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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">w7PswtLHtcrnnW65Bzyv7kQ</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001100599</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210723</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210723</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Posicionamento</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Posicionamento sobre Hipertens&#227;o Arterial e Espiritualidade &#8211; 2021</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2311-4222</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nobre</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9040-5794</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Esporcatte</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7040-396X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a Araujo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3073-6890</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Avezum</surname>
            <given-names>&#193;lvaro</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9983-4720</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Feitosa</surname>
            <given-names>Audes Di&#243;genes Magalh&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8523-760X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Amodeo</surname>
            <given-names>Celso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4361-936X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Costa Duarte</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2681-0936</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moriguchi</surname>
            <given-names>Emilio Hideyuki</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9532-2384</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lucchese</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Griz</surname>
            <given-names>Hermilo Borba</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1381-6442</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nicolau</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2881-7402</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Luc&#233;lia Batista Neves Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6652-1533</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mota-Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0020-5183</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Borba</surname>
            <given-names>Mario Henrique Elesb&#227;o de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">
            <sup>15</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pontes</surname>
            <given-names>Mauro Ricardo Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5333-013X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo C&#233;sar Brand&#227;o Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">
            <sup>16</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">
            <sup>17</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9891-676X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Spineti</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Pimenta de Mello</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2501-302X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mourilhe-Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1582-7268</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Dischinger</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3378-0771</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Couceiro</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio L&#237;vio Menezes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18">
            <sup>18</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1265-1930</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barroso</surname>
            <given-names>Weimar Kunz Sebba</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">
            <sup>16</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19">
            <sup>19</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Francisco</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Francisco, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#243;-Crad&#237;aco</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243;-Crad&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>5</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Alem&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Alem&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>6</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>7</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE), Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>8</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff9">
          <label>9</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Porto Alegre</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff10">
          <label>10</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff11">
          <label>11</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Agamenon Magalh&#227;es</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Agamenon Magalh&#227;es, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff12">
          <label>12</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff13">
          <label>13</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universit&#225;rio de Tecnologia e Ci&#234;ncia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio de Tecnologia e Ci&#234;ncia (UniFTC), Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff14">
          <label>14</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universit&#225;rio CESMAC</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio CESMAC, Macei&#243;, AL &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff15">
          <label>15</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Cardio Cl&#237;nica do Vale</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lajeado</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cardio Cl&#237;nica do Vale, Lajeado, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff16">
          <label>16</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff17">
          <label>17</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o de Goi&#225;s</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff18">
          <label>18</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Izabel</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Cabo Frio</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Izabel, Cabo Frio, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff19">
          <label>19</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold> Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Marechal C&#226;mara, 360/330 &#8211; Centro &#8211; Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Postal Code: <postal-code>20020-907</postal-code>. E-mail: <email>diretrizes@cardiol.br</email>, <email>fernando.nobre@uol.com.br</email> ou <email>resporcatte@globo.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>599</fpage>
      <lpage>613</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="16"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="99"/>
        <page-count count="15"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
        <colgroup width="50%">
          <col/>
          <col/>
        </colgroup>
        <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
          <tr>
            <th align="center" valign="top" colspan="2">Posicionamento sobre Hipertens&#227;o Arterial e Espiritualidade &#8211; 2021</th>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <th align="center" valign="top" colspan="2">O relat&#243;rio abaixo lista as declara&#231;&#245;es de interesse conforme relatadas &#224; SBC pelos especialistas durante o per&#237;odo de desenvolvimento deste posicionamento, 2020/2021.</th>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <th align="left" valign="top">Especialista</th>
            <th align="left" valign="top">Tipo de relacionamento com a ind&#250;stria</th>
          </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2">&#193;lvaro Avezum Jr.</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- EMS: Simp&#243;sios SBC Espiritualidade - DEMCA.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="3">Andr&#233;a Araujo Brand&#227;o</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Servier, Libbs e Merck: Hipertens&#227;o Arterial.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2">Audes Di&#243;genes Magalh&#227;es Feitosa</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- EMS, Servier, Sandoz, Merck, Medtronic, Omron.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Celso Amodeo</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="6">Eduardo Costa Duarte Barbosa</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- EMS, Servier: Anti-hipertensivos; Cardios: Equipamentos.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Outros relacionamentos</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Servier: Anti-hipertensivos.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="8">Emilio Hideyuki Moriguchi</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Amgen, AstraZeneca, Biolab, Kowa, MSD, Daiichi-Sankyo, Sanofi: Cardiologia.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">B - Financiamento de pesquisas sob sua responsabilidade direta/pessoal (direcionado ao departamento ou institui&#231;&#227;o) provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Amgen, MSD, Daiichi-Sankyo, Kowa: Cardiologia.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Outros relacionamentos</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Amgen, Biolab, Kowa, MSD, Daiichi-Sankyo, Sanofi: Cardiologia.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Fernando Ant&#244;nio Lucchese</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="6">Fernando Nobre</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Libbs, Novartis, Servier, Baldacci.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Outros relacionamentos</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Libbs, Crist&#225;lia, Daichi Sankio, Novartis, Biolab, Servier, Baldacci.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="3">Hermilo Borba Griz</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Pfizer, Bayer: Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="12">Jos&#233; Carlos Nicolau</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Amgen: Hipolipemiante; Bayer: Anticoagulante; Daiichi Sankyo: Antiplaquet&#225;rio, anticoagulante;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Novartis: Inibidor SRA, hipolipemiante; Sanofi: Anticoagulante, hipolipemiante, antiplaquet&#225;rio;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Servier: antiplaquet&#225;rio.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">B - Financiamento de pesquisas sob sua responsabilidade direta/pessoal (direcionado ao departamento ou institui&#231;&#227;o) provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Astrazeneca: Antiplaquet&#225;rio, hipoglicemiante; Bayer: Anticoagulante; Esperion: Hipolipemante; CSLBehring: hipolipemiante; Dalcor: Aumento HDL; Jansen: Anticoagulante; Novartis: Inibidor SRA; Novo Nordisk: Hipoglicemiante; Sanofi: Anticoagulate, hipolipemiante; Vifor: Defici&#234;ncia de Ferro.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">C - Financiamento de pesquisa (pessoal), cujas receitas tenham sido provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Roche: Kits de laborat&#243;rio para avalia&#231;&#227;o de agregabilidade plaquet&#225;ria.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Outros relacionamentos</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Sanofi: Anticoagulante, antiplaquet&#225;rio, hipolipemiante; Bayer: Anticoagulante; Servier: antiplaquet&#225;rio.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Luc&#233;lia Batista Neves Cunha Magalh&#227;es</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="6">Marco Ant&#244;nio Mota-Gomes</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Omron, Beliva, Libbs.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Outros relacionamentos</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Omron, Libbs.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Mario Henrique Elesb&#227;o de Borba</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="6">Mauro Ricardo Nunes Pontes</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Novo Nordisk: Ozempic; Mantecorp: NesinaPio.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Outros relacionamentos</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Servier: Acertanlo.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Paulo C&#233;sar Brand&#227;o Veiga Jardim</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="6">Pedro Pimenta de Mello Spineti</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">B - Financiamento de pesquisas sob sua responsabilidade direta/pessoal (direcionado ao departamento ou institui&#231;&#227;o) provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Boehringer Ingelheim: Empaglifozina.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Outros relacionamentos</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Servier: Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; Novartis: Entresto.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Ricardo Mourilhe-Rocha</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2">Roberto Dischinger Miranda</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- EMS, Boehringher, Sanofi, Servier.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Roberto Esporcatte</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="6">S&#233;rgio L&#237;vio Menezes Couceiro</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Servier, Medley: Palestras.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Outros relacionamentos</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Ach&#233;, Pfizer, Servier, AstraZeneca: Palestras.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="9">Weimar Kunz Sebba Barroso</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- EMS, Servier, Brace Pharma, Omron, Cardios: Hipertens&#227;o Arterial.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">B - Financiamento de pesquisas sob sua responsabilidade direta/pessoal (direcionado ao departamento ou institui&#231;&#227;o) provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, PROADI SUS: Hipertens&#227;o Arterial; Einstein: Projetos de Pesquisa.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Outros relacionamentos</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Participa&#231;&#227;o societ&#225;ria de qualquer natureza e qualquer valor economicamente apreci&#225;vel de empresas na &#225;rea de sa&#250;de, de ensino ou em empresas concorrentes ou fornecedoras da SBC:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Beliva Health.</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
    </table-wrap>
    <sec>
      <title>Conceitos B&#225;sicos sobre Espiritualidade e suas Formas de Avalia&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As defini&#231;&#245;es de espiritualidade e religiosidade apresentam varia&#231;&#245;es com o meio cultural, ambiental e religioso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> A diversidade de conceitos &#233; reconhecida, sem uma clara defini&#231;&#227;o, sendo o termo usado de forma imprecisa e inconsistente com consequente dificuldade de medida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Para o Departamento de Estudos em Espiritualidade e Medicina Cardiovascular (DEMCA) da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC), &#8220;Espiritualidade &#233; um conjunto de valores morais, mentais e emocionais que norteiam pensamentos, comportamentos e atitudes nas circunst&#226;ncias da vida de relacionamento intra e interpessoais, e com o aspecto de ser motivado pela vontade e pass&#237;vel de observa&#231;&#227;o e de mensura&#231;&#227;o&#8221;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> O aspecto de mensura&#231;&#227;o da espiritualidade deve ser valorizado e aplic&#225;vel a todos os indiv&#237;duos, independentemente de afilia&#231;&#227;o religiosa, incluindo ateus, agn&#243;sticos e aqueles com afilia&#231;&#227;o religiosa, mesmo sem a observ&#226;ncia dos preceitos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Religiosidade &#233; o quanto um indiv&#237;duo acredita, segue e pratica uma religi&#227;o. Pode ser organizacional (participa&#231;&#227;o na igreja, templo ou servi&#231;os religiosos) ou n&#227;o organizacional, tais como rezar, ler livros ou assistir programas religiosos por iniciativa pr&#243;pria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Para Koenig, religi&#227;o &#233; &#8220;um sistema organizado de cren&#231;as, pr&#225;ticas e s&#237;mbolos destinados a facilitar a proximidade com o transcendente ou o Divino, e fomentar a compreens&#227;o do relacionamento e das responsabilidades de uma pessoa com os outros que vivem em comunidade&#8221;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> A religi&#227;o &#233; uma constru&#231;&#227;o multidimensional que inclui cren&#231;as, comportamentos, dogmas, rituais e cerim&#244;nias que podem ser realizados ou praticados privada ou publicamente, de alguma forma derivados de tradi&#231;&#245;es estabelecidas desenvolvidas dentro de uma comunidade.</p>
      <p>O enfrentamento, ou <italic>coping</italic> religioso, &#233; componente importante para entender o mecanismo pelo qual espiritualidade e religiosidade podem afetar a sa&#250;de: &#233; o uso da religiosidade para se adaptar a desafios f&#237;sicos, psicol&#243;gicos e sociais em doen&#231;as e altera&#231;&#245;es da sa&#250;de.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Escalas para Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Espiritualidade e Religiosidade</title>
      <p>A espiritualidade/religiosidade pode ser avaliada na &#8220;anamnese espiritual&#8221;, que &#233; o conjunto de perguntas feitas ao paciente para que compartilhe seus valores espirituais e religiosos, identificando poss&#237;veis quest&#245;es espirituais que possam interferir na terap&#234;utica. &#201; necess&#225;rio sempre centrar no paciente e guiar-se pelo que ele manifestar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Este componente da hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica deve ser avaliado em todos os pacientes que procuram atendimento m&#233;dico; a coleta da anamnese espiritual deve tamb&#233;m ser realizada em todos os pacientes internados e/ou ambulatoriais, especialmente em doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas.</p>
      <p>Muitos pacientes s&#227;o religiosos ou espiritualizados e suas cren&#231;as os ajudam a lidar com a doen&#231;a e a enfrentar situa&#231;&#245;es adversas da vida, mas algumas situa&#231;&#245;es trazem pontos de conflito com a pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica. Nos per&#237;odos de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o ou doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica, &#233; frequente que fiquem afastados das comunidades e impedidos de praticar sua religi&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, as cren&#231;as pessoais podem afetar decis&#245;es ligadas &#224; sa&#250;de, por vezes alterando aspectos fundamentais do tratamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Estudos demonstram que a maioria dos pacientes gostaria que seus m&#233;dicos perguntassem sobre espiritualidade/religiosidade e, com isso, haveria mais empatia e confian&#231;a nos profissionais,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> levando a um cuidado mais humanizado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> e, consequentemente, mais participativo de ambas as partes quando avaliado como fator social e demogr&#225;fico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref></p>
      <p>O objetivo &#233; entender as cren&#231;as, identificar aspectos que podem interferir nos cuidados de sa&#250;de do paciente, avaliar a for&#231;a espiritual individual/social/familiar que lhe permitir&#225; enfrentar a doen&#231;a, oferecer empatia e suporte, ajudando-o a encontrar aceita&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a, e, ainda, identificar situa&#231;&#245;es de conflito ou sofrimento que exigir&#227;o avalia&#231;&#227;o por profissional treinado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Existem v&#225;rias maneiras de abordar o tema &#8211; o mais importante &#233; fazer de forma sens&#237;vel, sem jamais impor ou promover a religi&#227;o e nem tampouco prescrever ora&#231;&#245;es ou pr&#225;ticas religiosas, coagindo o paciente a adotar cren&#231;as ou pr&#225;ticas espec&#237;ficas. Religi&#227;o n&#227;o deve ser prescrita, for&#231;ada ou encorajada, para n&#227;o acrescentar culpa a um poss&#237;vel fardo provocado pela doen&#231;a. O bom senso deve ser usado como regra. Nas situa&#231;&#245;es extremas, como acidentes graves ou infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), pode levar ao estresse e at&#233; mesmo piorar a evolu&#231;&#227;o do paciente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref></p>
      <p>N&#227;o havendo adequado preparo do m&#233;dico ou n&#227;o aceita&#231;&#227;o por parte do paciente com rela&#231;&#227;o a esse tipo de abordagem, &#233; natural que n&#227;o deva ser feita. Para indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o religiosos ou adversos ao tema, deve-se entender como enfrentam e convivem com a doen&#231;a, o que promove um prop&#243;sito e significado para suas vidas (fam&#237;lia, amigos, <italic>hobby</italic> etc.) e quais cren&#231;as culturais podem ter impacto sobre seus tratamentos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Escalas e Instrumentos</title>
        <p>Os v&#225;rios instrumentos psicom&#233;tricos podem ser divididos em diferentes categorias:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Rastreamento Espiritual</title>
          <p>Observa a presen&#231;a de necessidades espirituais que indiquem uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais profunda. &#201; breve e de f&#225;cil aplica&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Quadro 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Quadro 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Instrumentos de rastreamento espiritual</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Ferramentas de rastreamento</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Dom&#237;nios espirituais avaliados</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Protocolo &#8220;Rush&#8221; de rastreamento espiritualidade/religiosidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Import&#226;ncia da espiritualidade/ religiosidade na doen&#231;a; for&#231;a ou conforto espiritual</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">&#8220;Voc&#234; est&#225; em paz?&#8221;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Paz interior</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">&#8220;Voc&#234; sente dor ou sofrimento espiritual?&#8221;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Dor/sofrimento espiritual</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Escala de inj&#250;ria espiritual<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Culpa, raiva, tristeza, sentimento de injusti&#231;a, medo da morte</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Instrumentos para Coleta da Hist&#243;ria Espiritual</title>
          <p>Permitem avalia&#231;&#227;o mais ampla dos diferentes dom&#237;nios da espiritualidade/religiosidade que poder&#227;o afetar evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, postura, autocuidado e bem-estar f&#237;sico, mental e espiritual perante a doen&#231;a. S&#227;o instrumentos bem estruturados, abordam diferentes dom&#237;nios, mas devem ser aplicados de mem&#243;ria, de modo informal, ao longo da conversa. Servem como ferramenta ou guia e n&#227;o devem ser vistos com rigidez, mas como aprendizado cont&#237;nuo e consequente familiariza&#231;&#227;o com a tarefa de completar a anamnese. Existem v&#225;rios instrumentos validados para coleta, seja com objetivo de avaliar espiritualidade ou religiosidade ou para pesquisa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Escalas de Religiosidade</title>
          <p>O &#205;ndice de Religiosidade da Universidade de Duke (DUREL)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> &#233; uma escala com cinco itens que mensura tr&#234;s dimens&#245;es do envolvimento religioso: O primeiro item (1) avalia religiosidade organizacional; o segundo (2) avalia religiosidade n&#227;o organizacional; e os itens 3, 4 e 5 contemplam a avalia&#231;&#227;o da religiosidade intr&#237;nseca. O DUREL &#233; sucinto e de f&#225;cil aplica&#231;&#227;o, validado no Brasil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> e aborda os principais dom&#237;nios da religiosidade. As dimens&#245;es de religiosidade mensuradas pelo DUREL t&#234;m se mostrado relacionadas a diversos indicadores de suporte social e sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ferramentas para Avaliar Hist&#243;ria Espiritual</title>
          <p>Envolvem um conjunto de quest&#245;es sobre diversos dom&#237;nios que se associam a desfechos de sa&#250;de, baseadas em escalas previamente validadas. As principais escalas s&#227;o: FICA,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> FAITH,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> SPIRIT<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> e HOPE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> O question&#225;rio FICA, criado por m&#233;dicos, &#233; o que tem demonstrado melhor caracter&#237;stica psicom&#233;trica, pode ser usado em diferentes situa&#231;&#245;es, avalia quatro dimens&#245;es (f&#233; ou cren&#231;as, import&#226;ncia e influ&#234;ncia, comunidade e a&#231;&#227;o no tratamento) e &#233; de f&#225;cil aplica&#231;&#227;o, de r&#225;pida execu&#231;&#227;o e memoriza&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref></p>
          <p>Espera-se que, ap&#243;s a anamnese espiritual, face as informa&#231;&#245;es obtidas, o profissional sinta-se capacitado a orientar o paciente, agregando os valores e recursos de espiritualidade/religiosidade na condu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.</p>
          <p>Sempre com total respeito &#224;s cren&#231;as do paciente e sem proselitismo, abordagens de quest&#245;es religiosas podem se mostrar complexas, com potencial conflito, e devem ser recebidas com empatia e compreens&#227;o. Nessas circunst&#226;ncias, deve-se considerar a contribui&#231;&#227;o advinda da visita do l&#237;der religioso. Identificadas ferramentas provindas da espiritualidade, os pacientes devem ser estimulados a utiliz&#225;-las como forma de preven&#231;&#227;o das doen&#231;as. Tais pr&#225;ticas frequentemente n&#227;o se restringem a ora&#231;&#245;es e medita&#231;&#227;o, mas tamb&#233;m leitura, m&#250;sica etc. No mesmo sentido, deve-se ajudar o paciente a identificar aspectos espirituais que, juntamente com o tratamento padr&#227;o, possam auxiliar no desfecho da doen&#231;a. No caso de doen&#231;as graves o m&#233;dico pode ajudar a encontrar significado e aceita&#231;&#227;o, e enfrentar a situa&#231;&#227;o usando os seus recursos espirituais da melhor forma. Muitas vezes, de tais intera&#231;&#245;es, surgem alternativas e adequa&#231;&#245;es do plano terap&#234;utico, em que se fortalecem os sentidos de autonomia e cuidados centrados no paciente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref></p>
          <p>
            <bold>Mensagens principais</bold>
          </p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">
                    <bold>Conceitos</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"><bold>Espiritualidade</bold> &#233; um conjunto de valores morais, mentais e emocionais que norteiam pensamentos, comportamentos e atitudes nas circunst&#226;ncias da vida de relacionamento intra e interpessoais, e com o aspecto de ser motivado pela vontade e pass&#237;vel de observa&#231;&#227;o e de mensura&#231;&#227;o.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"><bold>Religiosidade</bold> &#233; quanto um indiv&#237;duo acredita, segue e pratica uma religi&#227;o.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">
                    <bold>Aplica&#231;&#227;o pr&#225;tica</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Havendo disposi&#231;&#227;o e capacidade do profissional e do paciente, a avalia&#231;&#227;o de espiritualidade e religiosidade deve ser sempre buscada.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">A avalia&#231;&#227;o deve ser realizada por meio de question&#225;rios e escalas que devem ser de dom&#237;nio do profissional de sa&#250;de para aplica&#231;&#227;o.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">
                    <bold>Como proceder ap&#243;s a obten&#231;&#227;o da anamnese espiritual</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Com as informa&#231;&#245;es da dimens&#227;o espiritual, &#233; poss&#237;vel ampliar o entendimento do impacto da espiritualidade/religiosidade no curso da doen&#231;a e identificar demandas dos pacientes nesta &#225;rea.</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Mecanismos Envolvendo a Espiritualidade e a Fisiopatologia da Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</title>
      <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA) &#233; caracterizada como uma doen&#231;a multifatorial e multig&#234;nica que compromete principalmente o sistema vascular, das pequenas e das grandes art&#233;rias, levando a danos progressivos e, ap&#243;s certo ponto, irrevers&#237;veis aos chamados &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo (cora&#231;&#227;o, rins e c&#233;rebro).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> Mecanismos biol&#243;gicos neurais, hormonais, renais e vasculares participam e interagem de diferentes maneiras para resultar na eleva&#231;&#227;o sustentada da press&#227;o arterial (PA) em cada indiv&#237;duo. M&#250;ltiplos fatores est&#227;o envolvidos e influenciam os sistemas biol&#243;gicos, tais como: gen&#233;ticos, ambientais, humorais, hemodin&#226;micos, neurais, end&#243;crinos, anat&#244;micos, adaptativos e, mais recentemente, a inflama&#231;&#227;o e a produ&#231;&#227;o de esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio t&#234;m sido implicadas como base para a atua&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rios desses fatores em n&#237;vel celular e molecular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Os mecanismos envolvidos no controle da PA dependem de est&#237;mulos intr&#237;nsecos e extr&#237;nsecos. Sabe-se que, diante de situa&#231;&#245;es de estresse, ocorre ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico com maior descarga de subst&#226;ncias vasoativas que v&#227;o facilitar o aparecimento de HA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref> Em situa&#231;&#245;es de estresse e ansiedade, associam-se erros alimentares, com ingest&#227;o excessiva de carboidratos, gordura e sal, o que tamb&#233;m contribui para eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA. Assim, &#233; de grande import&#226;ncia a compreens&#227;o do humano como um ser biopsicossocial, dimens&#245;es que se inter-relacionam fortemente. Admite-se que a espiritualidade tem influ&#234;ncia sobre essa tr&#237;ade e participa desse equil&#237;brio multifatorial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico (SNS) a longo prazo, do sistema renina angiotensina aldosterona, mecanismos renais alterados, reten&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio e altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares representadas pela disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e altera&#231;&#245;es da camada muscular lisa vascular se inter-relacionam e est&#227;o fortemente implicados no desenvolvimento e na manuten&#231;&#227;o da HA pelo aumento sustentado da resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica, aumento dos n&#237;veis de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Estudos t&#234;m investigado a rela&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rias dimens&#245;es de espiritualidade/religiosidade com a PA, e a maioria mostra associa&#231;&#227;o com menores valores de PA e menor taxa de HA,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> com maior efeito sobre a redu&#231;&#227;o da PA diast&#243;lica (PAD).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> &#201; poss&#237;vel que indiv&#237;duos mais conectados com espiritualidade/religiosidade tenham sentimentos mais positivos (amor, paz, perd&#227;o) que negativos (medo, ansiedade, depress&#227;o) e este aspecto promova resposta de redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade do SNS e dos n&#237;veis de cortisol. No entanto, os estudos n&#227;o s&#227;o totalmente conclusivos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Pr&#225;ticas de espiritualidade/religiosidade no enfrentamento do estresse associaram-se a menor incid&#234;ncia de HA, especialmente em presen&#231;a de n&#237;veis maiores de estresse<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref> e redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR) em popula&#231;&#245;es afro-americanas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Metan&#225;lise envolvendo 87 estudos investigou o impacto de pr&#225;ticas de espiritualidade/religiosidade sobre marcadores fisiol&#243;gicos de sa&#250;de e mostrou que havia associa&#231;&#227;o inversa entre medidas de espiritualidade/religiosidade, em especial a participa&#231;&#227;o em cultos, religiosidade intr&#237;nseca, preces e medita&#231;&#227;o com menor estresse, PA e marcadores inflamat&#243;rios (PCR), embora o tamanho do efeito fosse pequeno e com grande heterogeneidade interestudos, sugerindo a presen&#231;a de fatores de confus&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref></p>
      <p>
        <bold>Mensagens principais</bold>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="100%">
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>Conceitos</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Estudos cl&#237;nicos que investigaram a rela&#231;&#227;o de espiritualidade/religiosidade com a press&#227;o arterial e marcadores biol&#243;gicos s&#227;o observacionais e a maioria sugere menores valores de press&#227;o arterial, menores n&#237;veis de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios, redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade simp&#225;tica e dos n&#237;veis de cortisol.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>Aspectos pr&#225;ticos</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Pr&#225;ticas de espiritualidade/religiosidade, em especial a participa&#231;&#227;o em cultos, religiosidade intr&#237;nseca, preces e medita&#231;&#227;o associaram-se inversamente com marcadores fisiol&#243;gicos de sa&#250;de, tais como menos estresse, menores valores de press&#227;o arterial e de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios (PCR).</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre Espiritualidade, Hipertens&#227;o Arterial e Evid&#234;ncias em Preven&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria</title>
      <p>Estudos que avaliaram a influ&#234;ncia de fatores psicol&#243;gicos e relacionados &#224; espiritualidade/religiosidade sobre o aumento da PA t&#234;m buscado adicionar conhecimento sobre a participa&#231;&#227;o desses fatores na incid&#234;ncia e na preval&#234;ncia de HA, por&#233;m os resultados n&#227;o s&#227;o concordantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref></p>
      <p>A mensura&#231;&#227;o objetiva de sentimentos como propens&#227;o ao perd&#227;o, otimismo, pessimismo, hostilidade, empatia, estados de paz e tra&#231;os de estresse emocional, envolvidos na espiritualidade, &#233; dif&#237;cil. Muitas vezes, o grau de espiritualidade &#233; quantificado pela frequ&#234;ncia a atos e compromissos com a comunidade religiosa ou tempo de leitura relacionados aos temas da religi&#227;o de escolha. Assim, apresentaremos em muitos momentos evid&#234;ncias de espiritualidade/religiosidade de forma indistinta, porque os estudos assim o fizeram.</p>
      <p>No Chicago Community Adult Health Study, constatou-se que maior presen&#231;a de indicadores de religiosidade n&#227;o estava associada &#224; prote&#231;&#227;o para o desenvolvimento de HA. Entretanto, foram encontrados valores mais baixos de PAD nos indiv&#237;duos compropens&#227;o ao perd&#227;o, comparados aos n&#227;o propensos a esse sentimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Nesta mesma dire&#231;&#227;o, o estudo SWAN (Study of Women&#8217;s Health Across the Nation), envolvendo 1.658 mulheres, utilizou a escala de experi&#234;ncias espirituais (Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale) e n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre as experi&#234;ncias di&#225;rias de espiritualidade e a preval&#234;ncia/incid&#234;ncia de HA em 3 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"><sup>38</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Em outro estudo de coorte longitudinal de base populacional de idosos, Koenig e col. encontraram forte rela&#231;&#227;o transversal entre envolvimento religioso e PA mais baixa; no entanto, no seguimento longitudinal, a redu&#231;&#227;o da PA n&#227;o foi significativa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39"><sup>39</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Por outro lado, o Black Women&#8217;s Health Study, grande estudo de coorte com acompanhamento de 59.000 mulheres afrodescendentes por 23 anos, demonstrou que o intenso envolvimento da espiritualidade/religiosidade no enfrentamento de eventos estressantes em compara&#231;&#227;o com nenhum envolvimento foi associado a menor risco de desenvolver HA. A associa&#231;&#227;o foi mais forte entre as mulheres que relataram maiores n&#237;veis de estresse percebido. Por sua vez, ora&#231;&#227;o frequente foi associada a aumento do risco de HA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Estudo realizado no Brasil, envolvendo comunidade com alta religiosidade, evidenciou menor preval&#234;ncia de HA nesses indiv&#237;duos que a preval&#234;ncia nacional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"><sup>40</sup></xref> Em estudo utlizando monitoramento ambulatorial da PA (MAPA), em uma coorte de 100 participantes, Holt-Lunstad e col. demonstraram que um alto nivel de espiritualidade associou-se a menores valores de PA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41"><sup>41</sup></xref></p>
      <p>No inqu&#233;rito NHANES III, 14.475 homens e mulheres americanas com 20 anos de idade ou mais tiveram a PA avaliada e relataram frequ&#234;ncia de comparecimento a servi&#231;os religiosos e hist&#243;rico de tratamento da HA. Em compara&#231;&#227;o aos que nunca participaram de servi&#231;os religiosos, os participantes que frequentavam semanalmente essas atividades tiveram PA sist&#243;lica (PAS) 1,46 mmHg (IC 95%, 2,33, 0,58 mmHg, p &lt; 0,01) menor, enquanto as pessoas que compareciam em atividades do g&#234;nero mais que 52 vezes/ano tinham PAS 3,03 mmHg (IC 95%, 4,34, 1,72 mmHg, p &lt; 0,01) mais baixa. Nenhuma modifica&#231;&#227;o significativa do efeito por g&#234;nero foi observada; essas estimativas s&#227;o ajustadas para uma intera&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a idade e a frequ&#234;ncia menor que semanal (1 a 51 vezes) (p &lt; 0,05).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42"><sup>42</sup></xref></p>
      <p>As rela&#231;&#245;es entre ra&#231;a/etnia e HA, bem como frequ&#234;ncia de atendimento a servi&#231;os religiosos e HA, n&#227;o est&#227;o plenamente esclarecidas. Esta inter-rela&#231;&#227;o foi avaliada em brancos e negros n&#227;o hisp&#226;nicos e hisp&#226;nicos (N = 12.488). Em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles que nunca compareceram aos servi&#231;os religiosos, os brancos que compareceram semanalmente apresentaram menor chance de HA, assim como os negros que compareceram mais de uma vez por semana. N&#227;o havia rela&#231;&#227;o entre frequ&#234;ncia a servi&#231;os religiosos e HA entre hisp&#226;nicos, sugerindo que esses benef&#237;cios n&#227;o s&#227;o semelhantes para todos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43"><sup>43</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Um estudo transversal recrutou 1.384 adultos budistas tibetanos de dois institutos budistas na prov&#237;ncia de Sichuan na China, e incluiu 798 residentes tibetanos adultos de vilas e cidades pr&#243;ximas. O risco de HA nos budistas foi significativamente menor, em 38%, em compara&#231;&#227;o com os n&#227;o budistas. Maior tempo de participa&#231;&#227;o nas atividades budistas mostrou-se associado &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia de HA, bem como menor PA em an&#225;lise de um subgrupo de 570 budistas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44"><sup>44</sup></xref> Em estudo longitudinal, Timio e col. compararam a PA de freiras reclusas de ordem secular com mulheres leigas. Os dados basais foram semelhantes para todas as vari&#225;veis, mas, ao fim de 30 anos, observaram-se aumentos significativos de PAS e PAD no segundo grupo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45"><sup>45</sup></xref> Portanto, esses estudos sugerem o papel protetor da espiritualidade/religiosidade na HA, mediado por comportamentos que poderiam ser aplicados &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o em geral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44"><sup>44</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45"><sup>45</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Em estudo que examinou a hostilidade e o risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV) em jovens hisp&#226;nicos, Sethness e col. encontraram que esses sentimentos ruins e agressivos associaram-se com PA mais elevada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46"><sup>46</sup></xref></p>
      <p>No estudo Biopsychosocial Religion and Health Study (N = 9.581), fatores de estilo de vida, como dieta vegetariana e exerc&#237;cios regulares, foram importantes preditores de taxas reduzidas de HA; a religiosidade intr&#237;nseca, mesmo ap&#243;s controle desses fatores, esteve t&#227;o fortemente relacionada &#224;s menores taxas de HA quanto esses fatores. Esse estudo demonstra que, al&#233;m dos efeitos positivos das escolhas de estilo de vida sobre a sa&#250;de observados no grupo, a religi&#227;o pode oferecer efeitos salutares diretos sobre a HA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47"><sup>47</sup></xref></p>
      <p>O ensaio prospectivo Nurses&#8217; Health Study II avaliou 44.281 mulheres n&#227;o hipertensas, observando-se que a participa&#231;&#227;o em servi&#231;os religiosos foi, de forma modesta, inversamente associada &#224; HA com efeito dose-resposta, ou seja, quanto maior a frequ&#234;ncia, menor a incid&#234;ncia de HA. A frequ&#234;ncia por mais de uma vez por semana, comparada a nenhuma ou quase nenhuma participa&#231;&#227;o, apresentou taxa de risco de 0,91 (IC 95%, 0,86, 0,97).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48"><sup>48</sup></xref></p>
      <p>
        <bold>Mensagens principais</bold>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="100%">
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>Conceitos</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Estudos que avaliaram a influ&#234;ncia de fatores psicol&#243;gicos e relacionados &#224; espiritualidade/religiosidade sobre o aumento da press&#227;o arterial t&#234;m buscado adicionar conhecimento a respeito da participa&#231;&#227;o desses fatores na hipertens&#227;o arterial, mas os resultados n&#227;o s&#227;o concordantes No ensaio prospectivo Nurses&#8217; Health Study II, avaliando 44.281 mulheres n&#227;o hipertensas, as mulheres que frequentavam servi&#231;os religiosos eram menos propensas a desenvolver hipertens&#227;o arterial.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>Aspectos pr&#225;ticos</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Embora os resultados de estudos avaliando espiritualidade/religiosidade n&#227;o sejam todos concordantes quanto a menor ocorr&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial em pessoas que t&#234;m pr&#225;tica de espiritualidade/religiosidade, alguns deles demonstraram menores valores de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e menor incid&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial, diretamente relacionados &#224; frequ&#234;ncia de atendimento a pr&#225;ticas religiosas.</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Hipertens&#227;o Arterial, Espiritualidade e Outros Determinantes Psicossociais</title>
      <p>Fatores psicossociais devem ser colocados como parte do perfil de risco do indiv&#237;duo. Para estabelecer a rela&#231;&#227;o de fatores psicossociais com a ocorr&#234;ncia de HA, podemos acompanhar grandes amostras prospectivamente com medidas-padr&#227;o de PA e vari&#225;veis psicossociais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49"><sup>49</sup></xref> Esses estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos fornecem evid&#234;ncias sobre a influ&#234;ncia psicossocial, mas n&#227;o fornecem dados sobre mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos. Diferen&#231;as na magnitude ou padr&#227;o de rea&#231;&#245;es a est&#237;mulos comportamentais podem ser relacionadas ao risco de desenvolver HA.</p>
      <p>Estudos experimentais permitem avaliar o impacto dos est&#237;mulos psicol&#243;gicos a serem examinados sob condi&#231;&#245;es cuidadosamente controladas. Contudo, h&#225; limita&#231;&#245;es importantes, pois as respostas podem ser apenas agudas. O terceiro tipo de investiga&#231;&#227;o &#233; avaliar a medida da PA no cotidiano, relacionando as condi&#231;&#245;es psicossociais e verificando o impacto delas. A dificuldade deste m&#233;todo &#233; que a PA no cotidiano &#233; afetada por uma ampla gama de fatores, tais como exerc&#237;cio, alimenta&#231;&#227;o e outros h&#225;bitos de vida. O modelo deve sofrer um tratamento estat&#237;stico adequado para distinguir a influ&#234;ncia de fatores psicossociais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49"><sup>49</sup></xref> H&#225; estudos com pontos fortes, mas, tamb&#233;m, com limita&#231;&#245;es. Para termos uma avalia&#231;&#227;o da influ&#234;ncia dos fatores psicossociais, &#233; necess&#225;rio observar e integrar as diversas abordagens.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas Psicossociais</title>
        <p>Uma s&#233;rie de caracter&#237;sticas psicol&#243;gicas tem sido associada &#224; HA, incluindo ansiedade, raiva, hostilidade, sa&#250;de mental, problemas sociais, no trabalho e em casos de depress&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49"><sup>49</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50"><sup>50</sup></xref> Contudo, a evid&#234;ncia mais consistente &#233; para caracter&#237;sticas relacionadas com raiva e hostilidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49"><sup>49</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Tra&#231;os relacionados com a raiva podem n&#227;o ser aparentes o tempo todo, mas revelam-se quando as pessoas s&#227;o confrontadas ou em momentos nos quais se sentem amea&#231;ados. A raiva &#233; considerada relevante para o desenvolvimento de HA ou mesmo em indiv&#237;duos que experimentam estresse cr&#244;nico causado por suas condi&#231;&#245;es de vida ou fatores de trabalho. No estudo de Casagrande e col., foi demonstrado, utilizando a MAPA, que sentimentos sustentados de raiva concorreram para aus&#234;ncia de descenso da PA durante o sono, que &#233; relacionado a pior progn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51"><sup>51</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Em outro estudo, jovens e adultos submetidos a tarefas desafiadoras foram avaliados antes e ap&#243;s a tarefa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52"><sup>52</sup></xref> Os Indiv&#237;duos com alta ou baixa inibi&#231;&#227;o da raiva n&#227;o apresentavam diferen&#231;a em condi&#231;&#245;es de repouso. No entanto, em resposta &#224; tarefa comportamental, aqueles que inibiam a raiva eram mais reativos. Interessante que este foi o padr&#227;o entre os participantes com hist&#243;rico familiar de HA, sugerindo que fatores gen&#233;ticos tamb&#233;m interagem com disposi&#231;&#245;es psicol&#243;gicas e situacionais que podem influenciar o risco de desenvolver HA.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas do Trabalho</title>
        <p>Estudos demonstraram que certos tipos de trabalho est&#227;o associados ao risco de desenvolver HA. Os indiv&#237;duos de maior risco s&#227;o aqueles cujos empregos t&#234;m demandas que superam as recompensas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49"><sup>49</sup></xref> Estudo de caso-controle envolvendo homens de 30 a 60 anos de idade trabalhando em diferentes locais em Nova York mostrou que a tens&#227;o no trabalho foi um determinante independente de HA ap&#243;s controle de idade, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, comportamento psicol&#243;gico do tipo A, excre&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio por 24 horas, atividade f&#237;sica no trabalho, educa&#231;&#227;o, tabagismo e consumo de &#225;lcool.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53"><sup>53</sup></xref> Ap&#243;s 3 anos, aqueles com alto n&#237;vel de estresse no emprego persistentemente apresentavam maior PA. Essa resposta pode ter rela&#231;&#227;o com o ritmo que &#233; imposto &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o da tarefa e a sua rela&#231;&#227;o com supress&#227;o do barorreflexo quando o grau de exig&#234;ncia &#233; m&#237;nimo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49"><sup>49</sup></xref></p>
        <p>A inseguran&#231;a no emprego pode gerar raiva e indisposi&#231;&#245;es psicol&#243;gicas como aquela oriunda por trabalhar em empresas com altas taxas de demiss&#227;o, gerando apreens&#227;o entre os funcion&#225;rios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50"><sup>50</sup></xref> Interessante que a carga de trabalho n&#227;o parece ter rela&#231;&#227;o com PA mais alta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50"><sup>50</sup></xref></p>
        <p>O estudo CARDIA, que avaliou 8.395 trabalhadores de &#8220;colarinho branco&#8221; no Canad&#225;, observou tanto a exposi&#231;&#227;o cumulativa quanto a nova carga de trabalho. Aumentos na PA, ap&#243;s 7,5 anos de acompanhamento, foram observados entre os trabalhadores com baixos n&#237;veis de apoio social no trabalho.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54"><sup>54</sup></xref> Tamb&#233;m foi observado em estudo observacional que um aumento de sal&#225;rio consider&#225;vel pode reduzir em 16% o risco de desenvolver HA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50"><sup>50</sup></xref></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Isolamento e Suporte Social</title>
        <p>O apoio social &#233; um processo importante, por meio do qual lidamos com a vida e suas adversidades, e o isolamento, definido em termos de tamanho e composi&#231;&#227;o da rede social (p. ex., estado civil, n&#250;mero de amigos e parentes pr&#243;ximos, religiosos ou outros grupos) tem sido associado a doen&#231;as e mortalidade cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49"><sup>49</sup></xref> O isolamento ou baixo apoio social est&#225; associado &#224; PA mais alta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49"><sup>49</sup></xref> As rela&#231;&#245;es sociais s&#227;o importantes fontes de apoio emocional e pr&#225;tico, e podem amortecer os efeitos psicol&#243;gicos do estresse. A falta de apoio e de relacionamentos n&#227;o apenas deixam a pessoa sem esses recursos, mas pode ser uma importante fonte de estresse.</p>
        <p>Dos v&#225;rios elementos da rede social, o casamento &#233; frequentemente o relacionamento central da vida das pessoas. Os indiv&#237;duos casados tendem a ter melhores resultados nas avalia&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de que aqueles que vivem s&#243;s, e outras fontes de apoio n&#227;o compensam totalmente os efeitos da solid&#227;o. Por outro lado, os relacionamentos podem ser uma fonte de conflito, e o estresse associado a casamentos infelizes ou tensos tem sido associado a efeitos cardiovasculares (CV) danosos. Os epis&#243;dios agudos de conflito conjugal t&#234;m demonstrado produzir eleva&#231;&#245;es da PA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54"><sup>54</sup></xref></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sa&#250;de Mental</title>
        <p>Pacientes que reexperimentam sintomas relacionados a um trauma pr&#233;vio apresentam taxas significativamente mais altas de HA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50"><sup>50</sup></xref> Um estudo mostra que o estresse percebido pode ser considerado um fator de risco para HA em mulheres com ocupa&#231;&#227;o de baixa renda. Estudos que abordam as rela&#231;&#245;es entre estresse e HA devem salientar poss&#237;veis intera&#231;&#245;es com g&#234;nero e <italic>status</italic> ocupacional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55"><sup>55</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Experi&#234;ncias associadas ao racismo podem afetar adversamente a sa&#250;de, tendo sido demonstrado que pode haver aumento da incid&#234;ncia de HA associado a experi&#234;ncias de racismo em certos subgrupos de mulheres afro-americanas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56"><sup>56</sup></xref></p>
        <p>O estresse agudo promove eleva&#231;&#227;o transit&#243;ria da PA, mas n&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncias consistentes de que esse efeito resulte em HA sustentada. Estresse cr&#244;nico e, particularmente, a resposta n&#227;o adaptativa ao estresse s&#227;o causas mais prov&#225;veis de desenvolver HA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57"><sup>57</sup></xref> Uma metan&#225;lise de estudos de coorte avaliou o efeito do estresse emocional na eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA, tendo demonstrado que indiv&#237;duos que tiveram respostas mais intensas &#224;s tarefas estressoras eram 21% mais propensos a desenvolver aumento da PA (OR: 1,21; IC 95%, 1,14-1,28; p &lt; 0,001). Embora a magnitude do efeito tenha sido pequena, os resultados sugerem a relev&#226;ncia no controle do estresse psicol&#243;gico para n&#227;o ocorrer eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58"><sup>58</sup></xref></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Depress&#227;o e Dist&#250;rbios do Sono</title>
        <p>Existem resultados inconsistentes na literatura quanto &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o de depress&#227;o com HA. Dois estudos avaliaram poss&#237;vel rela&#231;&#227;o entre depress&#227;o e risco de desenvolver Hipertens&#227;o Arterial. No estudo de coorte Whitehall, os participantes do grupo de &#8220;depress&#227;o crescente&#8221; (caracterizado por aumento do n&#250;mero de epis&#243;dios depressivos ao longo dos anos) tiveram um risco 25% menor de HA na idade de 35 a 39 anos quando comparados aos do grupo de &#8220;depress&#227;o baixa/transit&#243;ria&#8221;. No entanto, houve aumento mais r&#225;pido de HA relacionado &#224; idade no grupo de &#8220;depress&#227;o crescente&#8221;, correspondendo a um aumento 7% maior na chance de HA a cada aumento de 5 anos na idade. Assim, o risco de HA em participantes do grupo de &#8220;depress&#227;o crescente&#8221; no final do acompanhamento foi substancialmente maior do que no grupo de &#8220;depress&#227;o baixa/transit&#243;ria&#8221;. O padr&#227;o foi mais significativo nos homens do que nas mulheres. Este estudo sugere que o risco de HA aumenta com a experi&#234;ncia repetida de epis&#243;dios depressivos ao longo do tempo e se torna evidente na idade adulta mais avan&#231;ada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59"><sup>59</sup></xref></p>
        <p>O NHANES I 1982-1992<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60"><sup>60</sup></xref> examinou os efeitos da dura&#231;&#227;o do sono e ins&#244;nia na associa&#231;&#227;o entre depress&#227;o e HA; mas, como no estudo anterior, os resultados dependiam da idade da coorte. Indiv&#237;duos com 32 a 59 anos de idade com depress&#227;o apresentaram 44% maior risco de terem HA nos 10 anos de acompanhamento (RC: 1,44, IC: 1,15-1,80). Indiv&#237;duos que relataram dormir 5 horas ou menos por noite tiveram 50% mais chances de ter HA quando comparados com aqueles que dormiam de 7 a 8 horas por noite (RC: 1,50, IC: 1,11-2,02). N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre depress&#227;o, qualidade do sono e incid&#234;ncia de HA em idosos (idades de 60 a 86 anos).</p>
        <p>Todos os estudos mostram uma rela&#231;&#227;o direta entre os dist&#250;rbios do sono e incid&#234;ncia de HA. No Penn State Cohort, o risco de incid&#234;ncia de HA em pessoas com curta dura&#231;&#227;o ou dist&#250;rbios do sono foi significativamente maior, mas tornou-se marginalmente significativo ap&#243;s o controle da obesidade (OR: 1,6, IC 95%, 0,9-2,8). Ins&#244;nia cr&#244;nica est&#225; associada a um risco aumentado da incid&#234;ncia de HA. Assim, &#233; poss&#237;vel que a dura&#231;&#227;o do sono possa ser considerada um determinante de HA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61"><sup>61</sup></xref></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Personalidade</title>
        <p>A personalidade e o risco de desenvolver HA tamb&#233;m apresentam resultados controversos. A personalidade do tipo D, caracterizada por altos n&#237;veis de afetividade negativa e alta inibi&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o se associou a press&#245;es arteriais sist&#243;lica e/ou diast&#243;lica elevadas. Entretanto, n&#237;veis mais baixos de consci&#234;ncia caracterizada por desorganiza&#231;&#227;o, irresponsabilidade, indisciplina, emo&#231;&#245;es negativas e rea&#231;&#227;o exagerada ao estresse estiveram associados &#224; HA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50"><sup>50</sup></xref></p>
        <p>
          <bold>Mensagens principais</bold>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="100%">
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Conceitos</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">S&#227;o fatores psicossociais intervenientes no comportamento da PA e, por conseguinte, no aparecimento de HA: personalidade, tipo de trabalho, isolamento social, sa&#250;de mental, depress&#227;o e dist&#250;rbios do sono</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Aspectos pr&#225;ticos</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">A avalia&#231;&#227;o e a abordagem dessas condi&#231;&#245;es devem ser feitas no sentido de identificar quando podem interferir no comportamento da PA e no controle da HA.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Espiritualidade na Ades&#227;o e no Tratamento de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</title>
      <p>Ao lado do tratamento n&#227;o medicamentoso est&#227;o medidas que envolvem o uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos de reconhecida efic&#225;cia e efetividade para o tratamento da HA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62"><sup>62</sup></xref> O controle da PA modifica a hist&#243;ria natural da doen&#231;a, diminuindo sua morbidade e mortalidade. Em todo o mundo, esse objetivo encontra uma barreira, de dif&#237;cil transposi&#231;&#227;o, que &#233; a falta de ades&#227;o &#224;s orienta&#231;&#245;es de mudan&#231;as de estilo de vida ou prescri&#231;&#245;es de medicamentos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62"><sup>62</sup></xref> Entre os aspectos culturais que interferem nas atitudes dos indiv&#237;duos, est&#227;o aqueles reconhecidos como espiritualidade/religiosidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63"><sup>63</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68"><sup>68</sup></xref></p>
      <p>H&#225; mais de 4 d&#233;cadas, in&#250;meros estudos demonstram que espiritualidade, no seu sentido mais amplo, perpassando aspectos da pr&#243;pria religiosidade, mas, principalmente, refor&#231;ando o sentimento de autoconhecimento, autoconfian&#231;a, resili&#234;ncia, cren&#231;a na possibilidade da autodetermina&#231;&#227;o, com uma vis&#227;o positiva do mundo e do futuro, traz benef&#237;cios incontestes para melhor ades&#227;o &#224;s orienta&#231;&#245;es dadas pelos profissionais de sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63"><sup>63</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66"><sup>66</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69"><sup>69</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70"><sup>70</sup></xref></p>
      <p>A espiritualidade tem forte influ&#234;ncia sobre alguns h&#225;bitos de vida que, por sua vez, est&#227;o diretamente relacionados &#224; HA. Diferentes pr&#225;ticas espiritualistas foram avaliadas em hipertensos, com influ&#234;ncia nos h&#225;bitos e qualidade de vida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71"><sup>71</sup></xref> Diversos estudos cl&#237;nicos t&#234;m demonstrado um efeito ben&#233;fico, por exemplo, da medita&#231;&#227;o transcendental (MT) na redu&#231;&#227;o da PA em pacientes hipertensos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72"><sup>72</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73"><sup>73</sup></xref> Uma metan&#225;lise desses estudos aleatorizados mostrou que a MT reduz a PA entre 4 e 6 mmHg, de uma forma dose-dependente (quanto mais sess&#245;es de MT, maior o efeito na redu&#231;&#227;o da PA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74"><sup>74</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Um importante estudo cl&#237;nico aleatorizou 201 individuos negros com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) para um programa de MT ou educa&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de. No seguimento m&#233;dio de 5 anos, houve redu&#231;&#227;o de risco de 48% na incid&#234;ncia do desfecho prim&#225;rio de morte, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico (AVE) IAM (RC: 0,52, IC 95%, 0,29-0,92, p = 0,025). Houve tamb&#233;m redu&#231;&#227;o da PA sist&#243;lica m&#233;dia (5 mmHg) e na tend&#234;ncia &#224; raiva medida por escalas espec&#237;ficas (p &lt; 0,05). A conclus&#227;o do estudo &#233; que a MT pode ser ben&#233;fica no manejo da HAS e na preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria de DCV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75"><sup>75</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Interven&#231;&#245;es baseadas em ioga t&#234;m sido estudadas no manejo de DCV. Uma metan&#225;lise de 17 estudos mostrou que a ioga se associou &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o significativa das press&#245;es arteriais sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, especialmente se os tr&#234;s elementos da ioga forem usados (posi&#231;&#245;es, respira&#231;&#227;o e medita&#231;&#227;o).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76"><sup>76</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Apesar de as evid&#234;ncias mostrarem ser menos robusto o impacto de interven&#231;&#245;es baseadas em espiritualidade/religiosidade diretamente sobre a HA, j&#225; h&#225; uma significativa base de informa&#231;&#245;es mostrando associa&#231;&#227;o ben&#233;fica entre aspectos religiosos (afilia&#231;&#227;o religiosa, frequ&#234;ncia a atividades religiosas organizadas ou privadas) ou espirituais (tend&#234;ncia a otimismo e gratid&#227;o, emo&#231;&#245;es positivas) e redu&#231;&#227;o da incid&#234;ncia de HA, ou melhor controle da PA nos indiv&#237;duos j&#225; hipertensos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77"><sup>77</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78"><sup>78</sup></xref></p>
      <p>A coorte Black Women&#8217;s Health Study mostrou que as situa&#231;&#245;es de espiritualidade/religiosidade contribuem com uma modula&#231;&#227;o mais suave de situa&#231;&#245;es da vida cotidiana e trazem benef&#237;cios no controle da PA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref></p>
      <p>As rela&#231;&#245;es entre espiritualidade/religiosidade e ades&#227;o ao tratamento medicamentoso em doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas podem variar conforme as popula&#231;&#245;es estudadas, mas, de forma geral, h&#225; influ&#234;ncia positiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79"><sup>79</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82"><sup>82</sup></xref> A espiritualidade pode levar &#224; melhora na ades&#227;o aos medicamentos pelo melhor controle de sentimentos negativos, como ansiedade, estresse e depress&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65"><sup>65</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Em estudos qualitativos de pequeno porte, mulheres da comunidade negra acreditavam que a espiritualidade ajudava na ades&#227;o ao tratamento medicamentoso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83"><sup>83</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84"><sup>84</sup></xref> Por outro lado, em outra popula&#231;&#227;o de mulheres negras, a espiritualidade/religiosidade esteve associada &#224; pior ades&#227;o ao tratamento da HA n&#227;o usando medicamentos, pela cren&#231;a de uma cura divina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85"><sup>85</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Em outros estudos, n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre espiritualidade/religiosidade com a ades&#227;o nem com a confian&#231;a no profissional de sa&#250;de. Contudo, a confian&#231;a no m&#233;dico estava associada a maior ades&#227;o aos medicamentos anti-hipertensivos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67"><sup>67</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86"><sup>86</sup></xref> Outros fatores podem tamb&#233;m influenciar na ades&#227;o ao tratamento proposto, tais como autoefic&#225;cia, cren&#231;as culturais e o grau de conhecimento sobre a doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87"><sup>87</sup></xref></p>
      <p>&#201; fundamental que os profissionais de sa&#250;de compreendam a import&#226;ncia da espiritualidade/religiosidade, reconhe&#231;am e valorizem os aspectos culturais e respeitem as cren&#231;as e esperan&#231;as. Esta atitude, aparentemente simples, trar&#225; muitas e maiores possibilidades da obten&#231;&#227;o de sucesso na empreitada do tratamento do paciente portador de doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica, pois essa realidade exige muito mais disciplina, perseveran&#231;a e f&#233;.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Mensagens principais</bold>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="t7">
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="100%">
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>Conceitos</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">H&#225; uma significativa base de informa&#231;&#245;es mostrando associa&#231;&#227;o ben&#233;fica entre aspectos religiosos (afilia&#231;&#227;o religiosa, frequ&#234;ncia a atividades religiosas organizadas ou privadas) ou espirituais (tend&#234;ncia a otimismo e gratid&#227;o, emo&#231;&#245;es positivas) e redu&#231;&#227;o da incid&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial ou melhor controle da press&#227;o arterial.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">H&#225; mais de 4 d&#233;cadas j&#225; se demonstrou que religiosidade, refor&#231;ando o sentimento de autoconhecimento, autoconfian&#231;a, resili&#234;ncia, cren&#231;a na possibilidade da autodetermina&#231;&#227;o, com uma vis&#227;o positiva do mundo e do futuro, traz benef&#237;cios para melhor ades&#227;o &#224;s orienta&#231;&#245;es dadas pelos profissionais de sa&#250;de.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>Aspectos pr&#225;ticos</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">&#201; fundamental que os profissionais de sa&#250;de compreendam a import&#226;ncia da espiritualidade/religiosidade, reconhe&#231;am e valorizem os aspectos culturais e respeitem as cren&#231;as e esperan&#231;as.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Esta atitude, aparentemente simples, trar&#225; muitas e maiores possibilidades da obten&#231;&#227;o de sucesso no tratamento do paciente portador de doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica, pois essa realidade exige muito mais disciplina, perseveran&#231;a e f&#233;.</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Espiritualidade e Eventos Cardiovasculares Relevantes</title>
      <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre espiritualidade, religiosidade e desfechos clinicamente relevantes em diferentes &#225;reas da sa&#250;de tem sido objeto de estudos observacionais desde os anos 1980;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88"><sup>88</sup></xref> destaque especial tem sido dado &#224;s DCV.</p>
      <p>O Estudo InterHeart avaliou fatores de risco associados independentemente com IAM em 52 pa&#237;ses, incluindo o Brasil, e demonstrou que 90% do risco atribu&#237;vel da popula&#231;&#227;o (RAP) era associado a nove fatores de risco simples de identifica&#231;&#227;o e pass&#237;veis de modifica&#231;&#227;o (dislipidemia, tabagismo, obesidade abdominal, diabetes, HA, sedentarismo, alimenta&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o saud&#225;vel, &#225;lcool e fatores psicossociais). Dentre os fatores de risco, aqueles denominados psicossociais (estresse e depress&#227;o) foram respons&#225;veis por 33% do RAP associado a IAM, impacto este maior do que fatores de risco consagrados como HA e diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89"><sup>89</sup></xref> Complementarmente, o InterStroke avaliou os fatores de risco independentes associados com AVE no mundo. Seguindo a mesma estrat&#233;gia do InterHeart, observou-se que os fatores psicossociais, estresse e depress&#227;o foram respons&#225;veis por 17% do RAP associado ao AVE no mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B90"><sup>90</sup></xref></p>
      <p>No ano 2000, metan&#225;lise de 42 estudos, incluindo cerca de126.000 indiv&#237;duos, demonstrou que o envolvimento religioso estava associado a menor taxa de mortalidade por todas as causas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91"><sup>91</sup></xref> Estudos subsequentes demonstraram que existe redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade com a frequ&#234;ncia de participa&#231;&#227;o em servi&#231;os religiosos, e que esta associa&#231;&#227;o era substancialmente mediada por comportamentos de sa&#250;de e modifica&#231;&#227;o de outros fatores de risco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42"><sup>42</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B92"><sup>92</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Dois grandes estudos de coorte publicados em 2016 e 2017 refor&#231;aram esses achados. No ensaio Black Women&#8217;s Health Study com 36.613 mulheres negras norte-americanas, observou-se redu&#231;&#227;o de 46% na taxa de mortalidade, comparando-se a participa&#231;&#227;o em servi&#231;os religiosos v&#225;rias vezes por semana com nenhuma participa&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o foi observada associa&#231;&#227;o entre frequ&#234;ncia di&#225;ria de ora&#231;&#245;es, enfrentamento religioso ou autoidentifica&#231;&#227;o como pessoa muito religiosa/espiritualizada com mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93"><sup>93</sup></xref></p>
      <p>No ensaio Nurses&#8217; Health Study, mais de 74.000 enfermeiras foram acompanhadas por at&#233; 8 anos, observando-se que a participa&#231;&#227;o em servi&#231;os religiosos pelo menos uma vez por semana comparada com nenhuma frequ&#234;ncia foi associada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por todas as causas, mortalidade por DCV e por c&#226;ncer em cerca de 30%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94"><sup>94</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Por outro lado, em coorte com 2.068 pacientes admitidos por s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, n&#227;o se observou associa&#231;&#227;o entre conforto pela religi&#227;o, ora&#231;&#245;es pela pr&#243;pria sa&#250;de ou preces feitas por outros, e sobrevida em at&#233; 2 anos de seguimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95"><sup>95</sup></xref> Os pacientes que oraram por sua sa&#250;de e os que estavam cientes das intercess&#245;es feitas por terceiros em inten&#231;&#227;o &#224; sua sa&#250;de experimentaram melhorias na qualidade de vida relacionadas &#224; sa&#250;de ao longo do tempo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B96"><sup>96</sup></xref> No Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), n&#227;o foram observados padr&#245;es consistentes de associa&#231;&#227;o entre as medidas de religiosidade e presen&#231;a/extens&#227;o de DCV subcl&#237;nica na avalia&#231;&#227;o basal ou incidentes dela ao longo de 4 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97"><sup>97</sup></xref> Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o entre espiritualidade/religiosidade e fatores de risco CV, os achados s&#227;o discordantes. No estudo Women&#8217;s Health Initiative, envolvendo mais de 43.000 mulheres em menopausa, o risco CV mostrou-se maior em pacientes com atividade espiritual privada como ora&#231;&#245;es, leitura da B&#237;blia e medita&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98"><sup>98</sup></xref> No Jap&#227;o, em coorte com 36.965 indiv&#237;duos, os mais religiosos tiveram uma probabilidade significativamente maior de ter h&#225;bitos de sa&#250;de melhores e menos fatores de risco CV, exceto por uma maior preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso/obesidade na linha de base. Religiosidade tamb&#233;m esteve associada a h&#225;bitos de sa&#250;de melhores ao longo do tempo e menor probabilidade de desenvolver diabetes, mas n&#227;o de desenvolver HA ou dislipidemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99"><sup>99</sup></xref></p>
      <p>
        <bold>Mensagens principais</bold>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="t8">
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="100%">
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>Risco de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e aspectos relacionados &#224; espiritualidade/religiosidade</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">No estudo InterHeart, os fatores de risco psicossociais (estresse e depress&#227;o) foram respons&#225;veis por 33% do risco atribu&#237;vel da popula&#231;&#227;o associado a infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>Risco de acidente vascular encef&#225;lico e aspectos relacionados &#224; espiritualidade/religiosidade</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">No estudo InterStroke, observou-se que os fatores psicossociais, (estresse e depress&#227;o) foram respons&#225;veis por 17% do risco atribu&#237;vel da popula&#231;&#227;o associado ao acidente vascular encef&#225;lico.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>Aspectos pr&#225;ticos</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Embora os resultados n&#227;o sejam de consenso quanto aos benef&#237;cios da espiritualidade/religiosidade sobre a sa&#250;de cardiovascular, alguns estudos mostraram redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares e mortalidade naqueles indiv&#237;duos que tiveram pr&#225;ticas relacionadas &#224; espiritualidade/religiosidade.</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Perspectivas, Lacunas do Conhecimento e Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os conceitos envolvendo a medicina baseada em evid&#234;ncias (MBE) t&#234;m sido gradativamente aplicados tamb&#233;m no dom&#237;nio da pesquisa em espiritualidade e Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares. As evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas dispon&#237;veis podem ser avaliadas como promissoras, havendo ainda necessidade de pesquisas robustas com poder estat&#237;stico adequado, envolvendo estudos observacionais e aleatorizados, para que o promissor seja considerado comprovado, por meio de benef&#237;cios em desfechos clinicamente relevantes. Dessa maneira, evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas em espiritualidade e medicina cardiovascular poder&#227;o influenciar e modificar a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e o progn&#243;stico dos pacientes.</p>
      <p>Nos mais diversos cen&#225;rios discutidos nesse posicionamento sobre HA e Espiritualidade, foram buscados os dados da literatura dispon&#237;veis nessa &#225;rea do conhecimento que ganham for&#231;a e robustez. Espiritualidade &#233; uma abordagem que deve ser feita atendendo a crit&#233;rios bem-definidos de a&#231;&#227;o entre o profissional da sa&#250;de e os pacientes.</p>
      <p>Do ponto de vista estrito das condutas definidas pela MBE, n&#227;o encontraremos estudos com graus de recomenda&#231;&#245;es I e n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia A (condi&#231;&#245;es para as quais h&#225; evid&#234;ncias conclusivas e o procedimento &#233; seguro, e &#250;til/eficaz a partir de dados obtidos de m&#250;ltiplos estudos aleatorizados de bom porte, concordantes e/ou de metan&#225;lise robusta de estudos cl&#237;nicos aleatorizados). Contudo, n&#227;o trabalhamos com condi&#231;&#245;es definidas por recomenda&#231;&#245;es III e n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia C (condi&#231;&#245;es para as quais h&#225; evid&#234;ncias e/ou consenso de que o procedimento n&#227;o &#233; &#250;til/eficaz e, em alguns casos, pode ser prejudicial e com dados obtidos de opini&#245;es consensuais de especialistas).</p>
      <p>O importante &#233; a orienta&#231;&#227;o do tema com respaldo cient&#237;fico, objetivando oferecer ao m&#233;dico a possibilidade de ampliar a sua atua&#231;&#227;o e, ao paciente, a chance de que possa ter mais do que as indispens&#225;veis e tradicionais abordagens da sua doen&#231;a, enfermidade e vida.</p>
      <p>Assim, &#233; nosso dever oferecer o mais pleno sentido da sa&#250;de entendida como bem-estar f&#237;sico, social, emocional, ps&#237;quico e espiritual, com base tamb&#233;m nos conhecimentos e pr&#225;ticas desses conceitos sobre espiritualidade, aplicando-os com parcim&#244;nia e sensibilidade a quem nos &#233; destinado cuidar.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Este posicionamento dever&#225; ser citado como:</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Nobre F, Esporcatte R, Brand&#227;o AA, &#193;lvaro Avezum Jr. A, Feitosa ADM, Amodeo C, et al. Posicionamento sobre Hipertens&#227;o Arterial e Espiritualidade &#8211; 2021. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 117(3):599-613.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Nota:</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Estes posicionamentos se prestam a informar e n&#227;o a substituir o julgamento cl&#237;nico do m&#233;dico que, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, deve determinar o tratamento apropriado para seus pacientes.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Statement</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Position Statement on Hypertension and Spirituality &#8211; 2021</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2311-4222</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nobre</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9040-5794</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Esporcatte</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7040-396X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a Araujo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3073-6890</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Avezum</surname>
            <given-names>&#193;lvaro</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9983-4720</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Feitosa</surname>
            <given-names>Audes Di&#243;genes Magalh&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff25">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff26">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8523-760X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Amodeo</surname>
            <given-names>Celso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff27">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4361-936X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Costa Duarte</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff28">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2681-0936</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moriguchi</surname>
            <given-names>Emilio Hideyuki</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff29">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9532-2384</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lucchese</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff28">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Griz</surname>
            <given-names>Hermilo Borba</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff30">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1381-6442</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nicolau</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff31">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2881-7402</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Luc&#233;lia Batista Neves Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff32">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6652-1533</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mota-Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff33">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0020-5183</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Borba</surname>
            <given-names>Mario Henrique Elesb&#227;o de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff34">
            <sup>15</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pontes</surname>
            <given-names>Mauro Ricardo Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff29">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5333-013X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo C&#233;sar Brand&#227;o Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff35">
            <sup>16</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff36">
            <sup>17</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9891-676X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Spineti</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Pimenta de Mello</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2501-302X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mourilhe-Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1582-7268</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Dischinger</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff27">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3378-0771</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Couceiro</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio L&#237;vio Menezes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff37">
            <sup>18</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1265-1930</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barroso</surname>
            <given-names>Weimar Kunz Sebba</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff35">
            <sup>16</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff38">
            <sup>19</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff20">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff21">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Francisco, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff22">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff23">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243;-Crad&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff24">
          <label>5</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Alem&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff25">
          <label>6</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff26">
          <label>7</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE), Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff27">
          <label>8</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff28">
          <label>9</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff29">
          <label>10</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff30">
          <label>11</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Agamenon Magalh&#227;es, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff31">
          <label>12</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff32">
          <label>13</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio de Tecnologia e Ci&#234;ncia (UniFTC), Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff33">
          <label>14</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio CESMAC, Macei&#243;, AL &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff34">
          <label>15</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lajeado</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cardio Cl&#237;nica do Vale, Lajeado, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff35">
          <label>16</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff36">
          <label>17</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff37">
          <label>18</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Cabo Frio</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Izabel, Cabo Frio, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff38">
          <label>19</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondence:</bold> Sociedade Brazileira de Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Marechal C&#226;mara, 360/330 &#8211; Centro &#8211; Rio de Janeiro &#8211; CEP: <postal-code>20020-907</postal-code>. E-mail: <email>diretrizes@cardiol.br</email>; <email>fernando.nobre@uol.com.br</email> or <email>resporcatte@globo.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <table-wrap id="t9">
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="50%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="center" valign="top" colspan="2">Position Statement on Hypertension and Spirituality &#8211; 2021</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" valign="top" colspan="2">The report below lists declarations of interest as reported to the SBC by the experts during the period of the development of these statement, 2020/2021.</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="top">Expert</th>
              <th align="left" valign="top">Type of relationship with industry</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2">&#193;lvaro Avezum Jr.</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- EMS: SBC Spirituality Symposia - DEMCA.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="3">Andr&#233;a Araujo Brand&#227;o</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Financial declaration</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Servier, Libbs e Merck: Hypertension.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2">Audes Di&#243;genes Magalh&#227;es Feitosa</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- EMS, Servier, Sandoz, Merck, Medtronic, Omron.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Celso Amodeo</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="6">Eduardo Costa Duarte Barbosa</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Financial declaration</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- EMS, Servier: Antihypertensives; Cardios: Equipment.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Other relationships</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Servier: Antihypertensives.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="8">Emilio Hideyuki Moriguchi</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Financial declaration</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Amgen, AstraZeneca, Biolab, Kowa, MSD, Daiichi-Sankyo, Sanofi: Cardiology.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">B - Research funding under your direct/personal responsibility (directed to the department or institution) from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Amgen, MSD, Daiichi-Sankyo, Kowa: Cardiology.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Other relationships</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Amgen, Biolab, Kowa, MSD, Daiichi-Sankyo, Sanofi: Cardiology.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Fernando Ant&#244;nio Lucchese</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="6">Fernando Nobre</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Financial declaration</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Libbs, Novartis, Servier, Baldacci.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Other relationships</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Libbs, Crist&#225;lia, Daichi Sankio, Novartis, Biolab, Servier, Baldacci.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="3">Hermilo Borba Griz</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Financial declaration</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Pfizer, Bayer: Anticoagulation.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="9">Jos&#233; Carlos Nicolau</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Financial declaration</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Amgen: Lipid-lowering; Bayer: Anticoagulant; Daiichi Sankyo: Antiplatelet, anticoagulant; Novartis: SRA inhibitor, lipid-lowering; Sanofi: Anticoagulant, lipid-lowering, antiplatelet; Servier: antiplatelet. B - Research funding under your direct/personal responsibility (directed to the department or institution) from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Astrazeneca: Antiplatelet, hypoglycemic; Bayer: Anticoagulant; Esperion: Lipid-lowering; CSL Behring: lipid-lowering; Dalcor: HDL increase; Jansen: Anticoagulant; Novartis: SARS inhibitor; Novo Nordisk: Hypoglycemic; Sanofi: Anticoagulant, lipid-lowering; Vifor: Iron Deficiency.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">C - Personal research funding paid by the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Roche: Laboratory kits for platelet aggregability assessment.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Other relationships</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Sanofi: Anticoagulant, antiplatelet, lipid-lowering; Bayer: Anticoagulant; Servier: Antiplatelet.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Luc&#233;lia Batista Neves Cunha Magalh&#227;es</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="6">Marco Ant&#244;nio Mota-Gomes</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Financial declaration</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Omron, Beliva, Libbs.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Other relationships</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Omron, Libbs.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Mario Henrique Elesb&#227;o de Borba</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="6">Mauro Ricardo Nunes Pontes</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Financial declaration</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Novo Nordisk: Ozempic; Mantecorp: NesinaPio.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Other relationships</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Servier: Acertanlo.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Paulo C&#233;sar Brand&#227;o Veiga Jardim</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="6">Pedro Pimenta de Mello Spineti</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Financial declaration</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">B - Research funding under your direct/personal responsibility (directed to the department or institution) from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Boehringer Ingelheim: Empaglifozina.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Other relationships</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Servier: Heart failure; Novartis: Entresto.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Ricardo Mourilhe-Rocha</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2">Roberto Dischinger Miranda</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- EMS, Boehringher, Sanofi, Servier.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Roberto Esporcatte</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="6">S&#233;rgio L&#237;vio Menezes Couceiro</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Financial declaration</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Servier, Medley: Speaker and lectures.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Other relationships</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Ach&#233;, Pfizer, Servier, AstraZeneca: Lectures.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="9">Weimar Kunz Sebba Barroso</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Financial declaration</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- EMS, Servier, Brace Pharma, Omron, Cardios: Hypertension.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">B - Research funding under your direct/personal responsibility (directed to the department or institution) from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, PROADI SUS: Hypertension; Einstein: Research projects.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Other relationships</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Any economically relevant equity interest in companies in the healthcare or education industry or in any companies competing with or supplying to SBC:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Beliva Health.</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Basic Concepts about Spirituality and Forms of Evaluation</title>
        <p>The definitions of spirituality and religiosity vary in different cultural and religious environments.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> There is a diversity of concepts without a clear definition, and the term is used inaccurately and inconsistently, which impedes measurement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
        <p>The Brazilian Society of Cardiology&#8217;s Department of Spirituality Studies and Cardiovascular Medicine considers spirituality &#8220;a set of observable and measurable moral, mental. and emotional values that are motivated by the will and guide thoughts, behaviors, and attitudes in intra- and interpersonal relationships&#8221;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Spirituality should be valued and is applicable to all individuals, regardless of religious affiliation, including atheists, agnostics and those with no religious affiliation or who do not observe its precepts.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Religiosity is the degree to which an individual believes in, follows and practices a religion. It can be organized (participation in church, temple, or religious services) or non-organized (praying, reading books or watching religious programs on one&#8217;s own initiative).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Koenig describes religion as an &#8220;organized system of beliefs, practices, and symbols designed to facilitate closeness to the transcendent or the Divine and foster an understanding of one&#8217;s relationship and responsibilities with others living in community&#8221;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Religion is a multidimensional construct that includes beliefs, behaviors, dogmas, rituals, and ceremonies that can be performed or practiced privately or publicly, that is in some way derived from established traditions developed within a community.</p>
        <p>Coping, or religious coping, is an important mechanism for understanding how religiosity/spirituality can affect health: it is the use of religiosity as a means of adapting to physical, psychological, and social challenges in diseases and health changes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Scales for Assessing Religiosity and Spirituality</title>
        <p>Spirituality/religiosity can be assessed in the &#8220;spiritual history&#8221;, which is a set of questions that allows patients to share their spiritual and religious values, identifying possible spiritual issues that may interfere with the therapy. It is always necessary to focus on patients and be guided by what they reveal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> This component of the medical history should be evaluated in all patients who seek medical care; spiritual anamnesis should also be performed with all inpatients and outpatients, especially in those with chronic diseases.</p>
        <p>Many patients are religious/spiritual, and their beliefs help them cope with disease and face adverse life situations, although certain situations can involve points of conflict with medical practice. During periods of hospitalization or chronic illness, patients are removed from communities and are unable to practice their religion. In addition, their personal beliefs can affect health-related decisions, sometimes interfering with fundamental aspects of treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Studies show that most patients would like their doctors to ask about religiosity/spirituality and that doing so would lead to greater empathy and trust,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> which would result in more humanized care<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> and greater participation by both parties.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref></p>
        <p>The objectives of evaluating religiosity/spirituality as a social and demographic factor include: understanding the patient&#8217;s beliefs, identifying aspects that might interfere with health care, assessing individual/social/family spiritual strength to cope with the disease, offer empathy and support, and help the patient accept the disease, as well as identifying conflict or suffering that requires evaluation by a trained professional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Although the topic can be approached in a number of ways, the most important point is to do so with sensitivity, without imposing or promoting specific beliefs or practices. Religion should not be prescribed, forced, or encouraged, so as not to add guilt to the disease burden. Common sense should be the rule. In extreme situations, such as serious accidents or acute myocardial infarction, discussing religion can lead to stress and even worsen the patient&#8217;s condition.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Naturally, when the physician has not adequately prepared for this type of approach or when the patient refuses it, it should not be performed. For non-religious or adverse patients, it is necessary to understand how they face and live with the disease, what fosters purpose and meaning in their lives (family, friends, hobbies, etc.), and what cultural beliefs may impact their treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Scales and Instruments</title>
          <p>The various psychometric instruments can be divided into different categories:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref></p>
          <sec>
            <title>Spiritual Inventory</title>
            <p>These brief and easy to apply measures are used to determine the presence of spiritual needs that require deeper evaluation (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Chart 1</xref>).</p>
            <table-wrap id="t10">
              <label>Chart 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Types of spiritual inventory</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
                <colgroup width="50%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" valign="middle">Tracking tools</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">Spiritual Domains Evaluated</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="top">"Rush" protocol for tracking religiosity/spirituality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref></td>
                    <td align="center" valign="top">The importance of religiosity/spirituality in the disease; strength or spiritual comfort</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="top">&#8220;Are you at peace?&#8221;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref></td>
                    <td align="center" valign="top">Inner peace</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="top">&#8220;Do you feel spiritual pain or suffering?&#8221;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref></td>
                    <td align="center" valign="top">Spiritual pain/suffering</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="top">Spiritual Injury Scale<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref></td>
                    <td align="center" valign="top">Guilt, anger, sadness, feeling of injustice, fear of death</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Instruments for Taking a Spiritual History</title>
            <p>These instruments allow a broader assessment of the different domains of religiosity/spirituality that can affect clinical evolution, posture, self-care, and physical, mental, and spiritual well-being in the face of disease. They are well-structured and cover different domains, but they should be applied from memory, informally, throughout the conversation. They should serve as a guide, not being viewed rigidly but as a continuous learning process that is part of anamnesis. Several instruments have been validated for data collection, whether to assess religiosity/spirituality or for research purposes.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Religiosity Scales</title>
            <p>The Duke University Religion Index (DUREL)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> is a five-item scale that measures three dimensions of religious involvement: The first item assesses organizational religiosity, the second assesses non-organizational religiosity, and items 3, 4 and 5 assess intrinsic religiosity. The DUREL is succinct and easy to apply, has been validated for use in Brazil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> and addresses the main areas of religiosity. The DUREL&#8217;s dimensions have been shown to be related to several indicators of social support and health.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Instruments for Assessing Spiritual History</title>
            <p>Based on previously validated scales, these instruments involve a set of questions in different domains that are associated with health outcomes. The main scales include: FICA,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> FAITH,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> SPIRIT,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> and HOPE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> FICA, which was created by physicians and has shown the best psychometric properties, can be used in different situations. It assesses four dimensions (faith/beliefs, importance/influence, community, and address) and is easily applied and memorized.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref></p>
            <p>Even with complete respect for the patient&#8217;s beliefs and without proselytizing, religious issues can prove complex and involve conflict. They must be handled with empathy and understanding. When conflict is evident, a visit by the religious leader should be considered.</p>
            <p>Once spiritual tools are identified, patients should be encouraged to use them as a way of preventing disease. Such practices, beyond prayer and meditation, can include reading, music, etc. Patients must be encouraged to find spiritual aspects that, together with standard treatment, can improve disease outcomes. In serious illnesses, physicians can help patients find meaning and acceptance by coping with the situation using their spiritual resources in the best possible way. Often, through such interactions, alternatives and adjustments to the therapeutic plan emerge in which patient autonomy and patient-centered care are strengthened.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref></p>
            <p>
              <bold>Main messages</bold>
            </p>
            <table-wrap id="t11">
              <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
                <colgroup width="100%">
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="top">
                      <bold>Concepts</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="top"><bold>Spirituality</bold> is a set of observable and measurable moral, mental, and emotional values that are motivated by the will and guide thoughts, behaviors and attitudes in intra- and interpersonal relationships.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="top"><bold>Religiosity</bold> is how much an individual believes in, follows and practices a religion.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="top">
                      <bold>Practical application</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="top">If the professional and patient are willing and able, religiosity/spirituality should always be assessed.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="top">The assessment must be performed through questionnaires developed for use by health professionals.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="top">
                      <bold>How to proceed after obtaining the spiritual history</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="top">Information about the spiritual dimension can broaden our understanding of the impact of religiosity/spirituality on the course of the disease and identify patient demands in this area.</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Mechanisms Involving Spirituality and the Pathophysiology of Arterial Hypertension</title>
        <p>Arterial hypertension (AH) is characterized as a multifactorial and multigenic disease that mainly affects the vascular system (small and large arteries), leading to progressive and, after a certain point, irreversible damage to the so-called target organs (heart, kidneys and brain).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> Neural, hormonal, renal and vascular biological mechanisms participate and interact in different ways to result in sustained elevation of blood pressure (BP). Multiple factors are involved in and influence biological systems, such as: genetic, environmental, humoral, hemodynamic, neural, endocrinal, anatomical, and adaptive factors. More recently, inflammation and the production of reactive oxygen species have been implicated in several of these factors on cellular and molecular levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref></p>
        <p>The mechanisms involved in BP control depend on intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli. In situations of stress, the sympathetic nervous system is activated, which discharges vasoactive substances that facilitate the onset of AH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref> In situations of stress and anxiety, dietary errors, such as excessive intake of carbohydrates, fat and salt, also contribute to increased BP. Thus, human beings must be understood as biopsychosocial beings, and these dimensions are strongly interrelated. It is recognized that spirituality has an influence on this triad, participating in its balance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Long-term activation of the sympathetic nervous system, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, altered renal mechanisms, sodium retention, and vascular alterations (represented by endothelial dysfunction and alterations of the vascular smooth muscle layer) are interrelated and are strongly implicated in the development and in the maintenance of AH through a sustained increase in peripheral vascular resistance, increased levels of inflammatory markers, and target organ damage.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Studies have investigated the relationship between various dimensions of religiosity/spirituality and BP, and most show an association with lower BP values and lower rates of AH,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> especially reduced diastolic BP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> It is possible that individuals who are more connected with religiosity/spirituality have more positive feelings (love, peace, forgiveness) than negative feelings (fear, anxiety, depression) and this aspect promotes reduced sympathetic nervous system activity and cortisol levels. However, the studies are not completely conclusive.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref></p>
        <p>For coping with stress, religiosity/spirituality has been associated with a lower incidence of AH, especially in the presence of higher stress levels<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref> and reduced C-reactive protein levels in African-American populations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref></p>
        <p>A meta-analysis of 87 studies investigated the impact of religiosity/spirituality practices on physiological health markers, finding an inverse association between religiosity/spirituality measures, particularly participation in religious services, intrinsic religiosity, prayer, and meditation and lower stress, BP, and inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein), although the effect size was small and there was substantial heterogeneity among the studies, which suggests the presence of confounding factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref></p>
        <p>
          <bold>Main messages</bold>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t12">
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="100%">
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Concepts</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Clinical studies investigating the relationship of religiosity/spirituality with blood pressure and biological markers are observational, with most suggesting an association with lower blood pressure values, lower levels of inflammatory markers, reduced sympathetic activity, and reduced cortisol levels.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Practical aspects</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Spirituality/religiosity practices, especially participation in worship services, intrinsic religiosity, prayers, and meditation, are inversely associated with physiological markers, such as stress level, blood pressure, and inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein).</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>The Association between Spirituality, High Blood Pressure, and Evidence in Primary Prevention</title>
        <p>Although studies about the influence of psychological and religious/spiritual factors on high BP have provided further insight into the incidence and prevalence of AH, their results are not in agreement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Objectively measuring feelings such as forgiveness, optimism, pessimism, hostility, empathy, peaceful states, and the emotional stress involved in spirituality is difficult. An individual&#8217;s degree of spirituality can often be quantified by the frequency of activity in a religious community or time spent reading about themes in the chosen religion. Thus, following other studies, we will present evidence of religiosity/spirituality indistinctly at certain points.</p>
        <p>The Chicago Community Adult Health Study found that a greater religiosity was not a protective factor against AH. However, lower diastolic BP values were found in individuals with a propensity for forgiveness, compared to those without it.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Similarly, the Study of Women&#8217;s Health Across the Nation, which involved 1,658 participants and used the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale, found no significant difference between daily experiences of spirituality and the prevalence/incidence of AH in 3 years of follow-up.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"><sup>38</sup></xref></p>
        <p>In another population-based longitudinal cohort study of older adults, Koenig et al. found a strong cross-sectional relationship between religious involvement and lower BP. However, in longitudinal follow-up, the BP reduction was not significant.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39"><sup>39</sup></xref></p>
        <p>On the other hand, the Black Women&#8217;s Health Study, a large cohort study that followed up 59,000 African-American women for 23 years, found that the intense religious/spiritual involvement when coping with stressful events was associated with a lower risk of developing AH than no involvement. The association was stronger among women who reported higher levels of perceived stress. However, frequent prayer was associated with a higher risk of AH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref></p>
        <p>A Brazilian study found that the prevalence of AH in highly religious communities was lower than the national average.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"><sup>40</sup></xref> Holt-Lunstad et al. monitored ambulatory blood pressure in a cohort of 100 outpatients, finding that a high level of spirituality was associated with lower BP values.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41"><sup>41</sup></xref></p>
        <p>The NHANES III survey collected data on BP, reported frequency of attendance at religious services, and history of AH treatment from 14,475 American men and women aged 20 years or older. Compared to participants who never participated, the systolic BP of those who attended weekly services was 1.46 mmHg lower (95% CI, 2.33, 0.58 mmHg, p &lt; 0.01), while that of participants who attended services more than 52 times/year was 3.03 mmHg lower (95% CI, 4.34, 1.72 mmHg, p &lt; 0.01). No significant gender effect was observed, and these estimates were adjusted for a significant interaction between age and less-than-weekly frequency (1 to 51 times) (p &lt; 0.05).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42"><sup>42</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Bell et al. studied the interrelationship between race/ethnicity, religious service attendance, and AH in non-Hispanic whites and blacks, and Mexican-Americans (N = 12,488). Compared with those who never attended religious services, whites who attended services weekly were less likely to have AH, as were blacks who attended more than once a week. However, there was no relationship between attending services and AH among Mexican-Americans, which suggests that these benefits are not the same for everyone.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43"><sup>43</sup></xref></p>
        <p>A cross-sectional study of 1,384 adult Tibetan Buddhists from two Buddhist institutes in Sichuan Province, China also included 798 adults from nearby towns and cities. The risk of AH was significantly lower (38%) in Buddhists than non-Buddhists. In a subgroup of 570 Buddhists, longer participation in Buddhist activities was associated with a lower prevalence AH, as well as lower BP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44"><sup>44</sup></xref> In a longitudinal study, Timio et al. compared the BP of nuns in a secluded order with lay women over 30 years of follow-up. Although baseline data were similar for all variables, at the end of follow-up systolic and diastolic BP were significantly higher observed in the lay women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45"><sup>45</sup></xref> Thus, these studies suggest that religiosity/spirituality has a protective role in AH, which is mediated by behaviors that could be applied to the general population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44"><sup>44</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45"><sup>45</sup></xref></p>
        <p>In a study that examined hostility and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in young Hispanics, Sethness et al. found that aggressive feelings were associated with higher BP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46"><sup>46</sup></xref></p>
        <p>In the Biopsychosocial Religion and Health Study (N = 9,581), lifestyle factors such as vegetarianism and regular exercise were important predictors of lower AH rates; intrinsic religiosity, even after controlling for these factors, was as strongly related to lower AH rates as lifestyle factors. This study demonstrated that, in addition to the positive effects of lifestyle choices, religion can have a direct positive effect on AH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47"><sup>47</sup></xref></p>
        <p>The Nurses&#8217; Health Study II evaluated 44,281 non-hypertensive women, observing that attendance at religious services had a modest inverse association with AH in a dose-response effect, ie, the higher the frequency, the lower the incidence of AH. The risk rate for those who attended more than once a week, compared to those who never or almost never attended, was 0.91 (95% CI, 0.86, 0.97).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48"><sup>48</sup></xref></p>
        <p>
          <bold>Main messages</bold>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t13">
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="100%">
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Concepts</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Studies on the influence of psychological and religious/spiritual factors on high blood pressure have sought to determine how these factors participate in hypertension, but their results disagree.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">In the prospective Nurses&#8217; Health Study II trial, women who attended religious services were less likely to develop high blood pressure.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Practical aspects</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Although studies do not completely agree about whether religiosity/spirituality results in a lower occurrence of arterial hypertension, some have found lower systolic blood pressure values and a lower incidence of arterial hypertension among practitioners, which was directly associated with the frequency of religious activity.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>High Blood Pressure, Spirituality and Other Psychosocial Determinants</title>
        <p>Psychosocial factors must be considered in an individual&#8217;s risk profile. Prospectively following large samples with standard BP measures and psychosocial variables can establish the relationship between psychosocial factors and AH occurrence.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49"><sup>49</sup></xref> However, although such epidemiological studies provide evidence about psychosocial influence, they do not provide data on pathophysiological mechanisms. Differences in the magnitude or pattern of reactions to behavioral stimuli could be related to the risk of developing AH.</p>
        <p>Experimental studies can assess the impact of psychological stimuli under carefully controlled conditions. However, they have important limitations, since only acute responses are registered. A third type of investigation is assessing daily BP measurement in relation to psychosocial conditions and verifying their impact. The difficulty with this method is that daily BP is affected by a wide range of factors, such as exercise, diet, and other lifestyle habits. The model must receive adequate statistical treatment to distinguish the influence of psychosocial factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49"><sup>49</sup></xref> Thus, different study types have both strengths and limitations. To assess the influence of psychosocial factors, it is necessary to integrate different approaches.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Psychosocial Characteristics</title>
          <p>A number of psychological characteristics have been associated with AH, including anxiety, anger, hostility, mental health, social problems, work-related difficulties, and depression.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49"><sup>49</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50"><sup>50</sup></xref> However, the most consistent evidence is related to anger and hostility traits.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49"><sup>49</sup></xref></p>
          <p>Anger-related traits may not be apparent all the time, but they do reveal themselves when people are confronted or feel threatened. Anger is considered relevant to the development of AH or in individuals who experience chronic stress due to their living or work conditions. Using arterial blood pressure monitoring, Casagrande et al. demonstrated that sustained feelings of anger contribute to a lack of nocturnal decline in blood pressure, which is related to a worse prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51"><sup>51</sup></xref></p>
          <p>In another study, 60 boys aged 12-16 assigned to challenging mental tasks were evaluated for physiological and subjective measures before and after the task.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52"><sup>52</sup></xref> The boys, who were classified as having or not having a disposition towards anger inhibition, did not differ in resting conditions. However, in response to the task, boys who reported high levels of anger inhibition had a greater systolic blood pressure response. Interestingly, this was the pattern among participants with a family history of AH, which suggests that genetic factors also interact with psychological traits and situational dispositions that can influence the risk of AH.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study Characteristics</title>
          <p>Studies have shown that certain types of work are associated with AH risk. The highest risk is when the demands of the job outweigh the rewards.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49"><sup>49</sup></xref> A case-control study involving 30- to 60-year-old men working at different locations in New York showed that job stress was an independent determinant of AH after controlling for age, body mass index, type A personality, 24-hour urinary excretion of sodium, physical activity at work, education, smoking, and alcohol consumption.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53"><sup>53</sup></xref> After 3 years, those with persistently high job stress levels had higher BP. This response may be related to the rhythm of task performance and its relationship with baroreflex suppression when the demand level is minimal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49"><sup>49</sup></xref></p>
          <p>Job insecurity can generate anger and psychological ailments such as that arising from working in companies with high layoff rates cause apprehension among employees.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50"><sup>50</sup></xref> Interestingly, workload does not seem related to higher BP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50"><sup>50</sup></xref></p>
          <p>The CARDIA study, which evaluated 8,395 white-collar workers in Canada, looked at both cumulative exposure and new workload. After 7.5 years of follow-up, higher BP was observed among workers with low social support levels at work.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54"><sup>54</sup></xref> An observational study also found that a considerable pay raise can reduce the risk of hypertension by 16%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50"><sup>50</sup></xref></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Isolation and Social Support</title>
          <p>Social support helps us deal with life and its adversities, while isolation, defined in terms of the size and composition of the social network (eg, marital status, the number of friends and close relatives, and religious or other groups) has been associated with cardiovascular disease and mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49"><sup>49</sup></xref> Isolation or low social support is associated with higher BP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49"><sup>49</sup></xref> Social relationships are important sources of emotional and practical support and can moderate the psychological effects of stress. Lack of support and relationships not only leaves a person without these resources, but can be a major source of stress.</p>
          <p>Among the various elements of the social network, marriage is often the central relationship in people&#8217;s lives. Married individuals tend to have better health outcomes than those who live alone, while other sources of support do not fully offset the effects of loneliness. However, relationships can also be a source of conflict, and the stress associated with unhappy or strained marriages has been associated with harmful cardiovascular effects. Acute episodes of marital conflict have been shown to induce elevations in BP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54"><sup>54</sup></xref></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Mental Health</title>
          <p>Patients who re-experience symptoms related to a previous trauma have significantly higher rates of AH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50"><sup>50</sup></xref> One study found that perceived stress can be considered a risk factor for AH in women with low-income occupations. Studies that address the relationship between stress and AH should highlight possible interactions between sex and occupational status.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55"><sup>55</sup></xref></p>
          <p>Suffering racism can adversely affect health; data from the Black Women&#8217;s Health Study indicated that there may be an association between experiences of racism and an increased incidence of AH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56"><sup>56</sup></xref></p>
          <p>Acute stress promotes a transient increase in BP, but there is no consistent evidence that this effect results in sustained AH. Chronic stress and, especially, a maladaptive stress response are likely involved in the development of AH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57"><sup>57</sup></xref> A meta-analysis of cohort studies evaluated the effect of emotional stress on BP, finding that a BP increase was 21% more likely in individuals who had more intense responses to stressful tasks (odds ratio [OR]: 1.21; 95% CI, 1.14-1.28; p &lt; 0.001). Although the effect magnitude was small, the results suggest the relevance of controlling psychological stress to prevent increased BP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58"><sup>58</sup></xref></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Depression and Sleep Disorders</title>
          <p>The association between depression and the risk of developing AH has been assessed in two studies, whose results were inconsistent. In the Whitehall cohort study, participants in the &#8220;increasing depression&#8221; group (characterized by an increase in depressive episodes over the years) had a 25% lower risk of AH at 35 to 39 years of age compared to the &#8220;low/transient depression&#8221; group. However, there was a faster age-related increase in AH in the &#8220;increasing depression&#8221; group, corresponding to a 7% higher risk of AH with each 5-year increase in age. Thus, the risk of AH in participants in the &#8220;rising depression&#8221; group at the end of follow-up was substantially higher than in the &#8220;low/transient depression&#8221; group, and this pattern was more significant in men than in women. This study suggests that the risk of AH increases with repeated depressive episodes and becomes evident in later adulthood.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59"><sup>59</sup></xref></p>
          <p>NHANES I 1982-1992<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60"><sup>60</sup></xref> examined the effects of sleep duration and insomnia on the association between depression and AH. However, as in the previous study, the results depended on the age of the cohort. Depressed individuals aged 32 to 59 years had a 44% higher risk of AH in the 10-year follow-up (OR: 1.44, CI: 1.15-1.80). Individuals who reported sleeping 5 hours or less per night were 50% more likely to develop AH than those who slept 7 to 8 hours per night (OR: 1.50, CI: 1.11-2.02). There was no association between depression, sleep quality, and AH in participants aged 60 to 86 years.</p>
          <p>All studies show a direct relationship between sleep disturbances and the incidence of AH. In the Penn State Cohort, the risk of AH in people with short sleep duration or sleep disorders was significantly higher, but it became marginally significant after controlling for obesity (OR: 1.6, 95% CI, 0.9- 2.8). Chronic insomnia is associated with an increased risk of AH. Thus, it is possible that sleep duration is a determinant of AH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61"><sup>61</sup></xref></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Personality</title>
          <p>There are controversial results about the relationship between personality and AH risk. The type D personality, characterized by high levels of negative affectivity and high inhibition, was not found to be associated with elevated systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure. However, lower levels of awareness, characterized by disorganization, irresponsibility, indiscipline, negative emotions, and overreaction to stress have been associated with AH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50"><sup>50</sup></xref></p>
          <p>
            <bold>Main messages</bold>
          </p>
          <table-wrap id="t14">
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">
                    <bold>Concepts</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Psychosocial factors that affect BP behavior and, thus, in AH onset include: personality, type of work, social isolation, mental health, depression, and sleep disorders</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">
                    <bold>Practical aspects</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">These conditions must be assessed to determine when they can interfere in BP behavior and AH control.</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Spirituality in Blood Pressure Treatment Adherence</title>
        <p>Beside non-drug treatments, AH is treated with antihypertensive drugs of recognized efficacy and effectiveness.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62"><sup>62</sup></xref> Controlling BP modifies the natural history of the disease, reducing morbidity and mortality. However, a barrier to this objective in patients worldwide is lack of adherence to lifestyle changes or prescribed medications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62"><sup>62</sup></xref> Religiosity/spirituality has been recognized as a cultural aspect that interferes with the attitudes of individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63"><sup>63</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68"><sup>68</sup></xref></p>
        <p>For more than 4 decades, countless studies have found that spirituality, which in its broadest sense permeates aspects of religiosity itself, but mainly promotes self-knowledge, self-confidence, resilience, belief in the possibility of self-determination, and a positive vision of the world and the future, is associated with better adherence to the advice of health professionals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63"><sup>63</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66"><sup>66</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69"><sup>69</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70"><sup>70</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Spirituality has a strong influence on certain lifestyle habits that are directly related to hypertension and the quality of life of hypertensive patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71"><sup>71</sup></xref> Several clinical studies have shown that transcendental meditation (TM) helps reduce BP in hypertensive patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72"><sup>72</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73"><sup>73</sup></xref> A meta-analysis of these randomized studies showed that TM reduces BP between 4 and 6 mmHg in a dose-dependent manner (ie, more sessions lead to greater BP reduction).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74"><sup>74</sup></xref></p>
        <p>A major clinical trial randomized 201 African-Americans with coronary artery disease to either a TM or a health education program. In a mean follow-up of 5 years, there was a 48% risk reduction in the primary outcome of death, stroke, or acute myocardial infarction (OR: 0.52, 95% CI, 0.29-0.92, p = 0.025). There was also a reduction in mean systolic BP (5 mmHg), as well as anger expression according to specific scales (p &lt; 0.05). The study&#8217;s conclusion was that TM can be beneficial in the AH management and in secondary prevention of stroke.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75"><sup>75</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Yoga-based interventions have been studied in CVD management. A meta-analysis of 17 studies showed that yoga was associated with a significant reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, especially if all three elements of yoga are used (breathing, posture, and meditation).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76"><sup>76</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Although evidence about the direct impact of religious/spiritual-based interventions on AH is less robust, a significant amount of data has shown a beneficial association between religious activity (religious affiliation, organized or private religious services) or spiritual characteristics (tendency toward optimism, gratitude, and positive emotions) and a lower incidence of AH or better BP control in already hypertensive individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77"><sup>77</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78"><sup>78</sup></xref></p>
        <p>The Black Women&#8217;s Health Study found that religiosity/spirituality helps them cope with everyday life situations and contributes to BP control.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Although the relationships between religiosity/spirituality and adherence to drug treatment in chronic diseases may vary according to the population, in general, it has a positive influence.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79"><sup>79</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82"><sup>82</sup></xref> Spirituality can lead to improved adherence to medications through better control of negative feelings, such as anxiety, stress and depression.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65"><sup>65</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Small qualitative studies have found that African-American women believe that spirituality helped them adhere to drug treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83"><sup>83</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84"><sup>84</sup></xref> On the other hand, in Ghanaian women, religiosity/spirituality was associated with worse adherence to AH treatment due to the hope of a divine cure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85"><sup>85</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Other studies have found no correlation between religiosity/spirituality and treatment adhesion, not even considering patient trust in the physician. However, trust in the physician has been associated with greater adherence to antihypertensive medications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67"><sup>67</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86"><sup>86</sup></xref> Other factors may also influence treatment adherence, such as self-efficacy, cultural beliefs and knowledge about the disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87"><sup>87</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Health professionals must understand the importance of religiosity/spirituality, recognize and value cultural aspects, and respect their patients&#8217; beliefs and hopes. This apparently simple attitude can provide new opportunities for successful treatment of chronic disease patients, since such conditions require greater discipline, perseverance, and faith.</p>
        <p>
          <bold>Main messages</bold>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t15">
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="100%">
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Concepts</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">A significant amount of data indicates a beneficial association between religious (religious affiliation, organized or private religious services) or spiritual aspects (tendency toward optimism, gratitude, and positive emotions) and a lower incidence of AH or better BP control in already hypertensive individuals It has been demonstrated for over 4 decades that religiosity, self-knowledge, self-confidence, resilience, belief in the possibility of self-determination, and a positive vision of the world and the future, is associated with better adherence to the advice of health professionals</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Practical aspects</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Health professionals must understand the importance of religiosity/spirituality, recognize and value cultural aspects and respect their patients&#8217; beliefs and hopes. This apparently simple attitude can provide new opportunities for successful treatment of chronic disease patients, since such conditions require greater discipline, perseverance, and faith.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Spirituality and Relevant Cardiovascular Events</title>
        <p>Observational studies have been investigating the association between spirituality, religiosity, and clinically relevant outcomes in different areas of health (especially CVD) since the 1980s.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88"><sup>88</sup></xref></p>
        <p>The InterHeart study evaluated risk factors independently associated with acute myocardial infarction in 52 countries, including Brazil, finding that 90% of population attributable risk was associated with nine modifiable risk factors: dyslipidemia, smoking, abdominal obesity, diabetes, hypertension, sedentarism, unhealthy diet, alcohol use, and psychosocial factors. Psychosocial risk factors (stress and depression) accounted for 33% of the population attributable risk for acute myocardial infarction, an impact greater than that of established risk factors such as hypertension and diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89"><sup>89</sup></xref> In addition, InterStroke assessed independent risk factors for stroke. Following the same InterHeart strategy, the study found that stress and depression were responsible for 17% of the population attributable risk for stroke worldwide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B90"><sup>90</sup></xref></p>
        <p>In 2000, a meta-analysis of 42 studies, including approximately 126,000 individuals, found that religious involvement was associated with a lower all-cause mortality rate.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91"><sup>91</sup></xref> Subsequent studies have shown an inverse association between mortality and frequency of attendance at religious services, and that this association was substantially mediated by health behaviors and other risk factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42"><sup>42</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B92"><sup>92</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Two large cohort studies published in 2016 and 2017 reinforced these findings. In the Black Women&#8217;s Health Study, which included 36,613 African-American women, the mortality rate was 46% lower among those who attended religious services several times a week than among those who did not attend. There was no association between daily prayer, religious confrontation, or self-identification as a very religious/spiritual person with mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93"><sup>93</sup></xref></p>
        <p>The Nurses&#8217; Health Study, which followed up more than 74,000 nurses for up to 8 years, found that attendance at religious services at least once a week was associated with 33% lower all-cause mortality, as well as substantially lower mortality from CVD and cancer, than not attending.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94"><sup>94</sup></xref></p>
        <p>On the other hand, in a cohort of 2,068 acute coronary syndrome patients, there was no association between comfort from religion, prayers for their own health, or the prayers of others on their behalf, and survival in up to 2 years of follow-up.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95"><sup>95</sup></xref> However, patients who prayed for their own health and those who were aware that others were interceding for them experienced improved health-related quality of life over time.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B96"><sup>96</sup></xref> The Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis found no consistent patterns of association between measures of religiosity and the presence/extent of subclinical CVD at baseline or CVD incidents over 4 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97"><sup>97</sup></xref> The findings are conflicting about the association between religiosity/spirituality and CV risk factors. The Women&#8217;s Health Initiative study, which included more than 43,000 menopausal women, found a higher CV risk in patients with private spiritual activity, such as prayer, Bible reading, or meditation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98"><sup>98</sup></xref> In a Japanese cohort of 36,965 individuals, the more religious were significantly more likely to have better health habits and fewer CV risk factors, except for a higher prevalence of overweight/obesity at baseline. Religiosity was also associated with better health habits over time and less likelihood of developing diabetes, but not of developing AH or dyslipidemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99"><sup>99</sup></xref></p>
        <p>
          <bold>Main messages</bold>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t16">
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="100%">
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Risk of coronary artery disease and aspects related to religiosity/spirituality</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">In the InterHeart study, psychosocial risk factors (stress and depression) accounted for 33% of the population attributable risk for acute myocardial infarction.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Risk of stroke and aspects related to religiosity/spirituality</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">In the InterStroke study, psychosocial factors (stress and depression) accounted for 17% of the population attributable risk for stroke.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Practical aspects</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Although the results do not agree regarding the benefits of religiosity/spirituality on cardiovascular health, some studies have shown a reduction in cardiovascular events and mortality in those individuals with religious/spiritual practices.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Perspectives, Knowledge Gaps and Conclusion</title>
        <p>The concepts of evidence-based medicine have been gradually applied in the domain of spirituality and CVD research. Although the available scientific evidence can be considered promising, robust observational and randomized studies with adequate statistical power are still needed to confirm the benefits of spirituality in clinically relevant outcomes. Thus, scientific evidence about spirituality and CV medicine could influence and modify clinical practice and patient prognosis.</p>
        <p>For strength and robustness, this position paper sought data on AH and spirituality from diverse areas of research. Health professionals must approach the spirituality of their patients according to well-defined criteria for action.</p>
        <p>As a strictly evidence-based review, we did not find conclusive evidence that religiosity/spirituality is &#8220;a safe and useful/effective procedure&#8221; (ie, data obtained from several large studies and concordant and/or robust meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials: grade of recommendation I and level of evidence A). However, neither did we find evidence and/or consensus that &#8220;the procedure is not useful/effective and, in some cases, harmful&#8221; (ie, grade of recommendation III and level of evidence C).</p>
        <p>What is important is these concepts are implemented with scientific support, offering physicians a way to expand their performance and offer patients resources for dealing with disease, illness, and life in addition to indispensable traditional medical approaches.</p>
        <p>Thus, it is our duty to offer the fullest sense of health, ie, physical, social, emotional, psychological, and spiritual well-being, applying spiritual concepts sparingly and sensitively to the patients entrusted to our care.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
          <p><bold>How to cite this Statement:</bold> Nobre F, Esporcatte R, Brand&#227;o AA, &#193;lvaro Avezum Jr. A, Feitosa ADM, Amodeo C, et al. Position Statement on Hypertension and Spirituality &#8211; 2021. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 117(3):599-613.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
          <p><bold>Note:</bold> These statements are for information purposes and should not replace the clinical judgment of a physician, who must ultimately determine the appropriate treatment for each patient.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
