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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">ZNHQMyQhkNzRm3srCTt4Fcz</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001100561</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210718</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210718</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Posicionamento</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Posicionamento sobre Diagn&#243;stico e Tratamento da Amiloidose Card&#237;aca &#8211; 2021</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6553-8387</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9323-8805</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2533-5638</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Marcondes-Braga</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiana G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scheinberg</surname>
            <given-names>Philip</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6414-8838</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Edileide de Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6557-393X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rohde</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Eduardo P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7603-2752</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bacal</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3093-9743</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia Marinho Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0894-1131</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mangini</surname>
            <given-names>Sandrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8579-4158</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Biolo</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;ia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5702-210X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Beck-da-Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Luis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5254-3486</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Szor</surname>
            <given-names>Roberta Shcolnik</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>Wilson</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6986-4937</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Acary Souza Bulle</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4853-2236</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia Waddington</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6721-7779</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bueno</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Vaz Kerges</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5645-2055</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hajjar</surname>
            <given-names>Ludhmila Abrah&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4894-6116</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Issa</surname>
            <given-names>Aurora Felice Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">
            <sup>15</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2437-2485</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Felix Jos&#233; Alvarez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">
            <sup>16</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4428-5186</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Coelho</surname>
            <given-names>Otavio Rizzi</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">
            <sup>17</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1090-8165</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Ibraim Masciarelli Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18">
            <sup>18</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4505-3344</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19">
            <sup>19</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20">
            <sup>20</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Valicelli</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Luiz Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">
            <sup>16</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1466-9413</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21">
            <sup>21</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Celso Dario</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">
            <sup>17</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares-Junior</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2526-0656</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Romano</surname>
            <given-names>Minna Moreira Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0201-6754</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mathias</surname>
            <given-names>Wilson</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo I&#243;rio</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Montera</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Westerlund</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20">
            <sup>20</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Dantas Tavares de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22">
            <sup>22</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra Marques e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23">
            <sup>23</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garibaldi</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Manoel Marques</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alencar</surname>
            <given-names>Arist&#243;teles Comte de</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2999-4961</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Delascio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24">
            <sup>24</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7432-576X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#193;vila</surname>
            <given-names>Diane Xavier de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20">
            <sup>20</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff25">
            <sup>25</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff26">
            <sup>26</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff27">
            <sup>27</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Viana</surname>
            <given-names>Denizar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff28">
            <sup>28</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3345-8862</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Saraiva</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Francisco Kerr</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff29">
            <sup>29</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6014-5533</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Canesin</surname>
            <given-names>Manoel Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff30">
            <sup>30</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6306-1279</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Glaucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff31">
            <sup>31</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7452-3870</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21">
            <sup>21</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff32">
            <sup>32</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Ribeir&#227;o Preto &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital da Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital da Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>5</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>6</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Moinhos de Vento</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>7</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>8</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE), Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff9">
          <label>9</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Pernambuco</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff10">
          <label>10</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Faculdade de Medicina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff11">
          <label>11</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do C&#226;ncer do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff12">
          <label>12</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff13">
          <label>13</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho (HUCFF) da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff14">
          <label>14</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Santa Casa de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Santa Casa de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff15">
          <label>15</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff16">
          <label>16</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff17">
          <label>17</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff18">
          <label>18</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Grupo Fleury</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Grupo Fleury, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff19">
          <label>19</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (HCor), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff20">
          <label>20</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff21">
          <label>21</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff22">
          <label>22</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Jo&#227;o Pessoa</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba (UFPB), Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff23">
          <label>23</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Base do DF</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Base do DF, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff24">
          <label>24</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Duke University</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Durham</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">EUA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Duke University, Durham &#8211; EUA</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff25">
          <label>25</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Complexo Hospitalar de Niter&#243;i</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospitalar de Niter&#243;i, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff26">
          <label>26</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital e Maternidade Christ&#243;v&#227;o da Gama</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Santo Andr&#233;</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital e Maternidade Christ&#243;v&#227;o da Gama, Santo Andr&#233;, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff27">
          <label>27</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro (Huap), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff28">
          <label>28</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff29">
          <label>29</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Sociedade Campineira de Educa&#231;&#227;o e Instru&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Campineira de Educa&#231;&#227;o e Instru&#231;&#227;o, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff30">
          <label>30</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Londrina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Londrina</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff31">
          <label>31</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff32">
          <label>32</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Ensino e Treinamento Edson de Godoy Bueno</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro de Ensino e Treinamento Edson de Godoy Bueno/UHG, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold> Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Marechal C&#226;mara, 360/330 &#8211; Centro &#8211; Rio de Janeiro &#8211; CEP: <postal-code>20020-907</postal-code> . E-mail: <email>diretrizes@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>561</fpage>
      <lpage>598</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="24"/>
        <table-count count="28"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="206"/>
        <page-count count="38"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
        <colgroup width="50%">
          <col/>
          <col/>
        </colgroup>
        <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
          <tr>
            <th align="center" valign="top" colspan="2">Posicionamento sobre Diagn&#243;stico e Tratamento da Amiloidose Card&#237;aca &#8211; 2021</th>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <th align="center" valign="top" colspan="2">O relat&#243;rio abaixo lista as declara&#231;&#245;es de interesse conforme relatadas &#224; SBC pelos especialistas durante o per&#237;odo de desenvolvimento deste posicionamento, 2020/2021.</th>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <th align="left" valign="top">Especialista</th>
            <th align="center" valign="top">Tipo de relacionamento com a ind&#250;stria</th>
          </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Acary Souza Bulle Oliveira</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="6">Andr&#233; Schmidt</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Bayer: Anticoagulantes.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Outros relacionamentos</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Sanofi: Anticoagulantes.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Andr&#233;ia Biolo</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Arist&#243;teles Comte de Alencar Neto</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Aurora Felice Castro Issa</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="3">Bruno Vaz Kerges Bueno</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Pfiser: Eliquis; Alnylam: Patisiran.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Carlos Eduardo Rochitte</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Celso Dario Ramos</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="8">Cl&#225;udio Tinoco Mesquita</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Pfizer: Participa&#231;&#227;o em advisory board de amiloidose.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">B - Financiamento de pesquisas sob sua responsabilidade direta/pessoal (direcionado ao departamento ou institui&#231;&#227;o) provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Alnylam: Investigador Principal do estudo Apollo B com Patisiran.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Outros relacionamentos</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Pfizer: Amiloidose.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Denizar Viana</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="6">Diane Xavier de &#193;vila</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Alnylam: Patisiran.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Outros relacionamentos</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Alnylam: Patisiran.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="3">Edileide de Barros Correia</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Pfizer: Tafamidis (Vyndaqel); Alnylam: Patsiram (Onpatro); Takeda: Replagal.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2">Evandro Tinoco Mesquita</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">V&#237;nculo empregat&#237;cio com a ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, Equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras, assim como se tem Rela&#231;&#227;o v&#237;nculo empregat&#237;cio com operadoras de planos de sa&#250;de ou em Auditorias m&#233;dicas (incluindo meio per&#237;odo) durante o ano para o qual voc&#234; est&#225; declarando:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- UnitedHealth Group.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="3">Fabiana G. Marcondes-Braga</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Novartis: Palestras; AstraZeneca: Palestras e Conselho Consultivo; Boehringer: Conselho Consultivo.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="6">Fabio Fernandes</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Pfiser, Alnylan: palestras.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Outros relacionamentos</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Phifesr: Participa&#231;&#227;o em congresso internacional.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="3">Felix Jos&#233; Alvarez Ramires</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Novartis: Sacubitril/Valsartana; Pfizer: Patisiran; Merck: Vericiquat; Amgen.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Fernando Bacal</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Fl&#225;vio Henrique Valicelli</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Glaucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="3">Ibraim Masciarelli Francisco Pinto</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Novo Nordisk: Diabetes</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Jos&#233; Francisco Kerr Saraiva</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Jos&#233; Soares-Junior</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Ludhmila Abrah&#227;o Hajjar</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="5">Luis Beck-da-Silva</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Novartis: Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca; AstraZeneca: Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">B - Financiamento de pesquisas sob sua responsabilidade direta/pessoal (direcionado ao departamento ou institui&#231;&#227;o) provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Amgen: Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="6">Luis Eduardo P. Rohde</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Pfizer: Tafamidis; Novartir: Sacubitril-Valsartan; AstraZeneca: Dpaglifozina; Boehringer Ingelheim: Empaglifozina; Merck: Bisoprolol; Amgen: Omecamtiv-Mercabil.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Outros relacionamentos</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- AstraZeneca: Dapaglifozina; Boehringer Ingelheim: Empaglifozina.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Manoel Fernandes Canesin</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Marcelo Dantas Tavares de Melo</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Marcelo I&#243;rio Garcia</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Marcelo Westerlund Montera</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="8">M&#225;rcia Waddington Cruz</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Pfizer, Alnylam, Genzyme, Ionis, Prothena, FoldRx, PTC, NIH: Ppresenta&#231;&#227;o em evento cient&#237;fico como investigadora principal de ensaios cl&#237;nicos e como consultoria.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">B - Financiamento de pesquisas sob sua responsabilidade direta/pessoal (direcionado ao departamento ou institui&#231;&#227;o) provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Pfizer, Alnylam, Genzyme, Ionis, Prothena, FoldRx, PTC, NIH: Apresenta&#231;&#227;o em evento cient&#237;fico como investigadora principal de ensaios cl&#237;nicos e como consultoria.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Outros relacionamentos</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Pfizer, Alnylam, Genzyme, Ionis, Prothena, FoldRx, PTC, NIH: Apresenta&#231;&#227;o em evento cient&#237;fico como investigadora principal de ensaios cl&#237;nicos e como consultoria.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="4">Marcus V. Sim&#245;es</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Novartis: Entresto; AstraZeneca: Dapagliflozina.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">B - Financiamento de pesquisas sob sua responsabilidade direta/pessoal (direcionado ao departamento ou institui&#231;&#227;o) provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Amgen: Omecamtiv/Mecarbil; Beringher Ingelheim: Empagliflozina.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Minna Moreira Dias Romano</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="8">Otavio Rizzi Coelho Filho</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Pfizer: Tratamento para amiloidose TTR; Takeda: Doen&#231;a de Fabry; Novartis: Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; AstraZeneca; Daiichi Sankyo; Merck; Shire; Bayer.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">B - Financiamento de pesquisas sob sua responsabilidade direta/pessoal (direcionado ao departamento ou institui&#231;&#227;o) provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Pfizer: Tratamento para amiloidose TTR.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Outros relacionamentos</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- AstraZeneca: Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Pedro Manoel Marques Garibaldi</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="3">Philip Scheinberg</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Novartis, Abbvie, Roche: Hematologia.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="8">Renato Delascio Lopes</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Bayer: Anticoagulante; Boehringer Ingleheim: Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o e Diabetes; Pfizer: Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o; Bristol-Myers Squibb; Daiichi Sankyo; Glaxo Smith Kline; Medtronic; Merck; Portola; Sanofi.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">B - financiamento de pesquisas sob sua responsabilidade direta/pessoal (direcionado ao departamento ou institui&#231;&#227;o) provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Pfizer: Apixaban; Bayer: Rivaroxaban; Novartis: Sacubitril, Valsartan.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Outros relacionamentos</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Bayer: Rivaroxabana; Pfizer: Apixabana</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="8">Roberta Shcolnik Szor</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Pfizer: Amiloidose.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">B - Financiamento de pesquisas sob sua responsabilidade direta/pessoal (direcionado ao departamento ou institui&#231;&#227;o) provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Janssen-Cilag Farmac&#234;utica Ltda.: Amiloidose de cadeia leve.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Outros relacionamentos</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Janssen-Cilag Farmac&#234;utica Ltda.: Amiloidose de cadeia leve.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="6">Sandra Marques e Silva</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Sanofi, Takeda, Amicus Therapeutics: Doen&#231;as raras; Pfiser.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Outros relacionamentos</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Sanofi, Takeda, Amicus Therapeutics: Doen&#231;as raras; Pfiser.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="6">Sandrigo Mangini</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Novartis: Sacubitril/Valsartan; Pfizer: Doen&#231;as raras.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Outros relacionamentos</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Pfizer: Doen&#231;as raras</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Silvia Marinho Martins Alves</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="8">Wilson Marques Junior</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Pfizer: Tafamidis; Alnylam: Patisiran; PTC: Inotersen.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">B - Financiamento de pesquisas sob sua responsabilidade direta/pessoal (direcionado ao departamento ou institui&#231;&#227;o) provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Pfizer: Amiloidose.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Outros relacionamentos</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">- Pfizer: Tafamidis; Alnylam: Patisiran; PTC: Inotersen.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Wilson Mathias Junior</td>
            <td align="left" valign="top">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
    </table-wrap>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>1. Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, foram consolidados avan&#231;os expressivos no conhecimento de amiloidose card&#237;aca (AC), trazendo uma profunda reformula&#231;&#227;o do seu significado cl&#237;nico. Al&#233;m de haver evid&#234;ncias convincentes de que AC seja uma causa relativamente comum de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEP), assistimos o surgimento de terapias espec&#237;ficas modificadoras do curso natural da doen&#231;a, capazes de prolongar a sobrevida dos pacientes acometidos.</p>
      <p>Em paralelo, relevantes progressos nas t&#233;cnicas de imagem cardiovascular t&#234;m contribu&#237;do grandemente para o reconhecimento mais acurado e precoce da doen&#231;a. Particularmente, o emprego da cintilografia card&#237;aca com radiotra&#231;adores &#243;sseos tornou poss&#237;vel o diagn&#243;stico n&#227;o invasivo da AC ligada &#224; transtirretina (TTR), prescindindo da bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica, o que simplificou muito o fluxo diagn&#243;stico.</p>
      <p>Assim, o presente posicionamento tem por objetivo apresentar as recomenda&#231;&#245;es mais atuais para o diagn&#243;stico, estadiamento progn&#243;stico e tratamento da AC, com base na revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica das evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas atuais.</p>
      <p>Neste posicionamento, as tabelas de classes de recomenda&#231;&#227;o e n&#237;veis de evid&#234;ncia foram realizadas conforme a padroniza&#231;&#227;o a seguir.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="100%">
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="top">Classes (graus) de recomenda&#231;&#227;o:</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"><bold>Classe I &#8211;</bold> Condi&#231;&#245;es para as quais h&#225; evid&#234;ncias conclusivas ou, em sua aus&#234;ncia, consenso geral de que o procedimento &#233; seguro e &#250;til/eficaz</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"><bold>Classe IIa &#8211;</bold> Condi&#231;&#245;es para as quais h&#225; evid&#234;ncias conflitantes e/ou diverg&#234;ncia de opini&#227;o sobre seguran&#231;a e utilidade/efic&#225;cia do procedimento. Peso ou evid&#234;ncia/opini&#227;o a favor do procedimento. Amaioria dos estudos/especialistas aprova</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"><bold>Classe IIb &#8211;</bold> Condi&#231;&#245;es para as quais h&#225; evid&#234;ncias conflitantes e/ou diverg&#234;ncia de opini&#227;o sobre seguran&#231;a e utilidade/efic&#225;cia do procedimento. Seguran&#231;a e utilidade/efic&#225;cia menos bem estabelecida, n&#227;o havendo predom&#237;nio de opini&#245;es a favor</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"><bold>Classe III &#8211;</bold> Condi&#231;&#245;es para as quais h&#225; evid&#234;ncias e/ou consenso de que o procedimento n&#227;o &#233; &#250;til/eficaz e, em alguns casos, pode ser prejudicial</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">
                <bold>N&#237;veis de evid&#234;ncia:</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"><bold>N&#237;vel A &#8211;</bold> Dados obtidos a partir de m&#250;ltiplos estudos randomizados de bom porte, concordantes e/ou de metan&#225;lise robusta de estudos cl&#237;nicos randomizados</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"><bold>N&#237;vel B &#8211;</bold> Dados obtidos a partir de metan&#225;lise menos robusta, a partir de um &#250;nico estudo randomizado ou de estudos n&#227;o randomizados (observacionais)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"><bold>N&#237;vel C &#8211;</bold> Dados obtidos de opini&#245;es consensuais de especialistas</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>2. Conceitos Gerais</title>
      <p>A amiloidose sist&#234;mica &#233; uma doen&#231;a causada pela deposi&#231;&#227;o tecidual de agregados proteicos fibrilares e insol&#250;veis em diferentes &#243;rg&#227;os, incluindo o cora&#231;&#227;o, levando &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o org&#226;nica. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Mais de 30 tipos de prote&#237;nas amiloidog&#234;nicas s&#227;o descritas, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> e cinco delas podem acometer o cora&#231;&#227;o (cadeias pesada e leve da imunoglobulina, transtirretina, amiloide A e apoA1), sendo que dois tipos s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por 95% dos casos de AC: a cadeia leve de imunoglobulinas (forma AL) e a transtirretina (forma ATTR), tanto em suas formas selvagem ou <italic>&gt;wild type</italic> (ATTRwt) quanto heredit&#225;ria ou variante (ATTRv). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> <sup>&#8211;</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>A transtirretina (TTR) &#233; uma prote&#237;na composta por quatro mon&#244;meros, que circulam como um tetr&#226;mero. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Age como um transportador de tiroxina (T4) e de retinol (vitamina A), em condi&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas. A etapa limitante na taxa de forma&#231;&#227;o das fibrilas amiloides pela TTR &#233; a dissocia&#231;&#227;o do tetr&#226;mero em mon&#244;meros, o que possivelmente envolve prote&#243;lise. Posteriormente, a desnatura&#231;&#227;o parcial do mon&#244;metro permite a montagem incorreta em v&#225;rias estruturas agregadas. A amiloidose por muta&#231;&#227;o do gene da TTR (ATTRv) apresenta car&#225;ter autoss&#244;mico dominante, seu gene est&#225; localizado no cromossomo 18 e mais de 140 muta&#231;&#245;es j&#225; foram descritas. Mediante a produ&#231;&#227;o de TTR menos est&#225;vel, leva &#224; deposi&#231;&#227;o amiloide de forma agressiva e sist&#234;mica. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Na ATTRwt, a sequ&#234;ncia de amino&#225;cidos &#233; normal e n&#227;o est&#225; completamente esclarecido o processo pelo qual a prote&#237;na selvagem se torna inst&#225;vel e se agrega em fibrilas amiloides. No entanto, o envelhecimento parece estar envolvido na fisiopatologia da doen&#231;a. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Na forma AL, a cadeia leve amiloidog&#234;nica origina-se de plasm&#243;citos ou, menos frequentemente, linf&#243;citos B an&#244;malos, configurando, portanto, uma doen&#231;a hematol&#243;gica clonal e neopl&#225;sica. No cora&#231;&#227;o, o dep&#243;sito de fibrilas amiloides causa dano estrutural ao aumentar a rigidez card&#237;aca e vascular, prejudicando a contra&#231;&#227;o e o relaxamento card&#237;aco e gerando dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o. Em paralelo, as cadeias leves circulantes tamb&#233;m apresentam toxicidade direta ao mioc&#225;rdio, atrav&#233;s de disfun&#231;&#227;o lisossomal, autofagia defeituosa, produ&#231;&#227;o de esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio, disfun&#231;&#227;o celular e mitocondrial, altera&#231;&#245;es na homeostase do c&#225;lcio do cardiomi&#243;cito e, por fim, morte celular. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref> representa a fisiopatog&#234;nese da amiloidose card&#237;aca nas formas ATTR e AL.</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Fisiopatog&#234;nese da amiloidose card&#237;aca.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0561-10718-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Diferentes subtipos de amiloidose podem originar manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas sobrepostas e, uma vez diagnosticada a amiloidose, &#233; imprescind&#237;vel caracterizar corretamente a prote&#237;na precursora para institui&#231;&#227;o do tratamento espec&#237;fico. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> <sup>&#8211;</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>A depender dos &#243;rg&#227;os acometidos e do grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o ocasionada, um amplo espectro de manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas pode ser observado, com evolu&#231;&#227;o progressiva e potencialmente fatal. Os principais &#243;rg&#227;os que podem ser acometidos na amiloidose sist&#234;mica s&#227;o cora&#231;&#227;o, rins, olhos, sistema nervoso central e perif&#233;rico e f&#237;gado. Manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas inespec&#237;ficas s&#227;o frequentemente observadas e incluem fadiga, perda ponderal, edema perif&#233;rico e hipotens&#227;o ortost&#225;tica. Por esse motivo, &#233; comum o diagn&#243;stico tardio, de modo que s&#227;o necess&#225;rios conhecimento sobre a doen&#231;a e elevado grau de suspei&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica para conclus&#227;o diagn&#243;stica.</p>
      <p>Na ATTRv, a depender da muta&#231;&#227;o, o quadro cl&#237;nico &#233; dominado por neuropatia ou cardiopatia. Na ATTRw <italic>t</italic> , a cardiopatia &#233; a principal manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, ocorrendo principalmente em homens idosos que desenvolvem ICFEP sem fatores de risco previamente conhecidos.</p>
      <p>Algumas altera&#231;&#245;es extracard&#237;acas podem anteceder, emanos, o desenvolvimento da AC, destacando-se a s&#237;ndrome do t&#250;nel do carpo bilateral e a ruptura espont&#226;nea do tend&#227;o do b&#237;ceps. O reconhecimento de tais sinais como parte do quadro cl&#237;nico de amiloidose &#233; fundamental, podendo levar a diagn&#243;stico mais precoce e evitar a progress&#227;o da cardiopatia pela institui&#231;&#227;o de tratamento espec&#237;fico. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>A ATTRwt tem incid&#234;ncia aumentada em pacientes mais idosos, usualmente acima de 70 anos de idade; contudo, as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas da ATTRv tamb&#233;m costumam ocorrer em idosos, fazendo com que a idade n&#227;o deva ser levada em considera&#231;&#227;o para diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre as duas formas de ATTR. No que diz respeito ao sexo, h&#225; uma forte predomin&#226;ncia no sexo masculino, em 80% a 90%, apenas na ATTRwt.</p>
      <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ATTRv, a muta&#231;&#227;o V30M &#233; a mais disseminada pelo mundo, sendo end&#234;mica em Portugal, Su&#233;cia e Jap&#227;o e, provavelmente, a mais comum no Brasil. Outra muta&#231;&#227;o bastante frequente &#233; a V122I, que est&#225; presente em 3,4% dos afro-americanos e relacionada ao desenvolvimento de cardiopatia em pacientes acima dos 60 anos de idade. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref> resume as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas dos subtipos AL, ATTRv e ATTRw <italic>t</italic> .</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Aspectos demogr&#225;ficos e de apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, comparativo entre as formas AL, ATTRv e ATTRwt</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="top">Aspectos demogr&#225;ficos</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">AL</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">ATTRv</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">ATTRwt</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Idade de in&#237;cio (anos)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&gt; 60 anos</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Depende do gen&#243;tipo</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&gt; 70 anos</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">G&#234;nero</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Leve predomin&#226;ncia em homens</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Sem predomin&#226;ncia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Predomin&#226;ncia em homens</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Origem &#233;tnica</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Nenhuma</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Muta&#231;&#227;o mais frequente: Afrodescendentes americanos = Val122Ile Portugueses = Val30Met</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Nenhuma</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Preval&#234;ncia/Incid&#234;ncia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">10 casos/milh&#227;o de pessoas/ano, aumenta com a idade</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Vari&#225;vel, conforme o gen&#243;tipo</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Desconhecida, aumenta com a idade</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="4">
                <bold>Aspectos cl&#237;nicos</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">ICFEP</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&#8730;</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&#8730;</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&#8730;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Neuropatia perif&#233;rica e/ou auton&#244;mica</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&#8730;</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&#8730;</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Protein&#250;ria</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&#8730;</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">P&#250;rpura periorbit&#225;ria</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&#8730;</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Macroglossia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&#8730;</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">S&#237;ndrome do t&#250;nel do carpo bilateral</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&#8730;</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&#8730;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Ruptura espont&#226;nea do tend&#227;o do b&#237;ceps</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&#8730;</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>
              <italic>ICFEP: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A amiloidose card&#237;aca por cadeias leves (AL) apresenta incid&#234;ncia de 6 a 10/milh&#227;o de pessoas/ano e era considerada a principal causa de AC. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> Com o desenvolvimento de t&#233;cnicas menos invasivas de diagn&#243;stico de AC por ATTR <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> e a perspectiva de tratamentos efetivos, o n&#250;mero de casos diagnosticados, especialmente de ATTRwt, vem aumentando de forma expressiva, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> sendo atualmente a causa mais comum de AC. Estudos demonstram que 13% <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> dos pacientes com ICFEP e 25% das necropsias de idosos, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> principalmente do sexo masculino, apresentam dep&#243;sito de ATTR no cora&#231;&#227;o. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Muito mais que uma doen&#231;a rara, na verdade, a AC &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o subdiagnosticada. Dados recentes nos EUA registram o progressivo aumento na preval&#234;ncia, aumentando de 18 para 55,2 (100.000 pessoas-ano), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> e fortalecem o conceito da falta do diagn&#243;stico que equivocadamente era considerado como inexist&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a. A jornada do paciente at&#233; o diagn&#243;stico &#233; longa, e estima-se que exista um atraso de mais de 2 anos do in&#237;cio dos sintomas at&#233; o diagn&#243;stico, passando, em m&#233;dia, por cinco diferentes profissionais. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> Assim, iniciativas que disseminem o conhecimento sobre AC s&#227;o fundamentais, fazendo com que os cl&#237;nicos e cardiologistas pensem nessa entidade, visando a um diagn&#243;stico mais precoce e orientas&#231;&#227;o adequada da terap&#234;utica, melhorando o progn&#243;stico e a sobrevida dos pacientes.</p>
      <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao progn&#243;stico, a amiloidose AL causa envolvimento multiorg&#226;nico, de car&#225;ter mais agressivo em rela&#231;&#227;o aos demais subtipos. O diagn&#243;stico tardio ainda faz com que a mortalidade precoce nos primeiros 6 a 12 meses seja elevada em decorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es da cardiopatia avan&#231;ada. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Na ATTR, a sobrevida mediana estimada para o subtipo <italic>wild type</italic> &#233; de 3,6 anos e, na ATTRv, o progn&#243;stico depende da muta&#231;&#227;o. Nos casos de fen&#243;tipo neurol&#243;gico, a progress&#227;o da neuropatia leva &#224; incapacidade sensitivo-motora, mas a mortalidade &#233; mais relacionada a comprometimento card&#237;aco. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> </p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>3. Manifesta&#231;&#245;es Neurol&#243;gicas</title>
      <p>Muta&#231;&#245;es no gene TTR est&#227;o associadas a uma grande variedade de manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, que refletem o dep&#243;sito da prote&#237;na variante (TTRv) em diferentes tipos de tecidos, sendo o envolvimento card&#237;aco e o do sistema nervoso perif&#233;rico os mais frequentes; o primeiro particularmente causado pela muta&#231;&#227;o V122I e o segundo, pela muta&#231;&#227;o V30M. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Neste cap&#237;tulo, descreveremos as principais manifesta&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas que deveriam levantar a possibilidade de ATTRv.</p>
      <p>As manifesta&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas na ATTRv podem se dividir em: neuropatia perif&#233;rica, manifesta&#231;&#245;es tardias de acometimento do sistema nervoso central (SNC) ligadas &#224; angiopatia amiloide e manifesta&#231;&#245;es do SNC associadas &#224; infiltra&#231;&#227;o oculomen&#237;ngea.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>3.1. Neuropatia Perif&#233;rica</title>
        <p>A forma cl&#225;ssica de acometimento dos nervos perif&#233;ricos na ATTRv &#233; a polineuropatia axonal, auton&#244;mica-sensitiva-motora de evolu&#231;&#227;o comprimento dependente, ou seja: afeta inicialmente segmentos mais distais dos membros, sobretudo os inferiores, e evolui para o acometimento de segmentos proximais e para os membros superiores. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Na forma de in&#237;cio precoce (&lt; 50 anos), em geral associada &#224; muta&#231;&#227;o ATTRv V30M (V50M), as fibras finas, pouco ou n&#227;o mielinizadas (fibras auton&#244;micas, do calor, do frio e da dor) s&#227;o as acometidas inicialmente, seguindo-se, &#224; medida que a doen&#231;a progride, comprometimento das fibras grossas, muito mielinizadas, respons&#225;veis pelas sensibilidades vibrat&#243;ria, cin&#233;tico-postural e pela motricidade. Assim, os primeiros sintomas s&#227;o disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til, saciedade precoce, n&#225;useas, v&#244;mitos, diarreia, constipa&#231;&#227;o, altern&#226;ncia de diarreia com constipa&#231;&#227;o, hipotens&#227;o ortost&#225;tica, s&#237;ncopes, arritmias, altera&#231;&#227;o da condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular, olho seco, reten&#231;&#227;o ou incontin&#234;ncia urin&#225;ria, dor neurop&#225;tica, perda das sensibilidades ao calor e ao frio e uma importante perda ponderal. J&#225; nessa fase inicial, podem surgir les&#245;es indolores, mal perfurante plantar e suas repercuss&#245;es, tais como infec&#231;&#245;es localizadas, celulite, osteomielite e at&#233; septicemia. Ap&#243;s alguns anos, surgem instabilidade &#224; marcha e fraqueza por atrofia muscular, sempre evoluindo de distal para proximal. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>J&#225; nas formas tardias, a neuropatia, desde o in&#237;cio, compromete todos os tipos de fibras, e a disautonomia n&#227;o &#233; t&#227;o importante, pelo menos na fase inicial da doen&#231;a. Estas formas tanto podem estar associadas &#224; muta&#231;&#227;o TTRv V30M quanto a v&#225;rias outras muta&#231;&#245;es, e a evolu&#231;&#227;o costuma ser mais agressiva. Em estudo brasileiro, 26 % dos pacientes com ATTRv V30M tiveram in&#237;cio tardio. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>A s&#237;ndrome do t&#250;nel do carpo bilateral &#233; uma manifesta&#231;&#227;o frequente na ATTRv, podendo ser a manifesta&#231;&#227;o inicial. Est&#225; associada a qualquer muta&#231;&#227;o, mas &#233; particularmente importante em algumas delas, incluindo a TTR V122I, que aparenta ser particularmente frequente no Brasil, associada &#224; doen&#231;a card&#237;aca, a quem pode preceder por v&#225;rios anos. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.2. Manifesta&#231;&#245;es do Sistema Nervoso Central</title>
        <p>O prolongamento da sobrevida, inicialmente associada ao transplante hep&#225;tico e agora pelos novos medicamentos, tem possibilitado o aparecimento de manifesta&#231;&#227;o que antes eram incomuns. A produ&#231;&#227;o de TTR pelo plexo coroide (apenas 2% do total), a longo prazo, tanto est&#225; associada a uma angiopatia amiloide como &#224; infiltra&#231;&#227;o men&#237;ngea. A angiopatia amiloide se manifesta como epis&#243;dios focais tanto do tipo deficit&#225;rio <italic>stroke-like</italic> , <italic>TIA-like</italic> , ou <italic>aura-like</italic> , quanto do tipo irritativo epil&#233;tico. Nos casos mais graves, pode se instalar isquemia ou mesmo hemorragia intracraniana. Dentre outras manifesta&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas, destacam-se: comprometimento auditivo; migr&#226;nia; dem&#234;ncia; s&#237;ndrome cerebelar; mielopatia e radiculopatia.</p>
        <p>Algumas muta&#231;&#245;es raras t&#234;m predile&#231;&#227;o pelo acometimento oculocerebral e constituem quadros de amiloidose oculoleptomen&#237;ngea (ATTR Y69H: oculocerebral; Val30Gly: oculoleptomen&#237;ngea). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref> </p>
        <p><bold>Est&#225;gios da neuropatia</bold>:  Os est&#225;gios de Coutinho para ATTRv s&#227;o demarcados pela polineuropatia. O est&#225;gio 1 &#233; aquele em que a polineuropatia sensitivo-motora afeta a marcha, mas o paciente n&#227;o necessita de apoio para deambular. No est&#225;gio 2, um ou mais apoios s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para a deambula&#231;&#227;o. No est&#225;gio 3, o paciente est&#225; restrito &#224; cadeira de rodas ou ao leito.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.3. An&#225;lise Gen&#233;tica</title>
        <p>A ATTRv &#233; uma doen&#231;a de heran&#231;a autoss&#244;mica dominante, mas que apresenta penetr&#226;ncia vari&#225;vel, que &#233; ao mesmo tempo muta&#231;&#227;o dependente, idade dependente e tamb&#233;m sofre influ&#234;ncia regional. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref> A muta&#231;&#227;o TTRv V30Met, por exemplo, tem penetr&#226;ncia em Portugal de 80% aos 50 anos e de 91% aos 70 anos. Na Su&#233;cia, a mesma muta&#231;&#227;o tem os valores de 11% e 36%, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>Pelo menos 140 diferentes muta&#231;&#245;es foram descritas at&#233; o momento, mas nem todas s&#227;o patog&#234;nicas. Algumas s&#227;o polimorfismos j&#225; bem determinados, enquanto outras ainda t&#234;m significado indeterminado. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref> Essas duas caracter&#237;sticas implicam que o teste diagn&#243;stico deve ser sempre o sequenciamento completo de gene TTR e que a interpreta&#231;&#227;o das variantes raras ou ainda n&#227;o descritas deve ser cuidadosa. Dentre as muta&#231;&#245;es patog&#234;nicas, existem as que causam preferentemente neuropatia (TTRv V30Met), as que causam preferentemente cardiopatia (TTRv V122I) e as que causam tanto neuropatia como cardiopatia (Leu58Hist) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref> ). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref> Deve-se considerar, no entanto, que a correla&#231;&#227;o genot&#237;pica/fenot&#237;pica n&#227;o &#233; estrita.</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o das diferentes muta&#231;&#245;es da ATTRv associadas a fen&#243;tipos neurol&#243;gicos, cardiol&#243;gicos ou mistos.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0561-10718-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Um cap&#237;tulo especial dentre os aspectos gen&#233;ticos &#233; o teste pr&#233;-sintom&#225;tico, ou seja, o teste de parentes de pessoas sabidamente afetadas. Diferentemente do teste diagn&#243;stico, ele deve ser feito por pessoas treinadas e deve haver uma equipe de suporte, incluindo psic&#243;logo. Deve incluir obrigatoriamente uma fase de prepara&#231;&#227;o, pr&#233;-diagn&#243;stica, o teste gen&#233;tico e uma fase de suporte, p&#243;s-resultado. N&#227;o deve ser realizado em crian&#231;as, e somente deve ser aplicado quando o candidato manifestar expressamente que esta &#233; sua vontade e for considerado psicologicamente preparado. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref> </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>4. Manifesta&#231;&#245;es Cardiovasculares</title>
      <p>A AC cursa com infiltra&#231;&#227;o da matriz extracelular card&#237;aca por fibrilas amiloides, resultando em um aumento progressivo da espessura da parede ventricular e aumento acentuado na rigidez da c&#226;mara, acarretando em comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, levando &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fisiologia restritiva. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref> A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica tamb&#233;m &#233; comprometida, normalmente refletida por tens&#227;o longitudinal anormal, apesar de uma fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal, que pode se encontrar preservada at&#233; os est&#225;gios finais da doen&#231;a. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"><sup>38</sup></xref> <sup>&#8211;</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"><sup>40</sup></xref> &#201; frequente a infiltra&#231;&#227;o amiloide atrial, levando &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til. Os dep&#243;sitos tamb&#233;m podem ocorrer nas v&#225;lvulas card&#237;acas, geralmente sem causar disfun&#231;&#245;es importantes, e na regi&#227;o perivascular. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Dessa forma, a manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica mais frequente &#233; a s&#237;ndrome de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, mais comumente com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEP), mas que pode evoluir com queda da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o nas fases mais avan&#231;adas da doen&#231;a. A s&#237;ndrome cl&#237;nica pode se apresentar com sintomas predominantes de IC esquerda, com congest&#227;o pulmonar (dispneia, ortopneia, dispneia parox&#237;stica noturna), ou sintomas de IC direita (edema, ascite, hematomegalia, aumento do volume abdominal, saciedade precoce, fadiga severa) ou ambos os conjuntos de sintomas. A amiloidose card&#237;aca deve ser considerada no diagn&#243;stico diferencial da etiologia da ICFEP em homens idosos, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41"><sup>41</sup></xref> particularmente quando a hist&#243;ria pregressa de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) n&#227;o &#233; evidente ou h&#225; aumento da espessura do septo interventricular &#8805; 12 mm, levantando a possibilidade de miocardiopatia infiltrativa. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>S&#237;ncope e hipotens&#227;o ortost&#225;tica s&#227;o sintomas comuns e indicam a presen&#231;a de disautonomia. Um aspecto cl&#237;nico caracter&#237;stico que pode levantar a suspeita de amiloidose &#233; a necessidade de reduzir a dose ou descontinuar medicamentos anti-hipertensivos em pacientes com diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de HAS, principalmente betabloqueadores e inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina/bloqueadores dos receptores de angiotensina. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Pode ainda ocorrer infiltra&#231;&#227;o amiloide causando doen&#231;a do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aco desde as fases precoces da doen&#231;a, com graus vari&#225;veis de bloqueio atrioventricular, resultando, em alguns casos, em bradicardia de alto risco, com necessidade de implante de marca-passo. Outra altera&#231;&#227;o importante &#233; decorrente do endurecimento das paredes atriais, com taxas elevadas de arritmias atriais, incluindo a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, e presen&#231;a de trombos atriais, sendo o acidente vascular encef&#225;lico cardioemb&#243;lico uma manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica comum, mesmo em indiv&#237;duos com ritmo sinusal. Arritmias ventriculares complexas parecem ser frequentes nas fases avan&#231;adas da doen&#231;a, aspecto mais bem documentado na amiloidose AL.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>4.1. Eleva&#231;&#227;o do Grau de Suspeita da Amiloidose Card&#237;aca</title>
        <p>A amiloidose card&#237;aca, particularmente na forma ATTR, &#233; frequentemente subdiagnosticada por raz&#245;es associadas &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica e por caracter&#237;sticas da pr&#243;pria doen&#231;a, incluindo: conhecimento fragmentado entre diferentes especialidades e subespecialidades, escassez de centros e especialistas dedicados ao manejo dessa doen&#231;a, conhecimento equivocado acreditando-se ser uma doen&#231;a rara e incur&#225;vel, heterogeneidade fenot&#237;pica e genot&#237;pica nas formas ATTR. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42"><sup>42</sup></xref> Vale ressaltar que o diagn&#243;stico precoce da amiloidose card&#237;aca &#233; fundamental, pois o progn&#243;stico piora rapidamente com a deposi&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua da prote&#237;na amiloide e subsequente avan&#231;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o dos &#243;rg&#227;os.</p>
        <p>Dessa forma, o reconhecimento de &#8220;sinais de alerta&#8221; pode auxiliar na presun&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico da amiloidose card&#237;aca nos pacientes com IC, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43"><sup>43</sup></xref> sendo os mais relevantes resumidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref> .</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Pistas cl&#237;nicas que podem levantar a suspeita de amiloidose card&#237;aca em pacientes com manifesta&#231;&#245;es de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="100%">
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica e exame f&#237;sico</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">ICFEp, particularmente em homens idosos (acima de 65 anos)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Intoler&#226;ncia a iECA/BRA/INRA e/ou betabloqueadores</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Bloqueio AV inexplicado com implante pr&#233;vio de marca-passo</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">S&#237;ndrome do t&#250;nel do carpo bilateral</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Estenose do canal vertebral</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Ruptura do tend&#227;o do b&#237;ceps</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Polineuropatia sensorial/motora n&#227;o explicada (parestesia, dor neurop&#225;tica, fraqueza)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica (hipotens&#227;o postural, diarreia p&#243;s-prandial alternando com constipa&#231;&#227;o, disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">P&#250;rpura periorbit&#225;ria espont&#226;nea ou com traumatismo m&#237;nimo</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Macroglossia</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Opacidade v&#237;trea e altera&#231;&#245;es pupilares</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Hist&#243;ria familiar de miocardiopatia ou polineuropatia</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Exames de imagem</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Fen&#243;tipo infiltrativo ao ecocardiograma (SIV &#8805; 12 mm), hipertrofia biventricular, hiper-refring&#234;ncia do mioc&#225;rdio, espessamento valvar, espessamento do septo interatrial</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Espessamento conc&#234;ntrico das paredes do VE com amplitude do QRS reduzida ou n&#227;o aumentada na propor&#231;&#227;o do aumento da espessura das paredes do VE</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Pistas combinadas</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Estenose a&#243;rtica em pacientes idosos (acima de 60 anos) com baixo fluxo/baixo gradiente</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica iniciada tardiamente (acima de 60 anos)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>ICFEp: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; SIV: septo interventricular; iECA: inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina II; INRA: inibidor da neprilisina e do receptor da angiotensina.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>S&#237;ndrome do t&#250;nel do carpo bilateral &#233; muitas vezes um dos primeiros indicadores de ATTR, &#233; a manifesta&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o card&#237;aca mais comum e pode preceder os sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em v&#225;rios anos. Um estudo recente observou que aproximadamente 50% dos indiv&#237;duos com ATTRwt apresentava s&#237;ndrome do t&#250;nel do carpo 5 a 7 anos antes do diagn&#243;stico. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44"><sup>44</sup></xref> Estenose lombar e ruptura atraum&#225;tica do tend&#227;o do b&#237;ceps tamb&#233;m foram identificados como manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de deposi&#231;&#227;o extracard&#237;aca na ATTRwt. A ruptura do tend&#227;o do b&#237;ceps pode estar presente em at&#233; 33% dos casos de ATTRwt. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45"><sup>45</sup></xref> Por outro lado, na forma AL, a presen&#231;a de macroglossia e a p&#250;rpura periorbit&#225;ria s&#227;o altamente espec&#237;ficas, por&#233;m ocorrem em apenas 15% dos casos. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46"><sup>46</sup></xref> A presen&#231;a de polineuropatia sentitivo/motora ou disautonomia em pacientes com IC deve levantar a suspeita de AC. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47"><sup>47</sup></xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48"><sup>48</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Outros sinais de alerta para a doen&#231;a podem emergir de altera&#231;&#245;es t&#237;picas nos exames complementares cardiol&#243;gicos de rotina, e s&#227;o abordadas em t&#243;picos espec&#237;ficos deste documento.</p>
        <p>Vale salientar, ainda, que a amiloidose card&#237;aca pode muitas vezes apresentar-se simulando outras cardiopatias. A amiloidose deve ser considerada como uma das poss&#237;veis etiologias de pacientes que apresentam fen&#243;tipo de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, particularmente se iniciada em fases tardias da vida (&gt; 60 anos). O padr&#227;o assim&#233;trico de hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica (HVE) nos pacientes com amiloidose ATTR difere dos pacientes com forma AL, geralmente sim&#233;trico. Em estudo de 263 pacientes com AC por ATTR confirmada e comparados com 50 pacientes com a forma AL, observou-se na forma ATTR presen&#231;a de hipertrofia assim&#233;trica em 79% dos casos, sim&#233;trica em 18% e 3% sem HVE. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49"><sup>49</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Pacientes idosos portadores de estenose a&#243;rtica grave de baixo fluxo e baixo gradiente podem exibir AC em at&#233; 10% a 15% dos casos, com progn&#243;stico desfavor&#225;vel. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50"><sup>50</sup></xref> </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>5. Exames Complementares Diagn&#243;sticos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>5.1. Eletrocardiograma</title>
        <p>O eletrocardiograma (ECG) &#233; um exame essencial na avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica e no planejamento terap&#234;utico dos pacientes, sendo importante sua interpreta&#231;&#227;o em conjunto com as informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas. Embora o achado de sinais de baixa voltagem ao ECG tenha grande especificidade no diagn&#243;stico de infiltra&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica secund&#225;ria &#224; AC, este n&#227;o &#233; o achado mais prevalente na doen&#231;a. A aus&#234;ncia de progress&#227;o de ondas R em deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais, simulando uma zona el&#233;trica inativa anterosseptal (padr&#227;o de pseudoinfarto) &#233; achado muito mais frequente, chegando &#224; preval&#234;ncia de 60% a 70% dos casos com diagn&#243;stico confirmado, independentemente do tipo de amiloidose ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref> ).</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Imagem ilustrativa de eletrocardiograma (ECG) de paciente com amiloidose card&#237;aca (AC) forma ATTRwt, mostrando baixa voltagem em deriva&#231;&#245;es perif&#233;ricas, aus&#234;ncia de progress&#227;o de R em deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais V1 a V3 (padr&#227;o de pseudoinfarto) e BAV de I grau. (Imagem de arquivo pessoal dos autores)</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0561-10718-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Nos casos de AC por ATTR, menos de 40% dos pacientes com diagn&#243;stico confirmado por bi&#243;psia apresentam sinais de baixa voltagem ao ECG. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51"><sup>51</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Assim, a aus&#234;ncia de crit&#233;rios de baixa voltagem ao ECG, ou mesmo a presen&#231;a de sinais de sobrecarga de VE, n&#227;o deve afastar a suspeita diagn&#243;stica de AC, especialmente a ATTR. A despropor&#231;&#227;o da voltagem em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; espessura mioc&#225;rdica tamb&#233;m &#233; sinal de alerta importante e alcan&#231;a preval&#234;ncia de 73% a 80% em pacientes com AC, independentemente de seu tipo. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52"><sup>52</sup></xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53"><sup>53</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Dentre as altera&#231;&#245;es do ritmo card&#237;aco, a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial &#233; mais prevalente em pacientes com ATTR, assim como os bloqueios atrioventriculares.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5.2. Ecocardiograma</title>
        <p>A ecocardiografia deve ser realizada em todos os pacientes com suspeita cl&#237;nica da doen&#231;a. Os achados cl&#225;ssicos de AC geralmente est&#227;o presentes em uma fase avan&#231;ada da doen&#231;a e englobam as caracter&#237;sticas de uma cardiomiopatia restritiva, do tipo infiltrativa. As dimens&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) n&#227;o s&#227;o aumentadas, os volumes s&#227;o normais ou reduzidos e h&#225; aumento da espessura de paredes ventriculares. O aumento de dimens&#245;es atriais &#233; comum, refletindo uma disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica precoce e progressiva, com aumento das press&#245;es de enchimento. As valvas atrioventriculares podem estar espessadas e as regurgita&#231;&#245;es valvares (mitral e tric&#250;spide) s&#227;o funcionais. Pode, ainda, haver sinais sugestivos de infiltra&#231;&#227;o do septo interatrial e tamb&#233;m eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar. O ventr&#237;culo direito tamb&#233;m pode estar acometido. &#201; muito comum a presen&#231;a de derrames pleurais e peric&#225;rdicos e, em casos em que h&#225; intensa infiltra&#231;&#227;o tecidual, &#233; poss&#237;vel observar o cl&#225;ssico, embora subjetivo, aspecto granular da imagem de paredes mioc&#225;rdicas ( <italic>granular sparkling</italic> ) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref> ) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54"><sup>54</sup></xref> </p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Apresenta&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica cl&#225;ssica de amiloidose card&#237;aca (AC). Em A, a proje&#231;&#227;o paraesternal longitudinal apresenta o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) de tamanho normal, mas com espessura de paredes aumentada e aspecto granulado em septo interventricular (seta verde). H&#225;, ainda, sinais de aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) e leve derrame peric&#225;rdico (seta amarela). Em B, a proje&#231;&#227;o apical 4c evidencia os &#225;trios grandes, ventr&#237;culos de dimens&#245;es normais e aumento de espessura de paredes, tamb&#233;m com aspecto granulado do septo interventricular (seta verde). As valvas mitral e tric&#250;spide s&#227;o levemente espessadas. VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; AD: &#225;trio direito. (Imagens de arquivo pessoal dos autores).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0561-10718-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Na AC, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (FEVE) permanece normalmente preservada at&#233; os est&#225;gios mais avan&#231;ados da doen&#231;a, mas a fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til longitudinal &#233; reduzida precocemente. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55"><sup>55</sup></xref> Quantitativamente, a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica pode ser avaliada pelo modo 2D (bidimensional), utilizando c&#225;lculo de volumes e FEVE e por t&#233;cnicas derivadas do Doppler como a estimativa do dP/dT do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56"><sup>56</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>A avaliac&#807;a&#771;o do padra&#771;o de enchimento diasto&#769;lico dos ventri&#769;culos &#233; essencial e frequentemente demonstra algum grau de disfunc&#807;a&#771;o diasto&#769;lica. Nas fases iniciais, &#233; poss&#237;vel observar alterac&#807;o&#771;es compati&#769;veis com disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica tipo I (inversa&#771;o da relac&#807;a&#771;o das ondas E/A do influxo mitral, prolongamento do tempo de relaxamento isovolume&#769;trico e diminuic&#807;a&#771;o da rampa de desacelerac&#807;a&#771;o diasto&#769;lica inicial. No registro das velocidades mioca&#769;rdicas pelo Doppler tissular, observa-se reduc&#807;a&#771;o da velocidade da onda e&#8217;) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5</xref> ).</p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Imagens de Doppler tecidual em anel mitral. H&#225; redu&#231;&#227;o da velocidade da onda e&#8217;(*) tanto no Doppler tecidual do anel mitral medial (a) quanto no do lateral (b). Ambas as velocidades se encontram abaixo de 4 cm/s (VR &gt; 8 cm/s). (Imagens de arquivo pessoal dos autores).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0561-10718-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Com a progressa&#771;o da doenc&#807;a, pode se instalar padra&#771;o pseudonormal de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (relac&#807;a&#771;o E/A preservada e pelo tempo de desacelerac&#807;a&#771;o normal) por consequ&#234;ncia da elevac&#807;a&#771;o da pressa&#771;o no a&#769;trio esquerdo.</p>
        <p>Na fase mais adiantada da doenc&#807;a, observa-se o padra&#771;o restritivo do enchimento ventricular (aumento da rela&#231;&#227;o E/A &gt; 2, diminuic&#807;a&#771;o do tempo de relaxamento e acentuac&#807;a&#771;o da inclinac&#807;a&#771;o da rampa de desacelerac&#807;a&#771;o da onda E).</p>
        <p>O estudo da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica permite identificar, precocemente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; FEVE, sinais de disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57"><sup>57</sup></xref> <sup>&#8211;</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59"><sup>59</sup></xref> A deforma&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica global longitudinal (GLS) &#8211; fun&#231;&#227;o predominantemente exercida pelo endoc&#225;rdio &#8211; encontra-se precocemente reduzida. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60"><sup>60</sup></xref> O padr&#227;o regional da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica tamb&#233;m est&#225; frequentemente alterado apresentando o padr&#227;o de <italic>apical sparing</italic> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61"><sup>61</sup></xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62"><sup>62</sup></xref> traduzido como o padr&#227;o de &#8220;cereja do bolo&#8221;. A melhor visualiza&#231;&#227;o desse aspecto &#233; poss&#237;vel na imagem param&#233;trica do VE, conhecida como <italic>bulls eye</italic> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 6</xref> ).</p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figura 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lises da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica global e regional de VE em paciente com amiloidose card&#237;aca, mostrando a representa&#231;&#227;o gr&#225;fica param&#233;trica, conhecida como bulls eye, demonstram os segmentos apicais em vermelho-escuro (valores preservados), e os segmentos basais em vermelho-claro (valores reduzidos) com o padr&#227;o de &#8220;cereja no bolo&#8221;. (Imagem de arquivo pessoal dos autores).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0561-10718-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Outras an&#225;lises da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica &#8211; tais quais a capacidade em estudar a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica de VD, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63"><sup>63</sup></xref> a fun&#231;&#227;o atrial <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65"><sup>65</sup></xref> e, ainda, estimar o trabalho sist&#243;lico mioc&#225;rdico <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59"><sup>59</sup></xref> &#8211; t&#234;m sido aplicadas a pacientes com AC e v&#234;m demonstrando boa acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5.3. Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca</title>
        <p>A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiovascular (RMC) disp&#245;e de t&#233;cnicas que permitem avaliar de forma precisa as altera&#231;&#245;es teciduais mioc&#225;rdicas que ocorrem na AC. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65"><sup>65</sup></xref> Classicamente, o dep&#243;sito de miofibrilas leva ao aumento de espessura da parede mioc&#225;rdica do VE e do septo interatrial, que podem ser visualizadas pelas t&#233;cnicas morfol&#243;gicas de RMC. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66"><sup>66</sup></xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67"><sup>67</sup></xref> Outra altera&#231;&#227;o tecidual &#233; o aumento do conte&#250;do total de &#225;gua no mioc&#225;rdio, que pode ser derivado do aumento do volume extracelular (VEC) causado diretamente pelo dep&#243;sito proteico e sua atra&#231;&#227;o osm&#243;tica de &#225;gua, assim como o aumento de &#225;gua intracelular em mi&#243;citos sofrendo a agress&#227;o citot&#243;xica do dep&#243;sito ou mesmo diminui&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (dist&#226;ncia aumentada dos capilares e/ou obstru&#231;&#227;o destes pelo dep&#243;sito).</p>
        <p>O aumento global de &#225;gua tecidual mioc&#225;rdica leva a aumento dos tempos m&#233;dios de relaxamento do hidrog&#234;nio, sejam eles T1 (longitudinal) ou T2 (transversal). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68"><sup>68</sup></xref> No entanto, a altera&#231;&#227;o tecidual mioc&#225;rdica mais dram&#225;tica e relevante na AC &#233; o aumento extremo do VEC mioc&#225;rdico, causado nas fases cl&#237;nicas da doen&#231;a, n&#227;o s&#243; pelo dep&#243;sito de fibrilas amiloides, mas tamb&#233;m pela fibrose mioc&#225;rdica de repara&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Assim, o conjunto do dep&#243;sito de miofibrilas e fibrose intersticial pode ser facilmente detectado de forma muito precisa, e at&#233; mesmo quantificado pelas t&#233;cnicas de realce tardio (RT) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67"><sup>67</sup></xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69"><sup>69</sup></xref> e c&#225;lculo do volume extracelular do mioc&#225;rdio. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70"><sup>70</sup></xref> <sup>&#8211;</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72"><sup>72</sup></xref> Apenas como exemplo inicial, valores de espa&#231;o extracelular do mioc&#225;rdio normal est&#227;o em torno de 25%, enquanto, na AC, pode atingir valores t&#227;o altos quanto 60% (principalmente na ATTR). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72"><sup>72</sup></xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73"><sup>73</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>O contraste utilizado na RMC baseia-se em gadol&#237;nio que, por sua vez, &#233; ligado a um quelante macromolecular que n&#227;o permite sua passagem pela membrana celular &#237;ntegra, distribuindo-se assim exclusivamente no VEC do mioc&#225;rdio. A imagem de RT permite levantar a suspeita de AC pelo seu padr&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#227;o (global subendoc&#225;rdico, n&#227;o envolvimento apical do VE e de distribui&#231;&#227;o que n&#227;o respeita territ&#243;rio vascular coronariano). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67"><sup>67</sup></xref> </p>
        <sec>
          <title>5.3.1. Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Morfologia e da Fun&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca</title>
          <p>A AC pode modificar a apar&#234;ncia de todas as c&#226;maras card&#237;acas. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74"><sup>74</sup></xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75"><sup>75</sup></xref> Desde as etapas iniciais, podem ser observadas altera&#231;&#245;es no plano atrial, com dilata&#231;&#227;o daquelas cavidades e aparente espessamento do septo interatrial que, na maior parte das vezes, &#233; composta por gordura. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74"><sup>74</sup></xref> Em etapas mais adiantadas de comprometimento card&#237;aco, quando h&#225; diminui&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o atrial, observam-se sinais de fluxo lento e de trombos no ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo, que podem n&#227;o ser observados &#224; resson&#226;ncia no caso de haver artefatos de ritmo e de n&#227;o se utilizarem s&#233;ries espec&#237;ficas para este fim.</p>
          <p>A AC tamb&#233;m &#233; habitualmente associada &#224; presen&#231;a de aumento da espessura mioc&#225;rdica, que &#233;, na maior parte das vezes, mais expressiva do que nos casos secund&#225;rios &#224; hipertens&#227;o, e a espessura do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco geralmente &#233; maior nos casos de ATTR do que nos casos AL. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52"><sup>52</sup></xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76"><sup>76</sup></xref> Este aumento de espessura pode ser conc&#234;ntrico ou exc&#234;ntrico, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74"><sup>74</sup></xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75"><sup>75</sup></xref> e pode envolver o ventr&#237;culo direito. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74"><sup>74</sup></xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75"><sup>75</sup></xref> Durante muito tempo, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o pode estar preservada, e as modifica&#231;&#245;es mais precoces da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular incluem restri&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e altera&#231;&#245;es da deformidade ventricular ( <italic>strain</italic> ). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75"><sup>75</sup></xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76"><sup>76</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>Em consequ&#234;ncia da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, n&#227;o &#233; raro observar derrame peric&#225;rdico ou pleural. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74"><sup>74</sup></xref> As caracter&#237;sticas morfol&#243;gicas avaliadas pela resson&#226;ncia ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 7</xref> ) s&#227;o &#250;teis e podem sugerir o diagn&#243;stico; contudo, na maior parte das vezes, h&#225; a necessidade de se realizar a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o tecidual, pelas t&#233;cnicas de realce tardio e de mapa T1, como discutiremos em outras se&#231;&#245;es deste documento.</p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figura 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Exemplo de RMC de pacientes com amiloidose por TTR, mostrando derrame peric&#225;rdico (A, seta amarela e C), aumento das dimens&#245;es dos &#225;trios (A e B), aumento da espessura do septo interatrial (A e B, setas vermelhas) e das paredes ventriculares (A a C, setas brancas). A fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica &#233; diminu&#237;da, mas a contratilidade pode estar preservada at&#233; as fases mais avan&#231;adas da doen&#231;a. (Imagem de arquivo pessoal dos autores).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0561-10718-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.3.2. Avalia&#231;&#227;o pelo Realce Tardio</title>
          <p>A t&#233;cnica de RT ap&#243;s inje&#231;&#227;o do contraste gadol&#237;nio tem sido amplamente reconhecida como um dos pilares no diagn&#243;stico por imagem da AC. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77"><sup>77</sup></xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78"><sup>78</sup></xref> O contraste de gadol&#237;nio ao atravessar o espa&#231;o intersticial no tecido normal n&#227;o sofre atrasos e rapidamente o deixa, ficando o tecido normal escuro. Em casos em que h&#225; presen&#231;a de deposi&#231;&#227;o amiloide no espa&#231;o intersticial, este passa a reter o tr&#226;nsito do contraste &#224; base de gadol&#237;nio, e o mioc&#225;rdio brilha (realce) nas sequ&#234;ncias dedicadas, e foi demonstrada correla&#231;&#227;o anatomopatol&#243;gica. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65"><sup>65</sup></xref> Foram descritos padr&#245;es de infiltra&#231;&#227;o amiloide: subendoc&#225;rdico, transmural e focal, sendo este &#250;ltimo menos frequente ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 8</xref> ). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67"><sup>67</sup></xref> Metan&#225;lise recente estabeleceu em 85% a sensibilidade e em 92% a especificidade do realce tardio na amiloidose. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79"><sup>79</sup></xref> </p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figura 8</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Exemplo de paciente com amiloidose tipo TTR com hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) e aumento de ambos os &#225;trios nas imagens em cine (A a C). Realce tardio apresenta padr&#227;o predominantemente transmural difuso (setas vermelhas, D e E). (Imagem de arquivo pessoal dos autores).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0561-10718-gf08.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Em s&#233;rie com 250 pacientes com amiloidose de distintas formas, a presen&#231;a de RT com padr&#227;o transmural esteve associada a um risco de morte 5,4 vezes maior (IC:2,1-13,7; p &lt; 0,0001). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80"><sup>80</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, o RT apresenta efeito progn&#243;stico incremental aos marcadores card&#237;acos na AC forma AL <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81"><sup>81</sup></xref> ou de forma isolada. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82"><sup>82</sup></xref> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.3.3. Mapas de T1</title>
          <p>Diferentes grupos t&#234;m investigado a utilidade de mapas de T1 derivados da RMC para melhorar o desempenho diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico na AC. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70"><sup>70</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71"><sup>71</sup></xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73"><sup>73</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83"><sup>83</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84"><sup>84</sup></xref> Tanto os dados de T1 nativo, que n&#227;o necessitam de administra&#231;&#227;o de contraste, assim como os dados de VEC, t&#234;m identificado com efic&#225;cia pacientes com AC, mostrando valores marcadamente elevados para o T1 nativo e VEC comparado a pacientes-controles saud&#225;veis <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70"><sup>70</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73"><sup>73</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83"><sup>83</sup></xref> &#8211; altera&#231;&#245;es que podem ser detectadas antes da presen&#231;a de RT. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70"><sup>70</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72"><sup>72</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73"><sup>73</sup></xref> Portanto, combinar mapeamento T1 nativo e medi&#231;&#245;es de VEC pode ajudar a delinear a carga amiloide e confirmar o diagn&#243;stico de AC . <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85"><sup>85</sup></xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86"><sup>86</sup></xref> </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5.4. Cintilografia Card&#237;aca com Radiotra&#231;adores &#211;sseos</title>
        <p>Os radiotra&#231;adores marcados com tecn&#233;cio-99m derivados do bifosfonato, originalmente desenvolvidos para imagens &#243;sseas, encontraram um novo papel como ferramenta diagn&#243;stica n&#227;o invasiva da AC por ATTR. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> <sup>&#8211;</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> As imagens com radiotra&#231;adores &#243;sseos permitem, de modo seguro, o diagn&#243;stico n&#227;o invasivo de AC por ATTR, uma vez exclu&#237;da a presen&#231;a de gamopatia monoclonal. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91"><sup>91</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Os principais radiotra&#231;adores &#243;sseos marcados com <sup>99m</sup>Tc utilizados para o diagn&#243;stico da AC por ATTR s&#227;o o <sup>99m</sup>Tc-pirofosfato, o <sup>99m</sup>Tc-DPD (&#225;cido 3,3-difosfono-1,2-propanodicarbox&#237;lico) e o <sup>99m</sup>Tc-HMDP (hidroximetilenodifosfonato marcado com <sup>99m</sup>Tc). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> <sup>&#8211;</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> O <sup>99m</sup>Tc-pirofosfato &#233; o &#250;nico dispon&#237;vel no Brasil. &#201; importante ressaltar que o <sup>99m</sup>Tc-MDP (metilenodifosfonato marcado com <sup>99m</sup>Tc), apesar de comprovadamente eficiente para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da cintilografia &#243;ssea, apresenta baixa sensibilidade para o diagn&#243;stico da AC por ATTR e n&#227;o deve ser usado para esta finalidade. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89"><sup>89</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Embora o componente estrutural do dep&#243;sito amiloide ao qual o <sup>99m</sup>Tc-pirofosfato se liga no cora&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o seja conhecido, um mecanismo de capta&#231;&#227;o c&#225;lcio-dependente &#233; amplamente aceito. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93"><sup>93</sup></xref> Em animais, verificou-se a exist&#234;ncia de v&#225;rios s&#237;tios de liga&#231;&#227;o: microcalcifica&#231;&#245;es, dep&#243;sitos de c&#225;lcio, pirofosfato intracelular e macromol&#233;culas intracelulares. Provavelmente, o mecanismo de capta&#231;&#227;o de <sup>99m</sup>Tc-pirofosfato no mioc&#225;rdio esteja relacionado &#224; presen&#231;a de microcalcifica&#231;&#245;es. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88"><sup>88</sup></xref> A AC por ATTR apresenta mais microcalcifica&#231;&#245;es que a AL e apresenta maior capta&#231;&#227;o de <sup>99m</sup>Tc-pirofosfato, enquanto a amiloidose card&#237;aca AL tem m&#237;nima ou nenhuma avidez pelos radiotra&#231;adores &#243;sseos; al&#233;m disso, a AC por ATTR apresenta evolu&#231;&#227;o mais indolente, o que propicia mais microcalcifica&#231;&#245;es e, consequentemente, maior ac&#250;mulo do radiotra&#231;ador.</p>
        <p>Embora os achados do ecocardiograma e da RMC possam ser indicativos de AC, eles n&#227;o s&#227;o capazes de diferenciar a forma ATTR da forma AL. Esta &#233; a principal vantagem da cintilografia card&#237;aca com <sup>99m</sup>Tc-pirofosfato: um m&#233;todo simples, de f&#225;cil execu&#231;&#227;o, amplamente dispon&#237;vel, com baixa dosimetria, capaz de diferenciar de forma n&#227;o invasiva e com alta especificidade a AC por ATTR da AL, orientando assim a conduta. Esta diferencia&#231;&#227;o &#233; &#250;til, pois as formas AL e ATTR t&#234;m implica&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas e terap&#234;uticas completamente diversas.</p>
        <p>O papel dos radiotra&#231;adores &#243;sseos na ATTR foi recentemente reavaliado por um grupo internacional de v&#225;rios centros com <italic>expertise</italic> em AC: em an&#225;lise cumulativa de 1.217 pacientes, sendo 867 com amiloidose confirmada por bi&#243;psia e 360 portadores de cardiomiopatia n&#227;o amiloide, a cintilografia foi altamente sens&#237;vel (99%) e espec&#237;fica (86%) para ATTR. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> Neste estudo, demonstrou-se ainda que o achado combinado de uma cintilografia com radiotra&#231;ador &#243;sseo positiva em pacientes sem evid&#234;ncia de prote&#237;na monoclonal detect&#225;vel na urina ou soro (utilizando medida s&#233;rica de cadeias leves livres e eletroforese com imunofixa&#231;&#227;o) foi 100% espec&#237;fica para AC por ATTR, levando os autores a concluir que a cintilografia permite a detec&#231;&#227;o de modo acurado sem a necessidade de bi&#243;psia card&#237;aca. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> Outro estudo recente com casos agrupados de tr&#234;s centros dos EUA mostrou que, entre um total de 171 pacientes (121 ATTR, 34 AL e 16 ICFEP n&#227;o amiloide), <sup>99m</sup>Tc-pirofosfato apresentou sensibilidade de 88% e especificidade de 88% para ATTR quando se utilizou apenas a avalia&#231;&#227;o visual (escore &#8805; 2) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94"><sup>94</sup></xref> Quando se utilizou a an&#225;lise semiquantitativa (rela&#231;&#227;o de contagens cora&#231;&#227;o/contralateral &gt; 1,6), a sensibilidade foi de 91% e a especificidade, 92%, para a detec&#231;&#227;o de ATTR. Al&#233;m disso, ao levar em conta todas as vari&#225;veis, uma rela&#231;&#227;o de contagens cora&#231;&#227;o/contralateral &#8805; 1,6 foi preditiva de pior progn&#243;stico, ou seja, associada com pior sobrevida em pacientes com AC por ATTR. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94"><sup>94</sup></xref> Vraniam et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95"><sup>95</sup></xref> tamb&#233;m demonstraram que, em pacientes com suspeita de AC, a intensidade de capta&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca de <sup>99m</sup>Tc-pirofosfato foi preditiva de mortalidade geral e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC. Nesses estudos, a combina&#231;&#227;o da intensidade de capta&#231;&#227;o do radiotra&#231;ador no mioc&#225;rdio (rela&#231;&#227;o cora&#231;&#227;o/contralateral) com vari&#225;veis anat&#244;micas, funcionais e biomarcadores melhorou a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>5.4.1. Aspectos T&#233;cnicos Recomendados para Aquisi&#231;&#227;o das Imagens</title>
          <p>N&#227;o &#233; necess&#225;rio preparo. As imagens s&#227;o obtidas ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o venosa de 10 a 25 mCi (370 a 925 Mbq) de <sup>99m</sup>Tc-pirofosfato (dosimetria: 3,2 mSv para corpo inteiro para 15 mCi). Imagens planas e tomogr&#225;ficas do tipo SPECT ( <italic>single photon emission computed tomography</italic> ) do t&#243;rax s&#227;o realizadas 1 e 3h ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o do radiof&#225;rmaco.</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p><italic>Imagens planas do t&#243;rax</italic>:  podem ser obtidas nas proje&#231;&#245;es anterior, obl&#237;qua anterior esquerda e lateral esquerda, utilizando o fotopico do <sup>99m</sup>Tc (140 keV, janela de 15%), colimador de baixa energia/alta resolu&#231;&#227;o e matriz de 256&#215;256, 500&#8211;750 mil contagens.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><italic>Imagens SPECT do t&#243;rax:</italic> obtidas com matriz de 128&#215;128 (64&#215;64 &#233; aceit&#225;vel), rota&#231;&#227;o de 180 graus de obl&#237;qua anterior direita a obl&#237;qua posterior esquerda (360 graus &#233; aceit&#225;vel), 1 imagem a cada 3 a 6 graus. Se dispon&#237;veis, imagens SPECT/CT (SPECT associado &#224; tomografia computadorizada) proporcionam maior seguran&#231;a na interpreta&#231;&#227;o das imagens.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><italic>Imagens m&#237;nimas recomendadas:</italic> SPECT de 1h e imagens planas de 1 e 3h na proje&#231;&#227;o anterior. Recomenda-se a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de imagens SPECT, para diferenciar capta&#231;&#227;o difusa no mioc&#225;rdio de persist&#234;ncia do radiof&#225;rmaco no <italic>pool</italic> sangu&#237;neo, capta&#231;&#227;o focal por infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e sobreposi&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea. Al&#233;m disso, imagens planas de 1 e 3h s&#227;o &#250;teis para a quantifica&#231;&#227;o e para acompanhar o <italic>whashout</italic> do <italic>pool</italic> sangu&#237;neo, que &#233; vari&#225;vel, sendo, por exemplo, bem mais lento em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia renal.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.4.2. An&#225;lise das imagens</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p><italic>An&#225;lise semiquantitativa (imagem plana de 1h):</italic> a an&#225;lise semiquantitativa foi definida para o radiof&#225;rmaco <sup>99m</sup>Tc-pirofosfato como sendo a raz&#227;o entre a capta&#231;&#227;o na proje&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e a capta&#231;&#227;o no hemit&#243;rax contralateral, medidas na imagem plana de 1h na incid&#234;ncia anterior. Para isso, &#233; desenhada uma &#225;rea de interesse (AI) circular (ou el&#237;ptica) sobre a proje&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, sem incluir o esterno, evitando a inclus&#227;o tanto do pulm&#227;o adjacente como de &#225;reas de hipercapta&#231;&#227;o focal em arcos costais. Uma AI id&#234;ntica (&#8220;em espelho&#8221;) &#233; colocada no hemit&#243;rax contralateral, com os mesmos cuidados. As contagens no interior da AI card&#237;aca dividem-se pelas contagens da AI contralateral, obtendo-se, assim, a rela&#231;&#227;o C/CL (cora&#231;&#227;o/contralateral). A C/CL &#8805; 1,5 &#224; 1h identifica ATTR com elevada acur&#225;cia, caso a amiloidose AL sist&#234;mica tenha sido exclu&#237;da <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B90"><sup>90</sup></xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91"><sup>91</sup></xref> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 9</xref> ).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><italic>Gradua&#231;&#227;o visual (imagem de 3h):</italic> a gradua&#231;&#227;o visual &#233; feita comparando-se a capta&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca com a capta&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica nos arcos costais adjacentes, e pode ser realizada tanto nas imagens planas na proje&#231;&#227;o anterior como nas imagens SPECT ou mesmo nas imagens de corpo inteiro, obtidas 3h ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o do radiof&#225;rmaco. A intensidade da capta&#231;&#227;o &#233; numericamente definida como grau 0 (sem capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica), 1 (capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica inferior &#224; dos arcos costais adjacentes), 2 (capta&#231;&#227;o semelhante &#224; dos arcos costais) e 3 (superior &#224; dos arcos costais). Intensidades de capta&#231;&#227;o graus 2 ou 3 s&#227;o fortemente sugestivas de ATTR, se gamopatia monoclonal tiver sido exclu&#237;da ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 9</xref> ).</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <fig id="f9">
            <label>Figura 9</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Cintilografias card&#237;acas com <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99"><sup>99</sup></xref> mTc-pirofosfato em pacientes com suspeita de amiloidose card&#237;aca (imagens planas na incid&#234;ncia anterior do t&#243;rax obtidas 3h ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o do radiof&#225;rmaco) mostrando exemplos de casos negativos e positivos para amiloidose card&#237;aca por ATTR. An&#225;lise visual: imagens &#224; esquerda: casos negativos para ATTR (an&#225;lise visual graus 0 e 1); imagens &#224; direita: casos positivos para ATTR (an&#225;lise visual graus 2 e 3). An&#225;lise semiquantitativa: &#224; esquerda, caso negativo para AC por ATTR (rela&#231;&#227;o cora&#231;&#227;o/contralateral = 1,2 &#8211; nesse caso, as imagens de SPECT mostraram atividade no pool sangu&#237;neo e n&#227;o nas paredes do cora&#231;&#227;o); &#224; direita, caso positivo para ATTR (rela&#231;&#227;o cora&#231;&#227;o/contralateral = 1,6 &#8211; com imagens de SPECT que confirmaram capta&#231;&#227;o nas paredes do VE).</title>
            </caption>
            <p>Na interpreta&#231;&#227;o visual, valoriza-se para diagn&#243;stico da ATTR a intensidade de capta&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca igual (grau 2) ou maior (grau 3) que intensidade de capta&#231;&#227;o nos arcos costais. Na an&#225;lise semiquantitativa, a rela&#231;&#227;o de contagens cora&#231;&#227;o/contralateral &#8805;1,5 nas imagens de 1h e &#8805; 1,3 nas imagens de 3h s&#227;o consideradas altamente sugestivas de ATTR, quando confirmadas pelas imagens de SPECT. (Imagens de arquivos pessoais dos autores)</p>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0561-10718-gf09.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.4.3. Falso-positivos para ATTR</title>
          <p>As caracter&#237;sticas operacionais diagn&#243;sticas da cintilografia com tra&#231;adores &#243;sseos s&#227;o muito favor&#225;veis para o seu uso cl&#237;nico, com uma especificidade de 100% para o diagn&#243;stico de ATTR quando a capta&#231;&#227;o &#233; de intensidade 2 ou 3, na aus&#234;ncia de gamopatia monoclonal. Entretanto, &#233; sempre necess&#225;rio enfatizar que falhas em excluir gamopatia monoclonal (quer por uso inadequado ou interpreta&#231;&#227;o falha dos exames laboratoriais) implicam risco de diagn&#243;sticos imprecisos. A causa mais comum de diagn&#243;stico err&#244;neo de ATTR &#233; a amiloidose AL. Estudos recentes apontam que at&#233; 22% dos pacientes com AC da forma AL podem apresentar capta&#231;&#227;o grau 2 ou 3 na cintilografia com <sup>99m</sup>Tc-pirofosfato. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Tamb&#233;m &#233; importante lembrar que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de imagens cintilogr&#225;ficas tomogr&#225;ficas (SPECT) &#233; crucial na diferencia&#231;&#227;o de capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica anormal de capta&#231;&#227;o residual no <italic>pool</italic> sangu&#237;neo ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 10</xref> ). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 3</xref> lista as principais causas de falso-positivo com uso da cintilografia com <sup>99m</sup>Tc-pirofosfato</p>
          <fig id="f10">
            <label>Figura 10</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Imagens ilustrativas de paciente masculino de 76 anos com amiloidose card&#237;aca por ATTRv (VAL30MET). A cintilografia card&#237;aca com <sup>99m</sup>Tc-pirofosfato (imagens planas A e B) mostrou intensa capta&#231;&#227;o de radiotra&#231;ador nas imagens de 1h e de 3h. A an&#225;lise visual (A) mostrou capta&#231;&#227;o grau 3 tanto nas imagens de 1h quanto nas imagens de 3h (intensidade de capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica do radiof&#225;rmaco maior que a dos arcos costais). A an&#225;lise semiquantitativa (B) mostrou rela&#231;&#227;o cora&#231;&#227;o/contralateral em 1h = 2,1 e em 3h = 2,0. O estudo tomogr&#225;fico (SPECT) mostrou que a capta&#231;&#227;o do radiof&#225;rmaco se distribui em todas as paredes do VE e confirmou acometimento do VD, j&#225; evidenciado nas imagens planas (setas). Os achados da cintilografia card&#237;aca com <sup>99m</sup>Tc-pirofosfato indicam estudo altamente sugestivo de AC por ATTR. (Imagens de arquivos pessoais dos autores).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0561-10718-gf10.jpg"/></fig>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Causas de cintilografia com <sup>99m</sup>Tc-pirofosfato falso-positiva (capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de <sup>99m</sup>Tc-pirofosfato que n&#227;o &#233; associada &#224; ATTR)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">1. Amiloidose card&#237;aca por cadeias leves (AL)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">2. Capta&#231;&#227;o em <italic>pool</italic> sangu&#237;neo (imagens planares)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">3. Fraturas de costelas (imagens planares)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">4. Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (agudo ou subagudo)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">5. Cardiotoxicidade por hidroxicloroquina</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">6. Formas raras de amiloidose card&#237;aca</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>Fonte: adaptada de Hanna et al.</italic>
                  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">
                    <sup>91</sup>
                  </xref>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Finalmente, &#233; importante considerar que o estudo cintilogr&#225;fico n&#227;o &#233; recomendado para o seguimento dos pacientes, visto que, at&#233; o momento, n&#227;o se evidenciou correla&#231;&#227;o entre a altera&#231;&#227;o no padr&#227;o evolutivo das imagens e progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a ou a resposta ao tratamento. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87"><sup>87</sup></xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B90"><sup>90</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 4</xref> resume os principais achados e orienta&#231;&#245;es pr&#225;ticas para aquisi&#231;&#227;o e an&#225;lise das imagens para o diagn&#243;stico de AC.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Resumo dos principais achados sugestivos de amiloidose card&#237;aca nos exames complementares</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="top">Exames &#8211; achados sugestivos de amiloidose card&#237;aca (AC)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="top">Dicas pr&#225;ticas &#8211; detalhes diagn&#243;sticos</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">
                    <bold>Eletrocardiograma (ECG)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Padr&#227;o de pseudoinfarto</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="2">Padr&#227;o cl&#225;ssico de baixa voltagem &#233; mais comum na forma AL (at&#233; 70% dos casos), mas pouco comum na ATTR (apenas 30% dos casos)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Voltagem do QRS desproporcional ao grau de espessamento das paredes</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Baixa voltagem dos complexos QRS</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="2">&#201; muito importante interpretar o ECG juntamente com os dados cl&#237;nicos e do ecocardiograma</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Arritmias atriais &#8211; fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">BAV ou FA podem ser manifesta&#231;&#227;o inicial de AC</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">
                    <bold>Ecocardiograma</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Aumento da espessura ventricular (SIV &gt; 12 mm)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="7">Al&#233;m das informa&#231;&#245;es estruturais e funcionais do ecocardiograma convencional, a an&#225;lise de deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica &#233; importante para identificar disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica mesmo com FE normal e o padr&#227;o de <italic>apical sparing</italic></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Aspecto granuloso/hiper-refringente do mioc&#225;rdio espessado</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Espessamento das paredes do VD, al&#233;m do VE</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Dilata&#231;&#227;o biatrial</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Espessamentos valvulares e de septo interatrial</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (padr&#227;o restritivo)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica longitudinal alterada de padr&#227;o regional poupando o &#225;pice ( <italic>apical sparing</italic> )</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">
                    <bold>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Valores elevados de mapa T1 nativo</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="3">Al&#233;m as informa&#231;&#245;es estruturais e funcionais card&#237;acas que podem ser muito sugestivas, informa&#231;&#245;es de realce tardio, mapa T1 e volume extracelular s&#227;o importantes para sugerir presen&#231;a de AC</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Aumento acentuado do volume extracelular</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Realce tardio difuso transmural ou subendoc&#225;rdico</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Realce tardio em paredes atriais</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">A RMC n&#227;o permite diferenciar as formas de amiloidose AL e ATTR</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Aumento da espessura das paredes de VD/VE e septo interatrial</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">A RMC pode ser &#250;til para identificar outras formas de cardiomiopatia infiltrativa</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">
                    <bold>Cintilografia card&#237;aca com radiotra&#231;adores &#243;sseos</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica igual ou superior &#224; &#243;ssea (grau 2 ou 3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">No Brasil, apenas o <sup>99m</sup>Tc-pirofosfato &#233; dispon&#237;vel para esta finalidade</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Rela&#231;&#227;o de capta&#231;&#227;o cora&#231;&#227;o/contralateral &#8805; 1,5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Na vig&#234;ncia de cadeias leves negativas, cintilografia com <sup>99m</sup>Tc-pirofosfato positiva faz diagn&#243;stico de ATTR, sem necessidade de BEM</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Capta&#231;&#227;o de <sup>99m</sup>Tc-pirofosfato nas paredes do cora&#231;&#227;o confirmada por imagens de SPECT</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">At&#233; 30% das AC forma AL podem exibir cintilografia positiva Cintilografia card&#237;aca com <sup>99m</sup>Tc-pirofosfato negativa n&#227;o afasta o diagn&#243;stico de amiloidose card&#237;aca</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p><italic>BEM: bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica; SIV: septo interventricular; GLS: strain global longitudinal; SPECT: cintilografia pelo m&#233;todo tomogr&#225;fico de emiss&#227;o; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</italic> .</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5.5. Biomarcadores</title>
        <p>N&#227;o existe um marcador laboratorial espec&#237;fico para o diagn&#243;stico de AC.</p>
        <p>A troponina e os pept&#237;dios natriur&#233;ticos t&#234;m se mostrado &#250;teis para avaliar acometimento card&#237;aco pela amiloidose, permitindo aux&#237;lio diagn&#243;stico n&#227;o invasivo, acess&#237;vel e relativamente de baixo custo. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B96"><sup>96</sup></xref> A detec&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es persistentes desses biomarcadores &#233; sinal de alerta da presen&#231;a de acometimento card&#237;aco pela amiloidose.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>5.5.1. Pept&#237;dios Natriur&#233;ticos</title>
          <p>An&#225;lise de dados do registro THAOS (Transthyretin Amyloidosis Outcomes Survey), com pacientes acometidos por ATTR, demonstrou que a dosagem dos pept&#237;dios natriur&#233;ticos pode ser utilizada para aux&#237;lio diagn&#243;stico, e foram observados valores mais elevados nos pacientes com muta&#231;&#245;es de acometimento preferencialmente card&#237;aco, como a V122I e V30M-tardia, do que nas formas de predom&#237;nio neurol&#243;gico, como a V30M-precoce. Tamb&#233;m foram observados maiores n&#237;veis dos biomarcadores na ATTRwt quando comparada com as formas heredit&#225;rias de predom&#237;nio neurol&#243;gico. Por&#233;m, observou-se que, mesmo nos pacientes com fen&#243;tipo predominantemente neurol&#243;gico, 45% a 90% apresentavam altera&#231;&#245;es desses biomarcadores, indicando algum grau de acometimento mioc&#225;rdico subcl&#237;nico. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97"><sup>97</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>Observam-se maiores valores de NT-proBNP na forma AL, em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; ATTR. Isso se deve ao fato de as cadeias leves amiloidog&#234;nicas modularem a prote&#237;na cinase ativada por mit&#243;geno p38 (MAPK), que diretamente promove a express&#227;o do NT-proBNP, de forma que, para um mesmo grau de altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas nas duas formas de amiloidose, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos da NT-proBNP podem ser maiores na forma AL. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98"><sup>98</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>Vale ressaltar que os pacientes com ICFEP causada por ATTR apresentam valores de NT-ProBNP desproporcionalmente elevados em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; gravidade da s&#237;ndrome de IC, quando comparados aos pacientes com ICFEP n&#227;o amiloide. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99"><sup>99</sup></xref> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.5.2. Troponinas</title>
          <p>Eleva&#231;&#227;o discreta e persistente dos n&#237;veis de troponina &#233; frequentemente observada e sugere dano mioc&#225;rdico subcl&#237;nico em v&#225;rias cardiomiopatias n&#227;o isqu&#234;micas. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100"><sup>100</sup></xref> Contudo, tem sido relatado que os n&#237;veis s&#227;o mais elevados em pacientes com AC ao se comparar a outras formas de cardiomiopatia. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> Estudo em pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica submetidos &#224; bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica identificou n&#237;veis marcadamente mais elevados de troponina nos pacientes que tinham amiloidose em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles com cardiopatia livre de dep&#243;sito amiloide, com alta sensibilidade diagn&#243;stica. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101"><sup>101</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>V&#225;rios mecanismos para justificar a eleva&#231;&#227;o das troponinas nesses pacientes t&#234;m sido postulados: isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, estresse de parede aumentado, les&#227;o direta do mi&#243;cito por citocinas inflamat&#243;rias e/ou estresse oxidativo, ativa&#231;&#227;o neuro-hormonal e disfun&#231;&#227;o coronariana microvascular na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. A disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular na amiloidose &#233; causada, presumidamente, por dep&#243;sito intersticial e na regi&#227;o perivascular, press&#227;o de enchimento ventricular aumentada e disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial por toxicidade induzida pelas imunoglobulinas, na forma AL. Al&#233;m disso, tamb&#233;m &#233; descrito efeito cardiot&#243;xico direto das cadeias leves, independentemente do dep&#243;sito extracelular de fibrilas, podendo justificar os n&#237;veis mais elevados de troponina em pacientes com forma AL do que em pacientes com ATTR, nos quais geralmente se observa eleva&#231;&#227;o discreta e persistente. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101"><sup>101</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>Vale ressaltar que, entre os pacientes com ATTR, muitos apresentam comorbidades, como miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, o que pode causar valores alterados de troponina. Sendo assim, a dosagem de troponina n&#227;o deve ser utilizada para afastar ou confirmar acometimento card&#237;aco, mas sim como um potencial sinal de alerta para a doen&#231;a, que ser&#225; mais bem avaliada com exames mais espec&#237;ficos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.5.3. Novos Biomarcadores</title>
          <p>Uma s&#233;rie de outros biomarcadores tem sido estudada, alguns com alta especificidade para subtipos de amiloidose, como a dosagem de prote&#237;na carreadora de retinol 4 para a amiloidose heredit&#225;ria pela muta&#231;&#227;o Val142Ile. No entanto, ainda mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios, assim como a disponibiliza&#231;&#227;o comercial dos testes para an&#225;lises de rotina. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B102"><sup>102</sup></xref> </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>6. Abordagem Diagn&#243;stica Racional da Amiloidose Card&#237;aca</title>
      <p>Evid&#234;ncias recentes indicam que a AC, particularmente na forma ATTRwt, &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o mais prevalente do que anteriormente se estimava, e que, em parte, isso decorre de um amplo subdiagn&#243;stico e do fato de esta doen&#231;a mimetizar outras cardiopatias, tais como a miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, a ICFEP n&#227;o amiloide e a estenose a&#243;rtica de baixo fluxo e baixo gradiente. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42"><sup>42</sup></xref> Tais aspectos indicam a necessidade de se assumir uma postura de alta suspei&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a nos diferentes cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos, para que se possa desencadear um processo diagn&#243;stico racional. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54"><sup>54</sup></xref> A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 11</xref> traz um fluxograma diagn&#243;stico para AC, cujas etapas s&#227;o comentadas a seguir. As principais recomenda&#231;&#245;es e classes de evid&#234;ncia para o diagn&#243;stico da AC est&#227;o listadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 5</xref> .</p>
      <fig id="f11">
        <label>Figura 11</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Fluxograma para o diagn&#243;stico de amiloidose card&#237;aca.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0561-10718-gf11.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="t7">
        <label>Tabela 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para investiga&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica da amiloidose card&#237;aca</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="33%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="top">Indica&#231;&#227;o</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">Classe de recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia (refer&#234;ncias)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Iniciar a investiga&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica para AC em pacientes com sinais e sintomas de IC exibindo um ou mais sinais de alerta da doen&#231;a (ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref> )</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">I</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">C</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Realizar ecocardiograma, com an&#225;lise da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ( <italic>strain</italic> ) do VE sempre que dispon&#237;vel, e/ou RMC com RT e mapa de T1 para pacientes com suspeita de AC</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">I</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">B (ref. 60, 61, 62)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Nos casos com alta suspeita de AC, prosseguir a investiga&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica com exames de imunofixa&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica e urin&#225;ria e dosagem de rela&#231;&#227;o de cadeias leves kappa/lambda, para avaliar a possibilidade da forma AL</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">I</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">B (ref. 19)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Realizar cintilografia card&#237;aca com radiotra&#231;ador &#243;sseo, <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref> quando dispon&#237;vel, para diagn&#243;stico de AC por ATTR, ap&#243;s exclus&#227;o da forma AL (cadeias leves negativas)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">I</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">B (ref. 19, 94, 95)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Realizar BEM para diagn&#243;stico de AC nos casos com alta suspeita cl&#237;nica de forma AL (cadeias leves positivas), em que a bi&#243;psia de tecido perif&#233;rico tenha sido negativa</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">I</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">B (ref. 108)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Realizar tipagem da prote&#237;na amiloide na BEM utilizando-se imuno-histoqu&#237;mica ou espectroscopia de massa, quando dispon&#237;veis, quando o diagn&#243;stico da forma de AC &#233; indeterminado ou discordante com a suspeita cl&#237;nica</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">I</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">C</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Realizar BEM para confirmar diagn&#243;stico de AC nos casos suspeitos de ATTR, quando a cintilografia com radiotra&#231;ador &#243;sseo n&#227;o for dispon&#237;vel</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">I</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">B (ref. 19)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Realizar BEM para confirmar diagn&#243;stico de AC nos casos com alta suspeita de ATTR, mas com cintilografia com radiotra&#231;ador &#243;sseo n&#227;o diagn&#243;stica</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">I</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">C</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Realizar sequenciamento gen&#233;tico nos pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de ATTR, para diferenciar ATTRv da ATTRwt</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">I</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">B (ref. 33)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>
              <italic>Radiotra&#231;adores que podem ser utilizados para esta finalidade incluem o <sup>99m</sup>Tc-pirofosfato, o <sup>99m</sup>Tc-DPD (&#225;cido 3,3-difosfono-1,2-propanodicarbox&#237;lico) e o <sup>99m</sup>Tc-HMDP (hidroximetilenodifosfonato), sendo que o <sup>99m</sup>Tc-pirofosfato &#233; o &#250;nico dispon&#237;vel e aprovado para uso no Brasil.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A <bold><italic>etapa preliminar</italic></bold> e fundamental &#233; o estabelecimento da suspeita cl&#237;nica, baseada na hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, exame f&#237;sico (ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref> ), com achados sugestivos de AC ao ECG, ecocardiograma e RMC (ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 4</xref> ).</p>
      <p><bold><italic>A seguir, em casos com alta suspeita cl&#237;nica, deve-se proceder a investiga&#231;&#227;o das cadeias leves monoclonais de imunoglobulinas</italic></bold> para uma triagem efetiva da presen&#231;a de amiloidose AL, pois o diagn&#243;stico da forma AL &#233; uma urg&#234;ncia m&#233;dica, devendo-se evitar ao m&#225;ximo o retardo para o in&#237;cio do tratamento, o que se associa &#224; acentuada piora do progn&#243;stico.</p>
      <p>A eletroforese de prote&#237;na n&#227;o &#233; um teste de <italic>screening</italic> adequado, uma vez que o componente monoclonal pode n&#227;o ser detectado no sangue e/ou urina por esse m&#233;todo. Dessa forma, &#233; importante a realiza&#231;&#227;o da imunofixa&#231;&#227;o no sangue e urina, a qual aumenta a sensibilidade de detec&#231;&#227;o de cadeias leves clonais para em torno de 90%. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B103"><sup>103</sup></xref> A adi&#231;&#227;o da dosagem da rela&#231;&#227;o das cadeias leves livres ( <italic>free light chain</italic> ), <italic>com detec</italic> &#231;&#227;o de uma rela&#231;&#227;o anormal entre as cadeias kappa/lambda (maior que 1,65 ou menor que 0,26), aumenta a sensibilidade de detec&#231;&#227;o para acima de 99%. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B103"><sup>103</sup></xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B104"><sup>104</sup></xref> Portanto, o conjunto dos 3 testes, eletroforese com imunofixa&#231;&#227;o no sangue e urina associada ao teste de dosagem da rela&#231;&#227;o das cadeias leves livres, representa o melhor m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo para detec&#231;&#227;o de cadeias leves clonais, que indicam a presen&#231;a de AL.</p>
      <p>A detec&#231;&#227;o de cadeias leves monoclonais torna necess&#225;rio o encaminhamento do paciente para avalia&#231;&#227;o com hematologista, seguindo-se a <bold><italic>rota hematol&#243;gica</italic></bold> no fluxograma, e a realiza&#231;&#227;o de bi&#243;psia tecidual, procedimento fundamental para confirmar o dep&#243;sito de prote&#237;na amiloide e a elabora&#231;&#227;o da estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>6.1. Rota Hematol&#243;gica</title>
        <sec>
          <title>6.1.1. Participa&#231;&#227;o do Hematologista e Bi&#243;psia de Tecidos Perif&#233;ricos</title>
          <p>O diagn&#243;stico de amiloidose AL dever ser confirmado atrav&#233;s de bi&#243;psia.</p>
          <p>Deve-se dar prefer&#234;ncia, inicialmente, &#224; bi&#243;psia de gordura abdominal, um m&#233;todo simples e seguro. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B105"><sup>105</sup></xref> A colora&#231;&#227;o de vermelho-congo com birrefring&#234;ncia sob a luz polarizada &#233; o m&#233;todo usado na determina&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na amiloide tecidual.</p>
          <p>Em casos de amiloidose sist&#234;mica, em que h&#225; acometimento de v&#225;rios &#243;rg&#227;os ou tecidos, a bi&#243;psia de gordura abdominal com essas colora&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas apresenta sensibilidade de 60% a 80% e especificidade de 90% a 100% no diagn&#243;stico de amiloidose, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B106"><sup>106</sup></xref> e tem uma forte associa&#231;&#227;o com a carga corporal total de dep&#243;sito amiloide. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref> Contudo, em casos de amiloidose localizada, restrita a um &#243;rg&#227;o ou tecido, a bi&#243;psia de tecido gorduroso subcut&#226;neo &#233; infrequentemente positiva. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107"><sup>107</sup></xref> Em geral, a positividade da bi&#243;psia extracard&#237;aca &#233; maior quando o sitio da bi&#243;psia &#233; a gordura abdominal e o tipo de amiloidose &#233; a AL, seguida da ATTRv e, por &#250;ltimo, a ATTRwt. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref> Em uma serie de 131 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de AC por transtirretina confirmado em bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica, a bi&#243;psia de gordura abdominal foi positiva em 67% dos pacientes com ATTR heredit&#225;ria e s&#243; 14% dos pacientes com ATTRwt. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Portanto, apesar de a gordura abdominal ser o local inicial preferencial de bi&#243;psias extracard&#237;acas, um resultado negativo n&#227;o deve excluir o diagn&#243;stico, e uma bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica deve ser realizada. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref> Nesses casos, bi&#243;psia do &#243;rg&#227;o afetado oferece sensibilidade e especificidade de 100%.</p>
          <p>Vale ressaltar que a colora&#231;&#227;o vermelho-congo permite a confirma&#231;&#227;o da infiltra&#231;&#227;o amiloide nos tecidos, por&#233;m n&#227;o identifica o tipo da prote&#237;na precursora. Al&#233;m disso, 40% dos pacientes com ATTR podem ter uma gamopatia monoclonal de significado indeterminado (GMSI), apresentando investiga&#231;&#227;o positiva para cadeias leves monoclonais. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109"><sup>109</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>Considerando esses aspectos, para identifica&#231;&#227;o do tipo do dep&#243;sito amiloide, aspecto fundamental para o tratamento apropriado, torna-se necess&#225;ria a realiza&#231;&#227;o de imuno-histoqu&#237;mica ou, preferencialmente, de microdissec&#231;&#227;o a <italic>laser</italic> do material amiloide da bi&#243;psia com realiza&#231;&#227;o de espectrometria de massa. A imuno-histoqu&#237;mica permanece o m&#233;todo mais amplamente dispon&#237;vel para identifica&#231;&#227;o do tipo de dep&#243;sito; contudo, quando o tipo de amiloidose &#233; o de cadeias leves, os resultados n&#227;o s&#227;o sempre conclusivos, frequentemente com coexist&#234;ncia de positividade para mais de um tipo de antissoro, geralmente TTR e cadeia kappa ou lambda. A espectrometria de massa tornou-se, portanto, o novo &#8220;padr&#227;o-ouro&#8221; para a identifica&#231;&#227;o do tipo do dep&#243;sito amiloide. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54"><sup>54</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110"><sup>110</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>Perante <bold><italic>resultados negativos para cadeias leves monoclonais</italic></bold> , situa&#231;&#227;o em que o diagn&#243;stico de ATTR &#233; mais prov&#225;vel, ainda que outras formas mais raras de AC tamb&#233;m possam ser diagnosticadas, a investiga&#231;&#227;o deve seguir pela <bold><italic>rota cardiol&#243;gica</italic></bold> , tomando-se duas sub-rotas de acordo com a disponibilidade da cintilografia card&#237;aca com marcadores &#243;sseos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.2. Rota Cardiol&#243;gica</title>
          <p>No <bold><italic>cen&#225;rio de disponibilidade da cintilografia com marcadores &#243;sseos (sub-rota 2A)</italic></bold> , desde que as cadeias leves monoclonais estejam ausentes, o achado de cintilografia card&#237;aca mostrando capta&#231;&#227;o acentuada, graus 2 ou 3 da classifica&#231;&#227;o de Perugini (capta&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca equivalente ou superior &#224; capta&#231;&#227;o vista nos arcos costais) e rela&#231;&#227;o de capta&#231;&#227;o na &#225;rea card&#237;aca em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; &#225;rea contralateral do t&#243;rax &#8805; 1,5, confirmando-se que a capta&#231;&#227;o aumentada encontra-se nas paredes ventriculares por imagens tomogr&#225;ficas de emiss&#227;o (SPECT), a AC por ATTR est&#225; confirmada sem a necessidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o de bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica. A seguir, o sequenciamento gen&#233;tico da TTR deve ser realizado para defini&#231;&#227;o do caso se ATTR heredit&#225;ria ou selvagem.</p>
          <p>A diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre ATTR heredit&#225;ria ou <italic>wild-type</italic> tem implica&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas e terap&#234;uticas, sendo tamb&#233;m importante para potencial <italic>screening</italic> familiar e aconselhamento gen&#233;tico.</p>
          <p>Na vig&#234;ncia de cintilografia card&#237;aca com marcadores &#243;sseos negativa e associada &#224; aus&#234;ncia de cadeias leves monoclonais, o diagn&#243;stico de AC &#233; improv&#225;vel. Contudo, quando a suspeita cl&#237;nica persiste, baseada principalmente nos resultados de outros m&#233;todos de imagem muito sugestivos de amiloidose, a bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica tem um papel diagn&#243;stico relevante e deve ser solicitada. Nesse caso, podemos estar diante de ATTRv com algumas muta&#231;&#245;es com dep&#243;sitos amiloides que n&#227;o captam marcador &#243;sseo, como a V30M de in&#237;cio precoce e a P64I, al&#233;m de outros tipos n&#227;o usuais de amiloidose. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B111"><sup>111</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>No cen&#225;rio de <italic>indisponibilidade da cintilografia com marcadores &#243;sseos (sub-rota 2B)</italic> , a bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica tamb&#233;m est&#225; indicada para elucidar o diagn&#243;stico.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>7. Progn&#243;stico e Estadiamento</title>
      <sec>
        <title>7.1. Forma AL</title>
        <p>Portadores de AC forma AL exibem dep&#243;sitos amiloides mais t&#243;xicos e de forma&#231;&#227;o mais acelerada se comparados aos casos pela forma ATTR. Como consequ&#234;ncia, aumentos mensais da espessura mioc&#225;rdica da monta de 1,45 a 2,16 mm podem ser observados associados a eleva&#231;&#245;es mais acentuadas de biomarcadores como troponina e BNP, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112"><sup>112</sup></xref> bem como ao desenvolvimento de sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e &#243;bito em m&#233;dia dentro de 6 meses ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B113"><sup>113</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>A somat&#243;ria desses achados &#224;s informa&#231;&#245;es obtidas gra&#231;as aos recentes avan&#231;os tecnol&#243;gicos e laboratoriais permitiu estabelecer como principal determinante do progn&#243;stico da amiloidose AL a extens&#227;o do envolvimento card&#237;aco pelo material amiloide, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B114"><sup>114</sup></xref> bem como a elabora&#231;&#227;o de escores de sobrevida. O mais amplamente utilizado &#233; o da Cl&#237;nica Mayo modificado, exibido na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 6</xref> , e que atribui pontos &#224; presen&#231;a de troponina T &#8805; 0,025 ng/mL; NT-ProBNP &#8805; 1,800 pg/mL; diferen&#231;a entre as cadeias leves &#8805; 18 mg/dL para indicar indiv&#237;duos de mais alto risco. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B115"><sup>115</sup></xref> </p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Estadiamento progn&#243;stico da amiloidose AL, segundo os crit&#233;rios revisados da Cl&#237;nica Mayo <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B115"><sup>115</sup></xref> </title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="top">Valor de corte dos biomarcadores</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">Estadiamento (n&#250;mero de biomarcadores com valores elevados)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">Sobrevida m&#233;dia</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Est&#225;gio I: nenhum biomarcador</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">94 meses</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Troponina-T &#8805; 0,025 ng/mL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Est&#225;gio II: 1 biomarcador</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">40 meses</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">NT-proBNP &gt; 1.800 pg/mL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Est&#225;gio III: 2 biomarcadores</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">14 meses</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">DCL &gt; 18mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Est&#225;gio IV: 3 biomarcadores</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">6 meses</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p><italic>DCL: diferen&#231;a da dosagem das cadeias leves; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide</italic> .</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Adicionalmente, achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, tais como aumento acentuado da espessura das paredes, disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, disfun&#231;&#227;o do VE, espessamento das valvas e redu&#231;&#227;o do <italic>strain</italic> global longitudinal do VE combinados aos biomarcadores BNP e troponina e <italic>status</italic> hematol&#243;gico s&#227;o preditores de maior mortalidade. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B116"><sup>116</sup></xref> Recentemente, uma t&#233;cnica nova de avalia&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica n&#227;o invasiva que avalia a rigidez do cora&#231;&#227;o, a elastografia mioc&#225;rdica, demonstrou boa correla&#231;&#227;o com a massa ventricular, espessura mioc&#225;rdica, biomarcadores com BNP, press&#245;es de enchimento, piora de classe funcional e da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B117"><sup>117</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>A RMC tamb&#233;m fornece elementos que se correlacionam com a sobrevida em pacientes com AC. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84"><sup>84</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B119"><sup>119</sup></xref> <sup>&#8211;</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B121"><sup>121</sup></xref> A presen&#231;a e a extens&#227;o de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, detectada pela t&#233;cnica de realce tardio com gadol&#237;nio, s&#227;o marcadores de mau progn&#243;stico. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B118"><sup>118</sup></xref> <sup>&#8211;</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B119"><sup>119</sup></xref> Estudo recente mostra que medidas de mapa T1 acima de 1.044ms e do ECV ( <italic>extracellular volume</italic> ) calculado na fase de equil&#237;brio do contraste superiores a 0,45 associam-se a aumento da mortalidade cardiovascular de 5,84 e 3,48 vezes, respectivamente. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Os biomarcadores apresentam n&#227;o apenas um papel no estadiamento desses doentes, mas tamb&#233;m possibilitam avalia&#231;&#227;o da resposta ao tratamento, que na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica &#233; sempre um desafio, principalmente para a forma AL, uma vez que a quimioterapia pode ser um fator adicional para les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. O que se tem bem estabelecido na literatura &#233; a concord&#226;ncia entre redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP e resposta hematol&#243;gica ao tratamento, assim como melhora de classe funcional NYHA. O inverso tamb&#233;m &#233; verdadeiro, como o aumento dos n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP, troponina e redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. (ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Tabela 9</xref> &#8211; t&#243;pico sobre tratamento da AC forma AL)</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7.2. Forma ATTR</title>
        <p>A AC por ATTR exibe um perfil evolutivo mais benigno e de maior sobrevida se comparado &#224; forma AL. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B121"><sup>121</sup></xref> Al&#233;m do tipo espec&#237;fico de dep&#243;sito amiloide, outros fatores como gen&#243;tipo, dados cl&#237;nicos, biomarcadores laboratoriais e achados radiol&#243;gicos fornecem instrumentos que auxiliam o planejamento terap&#234;utico e permitem inferir o progn&#243;stico. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Nos casos de ATTR heredit&#225;ria, o perfil gen&#233;tico determina o fen&#243;tipo cl&#237;nico e a evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a, ainda que a penetr&#226;ncia do gene possa variar em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es. Nesse sentido, variantes patog&#234;nicas de acometimento predominantemente mioc&#225;rdico como a V122I apresentam sobrevida menor comparativamente &#224; ATTRwt e &#224;s variantes mistas ou de predom&#237;nio neurop&#225;tico como a V30M. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B122"><sup>122</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B123"><sup>123</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Do ponto de vista cl&#237;nico, o surgimento de sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e a dura&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas apresentam valor progn&#243;stico. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B124"><sup>124</sup></xref> Observa-se uma redu&#231;&#227;o da sobrevida quanto mais prolongada a descompensa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e quanto mais avan&#231;ada a classe funcional da NYHA. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B125"><sup>125</sup></xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B126"><sup>126</sup></xref> As sobrevidas medianas observadas para cada classe funcional foram: I = 4,6 anos, II = 4,1 anos, III = 2,1 anos e IV = 1,3 ano. Apesar de o g&#234;nero, a idade ao diagn&#243;stico e a presen&#231;a de comorbidades como valvopatia a&#243;rtica ou taquiarritmias n&#227;o demonstrarem efeito direto sobre a mortalidade, uma maior associa&#231;&#227;o com desfechos card&#237;acos compostos desfavor&#225;veis &#233; observada em pacientes idosos do sexo masculino e com doen&#231;as associadas. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B127"><sup>127</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Os resultados de exames laboratoriais de baixo custo, de realiza&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida e de f&#225;cil interpreta&#231;&#227;o t&#234;m sido usados em diferentes propostas para estadiamento da doen&#231;a, obtendo bom n&#237;vel de correla&#231;&#227;o com a expectativa de vida ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 7</xref> ). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B128"><sup>128</sup></xref> <sup>&#8211;</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B130"><sup>130</sup></xref> Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de troponinas T e I, do NT-proBNP e a taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular refletem a toxicidade dos dep&#243;sitos amiloides nos &#243;rg&#227;os-alvos tanto por a&#231;&#227;o direta quanto por ativa&#231;&#227;o de processos de estresse oxidativo e inflama&#231;&#227;o. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B131"><sup>131</sup></xref> As recomenda&#231;&#245;es para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco/estadiamento da AC e monitoramento da resposta ao tratamento s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 8</xref> .</p>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Propostas de estadiamento da amiloidose ATTR utilizando biomarcadores</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="top">Proposta de estadiamento</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">Forma de AC</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">Ponto de corte dos biomarcadores</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">Estadiamento</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">Sobrevida m&#233;dia (meses)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="3">Grogan et al. (2016)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="3">ATTRwt</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="3">NT-proBNP &gt; 3.000 ng/L Troponina-T &#8805; 0,05 &#181;g/L</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Est&#225;gio I NT-proBNP &lt; 3.000 ng/L TncT &lt; 0,05 &#181;g/L</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Est&#225;gio I = 66</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Est&#225;gio II NT-proBNP <bold>ou</bold> TncT acima do ponto de corte</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Est&#225;gio II = 40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Est&#225;gio III NT-proBNP <bold>e</bold> TncT acima do ponto de corte</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Est&#225;gio III = 20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="3">Gillmore et al. (2018)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="3">ATTRwt ATTRv</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="3">NT-proBNP &gt; 3.000 ng/L eGFR &lt; 45 mL/min</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Est&#225;gio I NT-proBNP &lt; 3.000ng/L eGFR &#8805; 45mL/min</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Est&#225;gio I = 69,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Est&#225;gio II NT-proBNP &gt; 3.000 ng/L <bold>ou</bold> eGFR &lt; 45 mL/min</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Est&#225;gio II = 46,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Est&#225;gio III NT-proBNP &gt; 3.000 ng/L <bold>e</bold> eGFR &lt; 45 mL/min</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Est&#225;gio III= 24,1</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p><italic>ATTRwt: amiloidose ATTR forma selvagem; ATTRv: amiloidose ATTR forma heredit&#225;ria; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; eGFR: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> .</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 8</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco/estadiamento da amiloidose card&#237;aca (AC) e monitoramento da resposta ao tratamento e/ou progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="top">Indica&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">Classe de recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia (refer&#234;ncias)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Estratificar o risco dos pacientes com AC utilizando-se sistemas de estadiamento validados, incluindo biomarcadores como BNP/NT-ProBNP e/ou troponinas</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">I</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">B (ref. 128-130)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Monitorar a progress&#227;o da AC e/ou resposta ao tratamento espec&#237;fico utilizando-se ecocardiograma ou resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca e biomarcadores <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">I</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">C</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>
                <italic>A periodicidade da avalia&#231;&#227;o depende da forma da AC e da evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Achados em exames de imagem, como o ecocardiograma, a cintilografia card&#237;aca com Tecn&#233;cio-pirofosfato (<sup>99m</sup>Tc-PYP) e a RMC, fornecem dados complementares que auxiliam na estratifica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80"><sup>80</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94"><sup>94</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B132"><sup>132</sup></xref> <sup>&#8211;</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B134"><sup>134</sup></xref> (12-17). ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Tabela 9</xref> ). Al&#233;m disso, a crescente qualidade das imagens obtidas, associada ao maior detalhamento quantitativo dos dep&#243;sitos amiloides, diminuiu a necessidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o de bi&#243;psia mioc&#225;rdica como elemento prognosticador de doen&#231;a. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> </p>
        <table-wrap id="t11">
          <label>Tabela 9</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Par&#226;metros de exames de imagem com valor progn&#243;stico na amiloidose card&#237;aca ATTR</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="top">Ecocardiograma</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">Cintilografia com<sup>99m</sup>Tc-pirofosfato</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">&#8595; FEVE</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="5">Rela&#231;&#227;o C/CL &#8805; 1,6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">TAPSE</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">&#8595; FCM</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&#8595; Volume de eje&#231;&#227;o indexado</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">&#8595; SGL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&#8593; Realce tardio com gadol&#237;nio</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <italic>Apical Sparing</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&#8593; Volume extracelular</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">&#8595; <italic>Stroke</italic> Volume<sub>I</sub><sup>(17)</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&#8593; T1 nativo</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <p><italic>FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FCM: fra&#231;&#227;o de contra&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (FCM = VS/VOL VE); SGL: strain global longitudinal; SV<sub>I</sub>: &#237;ndice de volume sist&#243;lico; C/CL: rela&#231;&#227;o cora&#231;&#227;o e regi&#227;o tor&#225;cica contralateral; TAPSE: excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do anel tric&#250;spide</italic> .</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>8. Tratamento</title>
      <p>O tratamento da AC compreende medidas espec&#237;ficas direcionadas para reduzir ou evitar a progress&#227;o dos dep&#243;sitos de fibrilas amiloides, sendo abordadas neste texto separadamente, para as formas AL e ATTR. Al&#233;m destas, s&#227;o tamb&#233;m necess&#225;rias medidas gerais de manejo das anormalidades cl&#237;nicas e hemodin&#226;micas causadas pela doen&#231;a, incluindo a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e os dist&#250;rbios do ritmo card&#237;aco, sendo aplic&#225;veis para ambas as formas, AL e ATTR.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>8.1. Princ&#237;pios da Terapia Espec&#237;fica da Amiloidose AL</title>
        <p>A amiloidose AL &#233; uma doen&#231;a causada pela produ&#231;&#227;o aberrante da cadeia leve da imunoglobulina ( <italic>kappa</italic> ou <italic>lambda</italic> ). Com isso, a base do tratamento espec&#237;fico consiste em eliminar a sua produ&#231;&#227;o por meio da erradica&#231;&#227;o do clone de plasm&#243;citos na medula &#243;ssea. A redu&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida e, idealmente, normaliza&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de cadeias leves s&#227;o alguns dos principais objetivos no tratamento da amiloidose AL, sendo denominada resposta hematol&#243;gica. J&#225; a revers&#227;o da les&#227;o nos tecidos e &#243;rg&#227;os acometidos pelo dep&#243;sito amiloide &#233; chamada de resposta org&#226;nica, e compreende o segundo maior objetivo do tratamento. Outros objetivos do tratamento s&#227;o melhorar a qualidade de vida e a sobrevida geral. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B135"><sup>135</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s confirmado o diagn&#243;stico de amiloidose sist&#234;mica AL, o plano terap&#234;utico deve ser definido pelo hematologista. No entanto, a identifica&#231;&#227;o e o manejo das disfun&#231;&#245;es org&#226;nicas s&#227;o essenciais, sendo imprescind&#237;vel o trabalho multidisciplinar, incluindo acompanhamento conjunto com o cardiologista e outros especialistas ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t14">Tabela 12</xref> ). O comprometimento card&#237;aco &#233; o principal fator progn&#243;stico na amiloidose AL, determinando n&#227;o s&#243; a sobrevida, mas tamb&#233;m a tolerabilidade aos tratamentos citot&#243;xicos. O impacto do comprometimento card&#237;aco na sobrevida &#233; bem estabelecido na literatura, e sistemas de estadiamento j&#225; validados auxiliam na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco do paciente, sendo utilizados em conjunto com outros par&#226;metros para guiar diferentes estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B135"><sup>135</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>A sobrevida na amiloidose AL est&#225; relacionada &#224; produ&#231;&#227;o de cadeias leves amiloidog&#234;nicas e &#224; les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo, principalmente o cora&#231;&#227;o. Com isso, o estadiamento inclui biomarcadores que est&#227;o relacionados a essas ocorr&#234;ncias, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B104"><sup>104</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B115">115</xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B136"><sup>136</sup></xref> conforme descrito em t&#243;pico anterior (ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 5</xref> ).</p>
        <p>O valor dessa estratifica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica foi observado tanto em indiv&#237;duos tratados com transplante de c&#233;lulas-tronco hematopoi&#233;ticas (TCTH) aut&#243;logo quanto naqueles tratados sem esse procedimento. A sobrevida mediana segundo essa estratifica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica foi de 55, 19, 12 e 5 meses em pacientes que tiveram ao diagn&#243;stico est&#225;gios I, II, III e IV, respectivamente, e que n&#227;o receberam ou tiveram falha no TCTH e 97, 58 e 22 meses, para os est&#225;gios II, III e IV, respectivamente, naqueles submetidos ao TCTH. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B115"><sup>115</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Pacientes avaliados como baixo risco s&#227;o candidatos &#224; terapia com quimioterapia (QT) em altas doses seguidas de TCTH aut&#243;logo ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t14">Tabela 12</xref> ). Atualmente, esta &#233; considerada a estrat&#233;gia mais eficaz para erradica&#231;&#227;o do clone de plasm&#243;citos. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B135"><sup>135</sup></xref> Pacientes de risco intermedi&#225;rio geralmente recebem QT em doses convencionais e, caso apresentem melhora cl&#237;nica e laboratorial, podem se tornar candidatos ao TCTH aut&#243;logo. Por &#250;ltimo, pacientes idosos, mais fr&#225;geis, com comprometimento de mais de um &#243;rg&#227;o ou com cardiomiopatia avan&#231;ada s&#227;o tratados com QT em doses ajustadas, representando um grupo de progn&#243;stico desfavor&#225;vel, uma vez que geralmente n&#227;o toleram o tratamento. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B135"><sup>135</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s 3 meses do t&#233;rmino do tratamento, as respostas hematol&#243;gica e org&#226;nica devem ser avaliadas com exames espec&#237;ficos relacionados &#224; detec&#231;&#227;o de gamopatia monoclonal e comprometimento de cada &#243;rg&#227;o acometido no diagn&#243;stico. Os crit&#233;rios de resposta hematol&#243;gica e org&#226;nica est&#227;o resumidos nas Tabelas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">10</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t13">11</xref> . <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B136"><sup>136</sup></xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B137"><sup>137</sup></xref> </p>
        <table-wrap id="t12">
          <label>Tabela 10</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Crit&#233;rios de resposta hematol&#243;gica ao tratamento</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="100%">
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"><bold>Resposta completa (RC):</bold> normaliza&#231;&#227;o das cadeias leves livres, imunofixa&#231;&#227;o no sangue e urina negativa (sem presen&#231;a de componente clonal)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"><bold>Resposta parcial muito boa:</bold> redu&#231;&#227;o na diferen&#231;a entre cadeia leve livre envolvida e n&#227;o envolvida para &lt; 40 mg/L</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"><bold>Resposta parcial (RP):</bold> redu&#231;&#227;o &gt; 50% na diferen&#231;a entre cadeia leve livre envolvida e n&#227;o envolvida</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"><bold>Sem resposta:</bold> n&#227;o obten&#231;&#227;o de uma RP</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"><bold>Doen&#231;a progressiva:</bold> aumento de cadeia leve livre em 50% ou para &gt; 100 mg/L. Em pacientes que obtiveram uma RC, reaparecimento de um componente clonal na imunofixa&#231;&#227;o ou nas cadeias leves livres. Em pacientes que obtiveram uma RP, aumento em 50% do componente monoclonal no sangue ou urina</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t13">
          <label>Tabela 11</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Crit&#233;rios de resposta &#243;rg&#227;o-espec&#237;fica ao tratamento</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="100%">
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"><bold>Resposta card&#237;aca:</bold> redu&#231;&#227;o &gt; 30% e &gt; 300ng/L em pacientes com NT-proBNP &#8805; 650 ng/L ou melhora funcional de pelo menos duas classes de acordo com a <italic>New York Heart Association</italic></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"><bold>Resposta renal:</bold> diminui&#231;&#227;o da protein&#250;ria &#8805; 50% (redu&#231;&#227;o de ao menos 0,5g/24h) em 6 meses sem piora do eGFR em &#8805; 25%. An&#225;lises retrospectivas recentes sugerem que redu&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 30% na protein&#250;ria est&#225; associada a melhor progn&#243;stico, mas esse crit&#233;rio (de &#8805; 30%) ainda n&#227;o foi incorporado em recomenda&#231;&#245;es formais <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"><bold>Resposta hep&#225;tica:</bold> redu&#231;&#227;o em fosfatase alcalina em pelo menos 50% e redu&#231;&#227;o da dimens&#227;o do f&#237;gado em pelo menos 2 cm</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"><bold>Sistema nervoso perif&#233;rico:</bold> melhora da velocidade de neurocondu&#231;&#227;o pela eletroneuromiografia</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Mesmo alcan&#231;ando resposta hematol&#243;gica completa, a melhora das disfun&#231;&#245;es se d&#225; mais lentamente, podendo ocorrer at&#233; meses a anos ap&#243;s a normaliza&#231;&#227;o das cadeias leves. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> </p>
        <sec>
          <title>8.1.1. Tratamento de Pacientes Eleg&#237;veis ao Transplante Aut&#243;logo de C&#233;lulas-tronco Hematopoi&#233;ticas (TCTH)</title>
          <p>Apenas 20% dos pacientes diagnosticados com amiloidose AL apresentam condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas para o TCTH, e o n&#250;mero de pacientes eleg&#237;veis pode aumentar se houver resposta org&#226;nica ap&#243;s esquemas de indu&#231;&#227;o contendo terapias antiplasmocit&#225;rias eficazes (bortezomibe, daratumumabe). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B135"><sup>135</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B139"><sup>139</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B140"><sup>140</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o de elegibilidade ao TCTH &#233; ponto-chave para se obter sucesso terap&#234;utico com essa estrat&#233;gia. Um &#250;nico estudo prospectivo randomizado comparou o TCTH com QT convencional, n&#227;o havendo benef&#237;cio de sobrevida global deste em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; estrat&#233;gia menos intensiva. Neste estudo, por&#233;m, a alta taxa de mortalidade associada ao TCTH (24%) foi relacionada aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, inexperi&#234;ncia do centro transplantador e uso de dose subterap&#234;utica de melfalano. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B141"><sup>141</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>Uma vez que n&#227;o h&#225; crit&#233;rios precisos bem estabelecidos e validados prospectivamente na literatura, cada centro estabelece seus pr&#243;prios crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade ao TCTH. Embora a avalia&#231;&#227;o subjetiva seja relevante, alguns fatores podem guiar a indica&#231;&#227;o do TCTH: &#8220;idade fisiol&#243;gica&#8221; &#8804; 70 anos, ClCr &gt; 30 mL/min (exceto aqueles em di&#225;lise cr&#244;nica), troponina T &lt; 0,06 ng/mL, escala de performance ECOG (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group) &#8804; 2, classe funcional da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> I ou II e press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &gt; 90 mmHg. A adequada estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco pr&#233;-tratamento concomitante ao desenvolvimento de melhores condi&#231;&#245;es de suporte tais como antibioticoterapia e terapia intensiva tem levado &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade associada ao TCTH nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, com taxas de 2,4% a 3,4% em an&#225;lises retrospectivas. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B142"><sup>142</sup></xref> <sup>&#8211;</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B148"><sup>148</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>Dessa forma, o TCTH deve ser recomendado como terapia de primeira linha nos indiv&#237;duos classificados como eleg&#237;veis ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t14">Tabela 12</xref> ). Essa recomenda&#231;&#227;o se deve &#224; obten&#231;&#227;o de altas taxas de resposta hematol&#243;gica, levando &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o e potencial reabsor&#231;&#227;o do amiloide, com consequente melhora da disfun&#231;&#227;o org&#226;nica, <italic>performance status,</italic> aumento da <italic/> sobrevida e qualidade de vida. Como exemplo, em uma s&#233;rie de 672 pacientes com amiloidose AL submetidos a TCTH, 84% apresentaram resposta hematol&#243;gica, sendo 39% de RC, e a sobrevida alcan&#231;ada foi &gt; 50% em 15 anos. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B146"><sup>146</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B147"><sup>147</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B149"><sup>149</sup></xref> </p>
          <table-wrap id="t14">
            <label>Tabela 12</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para tratamento da amiloidose card&#237;aca (AC)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="top">Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="top">Classe de recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="top">N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia (refer&#234;ncias)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="3">
                    <bold>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a para controle das manifesta&#231;&#245;es congestivas</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">I</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">C</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Evitar uso de subst&#226;ncias bradicardizantes, salvo situa&#231;&#245;es especiais</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">I</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">C</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Uso rotineiro dos f&#225;rmacos modificadores do progn&#243;stico utilizados para o tratamento da ICFER: betabloqueador, iECA, BRA, INRA, iSGLT2, ARM</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">III</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">C</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral para pacientes com AC e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, independentemente do risco calculado de AVE ou embolia sist&#234;mica</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">I</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">C</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Oferecer aos pacientes com diagn&#243;stico confirmado de AC o encaminhamento para um centro especializado</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">I</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">C</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="3">
                    <bold>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o tratamento espec&#237;fico para ATTR</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Tafamidis 80mg/dia, para o tratamento espec&#237;fico de pacientes com AC confirmada por ATTRv ou ATTRwt, com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, em CF I a III da NYHA, sem disfun&#231;&#227;o renal grave, para redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade e redu&#231;&#227;o da taxa de progress&#227;o da incapacidade f&#237;sica e da perda da qualidade de vida</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">I</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">B (ref. 162, 163)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="3">
                    <bold>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o tratamento espec&#237;fico para AL</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="3">Avalia&#231;&#227;o conjunta com hematologista nos casos suspeitos ou confirmados de AL, para defini&#231;&#227;o do tratamento:</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Considerar o transplante de c&#233;lulas-tronco hematopoi&#233;ticas (TCTH), para pacientes com AL classificados como eleg&#237;veis: n&#227;o exibindo comorbidades graves, sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada, sem insufici&#234;ncia renal grave, sem envolvimento de mais de dois &#243;rg&#227;os ou idade avan&#231;ada</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">I</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">B (ref. 147, 148, 149)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Iniciar terapia quimioter&#225;pica com medica&#231;&#245;es antiplasmocit&#225;rias para pacientes com AL n&#227;o candidatos ao TCTH.</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">I</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">A (ref. 139,156)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <p><italic>CF: classe funcional; NYHA: Sociedade Nova-iorquina de Cardiologia; AVE: acidente vascular encef&#225;lico; iECA: inibidor da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina-II; iSGLT2: inibidor do cotransportador de s&#243;dio-glicose-2; ARM: antagonista do receptor de mineralocorticoide</italic> .</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>O TCTH pode ser realizado logo ap&#243;s diagn&#243;stico ( <italic>upfront</italic> ) em pacientes com &lt; 10% de plasm&#243;citos clonais na medula &#243;ssea ou ser precedido de terapia de indu&#231;&#227;o com esquemas contendo bortezomibe e/ou anticorpo monoclonal anti-CD38. Esse &#250;ltimo cen&#225;rio deve ser considerado quando h&#225; associa&#231;&#227;o com mieloma m&#250;ltiplo, atraso previs&#237;vel para realiza&#231;&#227;o do TCTH, baixa <italic>performance</italic> que pode melhorar com a terapia de indu&#231;&#227;o e presen&#231;a de &gt; 10% de infiltra&#231;&#227;o por plasm&#243;citos clonais na medula &#243;ssea, a qual est&#225; associada a pior progn&#243;stico. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B135"><sup>135</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B150"><sup>150</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>Os principais esquemas utilizados como terapia pr&#233;-transplante s&#227;o ciclofosfamida, bortezomibe e dexametasona (CyBorD) e daratumumabe, bortezomibe, ciclofosfamida e dexametasona (Dara-CyBorD). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B139"><sup>139</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>Dado o novo cen&#225;rio de surgimento de novas terapias no tratamento da amiloidose AL e a escassez de estudos randomizados consolidando o papel do transplante, ser&#227;o necess&#225;rios novos estudos para entender se o TCTH permanecer&#225; sendo a terapia mais eficaz nas pr&#243;ximas d&#233;cadas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.1.2. Tratamento de Pacientes N&#227;o Eleg&#237;veis ao TCTH/Quimioterapia Convencional</title>
          <p>A maior parte dos pacientes diagnosticados com amiloidose AL n&#227;o &#233; eleg&#237;vel &#224; terapia de maior intensidade com TCTH aut&#243;logo devido a comorbidades, como doen&#231;a card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada, insufici&#234;ncia renal, envolvimento de mais de dois &#243;rg&#227;os ou idade avan&#231;ada. Dessa forma, nesse grupo de pacientes, terapias quimioter&#225;picas com medica&#231;&#245;es antiplasmocit&#225;rias s&#227;o a base do tratamento ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t14">Tabela 12</xref> ). Os esquemas utilizados s&#227;o, em sua maioria, com base naqueles empregados para o mieloma m&#250;ltiplo.</p>
          <p>O esquema combinando ciclofosfamida, bortezomibe e dexametasona (CyBorD) demonstrou-se altamente eficaz (resposta hematol&#243;gica 81% a 94%), bem tolerado e capaz de gerar resposta hematol&#243;gica r&#225;pida (em at&#233; 3 meses) em dois estudos retrospectivos com pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes (n = 17 e 43). A sobrevida global em 2 anos chegou a 92% nesses estudos. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B151"><sup>151</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B152"><sup>152</sup></xref> A maior casu&#237;stica com este esquema incluiu 230 pacientes, com 60% de resposta hematol&#243;gica, sendo 23% de resposta completa. Entretanto, resposta org&#226;nica card&#237;aca e renal foi observada em somente 17% e 25% dos pacientes, respectivamente. Dentre os pacientes com cardiopatia avan&#231;ada, menor taxa de resposta hematol&#243;gica foi observada (42% global e 14% completa), sendo a mediana de sobrevida global de 7 meses para este grupo <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B153"><sup>153</sup></xref> A possibilidade do CyBorD de tornar pacientes inicialmente ineleg&#237;veis ao TCTH aut&#243;logo em eleg&#237;veis (ap&#243;s resposta hematol&#243;gica e melhora cl&#237;nica) &#233; um ponto importante a ser considerado no desenvolvimento do plano terap&#234;utico. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B153"><sup>153</sup></xref> <sup>&#8211;</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B155"><sup>155</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>Recentemente, dois estudos randomizados institu&#237;ram combina&#231;&#245;es de QT como poss&#237;veis novos tratamentos de escolha em pacientes com amiloidose AL n&#227;o eleg&#237;veis a TCTH. O primeiro comparou o esquema bortezomibe, melfalano e dexametasona (BMD) a MD, demonstrando benef&#237;cio da adi&#231;&#227;o do bortezomibe a MD com maior taxa de resposta hematol&#243;gica global ap&#243;s 3 meses (79% <italic>vs.</italic> 52%), resposta org&#226;nica card&#237;aca (38% <italic>vs.</italic> 28%) e melhora de sobrevida global, com redu&#231;&#227;o de 2 vezes na taxa de mortalidade. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B156"><sup>156</sup></xref> O maior estudo randomizado em amiloidose AL (andromeda) associou um anticorpo monoclonal anti-CD38 (daratumumabe) ao esquema CyBorD, com resultados promissores. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B139"><sup>139</sup></xref> Resposta hematol&#243;gica global de 92% foi alcan&#231;ada no grupo Dara-CyBorD <italic>versus</italic> 77% no grupo-controle que recebeu CyBorD sem daratumumabe, com RC de 53% <italic>versus</italic> 18%, e mediana de 2 meses para atingir esta resposta. Melhora de fun&#231;&#227;o org&#226;nica foi tamb&#233;m observada no grupo que recebeu o anticorpo monoclonal, com melhora da sobrevida livre de progress&#227;o. &#201; importante ressaltar que pacientes com cardiopatia avan&#231;ada (classificados como estadiamento IIIb) foram exclu&#237;dos de ambos os estudos randomizados citados, sendo que o tratamento para este grupo permanece um desafio na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8.2. Terapias Espec&#237;ficas da ATTR</title>
        <p>V&#225;rias etapas do processo fisiopatog&#234;nico de forma&#231;&#227;o e deposi&#231;&#227;o das fibrilas amiloides no tecido card&#237;aco s&#227;o potenciais alvos terap&#234;uticos na ATTR, como ilustrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 12</xref> , incluindo-se: 1) transplante hep&#225;tico; 2) estabilizadores dos tetr&#226;meros da TTR; 3) inibidores da s&#237;ntese hep&#225;tica de TTR; e 4) degrada&#231;&#227;o e reabsor&#231;&#227;o das fibrilas amiloides depositadas.</p>
        <fig id="f12">
          <label>Figura 12</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Ilustra&#231;&#227;o mostrando a fisiopatog&#234;nese da deposi&#231;&#227;o de fibrilas amiloides na ATTR e alvos terap&#234;uticos reconhecidos.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0561-10718-gf12.jpg"/></fig>
        <sec>
          <title>8.2.1. Transplante Hep&#225;tico</title>
          <p>O transplante hep&#225;tico foi, no passado, proposto como tratamento curativo potencial para pacientes com polineuropatia associada &#224; ATTRv. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B157"><sup>157</sup></xref> O transplante hep&#225;tico, ao remover a fonte de produ&#231;&#227;o das mol&#233;culas mutadas de TTR, associa-se a aumento da sobrevida, com relatos de taxa de sobrevida em 20 anos de 55,3%. Contudo, a deposi&#231;&#227;o de TTR pode continuar ap&#243;s o transplante hep&#225;tico e associar-se &#224; progress&#227;o da cardiopatia, provavelmente porque a presen&#231;a de fibrilas amiloides j&#225; acumuladas no mioc&#225;rdio promove deposi&#231;&#227;o adicional de TTR selvagem ao longo do tempo. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B158"><sup>158</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B159"><sup>159</sup></xref> Dessa forma, transplante duplo de cora&#231;&#227;o e f&#237;gado pode ser poss&#237;vel e parece associado a melhor progn&#243;stico em compara&#231;&#227;o a transplante de um dos &#243;rg&#227;os isoladamente. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B160"><sup>160</sup></xref> Considerando a reduzida disponibilidade de &#243;rg&#227;os e centros de transplante, al&#233;m dos riscos representados pela imunossupress&#227;o ao longo da dura&#231;&#227;o da vida, o desenvolvimento de novas terapias capazes de bloquear a s&#237;ntese hep&#225;tica de TTR deve substituir o transplante hep&#225;tico como alternativa de tratamento para suprimir a produ&#231;&#227;o de TTR.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.2.2. Estabilizadores Seletivos dos Tetr&#226;meros da TTR</title>
          <sec>
            <title>8.2.2.1. Tafamidis</title>
            <p>Tafamidis &#233; uma mol&#233;cula pequena que inibe seletivamente a dissocia&#231;&#227;o dos tetr&#226;meros de TTR ao ligar-se aos s&#237;tios de liga&#231;&#227;o da tiroxina (T4) e, assim, inibindo efetivamente a cascata que resulta na forma&#231;&#227;o das fibrilas amiloides. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B161"><sup>161</sup></xref> Quando testado em estudo cl&#237;nico fase 3, tafamidis se mostrou eficaz em reduzir a progress&#227;o de manifesta&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas em pacientes em est&#225;gios precoces da polineuropatia por ATTRh. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B162"><sup>162</sup></xref> </p>
            <p>Tafamidis &#233; o &#250;nico f&#225;rmaco, at&#233; o momento, que foi especificamente testado em pacientes com AC em um estudo cl&#237;nico multic&#234;ntrico prospectivo, randomizado e placebo controlado, o estudo ATTR-ACT. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B163"><sup>163</sup></xref> Este estudo fase 3 incluiu 441 pacientes (18 a 90 anos de idade) com diagn&#243;stico de cardiomiopatia por ATTR heredit&#225;ria ou selvagem, caracterizada por hist&#243;ria de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, espessura do septo interventricular &gt; 12 mm ao ecocardiograma, demonstra&#231;&#227;o de dep&#243;sitos amiloides por TTR (bi&#243;psia ou cintilografia com marcadores &#243;sseos positiva), NT-Pr&#243;-BNP &gt; 600 pg/mL, dist&#226;ncia percorrida no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6m) &gt; 100 metros. Os principais crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: classe funcional IV da NYHA, presen&#231;a de amiloidose AL, TFG &lt; 25mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>. Os pacientes foram randomizados para receber tafamidis na dose de 80 mg/dia, tafamidis 20 mg/dia ou placebo nas propor&#231;&#245;es de 2:1:2. O desfecho prim&#225;rio do estudo avaliou de forma hier&#225;rquica mortalidade por qualquer causa, seguida pela frequ&#234;ncia de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular ao longo de 30 meses de seguimento. Os desfechos secund&#225;rios principais foram a mudan&#231;a da dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6m e do escore de qualidade de vida obtido no <italic>Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire</italic> (KCCQ). Para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, agruparam-se os resultados dos grupos de pacientes recebendo as doses de tafamidis de 80mg e 20mg. Os resultados reportados mostraram que os pacientes recebendo tafamidis (n=264) exibiram redu&#231;&#227;o de 30% no risco relativo de mortalidade por qualquer causa quando comparados aos pacientes recebendo placebo (n = 177) [(RR = 0,70 [IC 95%: 0,51 &#8211; 0,96]), 32% na redu&#231;&#227;o de interna&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares (RR = 0,68 [IC95%: 0,56 &#8211; 0,81]) e redu&#231;&#227;o da taxa de decl&#237;nio da dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6m (p &lt; 0,001) e menor taxa de decl&#237;nio do escore do KCCQ (p &lt; 0,001). As curvas de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier mostraram que tafamidis resultou em redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por qualquer causa, com as curvas divergindo ap&#243;s cerca de 18 meses de tratamento, resultado concordante com o conceito de que tafamidis &#233; um f&#225;rmaco modificador da hist&#243;ria natural da doen&#231;a. A subst&#226;ncia foi bem tolerada, com incid&#234;ncia similar dos diferentes efeitos adversos nos grupos tafamidis e placebo. Na an&#225;lise de subgrupos de pacientes, tafamidis associou-se &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por qualquer causa em compara&#231;&#227;o ao placebo de maneira independente &#224; classe funcional da NYHA, ou gen&#243;tipo da ATTR, se heredit&#225;ria ou selvagem. Contudo, os pacientes exibindo classe funcional III da NYHA no momento da inclus&#227;o no estudo, alocados no grupo tafamidis, apresentaram maiores taxas de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o quando comparados aos pacientes recebendo placebo, resultado provavelmente explicado por uma sobrevida mais longa durante uma fase de doen&#231;a mais grave. Essa an&#225;lise de subgrupos levanta a necessidade de um estudo com tamanho amostral adequado para avaliar especificamente o efeito do tafamidis em pacientes com ATTR e sintomas mais avan&#231;ados de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
            <p>Mais recentemente, foram publicados os resultados do estudo de extens&#227;o e aberto do estudo ATTRACT mostrando que a dose de 80 mg/dia de tafamidis em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; dose de 20 mg/dia associou-se a aumento significativo da sobrevida [RR = 0,70 (IC 95%: 0,50 &#8211; 0,979)], p = 0,0374. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B164"><sup>164</sup></xref> </p>
            <p>Com base nessas evid&#234;ncias, recomenda-se o uso de tafamidis na dose de 80mg/dia para tratamento de pacientes com AC por ATTRv ou ATTRwt, para pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, em CF I a III da NYHA, sem disfun&#231;&#227;o renal grave, devendo-se iniciar a terapia nas fases mais precoces da doen&#231;a ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t14">Tabela 12</xref> ). No Brasil, tafamidis na dose de 80mg/dia recebeu a aprova&#231;&#227;o da Anvisa para tratamento da AC por ATTR.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>8.2.2.2. AG10</title>
            <p>AG10 &#233; um estabilizador seletivo dos tetr&#226;meros da TTR, desenhado para mimetizar a influ&#234;ncia estrutural da muta&#231;&#227;o protetora superestabilizadora T119M, que reduz significativamente a taxa de dissocia&#231;&#227;o dos tetr&#226;meros. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B165"><sup>165</sup></xref> Essa droga foi avaliada em estudo multic&#234;ntrico fase 2, randomizado, duplo cego, placebo-controlado envolvendo 49 pacientes com cardiomiopatia por ATTR sintom&#225;ticos, em classe funcional II ou III da NYHA. O tratamento se mostrou bem tolerado e demonstrou estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da TTR quase completa. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B166"><sup>166</sup></xref> Um estudo cl&#237;nico multic&#234;ntrico fase 3 testando o efeito do AG10 em pacientes com AC encontra-se em andamento. (ClinicalTrial.gov &#8211; Identificador: NCT03860935).</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.2.3. Inibidores da S&#237;ntese Hep&#225;tica de TTR</title>
          <p>Terapias baseadas no silenciamento da express&#227;o dos genes que codificam a produ&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica de TTR s&#227;o muito promissoras, incluindo estrat&#233;gias com RNA de interfer&#234;ncia (Patisiran) e oligonucleot&#237;deos <italic>anti-sense</italic> (Inotersen). Ambos os f&#225;rmacos foram testados em estudos multic&#234;ntricos fase 3 em pacientes com polineuropatia por ATTRv e se mostraram efetivos em reduzir a progress&#227;o das manifesta&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B167"><sup>167</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B168"><sup>168</sup></xref> An&#225;lises <italic>post hoc</italic> de subgrupos de pacientes com AC inclu&#237;dos nesses estudos sugerem efeitos positivos sobre a progress&#227;o da cardiomiopatia. Ambas as classes de silenciadores de express&#227;o g&#234;nica est&#227;o atualmente sendo testadas em estudos multic&#234;ntricos fase 3 em pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de AC-ATTR (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifiers: NCT03997383 e NCT04136171).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.2.4. Degrada&#231;&#227;o e Reabsor&#231;&#227;o das Fibrilas Amiloides</title>
          <p>Alguns compostos com base em mol&#233;culas hidrof&#243;bicas mostraram-se efetivos em estudos <italic>in vitro</italic> e experimentais para promover a desagrega&#231;&#227;o das fibras amiloides depositadas nos tecidos, permitindo a reabsor&#231;&#227;o dos seus dep&#243;sitos pelo sistema macrof&#225;gico. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B169"><sup>169</sup></xref> A doxiciclina, um antibi&#243;tico da fam&#237;lia das tetraciclinas, mostrou ser efetiva para esta finalidade em estudos experimentais, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B170"><sup>170</sup></xref> com efeitos sin&#233;rgicos quando empregada junto com o &#225;cido tauro-urso-desoxic&#243;lico. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B171"><sup>171</sup></xref> Ainda que esta abordagem se mostre promissora quando s&#227;o contemplados os estudos pr&#233;-cl&#237;nicos, a experi&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica com uso desta combina&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos &#233; muito limitada e n&#227;o permite estabelecer sua efic&#225;cia ou embasar recomenda&#231;&#245;es para seu uso.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>9. Manejo da S&#237;ndrome da Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</title>
      <p>Al&#233;m da terapia espec&#237;fica para amiloidose, pode ser necess&#225;rio tratamento de suporte para IC. A AC apresenta-se inicialmente como IC de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEp) e padr&#227;o restritivo do enchimento ventricular esquerdo, podendo ocorrer, tardiamente, a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a e redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. Esse mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico pode explicar as dificuldades de manejo cl&#237;nico do paciente com amiloidose card&#237;aca ao se usar medica&#231;&#245;es consagradas para IC de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFEr). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>A manuten&#231;&#227;o da euvolemia, com restri&#231;&#227;o h&#237;drica e medicamentos, &#233; o foco. A medica&#231;&#227;o mais utilizada &#233; o diur&#233;tico de al&#231;a, indicado para reduzir a congest&#227;o pulmonar e sist&#234;mica, podendo associar-se os antagonistas da aldosterona ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t14">Tabela 12</xref> ). O uso de diur&#233;ticos buscando a euvolemia pode ser um desafio, visto que o excesso pode prejudicar a fun&#231;&#227;o renal e/ou resultar em baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco devido &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da pr&#233;-carga em um cora&#231;&#227;o com volume sist&#243;lico ejetado j&#225; reduzido.<sup>172,173</sup> Al&#233;m disso, em pacientes com polineuropatia auton&#244;mica, a presen&#231;a de hipotens&#227;o pode dificultar o uso de diur&#233;ticos devido &#224; pr&#233;-carga l&#225;bil. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B172"><sup>172</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos f&#225;rmacos modificadores de progn&#243;stico usados para o tratamento da ICFER, os antagonistas neuro-hormonais como inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina II (iECA), bloqueadores dos receptores de angiotensina II (BRA) e betabloqueadores (BB), ou at&#233; mesmo subst&#226;ncias recentemente descritas como os inibidores da neprilisina e antagonistas do receptor de angiotensina II (INRA) e inibidores de SGLT2, n&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas de benef&#237;cio na amiloidose card&#237;aca, al&#233;m de haver risco de hipotens&#227;o associada &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica. Aimo et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B173"><sup>173</sup></xref> observaram, em um estudo retrospectivo, unic&#234;ntrico com 99 pacientes com AC (33% com amiloidose AL e 67% com amiloidose TTR) que iECA/BRA e antagonistas mineralocorticoides (AMR) podem ser utilizados com seguran&#231;a, com ajuste gradual da dose, se aus&#234;ncia de contraindica&#231;&#245;es, e que BB s&#227;o menos tolerados em pacientes com amiloidose AL, disfun&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e direito. O uso de BB e bloqueadores de c&#225;lcio (BCC) n&#227;o di-hidropirid&#237;nicos normalmente n&#227;o &#233; bem tolerado, pois, devido ao volume sist&#243;lico ejetado baixo, esses pacientes disp&#245;em apenas da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca para manuten&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. Al&#233;m disso, o uso de BCC n&#227;o di-hidropirid&#237;nicos em amiloidose por cadeias leves deve ser evitado, pois eles se ligam &#224;s fibrilas amiloides, podendo resultar em bloqueios avan&#231;ados e choque cardiog&#234;nico. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B172"><sup>172</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B173"><sup>173</sup></xref> </p>
      <sec>
        <title>9.1. Manejo das Arritmias</title>
        <p>As arritmias s&#227;o muito comuns em pacientes com amiloidose card&#237;aca, e geralmente s&#227;o sintom&#225;ticas e pouco toleradas. A avalia&#231;&#227;o de arritmias nesta popula&#231;&#227;o deve envolver tr&#234;s diferentes situa&#231;&#245;es: arritmias atriais; arritmias ventriculares e doen&#231;a do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>9.1.1. Arritmias Atriais e Anticoagulantes</title>
          <p>O dep&#243;sito amiloide leva a espessamento atrial com altera&#231;&#227;o de relaxamento atrial, aumento das press&#245;es intracavit&#225;rias, gerando dilata&#231;&#227;o atrial que, em associa&#231;&#227;o &#224; fibrose atrial, predisp&#245;e &#224; fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) ou a outras arritmias atriais. A preval&#234;ncia de FA pode variar de 11% a 71% em pacientes com AC, sendo ainda mais elevada em pacientes com AC por ATTR, possivelmente por acometer pacientes mais idosos do sexo masculino. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B174"><sup>174</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B175"><sup>175</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>O manejo da FA nesses pacientes &#233;, em geral, dif&#237;cil, uma vez que costumam n&#227;o tolerar os principais f&#225;rmacos utilizados para o controle de frequ&#234;ncia, tais como BB, BCC ou digit&#225;licos, por precipitarem hipotens&#227;o postural e descompensa&#231;&#227;o da IC. Diante da necessidade de uso dessas medica&#231;&#245;es, aconselha-se uso de baixas doses com monitoramento hemodin&#226;mico cauteloso, al&#233;m de controle de n&#237;vel s&#233;rico, se digoxina for utilizada. Para o controle de ritmo, uma an&#225;lise retrospectiva n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sobrevida quando comparados pacientes que receberam f&#225;rmacos antiarr&#237;tmicos com pacientes que foram tratados apenas com controle de frequ&#234;ncia. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B176"><sup>176</sup></xref> Dados recentes sugerem que a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter pode se associar &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade em pacientes com AC, especialmente quando realizada precocemente. No entanto, esses dados s&#227;o oriundos de estudos observacionais retrospectivos pequenos que tamb&#233;m demostraram alta taxa de recorr&#234;ncia de FA. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B177"><sup>177</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>Por fim, a redu&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade atrial provocada pela infiltra&#231;&#227;o amiloide no tecido atrial pode ainda contribuir para a forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos, dado este demonstrado em estudos de aut&#243;psia que revelam a presen&#231;a de at&#233; 33% de trombos intracavit&#225;rios em pacientes com AC <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B178"><sup>178</sup></xref> e estudos retrospectivos revelando preval&#234;ncia de trombo intracavit&#225;rio de 15% a 33%. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179"><sup>179</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B180"><sup>180</sup></xref> Diante disso, a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o est&#225; indicada em pacientes com AC que desenvolvam FA, independentemente dos c&#225;lculos de escores de risco ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t14">Tabela 12</xref> ). Al&#233;m disso, trombo atrial esquerdo tem sido descrito em at&#233; 30% dos pacientes submetidos ao ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico realizado antes de uma cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica programada mesmo em vig&#234;ncia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o adequada. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B181"><sup>181</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B182"><sup>182</sup></xref> Assim, recomenda-se a realiza&#231;&#227;o de ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico em todo paciente candidato &#224; cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica. O papel da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o em pacientes em ritmo sinusal ainda &#233; incerto. Por&#233;m, mesmo na presen&#231;a de ritmo sinusal, a altera&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade atrial &#233; comum e est&#225; associada a forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo atrial, especialmente em pacientes com amiloidose AL. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B180"><sup>180</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B182"><sup>182</sup></xref> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>9.1.2. Arritmias Ventriculares</title>
          <p>Arritmias ventriculares s&#227;o frequentes em pacientes com AC, especialmente amiloidose AL. Estudos pr&#233;vios t&#234;m detectado a presen&#231;a de arritmias ventriculares complexas em pelo menos 50% dos pacientes com AC forma AL, sendo taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada (TVNS) a arritmia mais frequente e associada a menor sobrevida. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B183"><sup>183</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B184"><sup>184</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>Neste contexto, discute-se o papel do uso de cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI) na preven&#231;&#227;o de morte s&#250;bita de pacientes com AC. Na presen&#231;a de taquicardia ventricular inst&#225;vel ou sobreviventes de parada card&#237;aca sem causa revers&#237;vel com expectativa de vida maior que 1 ano com qualidade significativa, sugere-se potencial benef&#237;cio do uso de CDI. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B185"><sup>185</sup></xref> <sup>&#8211;</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B187"><sup>187</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>No entanto, como preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, a indica&#231;&#227;o de CDI &#233; mais dif&#237;cil por diferentes motivos. O primeiro deles &#233; que a maioria das causas de morte s&#250;bita descritas relaciona-se &#224; dissocia&#231;&#227;o eletromec&#226;nica e n&#227;o arritmias ventriculares; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B188"><sup>188</sup></xref> o segundo &#233; a hist&#243;rica baixa expectativa de vida de pacientes com AC, especialmente AL, e, por fim, as ferramentas de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco tradicionais, tais como fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida, n&#227;o parecem de fato aplic&#225;veis a pacientes com AC, uma vez que disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica grave est&#225; associada a est&#225;gios finais da doen&#231;a em que predomina a fal&#234;ncia de bomba como causa de morte. O desafio &#233;, portanto, identificar o paciente em risco na fase precoce da doen&#231;a quando arritmia predomina e pode potencialmente ser corrigida pelo uso do CDI. Estudos prospectivos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para definir quando a indica&#231;&#227;o de CDI pode ser ben&#233;fica em pacientes com AC. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B189"><sup>189</sup></xref> </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>9.2. Dist&#250;rbios de Condu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Doen&#231;a do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o &#233; altamente prevalente entre pacientes com AC, sendo a condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular mais comumente afetada do que o n&#243; sinusal. A fisiopatologia envolvida n&#227;o est&#225; totalmente definida, embora estudos pequenos sugiram envolvimento do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o por prote&#237;na amiloide. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B190"><sup>190</sup></xref> H&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que essas altera&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o a causa de &#243;bito em um n&#250;mero consider&#225;vel de pacientes com amiloidose card&#237;aca, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B191"><sup>191</sup></xref> sendo o marca-passo (MP) frequentemente indicado, especialmente em pacientes com AC por ATTR. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B178"><sup>178</sup></xref> Em uma coorte em Columbia, MP foi indicado em 43% dos pacientes com ATTRwt ( <italic>wild type</italic> ) e 36% dos pacientes com ATTRv. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B192"><sup>192</sup></xref> A indica&#231;&#227;o de MP nessa popula&#231;&#227;o deve seguir as recomenda&#231;&#245;es tradicionais para implante. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B193"><sup>193</sup></xref> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>9.3. Op&#231;&#245;es Terap&#234;uticas na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Avan&#231;ada</title>
        <p>Na IC avan&#231;ada associada &#224; AC, o uso de estrat&#233;gias avan&#231;adas de suporte incluindo dispositivos de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria mec&#226;nica e transplante apresenta desafios e particularidades, especialmente por se tratar de doen&#231;a multissist&#234;mica. Al&#233;m disso, pelo tamanho reduzido da cavidade do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e o frequente acometimento do ventr&#237;culo direito, pode haver limita&#231;&#227;o ao uso de dispositivos de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria mec&#226;nica de longa dura&#231;&#227;o. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B193"><sup>193</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B194"><sup>194</sup></xref> Apesar de, historicamente, o transplante card&#237;aco apresentar uma pior curva de sobrevida na AC, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B191"><sup>191</sup></xref> os resultados mais recentes est&#227;o semelhantes &#224;s outras etiologias. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B195"><sup>195</sup></xref> Esta mudan&#231;a est&#225; relacionada a uma melhor sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes e estrat&#233;gias espec&#237;ficas, como o transplante duplo na AC por ATTRv e o transplante card&#237;aco precedendo o transplante de medula &#243;ssea na AL. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B196"><sup>196</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t14">Tabela 12</xref> resume as recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o tratamento da AC.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>10. Centros de Excel&#234;ncia/Refer&#234;ncia e Novos Modelos de Remunera&#231;&#227;o do Tratamento</title>
      <p>O acesso ao cuidado comprometido com melhoria cont&#237;nua da qualidade assistencial &#233; pilar fundamental para alcan&#231;ar resultados de excel&#234;ncia, sendo item cr&#237;tico nos casos das doen&#231;as complexas como a AC. Os gestores p&#250;blicos e privados, pacientes, profissionais de sa&#250;de e todos envolvidos no cuidado ao paciente com amiloidose est&#227;o hoje comprometidos na constru&#231;&#227;o de uma jornada que possibilite o cuidado certo e no lugar certo.</p>
      <p>A AC deve ser abordada tendo como ponto fundamental o r&#225;pido diagn&#243;stico, particularmente nas formas AL, e a disponibilidade de equipes multidisciplinares com comprovada experi&#234;ncia e utilizando protocolos cl&#237;nicos embasados nas melhores evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas. Ao lado disso, &#233; necess&#225;rio promover cuidado integral e monitorar e publicar os resultados assistenciais. Nesses centros de refer&#234;ncia, deve-se observar um modelo de pr&#225;tica integrada e colaborativa, com estrutura de telemedicina para apoiar o diagn&#243;stico de centros mais distantes, monitorar o paciente e promover pesquisa cl&#237;nica, base para incorpora&#231;&#227;o futura de novas tecnologias (terapias emergentes). Essa iniciativa est&#225; dispon&#237;vel em v&#225;rios lugares do mundo e est&#225; sendo implementada com sucesso em algumas regi&#245;es do nosso pa&#237;s. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B187"><sup>187</sup></xref> <sup>&#8211;</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B199"><sup>199</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Adicionalmente, &#233; relevante considerar que os centros de refer&#234;ncia devem ser os pilares para a constru&#231;&#227;o de um Registro Nacional de Amiloidose Card&#237;aca, permitindo melhor conhecimento da epidemiologia no nosso meio e da qualidade do cuidado, al&#233;m de mensurar os desfechos cl&#237;nicos centrados no paciente, de forma a contribuir para elabora&#231;&#227;o de pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas.</p>
      <p>A constru&#231;&#227;o de novos modelos de financiamento dos medicamentos de alto custo para doen&#231;as raras vem sendo discutida, testada em estudos de farmacoeconomia e implementada ao redor do mundo. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B200"><sup>200</sup></xref> Acoplar uma estrat&#233;gia de compartilhamento de risco entre as empresas farmac&#234;uticas, fontes pagadoras e provedores de sa&#250;de, com base na avalia&#231;&#227;o de desfechos cl&#237;nicos e no impacto de protocolos cl&#237;nicos, deve envolver pesquisa cl&#237;nica. Esse novo paradigma come&#231;a a ser delineado e discutido em nosso pa&#237;s no contexto das doen&#231;as raras e pode ser empregado na AC. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B201"><sup>201</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B202"><sup>202</sup></xref> A sustentabilidade do sistema de sa&#250;de e a garantia de acesso ao tratamento de excel&#234;ncia aos pacientes com AC envolve, cada vez mais, o papel da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC) e dos seus departamentos cient&#237;ficos/grupos de estudos. A SBC est&#225; promovendo debate sobre as boas pr&#225;ticas assistenciais em todas essas dimens&#245;es cr&#237;ticas para a constru&#231;&#227;o de um sistema de sa&#250;de centrado nas necessidades do paciente e combatendo desperd&#237;cios.</p>
      <p>De acordo com a avalia&#231;&#227;o da incorpora&#231;&#227;o de novos tratamentos no Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS) para as doen&#231;as raras com o apoio da CONITEC (Comiss&#227;o Nacional de Incorpora&#231;&#227;o Tecnol&#243;gica), foram incorporados cerca de 52% dos medicamentos avaliados. Nossa vis&#227;o &#233; que estamos construindo um novo cen&#225;rio de tal forma, que o embasamento t&#233;cnico, &#224; luz de dados robustos e com o apoio de protocolos cl&#237;nicos e centros de refer&#234;ncia, possa substituir o modelo da busca de acesso via judicializa&#231;&#227;o e seus impactos sobre os gastos da Uni&#227;o. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B197"><sup>197</sup></xref> </p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>11. Lacunas do Conhecimento e Perspectivas Futuras</title>
      <p>Apesar dos amplos avan&#231;os recentemente alcan&#231;ados no entendimento da AC, ainda h&#225; in&#250;meras lacunas do conhecimento em torno desta doen&#231;a complexa e plurifacetada que necessitam ser elucidadas. O diagn&#243;stico da amiloidose, assim como seu tratamento, &#233; uma &#225;rea em franca evolu&#231;&#227;o, o que pode ser ilustrado pelos 638 estudos recentemente completados ou em andamento registrados no <italic>site</italic> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.clinicaltrials.gov">https://www.clinicaltrials.gov</ext-link> .</p>
      <p>Na &#225;rea da imagem cardiovascular para diagn&#243;stico da AC, al&#233;m da cintilografia card&#237;aca com radiotra&#231;adores &#243;sseos, como o <sup>99m</sup>Tc-pirofosfato, que permite a obten&#231;&#227;o de imagens moleculares do ac&#250;mulo de fibras amiloides no mioc&#225;rdio, temos como perspectivas futuras o uso de imagens de PET usando <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> F-Florbetapir em nervos perif&#233;ricos e/ou outros locais extracard&#237;acos como mais uma ferramenta diagn&#243;stica, por&#233;m ainda n&#227;o dispon&#237;vel no Brasil. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B203"><sup>203</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B204"><sup>204</sup></xref> Elastografia, ultrassonografia e RMC tamb&#233;m est&#227;o sendo usadas para avalia&#231;&#227;o do grau de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica e poder&#227;o ser ferramentas adicionais e promissoras para auxiliar no diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico.</p>
      <p>Trabalhos recentes t&#234;m se concentrado na an&#225;lise do transcriptoma, em busca de diferen&#231;as de express&#227;o entre indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e doentes, com an&#225;lise molecular e gen&#244;mica integrativa. O transcriptoma de pacientes com amiloidose AL &#233; mais semelhante ao dos pacientes com gamopatia monoclonal de significado indeterminado. Al&#233;m disso, o n&#237;vel de microRNA circulante, que conhecido por se correlacionar com dano card&#237;aco, &#233; aumentado nos pacientes AL. Por meio da an&#225;lise de componentes principais, t&#234;m sido demonstrados perfis fenot&#237;picos altamente sobrepostos entre AL e gamopatia monoclonal de significado indeterminado e mieloma m&#250;ltiplo. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B205"><sup>205</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B206"><sup>206</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Adicionalmente, a intelig&#234;ncia artificial (IA) aplicada na an&#225;lise de dados dispon&#237;veis de banco de dados de prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos emerge como uma estrat&#233;gia promissora para identificar indiv&#237;duos com sinais de alerta e permitir o diagn&#243;stico mais precoce da AC, com potencial para reduzir o atraso para o in&#237;cio dos tratamentos modificadores da evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a.</p>
      <p>O desenvolvimento de novas terapias espec&#237;ficas para AC por ATTR &#233; um campo intenso de investiga&#231;&#227;o. Terapias de silenciamento g&#234;nico da TTR que se mostraram efetivas para o tratamento da polineuropatia amiloide heredit&#225;ria est&#227;o sendo atualmente testadas em grandes estudos multic&#234;ntricos em pacientes com AC por ATTR, incluindo as plataformas de RNA de interfer&#234;ncia, com o patisiran no estudo APOLLO-B (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03997383); e a tecnologia de oligonucleot&#237;deos <italic>anti-sense</italic> no ensaio cl&#237;nico CARDIO-TTRansform, testando um novo f&#225;rmaco de segunda gera&#231;&#227;o, AKCEA-TTR-LRx (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04136171).</p>
      <p>Devido ao potencial arritmog&#234;nico e &#224; les&#227;o do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o associados ao dep&#243;sito amiloide, &#233; frequente o uso de dispositivos implant&#225;veis como marca-passo ou cardiodesfibriladores implant&#225;veis como estrat&#233;gia de redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade e aumento de sobrevida nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Por outro lado, os indiv&#237;duos com AC e fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou <italic>flutter</italic> atrial exibem alto risco de eventos cardioemb&#243;licos e tem sido recomendado o tratamento com anticoagulantes. Essas interven&#231;&#245;es, apesar de terem um racional fisiopatol&#243;gico para aplica&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com amiloidose, ainda precisam ser testadas em ensaios cl&#237;nicos adequados, sendo &#225;reas importantes para investiga&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica futura. Al&#233;m disso, o transplante card&#237;aco tem se mostrado como estrat&#233;gia segura nesses pacientes, mas o uso de ventr&#237;culo artificial e a possibilidade de combina&#231;&#227;o das terapias devem ainda ser analisados em ensaios cl&#237;nicos adequados.</p>
      <p>&#201; fundamental que esperemos os resultados de estudos distintos testando diferentes interven&#231;&#245;es e terapias espec&#237;ficas, para que possamos definir as melhores op&#231;&#245;es e combina&#231;&#245;es de tratamento para essa doen&#231;a, tendo em mente que: 1) n&#227;o conhecemos completamente todos os detalhes da sua fisiopatologia; 2) n&#227;o temos compreens&#227;o e experi&#234;ncia ampla de como as medica&#231;&#245;es funcionam nessa doen&#231;a; 3) ainda n&#227;o temos uma avalia&#231;&#227;o acurada, detalhada e de longo prazo dos riscos e benef&#237;cios dos diferentes tratamentos; 4) e tamb&#233;m n&#227;o conhecemos a rela&#231;&#227;o entre dose e resposta das diferentes medica&#231;&#245;es para esse cen&#225;rio cl&#237;nico.</p>
      <p>Dessa forma, julgamos que s&#227;o a&#231;&#245;es relevantes e fundamentais a serem implantadas:</p>
      <list list-type="order">
        <list-item>
          <p>Cria&#231;&#227;o de novos centros de refer&#234;ncia/excel&#234;ncia em AC.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Capacita&#231;&#227;o de profissionais para o reconhecimento precoce e encaminhamento para centros especializados.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Est&#237;mulo para elabora&#231;&#227;o de um Registro Nacional de Amiloidose Card&#237;aca.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Organiza&#231;&#227;o e debate dos desafios para uma &#8220;Jornada do Paciente com Amiloidose&#8221; com seguran&#231;a e qualidade.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Discuss&#227;o de novos modelos de remunera&#231;&#227;o e de aten&#231;&#227;o na AC.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Incentivo &#224; pesquisa cl&#237;nica da AC em nosso pa&#237;s.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Realiza&#231;&#227;o:</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Departamento de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (DEIC) e Grupo de Estudos em Miocardiopatias (GEMIC) da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC)</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Conselho de Normatiza&#231;&#245;es e Diretrizes (2020-2021):</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Antonio Carlos Sobral Sousa, Aurora Felice de Castro Issa, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Harry Corr&#234;a Filho, Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Coordenador de Normatiza&#231;&#245;es e Diretrizes (2020-2021):</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Brivaldo Markman Filho</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <p>
          <bold>Este posicionamento dever&#225; ser citado como:</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Sim&#245;es MV, et al. Posicionamento sobre Diagn&#243;stico e Tratamento da Amiloidose Card&#237;aca &#8211; 2021. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 117(3):561-598</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
        <p>
          <bold>Nota:</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Estes posicionamentos se prestam a informar e n&#227;o a substituir o julgamento cl&#237;nico do m&#233;dico que, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, deve determinar o tratamento apropriado para seus pacientes.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Errata</bold>
        </p>
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          <bold>Edi&#231;&#227;o de Setembro de 2021, vol. 117 (3), p&#225;gs. 561-598</bold>
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        <p>No &#8220;Posicionamento sobre Diagn&#243;stico e Tratamento da Amiloidose Card&#237;aca &#8211; 2021&#8221;, com n&#250;mero de DOI: https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20210718, publicado no peri&#243;dico Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 117(3):561-598, na p&#225;gina 561, foi inclu&#237;do o autor Fl&#225;vio Henrique Valicelli, institui&#231;&#227;o de n&#250;mero 1, ap&#243;s o autor Carlos Eduardo Rochitte. Na p&#225;gina 564, foi inserido o conflito de interesse: &#8220;Nada a ser declarado&#8221;, abaixo do nome Fernando Bacal.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Statement</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Position Statement on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiac Amyloidosis &#8211; 2021</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6553-8387</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff33">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9323-8805</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff34">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2533-5638</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Marcondes-Braga</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiana G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff34">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scheinberg</surname>
            <given-names>Philip</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff35">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6414-8838</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Edileide de Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff36">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6557-393X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rohde</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Eduardo P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff37">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff38">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff39">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7603-2752</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bacal</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff34">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3093-9743</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia Marinho Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff40">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff41">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0894-1131</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mangini</surname>
            <given-names>Sandrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff34">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8579-4158</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Biolo</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;ia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff37">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5702-210X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Beck-da-Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Luis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff37">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff39">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5254-3486</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Szor</surname>
            <given-names>Roberta Shcolnik</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff42">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff43">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>Wilson</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff33">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6986-4937</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Acary Souza Bulle</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff44">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4853-2236</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia Waddington</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff45">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6721-7779</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bueno</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Vaz Kerges</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff46">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5645-2055</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hajjar</surname>
            <given-names>Ludhmila Abrah&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff34">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff43">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4894-6116</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Issa</surname>
            <given-names>Aurora Felice Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff47">
            <sup>15</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2437-2485</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Felix Jos&#233; Alvarez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff34">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff48">
            <sup>16</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4428-5186</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Coelho</surname>
            <given-names>Otavio Rizzi</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff49">
            <sup>17</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1090-8165</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff33">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Ibraim Masciarelli Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff50">
            <sup>18</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4505-3344</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff34">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff51">
            <sup>19</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff52">
            <sup>20</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Valicelli</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff33">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Luiz Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff34">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff48">
            <sup>16</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1466-9413</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff53">
            <sup>21</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Celso Dario</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff49">
            <sup>17</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares-Junior</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff34">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2526-0656</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Romano</surname>
            <given-names>Minna Moreira Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff33">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0201-6754</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mathias</surname>
            <given-names>Wilson</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff33">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo I&#243;rio</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff45">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Montera</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Westerlund</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff52">
            <sup>20</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Dantas Tavares de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff54">
            <sup>22</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra Marques e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff55">
            <sup>23</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garibaldi</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Manoel Marques</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff33">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alencar</surname>
            <given-names>Arist&#243;teles Comte de</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff34">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2999-4961</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Delascio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff56">
            <sup>24</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7432-576X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#193;vila</surname>
            <given-names>Diane Xavier de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff52">
            <sup>20</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff57">
            <sup>25</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff58">
            <sup>26</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff59">
            <sup>27</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Viana</surname>
            <given-names>Denizar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff60">
            <sup>28</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3345-8862</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Saraiva</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Francisco Kerr</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff61">
            <sup>29</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6014-5533</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Canesin</surname>
            <given-names>Manoel Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff62">
            <sup>30</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6306-1279</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Glaucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff63">
            <sup>31</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7452-3870</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff53">
            <sup>21</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff64">
            <sup>32</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff33">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Ribeir&#227;o Preto &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff34">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff35">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital da Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital da Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff36">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff37">
          <label>5</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff38">
          <label>6</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Moinhos de Vento</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff39">
          <label>7</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff40">
          <label>8</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE), Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff41">
          <label>9</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Pernambuco</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff42">
          <label>10</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Faculdade de Medicina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff43">
          <label>11</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do C&#226;ncer do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff44">
          <label>12</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff45">
          <label>13</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho (HUCFF) da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff46">
          <label>14</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Santa Casa de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Santa Casa de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff47">
          <label>15</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff48">
          <label>16</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff49">
          <label>17</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff50">
          <label>18</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Grupo Fleury</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Grupo Fleury, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff51">
          <label>19</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (HCor), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff52">
          <label>20</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff53">
          <label>21</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff54">
          <label>22</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Jo&#227;o Pessoa</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba (UFPB), Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff55">
          <label>23</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Base do DF</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Base do DF, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff56">
          <label>24</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Duke University</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Durham</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">USA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Duke University, Durham &#8211; USA</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff57">
          <label>25</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Complexo Hospitalar de Niter&#243;i</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospitalar de Niter&#243;i, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff58">
          <label>26</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital e Maternidade Christ&#243;v&#227;o da Gama</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Santo Andr&#233;</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital e Maternidade Christ&#243;v&#227;o da Gama, Santo Andr&#233;, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff59">
          <label>27</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro (Huap), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff60">
          <label>28</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff61">
          <label>29</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Sociedade Campineira de Educa&#231;&#227;o e Instru&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Campineira de Educa&#231;&#227;o e Instru&#231;&#227;o, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff62">
          <label>30</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Londrina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Londrina</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff63">
          <label>31</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff64">
          <label>32</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Ensino e Treinamento Edson de Godoy Bueno</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro de Ensino e Treinamento Edson de Godoy Bueno/UHG, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondence:</bold> Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Marechal C&#226;mara, 360/330 &#8211; Centro &#8211; Rio de Janeiro &#8211; CEP: <postal-code>20020-907</postal-code> . E-mail: <email>diretrizes@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <table-wrap id="t15">
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="50%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="center" valign="top" colspan="2">Position Statement on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiac Amyloidosis &#8211; 2021</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" valign="top" colspan="2">The report below lists declarations of interest as reported to the SBC by the experts during the period of the development of these statement, 2020/2021.</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="top">Expert</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">Type of relationship with industry</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Acary Souza Bulle Oliveira</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="6">Andr&#233; Schmidt</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Financial declaration</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Bayer: Anticoagulants.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Other relationships</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Sanofi: Anticoagulants.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Andr&#233;ia Biolo</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Arist&#243;teles Comte de Alencar Neto</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Aurora Felice Castro Issa</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2">Bruno Vaz Kerges Bueno</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Financial declaration</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:- Pfiser: Eliquis; Alnylam: Patisiran.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Carlos Eduardo Rochitte</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Celso Dario Ramos</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="8">Cl&#225;udio Tinoco Mesquita</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Financial declaration</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Pfizer: Participation in amyloidosis advisory board.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">B - Research funding under your direct/personal responsibility (directed to the department or institution) from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Alnylam: Principal Investigator of the Apollo B study with Patisiran.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Other relationships</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Pfizer: Amyloidosis.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Denizar Viana</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="6">Diane Xavier de &#193;vila</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Financial declaration</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Alnylam: Patisiran.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Other relationships</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Alnylam: Patisiran.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="3">Edileide de Barros Correia</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Financial declaration</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Pfizer: Tafamidis (Vyndaqel); Alnylam: Patsiram (Onpatro); Takeda: Replagal.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2">Evandro Tinoco Mesquita</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Employment relationship with the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry, as well as any employment relationship with health insurance companies or medical audit companies (including part-time jobs) in the year to which your declaration refers:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- UnitedHealth Group.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="3">Fabiana G. Marcondes-Braga</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Financial declaration</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Novartis: Lectures; AstraZeneca: Lectures and Advisory Council; Boehringer: Advisory Council.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="6">Fabio Fernandes</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Pfiser, Alnylan: Lectures.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Other relationships</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Phifesr: Participation in international congress.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="3">Felix Jos&#233; Alvarez Ramires</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Financial declaration</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Novartis: Sacubitril/Valsartana; Pfizer: Patisiran; Merck: Vericiquat; Amgen.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Fernando Bacal</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Fl&#225;vio Henrique Valicelli</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Glaucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="3">Ibraim Masciarelli Francisco Pinto</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Financial declaration</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Novo Nordisk: Diabetes.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Jos&#233; Francisco Kerr Saraiva</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Jos&#233; Soares-Junior</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Ludhmila Abrah&#227;o Hajjar</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="5">Luis Beck-da-Silva</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Financial declaration</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Novartis: Heart failure; AstraZeneca: Heart failure.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">B - Research funding under your direct/personal responsibility (directed to the department or institution) from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Amgen: Heart failure.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="6">Luis Eduardo P. Rohde</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Financial declaration</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Pfizer: Tafamidis; Novartir: Sacubitril-Valsartan; AstraZeneca: Dpaglifozina; Boehringer Ingelheim: Empaglifozina; Merck: Bisoprolol; Amgen: Omecamtiv-Mercabil.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Other relationships</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- AstraZeneca: Dapaglifozina; Boehringer Ingelheim: Empaglifozina.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Manoel Fernandes Canesin</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Marcelo Dantas Tavares de Melo</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Marcelo I&#243;rio Garcia</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Marcelo Westerlund Montera</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="8">M&#225;rcia Waddington Cruz</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Financial declaration</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Pfizer, Alnylam, Genzyme, Ionis, Prothena, FoldRx, PTC, NIH: Presentation at a scientific event as principal investigator of clinical trials and as a consultant.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">B - Research funding under your direct/personal responsibility (directed to the department or institution) from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Pfizer, Alnylam, Genzyme, Ionis, Prothena, FoldRx, PTC, NIH: Presentation at a scientific event as principal investigator of clinical trials and as a consultant.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Other relationships</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Pfizer, Alnylam, Genzyme, Ionis, Prothena, FoldRx, PTC, NIH: Presentation at a scientific event as principal investigator of clinical trials and as a consultant.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="5">Marcus V. Sim&#245;es</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Financial declaration</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Novartis: Entresto; AstraZeneca: Dapagliflozina.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">B - Research Funding Under Your Direct/Personal Responsibility (Directed To The Department Or Institution) From The Brazilian Or International Pharmaceutical, Orthosis, Prosthesis, Equipment And Implants Industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Amgen: Omecamtiv/Mecarbil; Beringher Ingelheim: Empagliflozina.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Minna Moreira Dias Romano</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="8">Otavio Rizzi Coelho Filho</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Financial declaration</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Pfizer: Treatment for TTR amyloidosis; Takeda: Fabry Disease; Novartis: Heart failure; AstraZeneca; Daiichi Sankyo; Merck; Shire; Bayer.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">B - Research funding under your direct/personal responsibility (directed to the department or institution) from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Pfizer: Treatment for TTR amyloidosis.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Other relationships</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- AstraZeneca: Heart failure.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Pedro Manoel Marques Garibaldi</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="3">Philip Scheinberg</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Financial declaration</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Novartis, Abbvie, Roche: Hematology.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="8">Renato Delascio Lopes</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Financial declaration</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Bayer: Anticoagulante; Boehringer Ingleheim: Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o e Diabetes; Pfizer: Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o; Bristol-Myers Squibb; Daiichi Sankyo; Glaxo Smith Kline; Medtronic; Merck; Portola; Sanofi.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">B - Research funding under your direct/personal responsibility (directed to the department or institution) from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Pfizer: Apixaban; Bayer: Rivaroxaban; Novartis: Sacubitril, Valsartan.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Other relationships</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Bayer: Rivaroxabana; Pfizer: Apixabana.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="8">Roberta Shcolnik Szor</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Financial declaration</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Pfizer: Amyloidosis.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">B - Financiamento de pesquisas sob sua responsabilidade direta/pessoal (direcionado ao departamento ou institui&#231;&#227;o) provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Janssen-Cilag Farmac&#234;utica Ltda.: Light chain amyloidosis.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Other relationships</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Janssen-Cilag Farmac&#234;utica Ltda.: Light chain amyloidosis.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="6">Sandra Marques e Silva</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Financial declaration</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Sanofi, Takeda, Amicus Therapeutics: Rare deseases; Pfiser.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Other relationships</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Sanofi, Takeda, Amicus Therapeutics: Rare deseases; Pfiser.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="6">Sandrigo Mangini</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Financial declaration</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Novartis: Sacubitril/Valsartan; Pfizer: Rare diseases.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Other relationships</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Pfizer: Rare diseases</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Silvia Marinho Martins Alves</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="8">Wilson Marques Junior</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Financial declaration</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Pfizer: Tafamidis; Alnylam: Patisiran; PTC: Inotersen.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">B - Research funding under your direct/personal responsibility (directed to the department or institution) from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Pfizer: Amyloidosis.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Other relationships</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">- Pfizer: Tafamidis; Alnylam: Patisiran; PTC: Inotersen.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Wilson Mathias Junior</td>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>1. Introduction</title>
        <p>Significant advances in understanding cardiac amyloidosis (CA) have been made in recent years, leading to a thorough reformulation of its clinical significance. In addition to convincing evidence that CA is a relatively common cause of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), we are witnessing the emergence of specific therapies that can change the course of the disease and prolong the survival of affected patients.</p>
        <p>In parallel, relevant advances in cardiovascular imaging techniques have greatly contributed to earlier and more accurate identification of the disease. Cardiac scintigraphy with bone-seeking radiotracers has allowed non-invasive diagnosis of transthyretin (TTR) cardiac amyloidosis (ATTR-CA), eliminating the need for endomyocardial biopsy, which has greatly simplified the diagnostic flow.</p>
        <p>Thus, we aim to present the most current recommendations for the diagnosis, prognostic staging, and treatment of CA based on a critical review of the current scientific evidence.</p>
        <p>In this position paper, the recommendations and levels of evidence are classified according to the following parameters:</p>
        <table-wrap id="t16">
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Grades of recommendation:</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Grade I &#8211;</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Conclusive evidence or, in its absence, general consensus that the procedure is safe and useful/effective</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Grade IIa &#8211;</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Conflicting evidence and/or divergence of opinion about the procedure&#8217;s safety and usefulness/effectiveness. The weight of evidence/opinion favors it and most studies/experts approve it</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Grade IIb &#8211;</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Conflicting evidence and/or divergence of opinion about the procedure&#8217;s safety and usefulness/effectiveness. Its safety and usefulness/efficacy are less well established, and opinion is not predominantly in its favor</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Grade III &#8211;</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Evidence and/or consensus that the procedure is not useful/effective and, in some cases, may be harmful</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Levels of evidence:</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Level A &#8211;</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Data obtained from several large randomized studies or concordant and/or robust meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Level B &#8211;</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Data obtained from less robust meta-analysis, from a single randomized study, or from non-randomized (observational) studies</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Level C &#8211;</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Data obtained from a consensus of expert opinion</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2. General Concepts</title>
        <p>Systemic amyloidosis is caused by tissue deposition of fibrillar and insoluble protein aggregates in different organs, including the heart, which leads to organ dysfunction. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> More than 30 types of amyloidogenic proteins have been described, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> and five of them can affect the heart (immunoglobulin heavy and light chain (AL), TTR, amyloid A, and apolipoprotein A1), with the AL and ATTR types accounting for 95% of all CA cases, both in its wild type (ATTRwt) and hereditary/variant (ATTRv) forms. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> <sup>&#8211;</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>TTR is a protein composed of four monomers, which circulate as a tetramer. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> It acts as a thyroxine and retinol (vitamin A) transporter under physiological conditions. The limiting step in the amyloid fibril formation rate is the tetramer&#8217;s dissociation into monomers, which may involve proteolysis. Subsequently, partial denaturation of the monomer allows for incorrect assembly in various aggregate structures. Amyloidosis through mutation of the TTR gene (ATTRv) has an autosomal dominant character. This gene is located on chromosome 18, and more than 140 mutations of it have been described. By producing less stable TTR, aggressive and systemic amyloid deposition occurs. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>In ATTRwt, the amino acid sequence is normal and the process by which the wild-type protein becomes unstable and aggregates into amyloid fibrils is not completely clear. However, aging appears to be involved in its pathophysiology. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>In the AL form, amyloidogenic light chains originate from plasma cells or, less frequently, abnormal B lymphocytes. Thus, it is a clonal and neoplastic hematologic disease. In the heart, the deposition of amyloid fibrils causes structural damage by increasing cardiac and vascular rigidity, impairing cardiac contraction and relaxation and creating conduction disturbances. In parallel, circulating light chains are directly toxic to the myocardium through lysosomal dysfunction, defective autophagy, production of reactive oxygen species, cell and mitochondrial dysfunction, alterations in cardiomyocyte calcium homeostasis and, finally, cell death. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figure 1</xref> represents the physiopathogenesis of transthyretin (TTR) and light chain (AL) cardiac amyloidosis.</p>
        <fig id="f13">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Physiopathogenesis of cardiac amyloidosis.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0561-10718-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Different subtypes of amyloidosis can lead to overlapping clinical manifestations and, once diagnosed, it is essential to correctly characterize the precursor protein to determine a specific treatment. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> <sup>&#8211;</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Depending on the affected organs and degree of dysfunction, a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations can be observed, with a progressive and potentially fatal evolution. The main organs affected by systemic amyloidosis are the heart, kidneys, eyes, central and peripheral nervous system, and liver. Nonspecific clinical manifestations are frequently observed and include fatigue, weight loss, peripheral edema and orthostatic hypotension. For this reason, late diagnosis is common. Thus, knowledge of the disease and a high degree of clinical suspicion are necessary to complete the diagnosis.</p>
        <p>In ATTRv, depending on the mutation, the clinical picture is dominated by neuropathy or heart disease. In ATTRwt, heart disease is the main clinical manifestation, occurring mainly in elderly men who develop HFpEF without previously known risk factors.</p>
        <p>Some extracardiac alterations may precede CA by several years, especially bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome and spontaneous rupture of the biceps tendon. It is essential to recognize such signs as part of the clinical picture of amyloidosis, which could lead to earlier diagnosis and specific treatments that could prevent the progression of heart disease. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>There is a higher incidence of ATTRwt in older patients, usually those over 70 years of age. However, since the clinical manifestations of ATTRv also usually occur in older adults, age should not be taken into account when differentiating between the two forms of ATTR. Regarding sex, there is a strong predominance (80% to 90%) of ATTRwt in men.</p>
        <p>Regarding ATTRv, V30M is the most widespread mutation worldwide, being endemic in Portugal, Sweden, and Japan. It is probably the most common form in Brazil. Another common mutation is V122I, which is present in 3.4% of African-Americans and is related to the development of heart disease in patients over 60 years of age. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t17">Table 1</xref> summarizes the demographic and clinical characteristics of the AL, ATTRv, and ATTRwt subtypes.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t17">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Demographic and clinical presentation aspects, comparative between the forms AL, ATTRv and ATTRwt</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th valign="middle" align="left">Demographic Aspects</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">AL</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">ATTRv</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">ATTRwt</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Starting age (years)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&gt; 60 years</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Depends on the genotype</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&gt; 70 years</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Sex</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Slightly predominant in men</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">No predominance</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Predominant in men</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Ethnic origin</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">None</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Most frequent mutation: African-Americans = Val122Ile Portuguese = Val30Met</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">None</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Prevalence/Incidence</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">10 cases/million people/year, increases with age</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Variable according to genotype</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Unknown, increases with age</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="4">Clinical aspects</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">HFpEF</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#8730;</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#8730;</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#8730;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Peripheral and/or autonomic neuropathy</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#8730;</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#8730;</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Proteinuria</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#8730;</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Periorbital hyperpigmentation</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#8730;</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Macroglossia</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#8730;</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#8730;</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#8730;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Spontaneous biceps tendon rupture</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#8730;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <p><italic>HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction</italic> .</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The incidence of AL-CA is 6-10/million people/year and it is considered the main cause of CA. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> With the development of less invasive CA diagnosis techniques for ATTR <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> and the prospect of more effective treatments, the number of diagnosed cases, especially of ATTRwt, has been increasing significantly. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> AL is currently the most common cause of CA. Studies have found ATTR deposits in the heart of 13% of HFpEF patients <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> and in 25% of autopsied older adults, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> mainly males. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Thus, CA could be considered an underdiagnosed condition, rather than a rare disease. Recent data from the USA indicate a progressive increase in CA prevalence (from 18 to 55.2/100,000 person-years), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> which supports this idea. The patient&#8217;s journey to diagnosis is long; it is estimated that there is a delay of more than 2 years from symptom onset to diagnosis, with the involvement of an average of five different professionals. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> Thus, it is essential to disseminate knowledge about CA; clinicians and cardiologists must give greater consideration to this entity, aiming at earlier diagnosis and adequate therapeutic guidance, thus improving patient prognosis and survival.</p>
        <p>Regarding prognosis, AL affects multiple organs and is more aggressive than other subtypes. Late diagnosis is associated with high early mortality in the first 6 to 12 months due to advanced heart disease complications. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> The median estimated survival for ATTRwt is 3.6 years, while the prognosis for ATTRv depends on the mutation. In cases of neurological phenotype, the progression of neuropathy leads to sensorimotor disability, although mortality is more associated with cardiac impairment. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3. Neurological Manifestations</title>
        <p>Mutations in the TTR gene are associated with a wide variety of clinical manifestations, which reflect the deposition of the variant protein in different types of tissues. Cardiac and peripheral nervous system tissue are the most frequent; the former is particularly associated with the V122I mutation, and the latter with the V30M mutation. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>In this chapter, we will describe the main neurological manifestations suggestive of ATTRv.</p>
        <p>Neurological manifestations in ATTRv can be divided into peripheral neuropathy, ie, late manifestations of central nervous system involvement linked to amyloid angiopathy, and central nervous system manifestations associated with oculoleptomeningeal infiltration.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>3.1. Peripheral Neuropathy</title>
          <p>The involvement of the peripheral nerves in ATTRv is typically mixed sensory and motor length-dependent axonal neuropathy, ie, it initially affects more distal segments of the limbs, especially the lower ones, progressing to the proximal segments and upper limbs. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>In its early onset form (&lt; 50 years of age), it is usually associated with the ATTRv V30M (V50M) mutation, and thin fibers with little or no myelination (autonomic, heat, cold, and pain) are initially affected. This is followed, in the degree that the disease progresses, by thick fibers, which are very myelinated and responsible for vibratory, postural-kinetic, and motor sensitivity. The initial symptoms are erectile dysfunction, early satiety, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, alternating diarrhea with constipation, orthostatic hypotension, syncope, arrhythmias, altered atrioventricular conduction, dry eye, urinary retention or incontinence, neuropathic pain, lost sensitivity to heat and cold, and significant weight loss. The initial phase can include painless lesions, plantar perforating ulcers and their repercussions, such as localized infections, cellulitis, osteomyelitis, and even septicemia. After a few years, gait instability and muscle atrophy appear, always evolving from distal to proximal segments. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>In its late forms, neuropathy compromises all types of fibers, although dysautonomia is not as important, at least in the initial phase. These forms can be associated with V30M or a number of other mutations, and the evolution is usually more aggressive. In a Brazilian study, 26% of ATTRv patients with V30M had late onset. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>Bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome is a frequent manifestation in ATTRv and may be the initial manifestation. Although it can be associated with any mutation, it is particularly important in some of them, including TTR V122I. This mutation appears to be frequent in Brazil and is associated with heart disease, which it can precede by several years. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.2. Central Nervous System Manifestations</title>
          <p>Prolonging survival, which was initially associated with liver transplantation and is currently possible with new drugs, has enabled the appearance of previously uncommon manifestations. The long-term production of TTR by the choroid plexus (only 2% of the total) is associated with both amyloid angiopathy and meningeal infiltration. Amyloid angiopathy manifests as focal stroke-like, transient ischemic attack-like, or aura-like episodes, as well as an irritative epileptic type. In more severe cases, ischemia or even intracranial hemorrhaging can occur. The following neurological manifestations stand out: hearing impairment, migraine, dementia, cerebellar syndrome, myelopathy, and radiculopathy.</p>
          <p>Some rare mutations have a predilection for oculocerebral involvement and lead to oculoleptomeningeal amyloidosis (ATTR Y69H: oculocerebral; Val30Gly: oculoleptomeningeal). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref> </p>
          <p><bold>Stages of neuropathy</bold>:  The Coutinho stages for ATTRv are classified according to polyneuropathy. In stage 1 sensorimotor polyneuropathy affects gait, but walking support is not necessary. In stage 2, one or more support devices are needed for walking. In stage 3, the patient is confined to bed or a wheelchair.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.3. Genetic Analysis</title>
          <p>ATTRv is a disease of autosomal dominant inheritance but variable penetrance. It is mutation- and age-dependent, as well as regionally influenced. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref> The V30Met mutation, for example, has an 80% and 91% penetrance in Portugal in individuals aged 50 and 70 years, respectively. On the other hand, in Sweden, the values are 11% and 36%, respectively, for the same age groups.</p>
          <p>At least 140 different mutations have been described to date, but not all are pathogenic. Some polymorphisms are well-defined, while the significance of others is still indeterminate. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref> This suggests that the diagnostic test must always include complete TTR gene sequencing and that care must be taken regarding the interpretation of rare or undescribed variants. Among pathogenic mutations, some predominantly cause neuropathy (V30Met), heart disease (V122I), or both (Leu58Hist) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figure 2</xref> ). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref> It should be considered, however, that the genotypic/phenotypic correlation is not strict.</p>
          <fig id="f14">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribution of hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis mutations associated with neurological, cardiological, and mixed phenotypes.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0561-10718-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>A special topic among genetic aspects is pre-symptomatic testing, ie, testing the relatives of individuals known to be affected. Unlike diagnostic testing, it must be performed by specialized personnel and there must be a support team, including a psychologist. It must include a preparation phase, pre-diagnosis, genetic testing and a post-result support phase. Such testing should not be performed on children and should only be applied to individuals who expressly state that it is their wish and are considered psychologically prepared for the results. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref> </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4. Cardiovascular Manifestations</title>
        <p>CA progresses as the cardiac extracellular matrix is infiltrated by amyloid fibrils, resulting in a progressive increase in the thickness of the ventricular wall and a marked increase in chamber stiffness, resulting in impaired diastolic function, which leads to heart failure with restrictive physiology. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref> Systolic function is also compromised and is usually indicated by abnormal longitudinal tension despite normal ejection fraction, which may be preserved until the late stages of the disease. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"><sup>38</sup></xref> <sup>&#8211;</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"><sup>40</sup></xref> Atrial amyloid infiltration is frequent, leading to contractile dysfunction. Deposits can also occur in the heart valves, usually without causing major dysfunctions, as well as in the perivascular region. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Thus, the most frequent clinical manifestation is heart failure syndrome, most commonly with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), although a drop in ejection fraction can occur in more advanced stages of the disease. The clinical syndrome may present predominant left HF symptoms with pulmonary congestion (dyspnea, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea), right HF symptoms (edema, ascites, hepatomegaly, increased abdominal volume, early satiety, severe fatigue), or both sets of symptoms. Cardiac amyloidosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of HFpEF etiology in older men, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41"><sup>41</sup></xref> particularly when there is no apparent history of systemic arterial hypertension or the thickness of the interventricular septum increases &#8805; 12 mm, which raises the possibility of infiltrative cardiomyopathy. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Syncope and orthostatic hypotension are common symptoms and indicate the presence of dysautonomia. One typical clinical aspect that may raise the suspicion of amyloidosis is the need for dose reduction or discontinuation of antihypertensive drugs in patients previously diagnosed with systemic arterial hypertension, especially beta-blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Amyloid infiltration can also occur, causing cardiac conduction system disease from the early stages, with variable degrees of atrioventricular block, which results in high-risk bradycardia in some cases, requiring pacemaker implantation. Another important change is the hardening of the atrial walls, which leads to high rates of atrial arrhythmias, including atrial fibrillation, as well as atrial thrombi, with cardioembolic stroke being a common clinical manifestation, even in individuals with sinus rhythm. Complex ventricular arrhythmias seem to be frequent in advanced stages of the disease, an aspect that is best documented in AL amyloidosis.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>4.1. Increased Suspicion of Cardiac Amyloidosis</title>
          <p>CA, particularly the ATTR type, is often underdiagnosed due to factors associated with the medical evaluation, in addition to the characteristics of the disease itself, including: fragmented knowledge among different specialties and subspecialties, a scarcity of centers and specialists dedicated to the management of this disease, the mistaken belief that CA is a rare and incurable disease, and the phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity of ATTR-CA. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42"><sup>42</sup></xref> It should be pointed out that early CA diagnosis is critical, since the prognosis rapidly worsens with continued amyloid protein deposition and increasing organ dysfunction.</p>
          <p>Thus, recognizing &#8220;red flags&#8221; can help diagnose CA in HF patients, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43"><sup>43</sup></xref> the most relevant of which are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t18">Table 2</xref> .</p>
          <table-wrap id="t18">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Clinical clues that should raise suspicion of cardiac amyloidosis in patients with manifestations of heart failure</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th valign="middle" align="left">Clinical history and physical examination</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">HFpEF, particularly in men &gt; 65 years of age</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Intolerance to ACEi/ARB/ARNi and/or beta-blockers</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Unexplained LV block with prior pacemaker implantation</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Spinal canal stenosis</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Biceps tendon rupture</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Unexplained sensorimotor polyneuropathy (paraesthesia, neuropathic pain, weakness)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Autonomic dysfunction (postural hypotension, alternating diarrhea with constipation, erectile dysfunction)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Spontaneous/minimal trauma periorbital purpura</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Macroglossia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Vitreous opacity and pupillary changes</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Family history of cardiomyopathy or polyneuropathy</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">
                    <bold>Imaging examinations</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Infiltrative phenotype on echocardiogram (IVS &#8805; 12 mm), biventricular hypertrophy, myocardial hyperrefringence, valve thickening, thickening of the interatrial septum</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Concentric thickening of the LV walls with reduced or normal QRS amplitude in proportion to the increase in LV wall thickness</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">
                    <bold>Combined clues</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Low flow/low gradient aortic stenosis in patients &gt; 60 years of age</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Clinical presentation of late-onset hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in patients &gt; 60 years of age</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN14">
                <p><italic>ACEi: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker; ARNi: Angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; IVS: interventricular septum; LV: left ventricle</italic> .</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome, often one of the first indicators of ATTR-CA, is the most common non-cardiac manifestation and can precede symptoms of HF by several years. A recent study found that approximately 50% of individuals with ATTRwt had carpal tunnel syndrome 5 to 7 years prior to diagnosis. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44"><sup>44</sup></xref> Lumbar stenosis and atraumatic rupture of the biceps tendon have also been identified as clinical manifestations of extracardiac deposition in ATTRwt. Biceps tendon rupture may occur in up to 33% of ATTRwt cases. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45"><sup>45</sup></xref> On the other hand, macroglossia and periorbital purpura are highly specific to AL-CA, although they occur in only 15% of cases. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46"><sup>46</sup></xref> Sensorimotor polyneuropathy or dysautonomia in HF patients should raise suspicion of CA. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47"><sup>47</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48"><sup>48</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>Other warning signs may emerge from typical changes in routine complementary cardiac examinations, which are covered as specific topics in this document.</p>
          <p>It should also be pointed out that CA can often simulate other heart diseases. Amyloidosis should be considered one possible etiology for patients with a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy phenotype, particularly if it developed after 60 years of age. The asymmetrical pattern of myocardial hypertrophy in ATTR-CA patients differs from that of AL-CA patients, which is usually symmetrical. In a study that compared 263 confirmed ATTR-CA patients with 50 AL-CA patients, among the ATTR cases, asymmetric hypertrophy was present in 79%, symmetric hypertrophy in 18%, and no myocardial hypertrophy in 3%. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49"><sup>49</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>Older patients with severe low-flow/low-gradient aortic stenosis may have CA in 10% to 15% of cases, with an unfavorable prognosis. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50"><sup>50</sup></xref> </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5. Additional Diagnostic Examinations</title>
        <sec>
          <title>5.1. Electrocardiogram</title>
          <p>The electrocardiogram (ECG) is an essential test for diagnostic assessment and therapeutic planning, and its interpretation in conjunction with clinical and echocardiographic information is important. Although low-voltage ECG has great specificity in diagnosing myocardial infiltration secondary to CA, this is not the most prevalent finding. A lack of R-wave progression in precordial leads, which simulates an electrically inactive anteroseptal zone (pseudoinfarction pattern) is a much more frequent finding, with a prevalence of 60% to 70% in confirmed CA diagnoses, regardless of the type ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">Figure 3</xref> ).</p>
          <fig id="f15">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Sample electrocardiogram image from a patient with wild-type transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis, showing low voltage in peripheral leads, no R-wave progression in precordial leads V1 to V3 (pseudoinfarction pattern) and first degree atrioventricular block. (Image from the authors&#8217; personal archive)</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0561-10718-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>In ATTR-CA, less than 40% of patients with a biopsy-confirmed diagnosis have low-voltage ECG. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51"><sup>51</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>Thus, without low-voltage ECG criteria or signs of left ventricle (LV) overload, diagnostic suspicion of CA should not be ruled out, especially ATTR-CA. Disproportionate voltage in relation to myocardial thickness is also an important warning sign, reaching a prevalence of 73% to 80% in CA patients, regardless of type. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52"><sup>52</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53"><sup>53</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>Among cardiac rhythm alterations, atrial fibrillation is more prevalent in ATTR patients, as well as atrioventricular blocks.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.2. Echocardiogram</title>
          <p>Echocardiography should be performed in all patients with clinical suspicion of the disease. Classic CA findings are usually present at an advanced stage of the disease and characterize a restrictive, infiltrative-type cardiomyopathy. The dimensions of the LV are not increased, volumes are normal or reduced, and there is a thickening of the ventricular walls. Increased atrial dimensions are common, reflecting early and progressive diastolic dysfunction, with increased filling pressures. Atrioventricular valves may be thickened and mitral and tricuspid regurgitations are functional. There may also be signs suggestive of infiltration of the interatrial septum, as well as an increase in the pulmonary artery systolic pressure. The right ventricle (RV) may also be affected. Pleural and pericardial effusions are very common and, in cases involving intense tissue infiltration, a granular sparkling appearance can be observed ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f16">Figure 4</xref> ) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54"><sup>54</sup></xref> </p>
          <fig id="f16">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Classic echocardiographic presentation of cardiac amyloidosis. In A, the longitudinal parasternal projection shows a normal-sized left ventricle (LV) with increased wall thickness and a granular aspect in the interventricular septum (green arrow). There are also signs of left atrium (LA) enlargement and mild pericardial effusion (yellow arrow). In B, the apical projection shows large atria, normal-sized ventricles, and increased wall thickness, as well as a granular aspect in the interventricular septum (green arrow). The mitral and tricuspid valves are slightly thickened. LV: left ventricle; RV: right ventricle; LA: left atrium. (Images from the authors&#8217; personal archive).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0561-10718-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>The LV ejection fraction is normally preserved until the more advanced stages of CA, although the longitudinal contractile function is reduced early. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55"><sup>55</sup></xref> Quantitatively, systolic function can be assessed in 2D mode by calculating LV stroke volume and ejection fraction, as well as by Doppler-derived techniques such as estimating left ventricular dP/dt. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56"><sup>56</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>Assessing the ventricular diastolic filling pattern is essential and often demonstrates some degree of diastolic dysfunction. In the initial phases, alterations compatible with type I diastolic dysfunction can be observed (inversion of the mitral inflow E/A wave ratio, prolongation of the isovolumetric relaxation time, and early diastolic deceleration. In tissue Doppler recording of myocardial velocities, E&#8217; wave deceleration may be observed ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f17">Figure 5</xref> ).</p>
          <fig id="f17">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Tissue Doppler images of the mitral annulus. There is E&#8217; wave(*) deceleration in both the medial (a) and lateral (b) mitral annulus. Both speeds are below 4 cm/s (right ventricle &gt; 8 cm/s). (Images from the authors&#8217; personal archive).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0561-10718-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>As the disease progresses, a pseudonormal pattern of diastolic dysfunction (normal E/A wave ratio and normal deceleration time) may develop as a result of increased left atrial pressure.</p>
          <p>In more advanced phases of the disease, there is a restrictive pattern of ventricular filling (E/A wave ratio &gt; 2, decreased relaxation time, and an increased deceleration slope of the E-wave).</p>
          <p>Analyzing myocardial deformation allows the early identification of signs of myocardial dysfunction in relation to LV ejection fraction. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57"><sup>57</sup></xref> <sup>&#8211;</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59"><sup>59</sup></xref> Global longitudinal strain &#8211; a function predominantly performed by the endocardium &#8211; is reduced early. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60"><sup>60</sup></xref> Regional myocardial deformation also frequently presents an apical sparing (&#8220;cherry on top&#8221;) pattern. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61"><sup>61</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62"><sup>62</sup></xref> This aspect is best visualized in a parametric (&#8220;bulls eye&#8221;) image of the LV ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f18">Figure 6</xref> ).</p>
          <fig id="f18">
            <label>Figure 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Analyses of global and regional LV myocardial deformation in a patient with cardiac amyloidosis, showing the parametric graphical representation (bulls-eye), apical segments in dark red (preserved values), and basal segments in light red (reduced values) in the &#8220;cherry-on-top&#8221; pattern. (Image from the authors&#8217; personal archive)</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0561-10718-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Other analyses of myocardial deformation, such as RV systolic function, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63"><sup>63</sup></xref> atrial function, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65"><sup>65</sup></xref> and estimating myocardial work, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59"><sup>59</sup></xref> have been applied to CA patients and have shown good diagnostic accuracy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.3. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance</title>
          <p>Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) allows accurate assessment of myocardial tissue changes in CA. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65"><sup>65</sup></xref> Classically, the deposition of myofibrils leads to an increase in the thickness of the LV myocardial wall and the interatrial septum, which can be visualized by the morphological techniques of CMR. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66"><sup>66</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67"><sup>67</sup></xref> Another tissue change is increased total water content in the myocardium, which may be derived from increased extracellular volume, a direct result of protein deposition and the water it attracts through osmosis, as well as from the increased intracellular water in myocytes suffering the cytotoxic effects of the deposition or even from decreased myocardial perfusion (increased distance from the capillaries and/or obstruction by the deposition).</p>
          <p>The global increase in myocardial tissue water content leads to an increase in mean hydrogen relaxation time, whether T1 (longitudinal) or T2 (transverse). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68"><sup>68</sup></xref> However, the most dramatic and relevant myocardial tissue change in CA is the extreme increase in myocardial extracellular volume, which occurs in the clinical stages of the disease, not only due to the deposition of amyloid fibrils, but also to myocardial fibrosis repair.</p>
          <p>Thus, the combination of myofibril deposition and interstitial fibrosis can be detected easily and precisely, and can even be quantified by late enhancement (LE) techniques <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67"><sup>67</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69"><sup>69</sup></xref> and by calculating the extracellular myocardial volume. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70"><sup>70</sup></xref> <sup>&#8211;</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72"><sup>72</sup></xref> As an example, normal values for myocardial extracellular space are approximately 25%, while in CA they can reach 60% (mainly in ATTR-CA). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72"><sup>72</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73"><sup>73</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>The CMR contrast medium is based on gadolinium, which is bound to a macromolecular chelator that does not allow it to pass through the entire cell membrane. Thus it is distributed exclusively in the myocardial extracellular volume. The distribution pattern in the LE image can raise suspicion of CA (global subendocardial, apical non-involvement of the LV, and distribution outside the coronary vascular territory). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67"><sup>67</sup></xref> </p>
          <sec>
            <title>5.3.1. Assessment of Cardiac Morphology and Function</title>
            <p>CA can modify the appearance of all cardiac chambers. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74"><sup>74</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75"><sup>75</sup></xref> Changes in the atrial plane can be observed the initial stages, including dilation and apparent thickening of the interatrial septum, which, in most cases, consists of fat. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74"><sup>74</sup></xref> In later stages of cardiac impairment, when atrial function decreases, signs of slow flow and thrombi in the left atrial appendage can be seen, which may not appear in cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging if there are artifacts related to rhythm or if specific series are not used for this purpose.</p>
            <p>CA is also commonly associated with increased myocardial thickness, which is, in most cases, more expressive than in cases secondary to hypertension. The thickness of the cardiac muscle is generally greater in ATTR-CA than AL-CA. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52"><sup>52</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76"><sup>76</sup></xref> The increased thickness may be concentric or eccentric, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74"><sup>74</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75"><sup>75</sup></xref> and may involve the RV. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74"><sup>74</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75"><sup>75</sup></xref> The ejection fraction may be preserved for a long time, and the earliest changes in ventricular function include diastolic restriction and changes in ventricular strain. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75"><sup>75</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76"><sup>76</sup></xref> </p>
            <p>As a result of diastolic dysfunction, it is not uncommon to observe pericardial or pleural effusions. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74"><sup>74</sup></xref> Assessing morphological characteristics with cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f19">Figure 7</xref> ) is helpful and can suggest the diagnosis. However, tissue characterization is usually performed with LE and T1 mapping techniques, which we will discuss below in other sections.</p>
            <fig id="f19">
              <label>Figure 7</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Example of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging of transthyretin amyloidosis, showing pericardial effusion (A, yellow arrow and C), increased atrial dimensions (A and B), and increased interatrial septum (A and B, red arrows) and ventricular wall thickness (A to C, white arrows). Diastolic function is reduced, but contractility may be preserved until the later stages of the disease. (Image from the authors&#8217; personal archive).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0561-10718-gf07-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>5.3.2. Assessment with Late Enhancement</title>
            <p>The LE technique after gadolinium contrast injection has been widely recognized as a pillar of CA imaging diagnosis. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77"><sup>77</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78"><sup>78</sup></xref> When crossing the interstitial space in normal tissue, gadolinium contrast medium is not delayed and the agent quickly diffuses, leaving normal tissue dark. When there is amyloid deposition in the interstitial space, it begins to slow the transit of the gadolinium-based contrast agent, and the myocardium &#8220;shines&#8221; in the dedicated sequences, for which an anatomopathological correlation has been demonstrated. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65"><sup>65</sup></xref> Subendocardial, transmural and focal patterns of amyloid infiltration have been described, the latter being less frequent ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f20">Figure 8</xref> ). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67"><sup>67</sup></xref> A recent meta-analysis found that LE had a sensitivity and specificity of 85% and 92%, respectively, for amyloidosis. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79"><sup>79</sup></xref> </p>
            <fig id="f20">
              <label>Figure 8</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Example of a patient with ATTR transthyretin with concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle and enlargement of both atria in cine images (A to C). Late enhancement shows a predominantly diffuse transmural pattern (red arrows, D and E). (Image from the authors&#8217; personal archive).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0561-10718-gf08-en.jpg"/></fig>
            <p>In a series of 250 patients with different forms of amyloidosis, LE with a transmural pattern was associated with a 5.4 times greater risk of death (CI: 2.1-13.7; p &lt; 0.0001). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80"><sup>80</sup></xref> In addition, LE has an incremental prognostic effect for cardiac markers in AL-CA <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81"><sup>81</sup></xref> or in isolation. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82"><sup>82</sup></xref> </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>5.3.3. T1 Mapping</title>
            <p>Different groups have investigated the utility of cardiovascular magnetic resonance-derived T1 maps to improve diagnostic and prognostic performance in CA. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70"><sup>70</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71"><sup>71</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73"><sup>73</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83"><sup>83</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84"><sup>84</sup></xref> Both native T1 data, which do not require a contrast agent, as well as extracellular volume data have effectively identified patients with CA, who show markedly higher native T1 and extracellular volume values than healthy controls. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70"><sup>70</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73"><sup>73</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83"><sup>83</sup></xref> These changes can be detected before LE. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70"><sup>70</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72"><sup>72</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73"><sup>73</sup></xref> Therefore, combining native T1 mapping and extracellular volume measurements can help determine the amyloid burden and confirm the diagnosis of CA. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85"><sup>85</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86"><sup>86</sup></xref> </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5.4. Cardiac Scintigraphy with Bone-seeking Radiotracers</title>
        <p>Technetium-99m-labeled bisphosphonate-derived radiotracers, originally developed for bone imaging, have found a new role as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for ATTR-CA. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> <sup>&#8211;</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Bone radiotracers safely allow non-invasive diagnosis of ATTR-CA once the presence of monoclonal gammopathy is excluded. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91"><sup>91</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>The main<sup>99m</sup>Tc-labeled bone radiotracers used in ATTR-CA diagnosis are<sup>99m</sup>Tc-pyrophosphate,<sup>99m</sup>Tc-DPD (3,3-diphosphono-1,2-propanedicarboxylic acid), and<sup>99m</sup>Tc-HMDP (99mTc-labeled hydroxymethylene diphosphonate). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> <sup>&#8211;</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> <sup>99m</sup>Tc-pyrophosphate is the only one of these available in Brazil. It should be pointed out that although<sup>99m</sup>Tc-MDP (99mTc-labeled methylene diphosphonate) has proven efficient for bone scintigraphy, it has low sensitivity for diagnosing ATTR-CA and should not be used for this purpose. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89"><sup>89</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Although the structural component of the amyloid deposition to which<sup>99m</sup>Tc-pyrophosphate binds in the heart is unknown, it is widely accepted that a calcium-dependent uptake mechanism is involved. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93"><sup>93</sup></xref> Several binding sites have been found in animals: microcalcifications, calcium deposits, intracellular pyrophosphate, and intracellular macromolecules. The mechanism of<sup>99m</sup>Tc-pyrophosphate uptake in the myocardium is probably related to the presence of microcalcifications. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88"><sup>88</sup></xref> ATTR-CA involves more microcalcifications than AL-CA and has greater<sup>99m</sup>Tc-pyrophosphate uptake, while AL-CA has little or no affinity for bone radiotracers. In addition, ATTR-CA has a more indolent evolution, providing more microcalcifications and, consequently, greater radiotracer accumulation.</p>
        <p>Although the echocardiogram and cardiac magnetic resonance findings may be indicative of CA, they cannot differentiate ATTR-CA from AL-CA. This is the main advantage of<sup>99m</sup>Tc-pyrophosphate cardiac scintigraphy: it is a simple, easy, widely available method with low dosimetry that can differentiate ATTR-CA from AL-CA noninvasively and with high specificity, and thus guide treatment. This differentiation is useful, since AL-CA and ATTR-CA have completely different prognostic and therapeutic implications.</p>
        <p>The role of bone radiotracers in ATTR diagnosis was recently re-evaluated by an international group of several centers with expertise in CA: in a cumulative analysis of 1,217 patients, 867 with biopsy-confirmed amyloidosis and 360 with non-amyloid cardiomyopathy, scintigraphy was highly sensitive (99%) and specific (86%) for ATTR-CA. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> This study further demonstrated that the combined finding of positive bone radiotracer scintigraphy in patients with no evidence of detectable monoclonal protein in urine or serum (serum free light chain analysis and electrophoresis with immunofixation) was 100% specific for ATTR-CA, leading the authors to conclude that scintigraphy allows for accurate detection without the need for cardiac biopsy. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> Another recent study with pooled cases from three U.S. centers showed that, among a total of 171 patients (121 ATTR, 34 AL, and 16 non-amyloid HFpEF),<sup>99m</sup>Tc-pyrophosphate had an 88% sensitivity and 88% specificity for ATTR when only visual assessment was used (score &#8805; 2). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94"><sup>94</sup></xref> When semiquantitative analysis was used (heart/contralateral ratio &gt; 1.6), its sensitivity and specificity were 91% and 92%, respectively, for detecting ATTR. Furthermore, when considering all variables, a heart/contralateral ratio &#8805; 1.6 was predictive of worse survival in ATTR-CA patients. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94"><sup>94</sup></xref> Vraniam et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95"><sup>95</sup></xref> also demonstrated that, in patients with suspected CA, the intensity of cardiac<sup>99m</sup>Tc-pyrophosphate uptake was predictive of overall mortality and hospitalization for HF. In these studies, combined assessment of the intensity of radiotracer uptake in the myocardium (heart/contralateral ratio) with anatomical, functional and biomarker variables improved risk stratification.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>5.4.1. Recommended Technical Aspects for Image Acquisition</title>
          <p>No preparation required. Images are obtained after intravenous administration of 10 to 25 mCi (370 to 925 Mbq) of<sup>99m</sup>Tc-pyrophosphate (dosimetry: 3.2 mSv for the whole body for 15 mCi). Flat and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) images of the chest are taken 1 and 3 hours after administration of the radiopharmaceutical.</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p><italic>Planar chest images:</italic> can be obtained in the anterior, left anterior oblique, and left lateral projections using<sup>99m</sup>Tc photopic (140 keV, 15% window), low energy/high resolution collimator and a 256 &#215; 256 matrix, 500,000-750,000 counts.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><italic>SPECT chest images:</italic> obtained with a 128 &#215; 128 matrix (64 &#215; 64 is acceptable), 180-degree rotation from right anterior oblique to left posterior oblique (360-degree is acceptable), 1 image every 3 to 6 degrees. If available, SPECT/CT images (SPECT combined with computed tomography) provide greater confidence for interpreting the images.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><italic>Minimum recommended images:</italic> 1 h SPECT and 1 h and 3 h flat images in the anterior projection. The use of SPECT images is recommended to differentiate diffuse uptake of the radiopharmaceutical in the myocardium from its persistence in the blood pool, focal uptake by myocardial infarction, and bone overlay. In addition, 1 h and 3 h flat images are useful for quantifying and monitoring the blood pool washout, which is variable, eg, much slower in patients with renal failure.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.4.2. Image Analysis</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p><italic>Semiquantitative analysis (1 h planar image):</italic> For<sup>99m</sup>Tc-pyrophosphate, the semiquantitative analysis was defined as the ratio between uptake in the cardiac projection and uptake in the contralateral hemithorax, measured in a planar 1 h image in the anterior view. To do this, a circular (or elliptical) area of interest is drawn over the cardiac projection without including the sternum, avoiding the inclusion of both the adjacent lung and areas of focal uptake in the costal arches. An identical (&#8220;mirror&#8221;) area of interest is placed in the contralateral hemithorax following the same procedure. The count within the cardiac area of interest is divided by the count in the contralateral area of interest, thus obtaining the heart/contralateral (H/CL) ratio. H/CL &#8805; 1.5 at 1 h identifies ATTR-CA with high accuracy if systemic AL-CA has been excluded <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B90"><sup>90</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91"><sup>91</sup></xref> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f21">Figure 9</xref> ).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><italic>Visual graduation (3 h image):</italic> visual grading is performed by comparing cardiac uptake with physiological uptake in adjacent costal arch, and can be performed with planar images in the anterior projection, in SPECT images, or even in whole-body images obtained 3 h after injecting the radiopharmaceutical. Uptake intensity is defined as grade 0 (no myocardial uptake), grade 1 (myocardial uptake lower than that of adjacent costal arch), grade 2 (uptake similar to that of costal arch), and grade 3 (greater than that of the costal arch). Grades 2 or 3 are strongly suggestive of ATTR if monoclonal gammopathy has been excluded ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f21">Figure 9</xref> ).</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <fig id="f21">
            <label>Figure 9</label>
            <caption>
              <title><sup>99m</sup>Tc-pyrophosphate cardiac scintigraphy in patients with suspected cardiac amyloidosis (flat images in anterior chest view taken 3 h after administration) showing negative and positive transthyretin (ATTR) amyloidosis cases. Visual analysis: images on the left: negative ATTR cases (grades 0 and 1); images on the right: positive ATTR cases (grades 2 and 3). Semi-quantitative analysis: on the left, negative ATTR case (heart/contralateral ratio = 1.2 &#8211; in this case, the SPECT images showed activity in the blood pool and not in the heart walls); on the right, positive ATTR case (heart/contralateral ratio = 1.6 &#8211;SPECT imaging confirmed uptake in the left ventricle walls).</title>
            </caption>
            <p>In visual interpretation, cardiac uptake equal to (grade 2) or greater (grade 3) than that of the costal margins is important for ATTR diagnosis. In semiquantitative analysis, heart/contralateral count ratios &#8805; 1.5 in 1 h images and &#8805; 1.3 in 3 h images are considered highly suggestive of ATTR when confirmed by SPECT images. (Images from the authors&#8217; personal files)</p>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0561-10718-gf09-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.4.3. False-Positive ATTR</title>
          <p>The operational characteristics of bone scintigraphy are very favorable for use in clinical diagnosis, with a specificity of 100% for ATTR when the uptake is grade 2 or 3 and there is no monoclonal gammopathy. However, it must be pointed out that failure to exclude monoclonal gammopathy (either due to inappropriate use or to misinterpretation of laboratory tests) entails a risk of inaccurate diagnosis. The most common cause of ATTR misdiagnosis is AL-CA. Recent studies indicate that up to 22% of patients with AL-CA may have grade 2 or 3 uptake in<sup>99m</sup>Tc-pyrophosphate scintigraphy. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> It should also be pointed out that SPECT imaging is crucial to differentiate abnormal myocardial uptake from residual uptake in the blood pool ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f22">Figure 10</xref> ). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t19">Table 3</xref> lists the main causes of false-positive diagnosis with<sup>99m</sup>Tc-pyrophosphate scintigraphy.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t19">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Causes of false-positive<sup>99m</sup>Tc-pyrophosphate scintigraphy (myocardial<sup>99m</sup>Tc-pyrophosphate uptake that is not associated with amyloid transthyretin)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">1. Light-chain cardiac amyloidosis</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">2. Capture in blood pool (planar images)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">3. Rib fractures (planar images)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">4. Myocardial infarction (acute or subacute)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">5. Hydroxychloroquine cardiotoxicity</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">6. Rare forms of cardiac amyloidosis</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN15">
                <p><italic>Source: adapted from Hanna et al</italic> . <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91"><sup>91</sup></xref> </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <fig id="f22">
            <label>Figure 10</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Illustrative images of a 76-year-old male patient with ATTRv (VAL30MET) cardiac amyloidosis. Cardiac scintigraphy with<sup>99m</sup>Tc-pyrophosphate (flat images A and B) showed intense radiotracer uptake in the 1 h and 3 h images. Visual analysis (A) showed grade 3 uptake in both 1 h and 3 h images (myocardial uptake intensity greater than that of the costal margins). The semiquantitative analysis (B) showed a 2.1 heart/contralateral ratio at 1 h 2.0 and at 3 h. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) showed radiopharmaceutical uptake in all left ventricle walls and confirmed right ventricle involvement, as shown in the flat images (arrows). The<sup>99m</sup>Tc-pyrophosphate cardiac scintigraphy findings are highly suggestive of ATTR-CA. (Images from the authors&#8217; personal files).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0561-10718-gf10-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Finally, scintigraphy is not recommended for patient follow-up, since there is no current evidence of a correlation between a change in image pattern and disease progression or response to treatment. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87"><sup>87</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B90"><sup>90</sup></xref> </p>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t20">Table 4</xref> summarizes the main findings and practical guidelines for image acquisition and analysis in CA diagnosis.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t20">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Summary of the main findings suggestive of cardiac amyloidosis in complementary examinations</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th valign="middle" align="left">Examinations - results suggestive of cardiac amyloidosis</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Practical tips - diagnostic details</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Electrocardiogram</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Pseudoinfarction pattern</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">A classic low voltage pattern is common in AL-CA (up to 70% of cases) but uncommon in ATTR-CA (only 30% of cases)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">QRS voltage disproportionate to degree of wall thickening</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">The ECG results should be interpreted together with clinical and echocardiographic data</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Low voltage of QRS complexes</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3">BAV or AF can be an initial manifestation of CA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Atrial arrhythmias - atrial fibrillation</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Conduction disorders</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Echocardiogram</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Increased ventricular thickness (IVS &gt; 12 mm)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="7">In addition to structural and functional information from conventional echocardiography, myocardial deformation analysis is important to identify myocardial dysfunction, even with normal EF and an apical sparing pattern</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Granular/hyperrefringent appearance of thickened myocardium</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Thickening of both the RV and LV walls+</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Biatrial dilation</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Valve and thickening of the interventricular septum</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Diastolic dysfunction (restrictive pattern)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Longitudinal myocardial deformation with relative apical sparing pattern</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Cardiac Magnetic Resonance</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">High native T1 values</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">In addition to structural and functional cardiac information, which can be very suggestive, late enhancement information, T1 mapping and extracellular volume are important indicators of CA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Marked increase in extracellular volume</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">CMR cannot differentiate between AL-CA and ATTR-CA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Diffuse transmural or subendocardial delayed enhancement</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3">CMR may help identify other forms of infiltrative cardiomyopathy</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Late enhancement in atrial walls</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Increased RV/LV wall and interatrial septum thickness</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Cardiac scintigraphy with bone radiotracer</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Myocardial uptake &#8805; bone uptake (grade 2 or 3)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">In Brazil, only 99mTc-pyrophosphate is available for this purpose</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Heart/contralateral uptake ratio &#8805; 1.5</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">In the absence of light chains, positive 99mTc-pyrophosphate scintigraphy diagnoses ATTR-CA without the need for EMB</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="3">99mTc-pyrophosphate uptake in heart walls confirmed by SPECT imaging</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Up to 30% of AL-CA may show positive scintigraphy</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Negative 99mTc-pyrophosphate scintigraphy does not rule out CA</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN16">
                <p><italic>AF: atrial fibrillation; BAV bicuspid aortic valve; EMB: endomyocardial biopsy; CA: cardiac amyloidosis; CMR: Cardiac Magnetic Resonance; ECG: electrocardiogram; EF: ejection fraction; IVS: interventricular septum; GLS: global longitudinal strain; LV: left ventricle; SPECT: single photon emission computed tomography; RV: right ventricle</italic> .</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5.5. Biomarkers</title>
        <p>No specific laboratory marker can be used to diagnose CA.</p>
        <p>Troponin and natriuretic peptides have been found useful for assessing cardiac damage due to amyloidosis and are non-invasive, accessible, and relatively low-cost diagnostic aids. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B96"><sup>96</sup></xref> When these biomarkers detect persistent changes, it is a warning sign of cardiac damage due to amyloidosis.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>5.5.1. Natriuretic Peptides</title>
          <p>Analysis of data from the THAOS (Transthyretin Amyloidosis Outcomes Survey) registry showed that natriuretic peptide levels can be used as a diagnostic aid, with higher values observed in mutations associated with amyloid cardiomyopathy, such as V122I and late-onset V30M, than in those predominantly associated with neurologic manifestations, such as early-onset V30M. Higher levels of biomarkers were also observed in ATTRwt than ATTRv. However, it was observed that even in patients with a predominantly neurological phenotype, 45% to 90% had altered levels of these biomarkers, indicating some degree of subclinical myocardial involvement. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97"><sup>97</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>Higher NT-proBNP values have been observed in AL-CA than ATTR-CA. This is because amyloidogenic light chains modulate p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, which directly promotes NT-proBNP expression. Thus, despite the same degree of hemodynamic changes in both forms of amyloidosis, serum levels of NT-proBNP may be higher in AL-CA. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98"><sup>98</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>Of note, patients with HFpEF due to ATTR have disproportionately high NT-ProBNP values with respect to HF severity compared to patients with non-amyloid HFpEF. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99"><sup>99</sup></xref> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.5.2. Troponins</title>
          <p>Mild and persistent elevation of troponin levels is frequently observed and suggests subclinical myocardial damage in several non-ischemic cardiomyopathies. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100"><sup>100</sup></xref> However, it has been reported that levels are higher in CA than in other forms of cardiomyopathy. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> A study of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy who underwent endomyocardial biopsy identified markedly higher troponin levels in CA patients than in those with amyloid-free heart disease and had high diagnostic sensitivity. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101"><sup>101</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>Several mechanisms have been postulated to explain the elevated troponin levels in these patients: myocardial ischemia, increased wall stress, direct myocyte damage by inflammatory cytokines and/or oxidative stress, neurohormonal activation, and microvascular dysfunction in heart failure. Microvascular dysfunction in amyloidosis is presumably caused by interstitial and perivascular deposition, increased ventricular filling pressure, and endothelial dysfunction due to immunoglobulin-induced toxicity in AL-CA. In addition, it has also been found that light chains have a direct cardiotoxic effect, regardless of extracellular deposition of fibrils, which might explain the higher troponin levels in AL-CA than in ATTR-CA, in which mild and persistent elevation is usually observed. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101"><sup>101</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>It is important to point out that many ATTR patients have comorbidities, such as ischemic cardiomyopathy, which can cause altered troponin values. Therefore, troponin levels should not be used to rule out or confirm cardiac involvement. Rather, they should serve as a potential warning sign for the disease, which can be better evaluated through more specific tests.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <label>5.5.3</label>
          <title>New Biomarkers</title>
          <p>A number of other biomarkers have been studied, some with high specificity for amyloidosis subtypes, such as retinol-binding protein 4 for hereditary amyloidosis through the Val142Ile mutation. However, further studies are necessary, as is the commercial availability of tests for routine analysis. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B102"><sup>102</sup></xref> </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6. Rational Diagnostic Approach to Cardiac Amyloidosis</title>
        <p>Recent evidence indicates that CA, particularly the ATTRwt form, is more prevalent than previously estimated, and this is due in part to widespread underdiagnosis and the fact that this disease mimics other heart diseases, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, non-amyloid HFpEF, and low-flow/low-gradient aortic stenosis. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42"><sup>42</sup></xref> These factors indicate that high suspicion of the disease in different clinical scenarios is needed for a more rational diagnostic process. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54"><sup>54</sup></xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f23">Figure 11</xref> shows a diagnostic algorithm for CA, whose steps are discussed below. The main recommendations and classes of evidence for diagnosis are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t21">Table 5</xref> .</p>
        <table-wrap id="t21">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Recommendations for cardiac amyloidosis diagnostics</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th valign="middle" align="left">Indication</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Recommendation class</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Level of evidence (references)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Begin CA investigation in patients with signs and symptoms of HF and one or more warning sign of the disease (see <xref ref-type="table" rid="t18">Table 2</xref> )</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">I</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">C</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Whenever available, perform echocardiography with analysis of LV myocardial strain, and/or CMR with LE and T1 mapping for patients with suspected CA</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">I</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">B (ref. 60, 61, 62)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">For suspected CA, continue the diagnostic investigation with serum and urine immunofixation tests and kappa/lambda light chain ratio measurement to assess the possibility of AL-CA</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">I</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">B (ref. 19)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">When available, perform cardiac scintigraphy with a bone-seeking radiotracer <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">*</xref> to diagnose ATTR-CA, after AL type has been excluded (light-chain negative)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">I</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">B (ref. 19, 94, 95)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Perform EMB to diagnose CA in cases with high clinical suspicion of the AL form (light- chain positive) when the peripheral tissue biopsy is negative</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">I</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">B (ref. 108)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Perform amyloid protein typing in EMB using immunohistochemistry or mass spectroscopy, when available, when the CA type is indeterminate or conflicts with the clinical suspicion</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">I</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">C</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Perform EMB to confirm CA diagnosis in suspected cases of ATTR when bone scintigraphy is not available</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">I</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">B (ref. 19)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Perform EMB to confirm CA diagnosis when there is high suspicion of ATTR, but bone scintigraphy is indeterminate</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">I</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">C</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Perform genetic sequencing in patients diagnosed with ATTR to differentiate ATTRv from ATTRwt</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">I</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">B (ref. 33)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN17">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>
                <italic>Radiotracers that can be used for this purpose include<sup>99m</sup>Tc-pyrophosphate,<sup>99m</sup>Tc-DPD (3,3-diphosphono-1,2-propanedicarboxylic acid) and<sup>99m</sup>Tc-HMDP (hydroxymethylene diphosphonate); of these, only<sup>99m</sup>Tc-pyrophosphate is available and approved for use in Brazil. AL: light-chain amyloidosis; ATTR: transthyretin amyloidosis; ATTRv: hereditary ATTR; ATTRwt: wild-type ATTR; CA: cardiac amyloidosis; EMB: endomyocardial biopsy; HF: heart failure; LV: left ventricle; LE: late enhancement</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f23">
          <label>Figure 11</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Flowchart for diagnosing cardiac amyloidosis.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0561-10718-gf11-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>The <italic><bold>first and most important step</bold></italic> is clinical suspicion, which is based on clinical history, a physical examination (see <xref ref-type="table" rid="t18">Table 2</xref> ) with findings suggestive of CA in ECG, echocardiogram, and CMR (see <xref ref-type="table" rid="t20">Table 4</xref> ).</p>
        <p><italic><bold>Thus, in cases with high clinical suspicion, an investigation of immunoglobulin monoclonal light chains should be performed</bold></italic> for effective screening of AL-CA, given that an AL-CA diagnosis is a medical emergency, and treatment delay should be avoided, since it is associated with a markedly worse prognosis.</p>
        <p>Protein electrophoresis is not an adequate screening test since this method may not detect the monoclonal component in blood and/or urine. Thus, it is important to carry out immunofixation in blood and urine, which increases the detection sensitivity for clonal light chains to around 90%. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B103"><sup>103</sup></xref> Adding the serum free light chain ratio, which detects an abnormal relationship between kappa/lambda chains (&gt; 1.65 or &lt; 0.26), increases the detection sensitivity to &gt; 99%. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B103"><sup>103</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B104"><sup>104</sup></xref> Therefore, electrophoresis with immunofixation in blood and urine associated with free light chain ratio analysis represents the best non-invasive method for detecting clonal light chains, which indicate the presence of AL.</p>
        <p>The patients with positive results for monoclonal light chains must be referred to a hematologist (following the <italic><bold>hematological route</bold></italic> on the algorithm), and a tissue biopsy must be performed, which is fundamental for confirming amyloid protein deposition and definition of the therapeutic strategy.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>6.1. Hematological Route</title>
          <sec>
            <label>6.1.1</label>
            <title>Hematologist Participation and Peripheral Tissue Biopsy</title>
            <p>An AL-CA diagnosis must be confirmed by biopsy. Abdominal fat biopsy, a simple and safe method, is preferred initially. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B105"><sup>105</sup></xref> </p>
            <p>Congo red staining with birefringence under polarized light is used to determine tissue amyloid protein. In cases of systemic amyloidosis, ie, affecting numerous organs or tissues, abdominal fat biopsy with this stain has a sensitivity of 60-80% and a specificity of 90-100% for diagnosing amyloidosis, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B106"><sup>106</sup></xref> as well as a strong association with the total body load of amyloid deposition. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref> However, in cases of localized amyloidosis, ie, restricted to one organ or tissue, a subcutaneous fat tissue biopsy is seldom positive. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107"><sup>107</sup></xref> In general, there is a higher chance of positive extracardiac biopsy results when the site is abdominal fat and the amyloidosis is AL. AL is followed by ATTRv and ATTRwt in this regard. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref> In a series of 131 patients whose ATTR-CA diagnosis was confirmed by endomyocardial biopsy, the abdominal fat biopsy was positive in 67% of ATTRv patients but only in 14% of ATTRwt patients. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Therefore, although abdominal fat is the preferred initial site for extracardiac biopsies, a negative result should not exclude the diagnosis, and an endomyocardial biopsy should be performed. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref> In these cases, biopsy of the affected organ has 100% sensitivity and specificity.</p>
            <p>It should be pointed out that although Congo red staining can confirm amyloid infiltration in tissue, it cannot identify the type of precursor protein. In addition, 40% of ATTR patients may have a monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, presenting positive results in a monoclonal light chain analysis. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109"><sup>109</sup></xref> </p>
            <p>In light of these aspects, since identifying the amyloid deposition type is fundamental for appropriate treatment, immunohistochemistry or, preferably, laser microdissection and mass spectrometry of the amyloid biopsy material must be performed. Immunohistochemistry remains the most widely available method for identifying the deposition type. However, when the amyloidosis is light chain, the results are not always conclusive; they may be positive for more than one type of antiserum, usually TTR and kappa or lambda chain. Thus, mass spectrometry has become the new gold standard for identifying amyloid deposition type. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54"><sup>54</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110"><sup>110</sup></xref> </p>
            <p>For <italic><bold>negative monoclonal light chain results</bold></italic> , ie, when ATTR is more likely, although other rare forms of CA may also be diagnosed, the investigation should follow the <italic><bold>cardiological route</bold></italic> , taking two sub-routes according to the availability of scintigraphy with bone markers.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.2. Cardiological Route</title>
          <p>When <italic><bold>scintigraphy with bone tracers (sub-route 2A)</bold></italic> is available and monoclonal light chains are absent, grades 2 or 3 cardiac uptake (equivalent to or greater than that of the costal archs) and a &#8805; 1.5 H/CL uptake ratio, with SPECT imaging showing that the increased uptake is in the ventricular walls, confirms ATTR-CA without the need for endomyocardial biopsy. TTR gene sequencing should then be performed to determine whether the ATTR is hereditary or wild type.</p>
          <p>Differentiating between hereditary and wild-type ATTR has prognostic and therapeutic implications and is also important for family screening and genetic counseling.</p>
          <p>When cardiac scintigraphy with bone tracers is negative and is associated with an absence of monoclonal light chains, CA is unlikely. However, when clinical suspicion persists, based mainly on the results of other imaging methods highly suggestive of amyloidosis, endomyocardial biopsy can have a relevant diagnostic role and should be performed. Such cases could indicate ATTRv involving mutations and amyloid deposits, to which bone tracers do not adhere, such as early-onset V30M and P64I, in addition to other unusual types of amyloidosis. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B111"><sup>111</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>When <italic><bold>bone scintigraphy is unavailable (sub-route 2B)</bold></italic> , endomyocardial biopsy is recommended to clarify the diagnosis.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7. Prognosis and Staging</title>
        <sec>
          <title>7.1. AL-CA</title>
          <p>AL-CA patients have faster-forming and more toxic amyloid deposits than ATTR-CA patients. As a consequence, monthly increases of 1.45 to 2.16 mm can be observed in myocardial thickness, which are associated with higher elevations of biomarkers, such as troponin and BNP, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112"><sup>112</sup></xref> as well as the development of HF symptoms and death within an average of 6 months after diagnosis. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B113"><sup>113</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>Recent technological and laboratory advances indicate that the main prognostic determinant in AL-CA is the extent of amyloid deposition in the heart. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B114"><sup>114</sup></xref> The most widely used staging criteria were developed by the Mayo Clinic (shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t22">Table 6</xref> ), which consider individuals to be at higher risk when troponin T &#8805; 0.025 ng/mL, NT-ProBNP &#8805; 1,800 pg/ml, and the difference between the light chains &#8805; 18 mg/dL. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B115"><sup>115</sup></xref> </p>
          <table-wrap id="t22">
            <label>Table 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Prognostic staging of light-chain amyloidosis according to revised Mayo Clinic criteria <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B115"><sup>115</sup></xref> </title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th valign="middle" align="left">Biomarker cut-off values</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Staging (number of biomarkers with high values)</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Mean survival</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Troponin T &#8805; 0.025 ng/mL</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">Stage I: no biomarkers</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">94 months</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">NT-proBNP &gt; 1,800 pg/mL</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">Stage II: 1 biomarker</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">40 months</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2">dFLC &gt; 18 mg/dL</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">Stage III: 2 biomarkers</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">14 months</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">Stage IV: 3 biomarkers</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">6 months</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN18">
                <p><italic>dFLC: difference in serum free light chains; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type-natriuretic peptide</italic> .</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Additionally, echocardiographic findings such as a marked increase in wall thickness, diastolic dysfunction, LV dysfunction, valve thickening, and reduction in LV global longitudinal strain, combined with BNP and troponin biomarkers and hematological status, are predictors of higher mortality. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B116"><sup>116</sup></xref> Myocardial elastography, a new non-invasive myocardial assessment technique that assesses heart stiffness, has shown a good correlation with ventricular mass, myocardial thickness, biomarkers such as BNP, filling pressures, worsening functional class, and diastolic dysfunction. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B117"><sup>117</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>CMR also provides data that correlates with survival in CA patients. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84"><sup>84</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B119"><sup>119</sup></xref> <sup>&#8211;</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B121"><sup>121</sup></xref> The presence and extent of myocardial fibrosis, detected by late gadolinium enhancement, indicate poor prognosis. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B118"><sup>118</sup></xref> <sup>&#8211;</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B119"><sup>119</sup></xref> A recent study found that T1 mapping measurements &gt; 1,044 ms and extracellular volume measurements (calculated in the equilibrium phase) &gt; 0.45 are associated with 5.84 and 3.48 times higher cardiovascular mortality, respectively. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>Biomarkers not only play a role in staging these patients, but also enable treatment response assessment, which is always a challenge in clinical practice, especially for AL-CA, since chemotherapy can be an additional factor in myocardial damage. What has been well established in the literature is the agreement between lower NT-proBNP levels and hematologic response to treatment, as well as improvement in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class. The reverse is also true, such as increased levels of NT-proBNP and troponin and reduced ejection fraction. (see <xref ref-type="table" rid="t25">Table 9</xref> regarding AL-CA treatment)</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.2. ATTR-CA</title>
          <p>ATTR-CA has a more benign profile and is associated with longer survival than AL-CA. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B121"><sup>121</sup></xref> In addition to the specific type of amyloid deposition, other factors such as genotype, clinical data, laboratory biomarkers, and radiological findings can guide therapeutic planning and determine prognosis. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>In cases of hereditary ATTR, the genetic profile determines the clinical phenotype and evolution of the disease, although the gene&#8217;s distribution may vary in different populations. Thus, the survival time for pathogenic variants with predominantly myocardial involvement, such as V122I, is shorter than for ATTRwt and mixed or predominantly neuropathic variants such as V30M. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B122"><sup>122</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B123"><sup>123</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>From a clinical point of view, the onset and duration of HF symptoms have prognostic value. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B124"><sup>124</sup></xref> It has been determined that the longer the clinical decompensation and the more advanced the NYHA functional class, the lower the survival. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B125"><sup>125</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B126"><sup>126</sup></xref> The median survival observed for each functional class is: I = 4.6 years, II = 4.1 years, III = 2.1 years and IV = 1.3 years. Although sex, age at diagnosis, and comorbidities such as aortic valve disease or tachyarrhythmias do not have a direct effect on mortality, a greater association with unfavorable cardiac outcomes has been observed in older men with associated diseases. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B127"><sup>127</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>The results of inexpensive, quick, and easy-to-interpret laboratory tests have been used in different proposals for staging the disease, being closely correlated with life expectancy. ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t23">Table 7</xref> ). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B128"><sup>128</sup></xref> <sup>&#8211;</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B130"><sup>130</sup></xref> Serum levels of troponins T and I, NT-proBNP, and glomerular filtration rate reflect the toxicity of amyloid deposition in target organs by direct action, as well as oxidative stress and inflammation processes. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B131"><sup>131</sup></xref> Recommendations for CA risk stratification/staging and treatment response monitoring are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t24">Table 8</xref> .</p>
          <table-wrap id="t23">
            <label>Table 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>ATTR amyloidosis staging proposals involving biomarkers</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th valign="middle" align="left">Staging proposal</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">CA form</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Biomarker cutoff points</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Staging</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Mean survival (months)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="3">Grogan et al. (2016)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3">ATTRwt</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3">NT-proBNP &gt; 3,000 ng/L Troponin-T &gt; 0.05 &#181;g/L</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">Stage I NT-proBNP &lt; 3,000 ng/L cTnT &lt; 0.05 &#181;g/L</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">Stage I = 66</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">Stage II NT-proBNP or cTnT above the cutoff point</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">Stage II = 40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">Stage III NT-proBNP and cTnT above the cut-off point</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">Stage III = 20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="3">Gillmore et al. (2018)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3">ATTRwt ATTRv</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3">NT-proBNP &gt; 3,000 ng/L eGFR &lt; 45 mL/min</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">Stage I NT-proBNP &#8804; 3,000 ng/L eGFR &gt; 45 mL/min</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">Stage I = 69.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">Stage II NT-proBNP &gt; 3,000 ng/L<sup>OR</sup>eGFR &lt; 45 mL/min</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">Stage II = 46.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">Stage III NT-proBNP &gt; 3,000 ng/L<sup>AND</sup>eGFR &lt; 45 mL/min</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">Stage III= 24.1</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN19">
                <p><italic>ATTR transthyretin amyloidosis; ATTRwt: wild-type transthyretin amyloidosis; cTnT cardiac troponin T level; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; ATTRv: hereditary ATTR amyloidosis; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro&#8211;B-type natriuretic peptide</italic> .</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t24">
            <label>Table 8</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Recommendations for risk stratification/staging of cardiac amyloidosis and monitoring treatment response and/or disease progression</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th valign="middle" align="left">Recommendation</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Recommendation class</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Level of evidence(references)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Stratify the risk of CA patients using validated staging systems, including biomarkers such as BNP/NT-ProBNP and/or troponins</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">I</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">B (ref. 128-130)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Monitor CA progression and/or response to specific treatments using echocardiogram or cardiac magnetic resonance and biomarkers <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">**</xref></td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">I</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">C</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN20">
                <label>**</label>
                <p><italic>The periodicity of the evaluation depends on the type of amyloidosis and the patient&#8217;s clinical evolution</italic> .</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Imaging findings, such as echocardiography, cardiac scintigraphy with technetium-pyrophosphate (<sup>99m</sup>Tc-PYP), and CMR, provide complementary data that facilitate prognostic stratification. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80"><sup>80</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94"><sup>94</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B132"><sup>132</sup></xref> <sup>&#8211;</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B134"><sup>134</sup></xref> ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t25">Table 9</xref> ). The increasing quality of the images, associated with greater quantitative detailing of amyloid deposits, has reduced the need for myocardial biopsy as a predictor of disease. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> </p>
          <table-wrap id="t25">
            <label>Table 9</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Imaging parameters that have prognostic value in transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th valign="middle" align="left">Echocardiogram</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center"><sup>99m</sup>Tc-pyrophosphate scintigraphy</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Cardiac Magnetic Resonance</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">&#8595; LVEF</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="5">H/CL ratio &#8805; 1.6</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">TAPSE</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">&#8595; MCF</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">&#8595; Indexed ejection volume</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">&#8595; GLS</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">&#8593; Late gadolinium enhancement</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Apical sparing</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">&#8593; Extracellular volume</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">&#8595; <bold><italic>SVI</italic></bold> <sup>(17)</sup></td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">&#8593; Native T1</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN21">
                <p><italic>LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; MCF: myocardial contraction fraction (MCF = SV/ LV volume); GLS: global longitudinal strain; SVI: stroke volume index; H/CL: heart-to-contralateral ratio; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion</italic> .</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8. Treatment</title>
        <p>CA treatment consists of specific measures aimed at reducing or preventing the progression of amyloid fibril deposition. These measures will be addressed separately for AL-CA and ATTR-CA. General measures are also needed to manage the resultant clinical and hemodynamic abnormalities, including heart failure and cardiac rhythm disturbances, which apply to both AL-CA and ATTR-CA.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>8.1. Specific Therapy for AL-CA</title>
          <p>AL-CA is caused by the aberrant production of kappa or lambda immunoglobulin light chains ( <italic>kappa</italic> or <italic>lambda</italic> ). Thus, specific treatment is based on eliminating this light chains production by eradicating plasma cell clones in bone marrow. The rapid reduction and, ideally, normalization of light chain levels (hematologic response) is a primary goal in AL-CA treatment. The reversal of damage to tissues and organs affected by amyloid deposits (organ response) is the second major objective of treatment. Further goals include improved quality of life and overall survival. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B135"><sup>135</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>After the diagnosis of systemic AL-CA has been confirmed, the therapeutic plan must be defined by the hematologist. However, the identification and management of organ dysfunction is essential, as is multidisciplinary work, including joint follow-up with a cardiologist and other specialists (see <xref ref-type="table" rid="t28">Table 12</xref> ). Cardiac involvement is the main prognostic factor in AL-CA, determining not only survival, but also tolerance to cytotoxic treatment. The impact of cardiac impairment on survival has been well established in the literature, and validated staging systems can help with patient risk stratification. These systems are used together with other parameters to determine therapeutic strategies. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B135"><sup>135</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>Survival in AL-CA is related to the production of amyloidogenic light chains and target organ damage, especially to the heart. Thus, staging includes biomarkers related to these factors, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B104"><sup>104</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B115"><sup>115</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B136"><sup>136</sup></xref> as described above (see <xref ref-type="table" rid="t21">Table 5</xref> ).</p>
          <p>The value of this prognostic stratification has been confirmed in individuals treated with autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), as well as in those treated without this procedure. The median survival for stage I, II, III, and IV patients is 55, 19, 12 and 5 months, respectively, in patients who did not receive or failed HSCT, and 97, 58 and 22 months, respectively for stages II, III and IV, in patients who underwent HSCT. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B115"><sup>115</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>Low-risk patients are candidates for high-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous HSCT ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t28">Table 12</xref> ). This is considered the most effective current strategy to eradicate plasma cell clones. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B135"><sup>135</sup></xref> Intermediate-risk patients usually receive chemotherapy at conventional doses and, if they show clinical and laboratory improvement, they can become candidates for autologous HSCT. Finally, older or frail patients with multiple affected organs or patients with advanced cardiomyopathy are treated with chemotherapy at adjusted doses and have a poor prognosis, since they generally cannot tolerate the treatment. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B135"><sup>135</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>Three months after the end of treatment, the hematological and organ responses must be evaluated with specific tests for monoclonal gammopathy and each affected organ. The hematological and organ response criteria are summarized in Tables <xref ref-type="table" rid="t26">10</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t27">11</xref> . <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B136"><sup>136</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B137"><sup>137</sup></xref> </p>
          <table-wrap id="t26">
            <label>Table 10</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Criteria for determining hematological response to treatment</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"><bold>Complete response:</bold> normalization of the serum free light chain ratio, immunofixation in blood, and negative urine (no clonal component)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"><bold>Very good partial response:</bold> reduction in the difference between involved and uninvolved free light chains to &lt; 40 mg/L</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"><bold>Partial response:</bold> &gt; 50% reduction in the difference between involved and uninvolved free light chains</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"><bold>No response:</bold> partial response not obtained</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"><bold>Progressive disease:</bold> free light chain increase of 50% or to &gt; 100 mg/L. In patients with a complete response, the reappearance of a clonal component in immunofixation or free light chains; in patients with a partial response, a 50% increase in the monoclonal component in blood or urine</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t27">
            <label>Table 11</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Criteria for determining organ response to treatment</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"><bold>Cardiac response:</bold> &gt; 30% reduction and &gt; 300 ng/L in patients with NT-proBNP &#8805; 650 ng/L, or functional improvement of at least two classes according to New York Heart Association criteria</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"><bold>Renal response:</bold> decrease in proteinuria &#8805; 50% (reduction of at least 0.5 g/24 h) at 6 months without a &#8805; 25% worsening in estimated glomerular filtration rate. Recent retrospective analyses suggest that a &#8805; 30% reduction in proteinuria is associated with better prognosis, although this criterion has not yet been incorporated into formal recommendations <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"><bold>Liver response:</bold> &#8805; 50% reduction in alkaline phosphatase and &#8805; 2 cm reduction in liver size</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"><bold>Peripheral nervous system:</bold> improvement in nerve conduction speed according to electroneuromyography</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Even when a complete hematological response occurs, dysfunction improves more slowly, and may take months or even years to appear after the light chain ratio has been normalized. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> </p>
          <sec>
            <title>8.1.1. Treating Patients Eligible for Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation</title>
            <p>Only 20% of patients diagnosed with AL amyloidosis are eligible for HSCT, although this number could increase with organ response after induction regimens with effective anti-cancer therapies (bortezomib and daratumumab). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B135"><sup>135</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B139"><sup>139</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B140"><sup>140</sup></xref> </p>
            <p>HSCT eligibility assessment is central to therapeutic success in this strategy. A single prospective randomized study compared HSCT with conventional chemotherapy, finding no overall survival benefit compared to a less intensive strategy. However, in this study the high mortality rate associated with HSCT (24%) was related to the inclusion criteria, the inexperience of the transplant center and the use of a subtherapeutic dose of melphalan. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B141"><sup>141</sup></xref> </p>
            <p>Since the literature provides no precise well-established prospectively validated HSCT eligibility criteria, each center establishes its own. Although subjective assessment is relevant, HSCT can be guided by certain factors: &#8220;physiological age&#8221; &#8804; 70 years, creatinine clearance &gt; 30 mL/min (except for patients on chronic dialysis), troponin T &lt; 0.06 ng/mL, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance scale &#8804; 2, NYHA functional class I or II, and systolic blood pressure &gt; 90 mmHg. Adequate pre-treatment risk stratification, concomitant with the development of better supportive conditions, such as antibiotic therapy and intensive care, has led to a reduction in HSCT-associated mortality in recent decades, with rates of 2.4% to 3.4% in retrospective analyses. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B142"><sup>142</sup></xref> <sup>&#8211;</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B148"><sup>148</sup></xref> </p>
            <p>Therefore, HSCT should be recommended as the first-line therapy in eligible patients ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t28">Table 12</xref> ). This recommendation is due to the achievement of high hematological response rates, leading to reduced production and potential reabsorption of amyloid fibrils, with consequent improvement in organ dysfunction and performance status, as well as increased survival and quality of life. As an example, in a series of 672 AL-CA patients undergoing HSCT, 84% had a hematologic response, 39% of which were a complete response, and survival was &gt; 50% at 15 years. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B146"><sup>146</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B147"><sup>147</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B149"><sup>149</sup></xref> </p>
            <p>An upfront HSCT can be performed soon after diagnosis in patients with &lt; 10% clonal plasma cells in the bone marrow or when preceded by induction therapy with regimens containing bortezomib and/or anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody. The latter should be considered when there is an association with multiple myeloma, a predictable delay in HSCT, poor performance that may improve with induction therapy, and &gt; 10% infiltration of the bone marrow by clonal plasma cells, which is associated with worse prognosis. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B135"><sup>135</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B150"><sup>150</sup></xref> </p>
            <p>The main regimens used as pre-transplant therapy are cyclophosphamide, bortezomib and dexamethasone (CyBorD) and daratumumab, bortezomib, cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone (Dara-CyBorD). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B139"><sup>139</sup></xref> </p>
            <p>Given that new therapies for treating AL amyloidosis are emerging and the scarcity of randomized studies on transplantation, further studies will be needed to determine whether HSCT will remain the most effective therapy in coming decades.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>8.1.2. Treating Patients Ineligible for HSCT/Conventional Chemotherapy</title>
            <p>Most patients diagnosed with AL-CA are not eligible for higher intensity autologous HSCT therapy due to comorbidities, such as advanced heart disease, renal failure, the involvement of more than two organs, or advanced age. Thus, in this group of patients, chemotherapy with anti-cancer medications is the basis of treatment ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t28">Table 12</xref> ). The regimens are similar to those for multiple myeloma.</p>
            <p>The CyBorD regimen was found to be highly effective (81% to 94%), well tolerated, and capable of producing a rapid hematological response (within 3 months) in two retrospective studies with small samples (n = 17 and 43). Two-year overall survival reached 92% in these studies. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B151"><sup>151</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B152"><sup>152</sup></xref> The largest sample to have been tested with this regimen included 230 patients, 60% of whom had a hematologic response, and 23% of whom had a complete response. However, cardiac and renal organ responses were observed in only 17% and 25% of patients, respectively. A lower hematologic response rate was observed among patients with advanced heart disease (42% global and 14% complete), with a median overall survival of 7 months for this group <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B153"><sup>153</sup></xref> Since the CyBorD regimen may make patients who are initially ineligible for autologous HSCT eligible (after hematologic response and clinical improvement), it should be considered when developing the therapeutic plan. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B153"><sup>153</sup></xref> <sup>&#8211;</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B155"><sup>155</sup></xref> </p>
            <p>Two recent randomized studies tested chemotherapy combinations as new treatments of choice in AL-CA patients who are ineligible for HSCT. The first compared a regimen of bortezomib, melphalan and dexamethasone to melphalan and dexamethasone, finding that adding bortezomib resulted in a higher overall hematologic response rate after 3 months (79% vs. 52%), a greater cardiac organ response (38% vs. 28%), and improved overall survival, with a 2-fold reduction in mortality. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B156"><sup>156</sup></xref> The largest randomized trial for AL-CA (ANDROMEDA) associated an anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody (daratumumab) with the CyBorD regimen, finding promising results. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B139"><sup>139</sup></xref> The Dara-CyBorD group had an overall hematologic response of 92%, compared to 77% in the CyBorD group, with an OR of 53% vs. 18%, which took a median of 2 months to achieve. Better organ function was also observed in the group that received the monoclonal antibody, with improved progression-free survival. Importantly, advanced heart disease patients (classified as stage IIIb) were excluded from both of these randomized studies, and treatment for this group remains a challenge in clinical practice.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.2. ATTR-specific Therapies</title>
          <p>Several steps in the pathophysiological process of amyloid fibril formation and deposition in cardiac tissue are potential therapeutic targets in ATTR-CA, as illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f24">Figure 12</xref> , including: 1) liver transplantation; 2) TTR tetramer stabilizers; 3) hepatic TTR synthesis inhibitors; and 4) the degradation and resorption of deposited amyloid fibrils.</p>
          <fig id="f24">
            <label>Figure 12</label>
            <caption>
              <title>The pathophysiological process of amyloid fibril deposition in ATTR and recognized therapeutic targets.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0561-10718-gf12-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <sec>
            <title>8.2.1. Liver Transplantation</title>
            <p>In the past, liver transplantation has been proposed as a treatment for patients with ATTRv-associated polyneuropathy. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B157"><sup>157</sup></xref> Liver transplantation, which removes the source of mutated TTR molecules, is associated with increased survival, with a reported 20-year survival rate of 55.3%. However, TTR deposition may continue after liver transplantation and is associated with heart disease progression, probably because the accumulated amyloid fibrils in the myocardium promote additional deposition of wild-type TTR over time. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B158"><sup>158</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B159"><sup>159</sup></xref> Thus, heart and liver transplantation may be possible and appears to be associated with better prognosis than the transplantation of either organ alone. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B160"><sup>160</sup></xref> Considering the reduced availability of organs and transplant centers, in addition to the risks posed by lifelong immunosuppression, the development of new therapies capable of blocking hepatic TTR synthesis should replace liver transplantation as a means of suppressing TTR production.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>8.2.2. Selective Transthyretin Kinetic Stabilizers</title>
            <sec>
              <title>8.2.2.1. Tafamidis</title>
              <p>Tafamidis is a small molecule that selectively inhibits the dissociation of TTR tetramers by binding to thyroxine binding sites, thereby effectively inhibiting the cascade that results in amyloid fibril formation. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B161"><sup>161</sup></xref> When tested in a phase 3 clinical trial, tafamidis was effectively reduced the progression of neurological manifestations in patients with early-stage ATTRv polyneuropathy. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B162"><sup>162</sup></xref> </p>
              <p>Tafamidis is the only drug to have been specifically tested in CA patients in a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical trial (ATTR-ACT). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B163"><sup>163</sup></xref> This phase 3 trial included 441 patients (18 to 90 years of age) diagnosed with hereditary or wild-type ATTR cardiomyopathy who were characterized by a history of heart failure, interventricular septal thickness &gt; 12 mm on echocardiography, TTR amyloid deposits (confirmed by biopsy or positive bone marker scintigraphy), NT-Pro-BNP &gt; 600 pg/mL, and &gt; 100 meters walked in the 6-minute walk test. The main exclusion criteria were: NYHA functional class IV, AL-CA, and GFR &lt; 25 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>. The patients were randomized to receive tafamidis 80 mg/day, tafamidis 20 mg/day, or placebo in a 2:1:2 proportion. The study&#8217;s primary endpoint was hierarchically assessed all-cause mortality, followed by the frequency of cardiovascular hospitalization over 30 months of follow-up. The main secondary outcomes were change in 6-minute walk test results and quality of life scores according to the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire. The tafamidis 80 and 20 mg groups were merged for the statistical analysis, and the results indicated that these patients (n = 264) had a 30% lower relative risk of all-cause mortality (RR = 0.70 [95% CI: 0 .51-0.96]), 32% fewer cardiovascular hospitalizations (RR = 0.68 [95% CI: 0.56-0.81]), a lower rate of decline in 6-minute walk test results (p &lt; 0.001), and a lower rate of decline in Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire scores (p &lt; 0.001) than the placebo group (n = 177). The Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that tafamidis resulted in lower all-cause mortality, with the curves diverging after approximately 18 months of treatment, a result that agrees with the concept that tafamidis modifies the natural history of the disease. Tafamidis was well tolerated, with a similar incidence of adverse effects in the treatment and placebo groups. In the patient subgroup analysis, tafamidis was associated with lower all-cause mortality than placebo independently of NYHA functional class or ATTR genotype (hereditary or wild-type). However, patients in NYHA functional class III at the time of inclusion who were allocated to the tafamidis group had higher rates of hospitalization than the placebo group, a result likely explained by longer survival during a more severe disease phase. This subgroup analysis demonstrates the need for a trial with a large enough sample size to specifically assess the effect of tafamidis in ATTR patients with more advanced symptoms of heart failure.</p>
              <p>More recently, an open-label extension study of ATTR-ACT found that 80 mg/day of tafamidis resulted in significantly higher survival than 20 mg/day (RR = 0.70 [95%CI: 0.50 - 0.979], p = 0.0374). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B164"><sup>164</sup></xref> </p>
              <p>Based on this evidence, tafamidis 80 mg/day is recommended for patients with ATTRv or ATTRwt, with NYHA I to III HF, without severe renal dysfunction, and who are beginning therapy at the earliest stages of the disease ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t28">Table 12</xref> ). In Brazil, tafamidis 80 mg/day was approved by the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency for treating ATTR-CA.</p>
              <table-wrap id="t28">
                <label>Table 12</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Recommendations for cardiac amyloidosis treatment</title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
                  <colgroup width="33%">
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                  </colgroup>
                  <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                    <tr>
                      <th valign="middle" align="left">Recommendation</th>
                      <th valign="middle" align="center">Recommendation class</th>
                      <th valign="middle" align="center">Level of evidence (references)</th>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <th valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Recommendations for heart failure treatment</th>
                    </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                    <tr>
                      <td valign="middle" align="left">Loop diuretics to control congestive manifestations</td>
                      <td valign="middle" align="center">I</td>
                      <td valign="middle" align="center">C</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td valign="middle" align="left">Avoid substances that cause bradycardia, except in special situations</td>
                      <td valign="middle" align="center">I</td>
                      <td valign="middle" align="center">C</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td valign="middle" align="left">Routine use of HFrEF drugs: beta-blockers, ACEi, ARB, ARNi, SGLT2i, MRA</td>
                      <td valign="middle" align="center">III</td>
                      <td valign="middle" align="center">C</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td valign="middle" align="left">Oral anticoagulation for patients with CA and atrial fibrillation, regardless of the calculated risk of stroke or systemic embolism</td>
                      <td valign="middle" align="center">I</td>
                      <td valign="middle" align="center">C</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td valign="middle" align="left">For patients with a confirmed diagnosis of CA, offer referral to a specialized center</td>
                      <td valign="middle" align="center">I</td>
                      <td valign="middle" align="center">C</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Recommendations for specific ATTR-CA treatment</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td valign="middle" align="left">Tafamidis 80 mg/day for ATTRv or ATTRwt CA with heart failure (NYHA FC I to III) and no severe renal dysfunction in order to reduce mortality, disability progression, and quality-of-life loss</td>
                      <td valign="middle" align="center">I</td>
                      <td valign="middle" align="center">B (ref. 162, 163)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Recommendations for specific AL-CA treatment</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Joint assessment with hematologist in suspected or confirmed AL-CA cases to determine treatment:</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td valign="middle" align="left">Consider HSCT for eligible AL-CA patients, ie, no severe comorbidities, advanced heart disease, or severe renal failure, having no more than two affected organs, and not of advanced age</td>
                      <td valign="middle" align="center">I</td>
                      <td valign="middle" align="center">B (ref. 147, 148, 149)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td valign="middle" align="left">Initiate chemotherapy with anti-cancer medications in AL-CA patients who are ineligible HSCT</td>
                      <td valign="middle" align="center">I</td>
                      <td valign="middle" align="center">A (ref. 139,156)</td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
                <table-wrap-foot>
                  <fn id="TFN22">
                    <p>
                      <italic>ACEi: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARNi Angiotensin&#8211;neprilysin inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin-II receptor blocker; CA: cardiac amyloidosis; FC: functional class; HSCT: hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist.; NYHA: New York Heart Association; SGLT2i: sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor</italic>
                    </p>
                  </fn>
                </table-wrap-foot>
              </table-wrap>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>8.2.2.2. AG10</title>
              <p>AG10 is a selective TTR tetramer stabilizer designed to mimic the structural influence of a super-stabilizing mutation (T119M), which significantly reduces the dissociation rate of tetramers. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B165"><sup>165</sup></xref> This agent was evaluated in a multicenter, phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial that included 49 patients with symptomatic ATTR cardiomyopathy and NYHA functional class II or III. The treatment was well tolerated and resulted in almost complete TTR stabilization. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B166"><sup>166</sup></xref> There is an ongoing phase 3 multicenter clinical trial testing the effects of AG10 in CA patients. (ClinicalTrial.gov &#8211; Identifier: NCT03860935).</p>
            </sec>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>8.2.3. Inhibitors of Hepatic TTR Synthesis</title>
            <p>Therapies based on silencing the expression of genes that encode hepatic TTR production are very promising, including RNA interference (patisiran) and antisense oligonucleotide (inotersen) strategies. Both drugs have been tested in multicenter phase 3 trials in patients with ATTRv polyneuropathy and were shown to be effective in reducing the progression of neurological manifestations. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B167"><sup>167</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B168"><sup>168</sup></xref> Post-hoc analyses of subgroups of CA patients in these studies suggest positive effects on the progression of cardiomyopathy. Both classes of gene expression silencers are currently being tested in multicenter phase 3 trials in ATTR-CA patients (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifiers: NCT03997383 and NCT04136171).</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>8.2.4. Degradation and Resorption of Amyloid Fibrils</title>
            <p>In vitro and experimental studies have shown that certain compounds based on hydrophobic molecules promote the degradation of amyloid tissue deposits, allowing their resorption through the macrophage system. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B169"><sup>169</sup></xref> Experimental studies have found that doxycycline, an antibiotic of the tetracycline family, is one such compound, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B170"><sup>170</sup></xref> having synergistic effects with tauroursodeoxycholic acid. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B171"><sup>171</sup></xref> Although promising in preclinical studies, clinical experience with this approach is limited and has not established its efficacy or provided recommendations for its use.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>9. Heart Failure Syndrome Management</title>
        <p>In addition to specific therapy for amyloidosis, supportive treatment for HF may be necessary. CA initially presents as HFpEF and a restrictive pattern of LV filling, which could lead to disease progression and reduced EF. This pathophysiological mechanism could explain the difficulties in clinical management of CA patients when using HFrEF medications. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Maintaining euvolemia through water restriction and medications is the focus. Loop diuretics, the most frequently used medication, are indicated to reduce pulmonary and systemic congestion, and they may be associated with aldosterone antagonists ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t28">Table 12</xref> ). Using diuretics to achieve euvolemia can be a challenge, since excessive dosage can impair renal function and/or result in low cardiac output due to reduced preload in hearts with already reduced stroke volume. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B172"><sup>172</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B173"><sup>173</sup></xref> Furthermore, in patients with autonomic polyneuropathy, hypotension may impede diuretic use due to unstable preload conditions. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B172"><sup>172</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Regarding HFrEF drugs, there is no scientific evidence that neurohormonal antagonists such as angiotensin II-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, and beta blockers, or even substances recently described as neprilysin inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, and SGLT2 inhibitors, have any effect on CA, and they also involve the risk of hypotension and autonomic dysfunction. In a retrospective, single-center study of 99 CA patients (33% AL-CA and 67% ATTR-CA), Aimo et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B173"><sup>173</sup></xref> observed that an association of angiotensin II-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers and mineralocorticoid antagonists can be used safely and with gradual dose adjustments if there are no contraindications, as well as that tolerance for beta-blockers is lower in AL-CA patients with left or right ventricular dysfunction. Beta-blockers and non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers are usually not well tolerated, because, due to the low ejected systolic volume, cardiac output is maintained through increased heart rate. In addition, non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers should be avoided in in AL-CA patients, since they bind to amyloid fibrils, which can result in advanced blocks and cardiogenic shock. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B172"><sup>172</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B173"><sup>173</sup></xref> </p>
        <sec>
          <title>9.1. Arrhythmia Management</title>
          <p>Arrhythmias are very common in CA patients and are usually symptomatic and poorly tolerated. Arrhythmia assessment in this population should involve three different situations: atrial arrhythmias, ventricular arrhythmias, and conduction system disease.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>9.1.1. Atrial Arrhythmia and Anticoagulants</title>
            <p>Amyloid deposition leads to atrial thickening, including changes in atrial relaxation and increased intracavitary pressure, which produces atrial dilatation that, in association with atrial fibrosis, predisposes patients to atrial fibrillation (AF) or other atrial arrhythmias. The prevalence of AF in CA patients can range from 11% to 71%, being even higher in ATTR-CA, possibly because it affects older men. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B174"><sup>174</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B175"><sup>175</sup></xref> </p>
            <p>Managing AF in these patients is generally difficult, since they usually cannot tolerate drugs such as beta-blockers, non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers or digitalis due to the fact that they cause postural hypotension and HF decompensation. Given the need for these medications, it is advisable to use low doses with careful hemodynamic monitoring, in addition to serum level control, if digoxin is used. Regarding rhythm control, a retrospective analysis found no difference in survival between patients who received antiarrhythmic drugs and those treated with frequency control alone. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B176"><sup>176</sup></xref> Recent data suggest that catheter ablation may be associated with lower mortality in CA patients, especially when performed early. However, these data are from small retrospective observational studies that also had a high rate of AF recurrence. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B177"><sup>177</sup></xref> </p>
            <p>Finally, the reduced contractility caused by amyloid infiltration in atrial tissue may also contribute to thrombus formation. Autopsy studies have found that up to 33% CA patients have intracavitary thrombi, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B178"><sup>178</sup></xref> while retrospective studies have found a prevalence of 15 to 33%. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179"><sup>179</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B180"><sup>180</sup></xref> Therefore, anticoagulation is indicated in CA patients who develop AF, regardless of risk score calculations ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t28">Table 12</xref> ). In addition, left atrial thrombus has been described in up to 30% of patients who underwent transesophageal echocardiography prior to a planned electrical cardioversion, even with adequate anticoagulation. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B181"><sup>181</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B182"><sup>182</sup></xref> Thus, a transesophageal echocardiogram is recommended for every electrical cardioversion candidate. The role of anticoagulation in patients in sinus rhythm is still uncertain. However, even in sinus rhythm, changes in atrial contractility are common and are associated with atrial thrombus formation, especially in AL-CA patients. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B180"><sup>180</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B182"><sup>182</sup></xref> </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>9.1.2. Ventricular Arrhythmias</title>
            <p>Ventricular arrhythmias are frequent in CA patients, especially AL-CA. Previous studies have detected complex ventricular arrhythmias in at least 50% of AL-CA patients, in whom non-sustained ventricular tachycardia was the most frequent arrhythmia and was associated with lower survival. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B183"><sup>183</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B184"><sup>184</sup></xref> </p>
            <p>In this context, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD) may have a role in preventing sudden death in CA patients. ICD may benefit patients with unstable ventricular tachycardia or who have survived cardiac arrest without a reversible cause and a life expectancy &gt; 1 year with significant quality. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B185"><sup>185</sup></xref> <sup>&#8211;</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B187"><sup>187</sup></xref> </p>
            <p>However, recommending ICD as primary prevention is difficult for a number of reasons. The first is that most causes of sudden death are related to electromechanical dissociation and not ventricular arrhythmias. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B188"><sup>188</sup></xref> The second reason is the historically low life expectancy of CA patients, especially those with AL-CA. Finally, traditional risk stratification tools, such as reduced EF, do not really seem applicable to CA patients, since severe systolic dysfunction is associated with the late stages of the disease, in which pump failure predominates as the cause of death. The challenge is, therefore, to identify at-risk patients in the early stage of the disease when arrhythmia predominates and can potentially be corrected with ICD. Prospective studies are necessary to determine when ICD can be beneficial in CA patients. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B189"><sup>189</sup></xref> </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>9.2. Conduction Disorders</title>
          <p>Conduction-system disease is highly prevalent among CA patients, with atrioventricular conduction being more commonly affected than the sinus node. The involved pathophysiology has not yet been fully defined, although small studies have suggested that the amyloid protein conduction system is involved. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B190"><sup>190</sup></xref> There is evidence that these changes are the cause of death in a considerable number of CA patients, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B191"><sup>191</sup></xref> for whom pacemakers are often indicated, especially ATTR-CA patients. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B178"><sup>178</sup></xref> In a Columbian cohort, a pacemaker was indicated in 43% of ATTRwt patients and 36% of ATTRv patients. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B192"><sup>192</sup></xref> Pacemaker use in this population should follow traditional implantation recommendations. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B193"><sup>193</sup></xref> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>9.3. Therapeutic Options in Advanced Heart Failure</title>
          <p>In advanced HF associated with CA, advanced support strategies, such as mechanical circulatory assistance and transplantation, present challenges, especially since it is a multisystem disease. Moreover, due to the reduced size of the left ventricular cavity and the frequent involvement of the right ventricle, the use of long-term mechanical circulatory assistance devices may be limited. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B193"><sup>193</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B194"><sup>194</sup></xref> Although heart transplantation has historically had a lower survival curve in CA, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B191"><sup>191</sup></xref> the most recent results indicate that it is similar to other etiologies. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B195"><sup>195</sup></xref> This change is related to better patient selection and specific strategies, such as double transplantation for ATTRv patients and heart transplantation prior to bone marrow transplantation in AL-CA. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B196"><sup>196</sup></xref> </p>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t28">Table 12</xref> summarizes the recommendations for CA treatment.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>10. Centers of Excellence/Reference and New Treatment Remuneration Models</title>
        <p>Access to care and a sustained commitment to improving care quality are fundamental for achieving excellent results, which are critical for complex diseases such as CA. Developing a course of care that provides the right care at the right time for CA requires the involvement of public and private health care managers, health professionals, and everyone involved in the care of these patients.</p>
        <p>CA, particularly AL-CA, must be approached with a view to rapid diagnosis, and multidisciplinary teams with proven experience and clinical protocols based on the best scientific evidence must be available. In addition, comprehensive care and the monitoring and publishing of care results should be promoted. An integrated and collaborative practice model should be observed at these reference centers, with a telemedicine structure to support diagnosis at more distant centers, patient monitoring, and clinical research, which is the basis for emerging therapies. Such initiatives have been undertaken at a number of centers worldwide, including some in Brazil. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B187"><sup>187</sup></xref> <sup>&#8211;</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B199"><sup>199</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Additionally, such reference centers should contribute to a National Registry of Cardiac Amyloidosis, allowing better insight into regional epidemiology and care quality, in addition to measuring patient-centered clinical outcomes and contributing to new public policies.</p>
        <p>New financing models for high-cost rare disease treatments have been discussed, tested in pharmacoeconomic studies, and implemented around the world. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B200"><sup>200</sup></xref> A risk-sharing strategy for pharmaceutical companies, funders, and healthcare providers must involve clinical research, being based on outcome assessment and the impact of clinical protocols. This new paradigm is under development in Brazil for rare diseases, and it can be used for CA. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B201"><sup>201</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B202"><sup>202</sup></xref> Ensuring the sustainability of the health system and access to excellent treatment for CA patients will increasingly involve the Brazilian Society of Cardiology and its scientific departments/study groups. The Society is promoting debate on good care practices in all of these critical dimensions in order to build a health system that focuses on patient needs and fights waste.</p>
        <p>An assessment of new treatments for rare diseases by the National Commission for Technological Incorporation in the Unified Health System (CONITEC) indicated that approximately 52% of the evaluated medicines have already been incorporated. In our vision were are building a new, technologically-based scenario developed through robust data with the support of clinical protocols and reference centers that can replace the current model, where access is sought through judicialization, which has a heavy impact on the federal budget. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B197"><sup>197</sup></xref> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>11. Knowledge Gaps and Future Perspectives</title>
        <p>Despite recent advances in CA research, there are still numerous knowledge gaps to be filled regarding this complex and multifaceted disease. Both the diagnosis and treatment of amyloidosis are evolving, which is exemplified by the 638 studies registered in the clinicaltrials.gov site that have recently been completed or are in progress.</p>
        <p>Current cardiovascular imaging for CA diagnosis involves cardiac scintigraphy with bone-seeking radiotracers, such as<sup>99m</sup>Tc-pyrophosphate, which allows molecular images of amyloid fibril deposition in the myocardium. Although not yet available in Brazil, another promising technique is PET imaging with <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> F-Florbetapir in peripheral nerves and/or other extracardiac sites. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B203"><sup>203</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B204"><sup>204</sup></xref> Elastography, ultrasound, and CMR are also being used to assess the degree of myocardial fibrosis and may be additional and promising tools to aid in diagnosis and prognosis.</p>
        <p>Recent studies have focused on transcriptome analysis, seeking differences in expression between healthy and sick individuals by means of molecular analysis and integrative genomics. The transcriptome of AL-CA patients is similar to that of patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Furthermore, the level of circulating microRNA, which is known to correlate with cardiac damage, is increased in AL patients. Through principal component analysis, highly overlapping phenotypic profiles have been found between AL, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, and multiple myeloma. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B205"><sup>205</sup></xref> <sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B206"><sup>206</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>Additionally, using artificial intelligence to analyze data in medical databases is a promising strategy for identifying individuals with warning signs. This strategy could lead to earlier CA diagnosis and reduce treatment delay.</p>
        <p>New therapies specifically for ATTR-CA are under intense investigation. TTR gene silencing therapies that have been found effective for hereditary amyloid polyneuropathy are currently being tested in ATTR-CA patients in large multicenter studies. The APOLLO-B study is testing the RNA interference agent patisiran (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03997383). The CARDIO-TTRansform clinical trial is testing antisense oligonucleotide technology in a new second-generation drug, AKCEA-TTR-LRx (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04136171).</p>
        <p>Since amyloid deposition has arrhythmogenic potential and can damage the conduction system, implantable devices such as pacemakers or defibrillators are frequently used to reduce mortality and increase survival in this population. On the other hand, individuals with CA and atrial fibrillation or flutter are at high risk for cardioembolic events, and treatment with anticoagulants has been recommended. Although there is a pathophysiological rationale for using these interventions in CA patients, they must still be tested in appropriate clinical trials, and this is an important area for future clinical investigation. In addition, heart transplantation has proven to be a safe strategy in these patients, although artificial ventricles and combined therapies must still be assessed in clinical trials.</p>
        <p>To define the best treatment options and combinations for this disease, we must wait for the results of studies that are testing different interventions and specific therapies, bearing in mind that: 1) we are not fully aware of the details of the disease&#8217;s pathophysiology; 2) we lack a broad understanding of how medications work in this disease; 3) we still do not have an accurate, detailed and long-term assessment of the risks and benefits of different treatments; 4) and we also do not know the dose-response relationship of different medications for this clinical scenario.</p>
        <p>Thus, we believe that the following basic steps are relevant and should be implemented:</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>Creating new centers of reference/excellence in CA.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Training professionals in early CA recognition and referral to specialized centers.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Promoting the development of a National Registry of Cardiac Amyloidosis.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Discussing the safety and care quality challenges involved in the journey of CA patients.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Discussing new remuneration and care models for CA.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Encouraging clinical research on CA in Brazil.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Development:</bold>
          </p>
          <p>The Brazilian Society of Cardiology's Department of Heart Failure (Departamento de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca &#8211; DEIC) and the Study Group on Cardiomyopathies (Grupo de Estudos em Miocardiopatias &#8211; GEMIC) of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia &#8211; SBC)</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <p>
            <bold>Norms and Guidelines Council (2020-2021):</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Antonio Carlos Sobral Sousa, Aurora Felice de Castro Issa, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Harry Corr&#234;a Filho, Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <p>
            <bold>Norms and Guidelines Coordinator (2020-2021):</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Brivaldo Markman Filho</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn9">
          <p>
            <bold>How to cite this statement:</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Sim&#245;es MV, et al. Posicionamento sobre Diagn&#243;stico e Tratamento da Amiloidose Card&#237;aca &#8211; 2021. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 117(3):561-598</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn10">
          <p>
            <bold>Note:</bold>
          </p>
          <p>These statements are intended to support, not replace, the clinical judgment of physicians who, ultimately, must determine the appropriate treatment for their patients.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Erratum</bold>
          </p>
          <p>
            <bold>September 2021 Issue, vol. 117 (3), pages 561-598</bold>
          </p>
          <p>In &#8220;Position Statement on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiac Amyloidosis &#8211; 2021&#8221;, com n&#250;mero de DOI: https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20210718, published in the Journal Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 117(3):561-598, on page 561, author Fl&#225;vio Henrique Valicelli, institution number 1, after the author Carlos Eduardo Rochitte was included. On page 564, the conflict of interest was included: &#8220;Nothing to be declared&#8221;, under the name Fernando Bacal.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
