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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">5wYTJRW8sSwqrF4wVFvS7KM</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001100554</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20201040</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201040</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Redu&#231;&#227;o na Biodisponibilidade Sist&#234;mica de &#211;xido N&#237;trico Concomitante &#224; Disfun&#231;&#227;o Endotelial Microvascular durante o Bypass Cardiopulmonar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ugenti</surname>
            <given-names>Viviana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Romano</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Catarina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8522-6612</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lorenzo</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea De</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-3406-9300</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tibirica</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia,<sup>1</sup> Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Eduardo Tibirica &#8226;</bold> Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia - Rua da Laranjeiras, 374. CEP <postal-code>22240-006</postal-code>, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>etibi@uol.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Ugenti V, Romano AC, De Lorenzo A, Tibirica E; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Ugenti V, Romano AC; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Ugenti V, Tibirica E; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Tibirica E; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Ugenti V, De Lorenzo A, Tibirica E.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>554</fpage>
      <lpage>557</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Fluxometria por Laser-Doppler</kwd>
        <kwd>&#211;xido N&#237;trico</kwd>
        <kwd>Ponte Cardiopulmonar</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="14"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O bypass cardiopulmonar (BCP) &#233; atualmente realizado em lactentes e rec&#233;m-nascidos para corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas (CCs).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> O procedimento exp&#245;e o corpo a condi&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o fisiol&#243;gicas extremas, que iniciam uma resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica acompanhada por disfun&#231;&#227;o vasomotora, e podem levar &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o m&#250;ltipla de &#243;rg&#227;os.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, o BCP est&#225; relacionado &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o e les&#227;o de c&#233;lulas endoteliais, que se est&#225; associada &#224; resposta inflamat&#243;ria global, desencadeamento do sistema de coagula&#231;&#227;o e subsequente disfun&#231;&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;os, n&#227;o somente em pacientes adultos, mas particularmente em lactentes e rec&#233;m-nascidos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
      <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular sist&#234;mica durante o BCP resulta em fluxo sangu&#237;neo, perfus&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;os, e oxigena&#231;&#227;o tecidual inadequados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> N&#243;s mostramos, utilizando monitoramento de perfus&#227;o por laser Doppler (LDPM, do ingl&#234;s laser Doppler perfusion monitoring), que consiste em um m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo acoplado com aquecimento local da pele, que o leito microcirculat&#243;rio da pele da testa &#233; um modelo apropriado para o estudo da reatividade microvascular e perfus&#227;o tecidual na cirurgia cardiovascular com BCP em adultos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> De fato, a hiperemia t&#233;rmica local (HTL) &#233; um m&#233;todo &#250;til na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial microvascular sist&#234;mica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, utilizando LDPM, demonstramos a ocorr&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular e hipoperfus&#227;o durante o BCP na corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita em lactentes e crian&#231;as, apesar de par&#226;metros macrohemodin&#226;micos adequados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> O descompasso entre a microcircula&#231;&#227;o e a macrocircula&#231;&#227;o em pacientes graves com choque s&#233;ptico ou cardiog&#234;nico, o que pode prejudicar o manejo cl&#237;nico adequado desses pacientes, tem estimulado a busca por novos m&#233;todos para monitorar a perfus&#227;o da microcircula&#231;&#227;o em unidades de terapia intensiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Vale ressaltar que a libera&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO) a partir do &#243;xido n&#237;trico-sintase endotelial (eNOS) est&#225; reduzida durante o BCP em pacientes adultos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> O NO &#233; um potente vasodilatador derivado do endot&#233;lio, e sua deple&#231;&#227;o durante BCP sob fluxo n&#227;o puls&#225;til pode levar &#224; vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o, e consequentemente &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o na perfus&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;os. NO<sub>x</sub> (NO<sub>2</sub><sup>&#8211;</sup> / NO<sub>3</sub><sup>&#8211;</sup>) plasm&#225;ticos, metab&#243;litos est&#225;veis do NO, t&#234;m sido usados como marcadores da biodisponibilidade de NO sist&#234;mico, uma vez que seus n&#237;veis refletem mudan&#231;as na atividade de eNOS em humanos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar se uma redu&#231;&#227;o na biodisponibilidade sist&#234;mica de NO est&#225; associada com disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular dependente do endot&#233;lio em lactentes e crian&#231;as, durante cirurgia card&#237;aca com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea para corre&#231;&#227;o de CC acian&#243;tica.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este estudo observacional longitudinal incluiu 47 pacientes pedi&#225;tricos consecutivos com CCs acian&#243;ticas, com idade entre um m&#234;s e nove anos, submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca corretiva em um hospital p&#250;blico terci&#225;rio no Brasil. O estudo foi conduzido de acordo com a declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki, e foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o. Os pais ou os respons&#225;veis legais pelos participantes do estudo assinaram um termo de consentimento. Os procedimentos anest&#233;sicos ocorreram sob BCP, com hipotermia leve a moderada (32-34&#176; C). A press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia foi mantida entre 45 e 60mmHg.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do fluxo e reatividade microvascular</title>
        <p>A reatividade microvascular da pele foi avaliada usando um sistema de LDPM (Periflux 5001, Perimed, J&#228;rf&#228;lla, Su&#233;cia), que mede, em um &#250;nico ponto, o fluxo microvascular utilizando uma sonda laser para aquecimento (PF 457, Perimed). Mudan&#231;as na perfus&#227;o microvascular foram registradas em Unidades Arbitr&#225;rias (UA = 10mV). A sonda foi posicionada na testa no in&#237;cio dos procedimentos anest&#233;sicos e o fluxo microvascular basal medido durante 20 minutos de aquecimento local da sonda laser a 42oC (HTL). A vasodilata&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima foi expressa em Condut&#226;ncia Vascular Cut&#226;nea, calculada como a raz&#227;o entre fluxo microvascular, em UA, e a press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (UA/mmHg). Os valores m&#233;dios de fluxo microvascular (em UA) antes e durante o BCP foram usados nos c&#225;lculos. Ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o basal, a resposta microvascular &#224; HTL tamb&#233;m foi registrada ap&#243;s indu&#231;&#227;o da anestesia geral e 15 minutos ap&#243;s in&#237;cio do BCP.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da biodisponibilidade sist&#234;mica do NO</title>
        <p>A biodisponibilidade sist&#234;mica do NO foi avaliada utilizando concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de NOx (NO2- / NO3-), que foram usadas como um &#237;ndice de forma&#231;&#227;o de NO in vivo. As concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de NOx foram determinadas ap&#243;s indu&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica e imediatamente ap&#243;s conclus&#227;o de BCP usando um teste colorim&#233;trico (Cayman Chemical Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan, EUA) com sensibilidade de 2,5&#956;M, e um coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o intraensaio de 2,7%. Cada amostra de plasma foi medida em duplicata.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os resultados foram apresentados como medianas (intervalo interquartil). O teste de Shapiro-Wilk foi usado para testar a normalidade dos dados. Os resultados foram analisados com teste dos postos sinalizados de Wilcoxon bicaudal para amostras pareadas, usando o programa GraphPad Prism 7.0 (GraphPad Software INC., San Diego, California, EUA). Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo e os par&#226;metros cir&#250;rgicos est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. Os valores m&#233;dios de press&#227;o arterial foram 58,4 &#177; 11,5 mmHg antes do BCP e 50,9 &#177; 8,4 mmHg durante o BCP (p=0,01). Antes do BCP, os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de NOx foram 51,4 (24,2-75,8) &#181;M, os quais foram reduzidos significativamente para 45,1 (31,0-66,5) &#181;M ap&#243;s BCP (p=0,03; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1A</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e dados cir&#250;rgicos dos pacientes (n=47)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="49%">
            <col width="1%"/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Par&#226;metros</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Sexo masculino n (%)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">19 (40,4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2">Idade (meses)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">16 (9 - 54)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2">Peso (Kg)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">8 (6 - 16)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2">Tempo de BCP (min)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">85 (75 - 105)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2">Temperatura durante o BCP (&#176;C)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">32 (32-33)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2">Taxa de fluxo da bomba (mL/Kg/min)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">150 (120 - 150)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2">Tempo de clampeamento a&#243;rtico (min)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">67 &#177; 28</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2">
                <bold>Tipo de cardiopatia n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Defeito do septo atrial</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">3 (6,4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2">Defeito do septo ventricular</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">16 (34)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Canal atrioventricular (parcial ou total)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">15 (32)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Interrup&#231;&#227;o do arco a&#243;rtico</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">1 (2,1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Truncus arteriosus</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">1 (2,1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2">Les&#245;es mistas</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">11 (23,4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2">
                <bold>Escore RACHS-1 n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2">Categoria de risco 1</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">3 (6,4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2">Categoria de risco 2</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">21 (44,7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2">Categoria de risco 3</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">21 (44,7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2">Categoria de risco 4</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">2 (4,2)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Dados apresentados em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou medianas (percentis 25 - 75) para valores que n&#227;o apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o gaussiana (teste de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk); BCP: bypass cardiopulmonar; RACHS-1: escore de risco ajustado para cirurgia de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>(A) Concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas totais de NO<sub>x</sub> (NO<sub>2</sub><sup>&#8211;</sup> / NO<sub>3</sub><sup>&#8211;</sup>) antes do bypass cardiopulmonar (BCP) (pr&#233;-BCP) e ap&#243;s o BCP (p&#243;s-BCP). (B) picos de resposta de vasodilata&#231;&#227;o microvascular da pele induzida por hiperemia t&#233;rmica local, expressa por condut&#226;ncia vascular cut&#226;nea [unidades arbitr&#225;rias (UA)/press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (mmHg)] antes do BCP (pr&#233;-BCP) e 15 minutos ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do BCP. (C) &#193;rea sob a curva das respostas vasodilatadoras induzidas por hiperemia t&#233;rmica local antes do BCP (pr&#233;-BCP) e 15 minutos ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do BCP. Valores expressos em diagrama de caixa e limites inferior e superior, em que a linha central representa o valor mediano, a caixa cont&#233;m os percentis 25 e 75 do conjunto de dados. Resultados analisados pelo teste dos postos sinalizados de Wilcoxon para amostras pareadas.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0554-01040-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>N&#227;o houve mudan&#231;a significativa na condut&#226;ncia microvascular basal mediana antes do BCP [0,47 (0,35-0,64) APU/mmHg] e durante do BCP (p=0,85). Por outro lado, o aumento dependente do endot&#233;lio na condut&#226;ncia microvascular, induzido pela hiperemia t&#233;rmica, foi reduzido durante o BCP em compara&#231;&#227;o aos valores obtidos antes do BCP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1B</xref>). Os valores absolutos m&#225;ximos da condut&#226;ncia microvascular durante a HTL antes do BCP [1,97 (1,04-3,89) UA/mmHg] foram significativamente reduzidos para [0,74 (0,54-1,32) UA/mmHg] durante o CBP (p&lt;0,0001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1B</xref>). Ainda, observou-se uma importante redu&#231;&#227;o nos aumentos na porcentagem de condut&#226;ncia microvascular induzidos por HTL, de [313 (171-604) %] antes do BCP para [74 (8-156) %] durante o BCP (p&lt;0,0001). A &#225;rea sob a curva (AUC) da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o microvascular induzida por HTL mostrou um padr&#227;o similar de resposta. Valores m&#225;ximos de aumento na AUC induzido por HTL antes do BCP [155 552 (75 323-313 040) UA/mmHg/s] foram significativamente reduzidos para [64 676 (38 753-101 423) UA/mmHg/s] durante o CBP (p&lt;0,0001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1C</xref>).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O NO tem um papel chave na regula&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e inflama&#231;&#227;o microvascular.11 O BCP induz uma resposta inflamat&#243;ria generalizada, induzida, ao menos em parte, pela les&#227;o de isquemia/reperfus&#227;o, a qual contribui para disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e d&#233;bito card&#237;aco reduzido, e est&#225; relacionada ao metabolismo do NO, entre outros mecanismos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> O presente estudo mostra uma redu&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de NO durante o BCP em crian&#231;as, concomitante &#224; evidente disfun&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular. Tal fato destaca evid&#234;ncias pr&#233;vias de redu&#231;&#227;o de NO durante cirurgia card&#237;aca,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> o que tem motivado o desenvolvimento de estudos usando administra&#231;&#227;o de NO para reduzir a inflama&#231;&#227;o induzida por bypass em crian&#231;as submetidas &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> Portanto, dados deste estudo possivelmente corroboram o monitoramento da microcircula&#231;&#227;o durante o BCP, com interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas direcionadas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial microvascular durante o BCP na cirurgia card&#237;aca para a corre&#231;&#227;o de CCs parece estar relacionada a uma biodisponibilidade sist&#234;mica reduzida de NO, resultante de uma resposta inflamat&#243;ria e pr&#243;-oxidativa t&#237;pica desse procedimento cir&#250;rgico.</p>
      <p>Importante mencionar que nosso estudo teve um delineamento experimental transversal e, portanto, a reatividade da microcircula&#231;&#227;o na nossa popula&#231;&#227;o foi avaliada sem nenhuma interven&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, considerando que nossos resultados apontaram para a exist&#234;ncia de uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre BCP e deple&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica de NO em lactentes e crian&#231;as, pretendemos estender nosso estudo cl&#237;nico com interven&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas &#8211; tais como nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio, uma droga doadora de NO &#8211; usadas para otimizar a microcircula&#231;&#227;o durante o BCP, para investigar seus supostos efeitos ben&#233;ficos sobre as mudan&#231;as na microcircula&#231;&#227;o. Por hora, o LDPM refletiu mudan&#231;as na perfus&#227;o e na reatividade microvascular que se correlacionaram bem com altera&#231;&#245;es nos perfis do fluxo, press&#227;o de perfus&#227;o e disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, induzidos por uma s&#237;ndrome de resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica.</p>
      <p>Por fim, n&#243;s sugerimos que o uso de monitoramento da microcircula&#231;&#227;o durante a cirurgia card&#237;aca, com implementa&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis relacionadas &#224; microcircula&#231;&#227;o/perfus&#227;o tecidual na pr&#225;tica de rotina durante o BCP, junto com interven&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica adequada na microcircula&#231;&#227;o, tem o potencial de melhorar desfechos na cirurgia card&#237;aca pedi&#225;trica.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por FAPERJ e CNPq.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Viviana Ugenti pelo Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 26613714.3.0000.5272. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>14. Checchia PA, Bronicki RA, Muenzer JT, Dixon D, Raithel S, Gandhi SK, et al. Nitric Oxide Delivery during Cardiopulmonary Bypass Reduces Postoperative Morbidity in Children--A Randomized Trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2013;146(3):530-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2012.09.100.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Reduced Systemic Nitric Oxide Bioavailability Parallels Microvascular Endothelial Dysfunction during Cardiopulmonary Bypass</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ugenti</surname>
            <given-names>Viviana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Romano</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Catarina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8522-6612</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lorenzo</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea De</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-3406-9300</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tibirica</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia,<sup>1</sup> Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Eduardo Tibirica &#8226;</bold> Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia - Rua da Laranjeiras, 374. Postal Code <postal-code>22240-006</postal-code>, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>etibi@uol.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Ugenti V, Romano AC, De Lorenzo A, Tibirica E; Acquisition of data: Ugenti V, Romano AC; Statistical analysis: Ugenti V, Tibirica E; Obtaining financing: Tibirica E; Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Ugenti V, De Lorenzo A, Tibirica E</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Laser-Doppler Flowmetry</kwd>
        <kwd>Nitric Oxide</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiopulmonary Bypass</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is currently performed in infants and newborns for surgical correction of congenital heart diseases (CHDs).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> CPB exposes the body to extreme, nonphysiologic conditions that initiate a systemic inflammatory response accompanied by vasomotor dysfunction, and can lead to multiple organ dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Additionally, CPB has been linked to activation and injury of endothelial cells, which is associated with global inflammatory response, triggering of the coagulation system and subsequent organ dysfunction, not only in adult patients, but particularly in infants and newborns.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Systemic microvascular dysfunction during CPB results in inadequate blood flow, organ perfusion and oxygen delivery to the tissues.<sup>4</sup> We have shown, using laser Doppler perfusion monitoring (LDPM) (a non-invasive method coupled with local heating of the skin), that the microcirculatory bed of the skin of the forehead is an appropriate model for the study of microvascular reactivity and tissue perfusion in cardiovascular surgery with CPB in adults.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Actually, local thermal hyperemia (LTH) is a useful method in the evaluation of systemic microvascular endothelial function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> In addition, using LDPM, we demonstrated that microvascular dysfunction and hypoperfusion occur during CPB in surgical correction of congenital heart disease in infants and children, despite adequate macrohemodynamic parameters.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> The mismatch between macro- and microcirculation in severely ill patients with septic or cardiogenic shock, which can be misleading to an adequate clinical management of these patients, has also stimulated the search for new methods to monitor microcirculatory perfusion in the intensive care units.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Of note, the release of nitric oxide (NO) from the constitutive endothelial isoform of nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is reduced during CPB in adult patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> NO is a potent endothelium-derived endogenous vasodilator, and its depletion during CPB under non-pulsatile flow can lead to vasoconstriction, and consequently reduced organ perfusion. Plasma NO<sub>x</sub> (NO<sub>2</sub><sup>&#8211;</sup> / NO<sub>3</sub><sup>&#8211;</sup>), steady metabolites of NO, which have been used as markers of systemic NO bioavailability, as their levels reflect changes in eNOS activity in humans.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether a reduction of NO systemic bioavailability is associated with endothelial-dependent microvascular dysfunction in infants and children, during on-pump cardiac surgery for the correction of acyanotic CHD.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This longitudinal observational study included 47 consecutive pediatric patients with acyanotic heart defects, aged between 1 month and 9 years, undergoing corrective cardiac surgery at a tertiary public Brazilian hospital. The study was undertaken according to the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the ethics committee of the institution. Parents or legal tutors of the study participants gave written informed consent. The anesthetic procedures occurred under CPB, with mild to moderate hypothermia (32-34&#176; C). Mean arterial pressure was kept between 45-60 mmHg.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Assessment of microvascular flow and reactivity</title>
          <p>Skin microvascular reactivity was evaluated using a single-point LDPM system (Periflux 5001, Perimed, J&#228;rf&#228;lla, Sweden), which measures microvascular flow using a heating laser probe (PF 457, Perimed). The microvascular perfusion changes were registered in arbitrary perfusion units (APU=10 mV). The probe was positioned on the forehead at the beginning of the anesthetic procedures, and baseline microvascular flow was measured during 20 minutes of local heating of the laser probe to 42 &#176;C (LTH). The maximal vasodilation was expressed as cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC), calculated as the ratio of the microvascular flow, in APU, to the mean arterial pressure (APU/mmHg). Mean of values of microvascular flow (in APU) before and during CPB were used in the calculations. After the baseline evaluation, the microvascular response to LTH was also recorded after induction of general anesthesia and 15 minutes after the beginning of CPB.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Evaluation of systemic bioavailability of NO</title>
          <p>Systemic nitric oxide bioavailability was evaluated using plasma NOx (NO<sub>2</sub><sup>&#8211;</sup> / NO<sub>3</sub><sup>&#8211;</sup>) concentrations, which have been used as an index of in vivo NO formation. Total plasma NOx concentrations were determined after induction of anesthesia and immediately after conclusion of CPB using a colorimetric assay (Cayman Chemical Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA) with a 2.5 &#956;M sensitivity and a 2.7% intra-assay coefficient of variation. Each plasma sample was measured in duplicate.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Results are presented as medians (interquartile range). Shapiro-Wilk was used to test the normality of the data. Results were analyzed with two-tailed Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test using GraphPad Prism 7.0 software (GraphPad Software INC., San Diego, California, USA). A p-value &lt; 0.05 defined statistical significance.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Baseline clinical characteristics of the patients included in the study and the surgical parameters are depicted in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>. Mean arterial pressure values were 58.4 &#177; 11.5 mmHg before and 50.9 &#177; 8.4 mmHg during CPB (p=0.01).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Clinical characteristics and surgical data of patients (n=47)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="49%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Parameters</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Male gender n (%)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">19 (40.4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2">Age (months)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">16 (9 - 54)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2">Weight (Kg)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">8 (6 - 16)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2">CPB time (min)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">85 (75 - 105)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2">Temperature during CPB (&#176;C)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">32 (32-33)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2">Pump flow rate (mL/Kg/min)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">150 (120 - 150)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2">Aortic cross-clamping time (min)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">67 &#177; 28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Type of cardiopathy n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Atrial septal defect</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">3 (6.4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2">Ventricular septal defect</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">16 (34)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Atrioventricular canal (partial or total)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">15 (32)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Aortic arch interruption</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">1 (2.1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Truncus arteriosus</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">1 (2.1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2">Mixed lesions</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">11 (23.4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2">
                  <bold>RACHS-1 score n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2">Risk category 1</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">3 (6.4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2">Risk category 2</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">21 (44.7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2">Risk category 3</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">21 (44.7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2">Risk category 4</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">2 (4.2)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Dados apresentados em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou medianas (percentis 25 - 75) para valores que n&#227;o apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o gaussiana (teste de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk); BCP: bypass cardiopulmonar; RACHS-1: escore de risco ajustado para cirurgia de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Before CPB, patients' plasma NOx levels were 51.4 (24.2-75.8) &#181;M, which were significantly reduced to 45.1 (31.0-66.5) &#181;M after CPB (p=0.03; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1A</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>(A) Total plasma levels of NO<sub>x</sub> (NO<sub>2</sub><sup>&#8211;</sup> / NO<sub>3</sub><sup>&#8211;</sup>) before (PRE-CPB) and after the termination of cardiopulmonary bypass (POST-CPB). (B) Peak values of skin microvascular vasodilator responses induced by local thermal hyperemia, expressed as cutaneous vascular conductance [arbitrary perfusion units (APU)/mean arterial pressure (mmHg)] before (PRE-CPB) and 15 minutes after the beginning of CPB. (C) Area under the curve of vasodilator responses induced by local thermal hyperemia before (PRE-CPB) and 15 minutes after the beginning of CPB. Values are expressed as box and whisker plots where the center line denotes the median value, the box contains the 25<sup>th</sup> to 75<sup>th</sup> percentiles of dataset and whiskers mark the maximum and minimum values. Results were analyzed using the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0554-01040-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Median baseline microvascular conductance before CPB [0.47 (0.35-0.64) APU/mmHg] did not change significantly [0.48 (0.28-0.66) APU/mmHg] during CPB (p=0.85). On the other hand, the endothelial-dependent increase in microvascular conductance, induced by thermal hyperemia, was significantly blunted during CPB, when compared to values obtained before CPB (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1B</xref>). Maximum absolute values of microvascular conductance during LTH before CPB [1.97 (1.04-3.89) APU/mmHg], were markedly reduced to [0.74 (0.54-1.32) APU/mmHg] during CPB (p&lt;0.0001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1B</xref>). Percentage increases of microvascular conductance induced by LTH were also markedly reduced, from [313 (171-604) %] before CPB to [74 (8-156) %] during CPB (p&lt;0.0001). The area under the curve (AUC) of microvascular vasodilation induced by LTH showed a similar pattern of response. Maximum increases in AUC induced by LTH before CPB [155,552 (75,323-313,040) APU/mmHg/s] were significantly reduced to [64,676 (38,753-101,423) APU/mmHg/s] during CPB (p&lt;0.0001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1C</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>NO has a key role in the regulation of endothelial function and microvascular inflammation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> CPB induces a generalized inflammatory response, triggered at least in part by ischemia&#8211;reperfusion injury, which contributes to myocardial dysfunction and reduced cardiac output, and is related to NO metabolism, among other mechanisms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> The current study shows a reduction of NO during CPB in children, which parallels the objective evidence of microvascular dysfunction. This underscores prior evidence of NO reduction during cardiac surgery,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> what has led to studies using NO administration to reduce bypass-induced inflammation in children undergoing cardiac surgery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> Therefore, data from this study may support the use of microcirculatory monitoring during CPB, with guided therapeutic interventions.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>The impairment of microvascular endothelial function during CPB in cardiac surgery for the correction of congenital heart defects appears to be related to a reduced systemic bioavailability of NO, resulting from the inflammatory and pro-oxidative response typical of this surgical procedure.</p>
        <p>It is important to note that our study had a cross-sectional experimental design; thus, microcirculatory reactivity in our population was evaluated without any intervention. Nevertheless, considering that our results pointed out to the existence of an association between CPB and systemic NO depletion in infants and children, we intend to extend our clinical research with drug interventions - such as sodium nitroprusside, a NO donor drug - utilized for optimizing microcirculation during CPB, to investigate their putative beneficial effects on microcirculatory alterations. For the moment, LDPM reflected changes in microvascular perfusion and reactivity that correlated well with shifts in flow patterns, perfusion pressure and endothelial dysfunction, triggered by the systemic inflammatory response syndrome.</p>
        <p>Finally, we suggest that the use of microcirculatory monitoring during cardiac surgery, with the implementation of microcirculatory/tissue perfusion variables in routine care during CPB, together with appropriate therapeutic microcirculatory intervention, has the potential to improve outcomes in pediatric cardiac surgery.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was funded by FAPERJ and CNPq.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Viviana Ugenti, from Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia under the protocol number 26613714.3.0000.5272. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
