post-discharge mortality in Chinese patients hospitalized with heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>117</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>615</fpage>
          <lpage>623</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. He L, Dong Z-J, Du X, Jiang C, Chen N et al. Healthcare quality and mortality 11mong patients hospitalized for heart failure by hospital level in Beijing, China. ESC Heart Fail. 2021. Published online 2021 Jan 5. doi: 10.1002/ehf2.13178</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>He</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dong</surname>
              <given-names>Z-J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Du</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jiang</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Healthcare quality and mortality 11mong patients hospitalized for heart failure by hospital level in Beijing, China</article-title>
          <source>ESC Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <comment>Published online 2021 Jan 5</comment>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ehf2.13178</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Escore de Risco Cl&#237;nico Simples para Prever a Mortalidade P&#243;s-Alta Hospitalar em Pacientes Chineses Hospitalizados por Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Predictive Models to Enhance our Knowledge: Is It Necessary?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6800-8100</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Noya-Rabelo</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Diogo Freitas Cardoso de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Olga Ferreira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto D&#8217;Or de Pesquisa e Ensino (IDOR), Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Alian&#231;a, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Marcia M. Noya-Rabelo &#8226; Rua Queira Deus, Condom&#237;nio Rio Jones, Lote B13. Postal Code 42713-480, Port&#227;o, Lauro de Freitas, BA &#8211; Brazil Email: marcianoya@gmail.com</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Assessment</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitalization</kwd>
        <kwd>China/epidemiology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Heart Failure (HF) is a condition with an adverse prognosis; 1-year mortality rates in population-based studies have been reported to be 35% to 40%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In Brazil, BREATHE registry, large sample of hospitalized patients with decompensated heart failure from different regions, demonstrated high intrahospital mortality (12.6%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Although HF admission decreased from 2008 to 2017, it was observed increased rate of length of stay for heart failure in hospitalized patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Accurate prognostic information may enhance our ability to predict outcomes, thus informing decisions for patients. Numerous demographics, clinical and biochemical variables have been reported to provide important prognostic value in patients with heart failure, and several predictive models have been developed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Therefore, knowledge of mortality predictors can be used to generate predictive models that can aid clinicians&#8217; decision making by identifying patients who are at high or low risk of death.</p>
      <p>Although most previous models are comprehensive and well-validated, there are still some limitations. First, some models were constructed in the period before the recent guideline-directed pharmacological treatment. Second, most previous models aimed to predict the short-term mortality rate. In addition, most were built using population in Western countries. As we have already known, factors that predict mortality in the community setting may differ.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this issue of the Journal, Wan et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> present the result of 1 742 heart failure patients included in the Beijing Monitoring Heart Failure Patients and Building Heart Failure Management Network Study from October 2015 to October 2017. These patients were randomly assigned into two groups: derivation (882 patients) and validation sample groups (860 patients). The aim was to identify risk factors correlated with one-year mortality among Chinese patients and develop a simple risk score. The outcome variable was one-year heart failure mortality, defined as all-cause death after an index HF hospitalization. The mortality information was obtained by phone interview. One-year mortality rates for the derivation and validation samples were 7.3% and 5.8%, respectively (p=0.22). Wan et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> identified five variables associated with one-year mortality: age, female gender, BMI, left atrial diameter and NYHA class &gt; 3. The area under the ROC curve of these five variables was 0.789, with good discrimination. The final variables identified were consistent with the risk factors previously identified in Western cohorts. It was found that female gender and BMI are protective factors, and NYHA classification, age and left atrial diameter are factors related to HF mortality, as we knew based on the Western population&#8217;s previous finding.</p>
      <p>There are several validated prognostic models, each of which combining different variables, which suggests how difficult it is to estimate risks in patients with HF. Nevertheless, the efforts to develop and improve such probabilistic models are justified because the risk of in-hospital mortality, mortality after discharge, and readmission are still elevated despite the evolution of specific treatment.</p>
      <p>The use of such a probability model improves accuracy and offers a range of continuous probabilities, approximating medical thinking to the best form of dealing with uncertainty. However, the limitations of the present study should be recognized. First, the a low incidence of one-year mortality in HF patients even though 42% of patients are NYHA class &gt; 3. Second, some variables, which could contribute to the outcome, were not included in the model, such as pharmacological treatment. Third, heterogeneity in the quality of care among hospitals was not measured. The association between hospital-level quality of care and mortality has been reported in previous studies outside and inside China.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Another possible limitation is misclassification of comorbid conditions based on underreporting in the medical record because coexisting but undiagnosed conditions may not be recognized or have variability in abstraction. Finally, the medical history of the disease, especially non-circulatory illnesses, might be incompletely reported and documented. However, this would result in actual effects that are larger because it would tend to bias results toward the null. In addition, there are limitations to causal inference about the relationship between quality and outcomes because of the observational nature of data. However, the results are congruent with other published studies. This scoring system development aimed to identify independent parameters associated with mortality risk rather than determining the causal relationship with mortality. In this scoring system, most of the significant parameters are not modifiable. Therefore, this scoring system aims to help clinicians pay more attention to patients at high risk of mortality during and after hospitalization.</p>
      <p>Physicians commonly assess the probability of disease by an unstructured clinical judgment which may underestimate or overestimate prognosis in heart failure patients based on passed clinical experiences. Although medical doctors usually put confidence into this type of judgment, it tends to be inaccurate. Several reports have alluded to the need for tools to estimate prognosis quantitively. In contrast to anecdotal experience, the heart failure predictive model is an accurate stratification of mortality risk. This simple score, easily obtained and not dependent on a specialized test, could be used as a framework to discuss prognosis and provide evidence to support rational decision-making in heart failure patients at the highest risk in China.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: A Simple Clinical Risk Score to Predict Post-Discharge Mortality in Chinese Patients Hospitalized with Heart Failure</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
