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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Pq3r5qnr7ZB5wTj9G7KDjBn</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001100531</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200353</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200353</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preditores de Mortalidade Total e Eventos Arr&#237;tmicos Graves em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca N&#227;o Isqu&#234;mica: O Papel da Galectina-3</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7839-2054</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kochi</surname>
            <given-names>Adriano Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1489-5349</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pimentel</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrades</surname>
            <given-names>Michael</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zimerman</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9980-9114</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zimerman</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro Ioschpe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6557-393X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rohde</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiologia da Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares e Cardiologia da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Luis Eduardo Rohde</bold> &#8226; Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre - Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. CEP <postal-code>90003-035</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>rohde.le@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Kochi AN, Pimentel M, Zimerman LI, Rohde LE; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Kochi AN, Zimerman T; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Kochi AN, Pimentel M, Andrades M, Zimerman T, Rohde LE; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Kochi AN, Rohde LE; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Rohde LE; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Kochi AN; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Pimentel M, Andrades M, Zimerman LI, Rohde LE.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>531</fpage>
      <lpage>541</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco continua sendo clinicamente desafiadora em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) de etiologia n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica. A galectina-3 &#233; um marcador s&#233;rico de fibrose que pode ajudar no progn&#243;stico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Determinar o papel da galectina-3 como preditora de eventos arr&#237;tmicos graves e mortalidade total.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Este &#233; um estudo de coorte prospectivo que incluiu 148 pacientes com IC n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e laboratorial abrangente para coleta de dados de refer&#234;ncia, incluindo n&#237;veis de galectina-3 s&#233;rica. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi a ocorr&#234;ncia de s&#237;ncope arr&#237;tmica, interven&#231;&#245;es apropriadas do cardioversor desfibrilador implant&#225;vel, taquicardia ventricular sustentada ou morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca. O desfecho secund&#225;rio foi a morte por todas as causas. Para todos os testes estat&#237;sticos, considerou-se significativo o valor p&lt;0,05 (bicaudal).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Em seguimento mediano de 941 dias, os desfechos prim&#225;rio e secund&#225;rio ocorreram em 26 (17,5%) e 30 (20%) pacientes, respectivamente. A galectina-3 s&#233;rica&gt;22,5 ng/mL (quartil mais alto) n&#227;o foi preditora de eventos arr&#237;tmicos graves (HR: 1,98; p=0,152). Os preditores independentes do desfecho prim&#225;rio foram di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDFVE)&gt;73 mm (HR: 3,70; p=0,001), ventila&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica durante o exerc&#237;cio (VPE) no teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar (HR: 2,67; p=0,01) e taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada (TVNS)&gt;8 batimentos na monitoriza&#231;&#227;o por Holter (HR: 3,47; p=0,027). Os preditores de morte por todas as causas foram: galectina-3&gt;22,5 ng/mL (HR: 3,69; p=0,001), DDFVE&gt;73 mm (HR: 3,35; p=0,003), VPE (HR: 3,06; p=0,006) e TVNS&gt;8 batimentos (HR: 3,95; p=0,007). A aus&#234;ncia de todos os preditores de risco foi associada a um valor preditivo negativo de 91,1% para o desfecho prim&#225;rio e 96,6% para a mortalidade total.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Em pacientes com IC n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica, n&#237;veis elevados de galectina-3 n&#227;o foram preditores de eventos arr&#237;tmicos graves, mas foram associados &#224; mortalidade total. A aus&#234;ncia de preditores de risco revelou um subgrupo prevalente de pacientes com IC com excelente progn&#243;stico.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Galectina-3</kwd>
        <kwd>Apoptose</kwd>
        <kwd>Desfibriladores Implant&#225;veis</kwd>
        <kwd>Morte S&#250;bita</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="27"/>
        <page-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Apesar dos impressionantes avan&#231;os terap&#234;uticos, a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) est&#225; associada a taxas de mortalidade persistentemente elevadas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> e cerca de 30% da mortalidade total em pacientes com IC &#233; atribu&#237;da &#224; morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca (MSC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Os cardioversores desfibriladores implant&#225;veis (CDI) s&#227;o uma estrat&#233;gia de tratamento estabelecida para prevenir a MSC, particularmente na IC por doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, j&#225; que v&#225;rios ensaios cl&#237;nicos demonstraram seus inquestion&#225;veis efeitos ben&#233;ficos nos desfechos cl&#237;nicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> No entanto, h&#225; um debate cont&#237;nuo sobre a efic&#225;cia global do implante de CDI em pacientes com cardiomiopatia n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica (CMNI). Estudos cl&#237;nicos que investigaram esse cen&#225;rio espec&#237;fico apresentaram resultados conflitantes. Nos ensaios DEFINITE e DANISH, que inclu&#237;ram apenas pacientes com CMNI, n&#227;o houve redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por todas as causas, embora tenha sido observada diminui&#231;&#227;o da MSC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Essa heterogeneidade na efic&#225;cia pode ser parcialmente explicada pela disparidade no risco de MSC para diferentes etiologias de IC. A cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica est&#225; associada, em particular, a um risco elevado de arritmias potencialmente fatais, atribu&#237;veis, em grande parte, &#224; presen&#231;a de cicatrizes fibr&#243;ticas envolvidas na arritmog&#234;nese.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> A fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, entretanto, &#233; ub&#237;qua na IC, independentemente da etiologia, e tem sido consistentemente associada ao risco de MSC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) com realce tardio do gadol&#237;nio (RTG) &#233; uma ferramenta diagn&#243;stica n&#227;o invasiva que identifica a fibrose mioc&#225;rdica e tem sido indicada como potencial preditora de eventos arr&#237;tmicos e mortalidade na CMNI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> O uso cl&#237;nico da RMC-RTG &#233; limitado por seus custos, contraindica&#231;&#245;es em cen&#225;rios comuns de IC e disponibilidade restrita em todo o mundo. Um biomarcador s&#233;rico simples capaz de identificar a carga da fibrose mioc&#225;rdica poderia potencialmente ajudar a estratificar o risco de MSC, com uma aplica&#231;&#227;o mais ampla.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> A galectina-3 foi recentemente avaliada como biomarcador de remodelamento card&#237;aco e fibrose, j&#225; que sua produ&#231;&#227;o est&#225; diretamente envolvida no in&#237;cio e na evolu&#231;&#227;o da cicatriz tecidual.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> Estudos preliminares demonstraram que altos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de galectina-3 s&#227;o preditores de arritmias ventriculares sustentadas em pacientes com IC que tenham alto risco para MSC e eventos card&#237;acos graves na cardiomiopatia dilatada e hipertr&#243;fica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref></p>
      <p>O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar se os n&#237;veis de galectina-3 s&#227;o preditores de eventos arr&#237;tmicos e mortalidade total em uma coorte de pacientes com CMNI, agregando assim valor preditivo al&#233;m dos de outros marcadores de risco conhecidos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Foi realizado um estudo observacional prospectivo que incluiu pacientes adultos sob tratamento otimizado da IC em um ambulat&#243;rio dedicado &#224; IC do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre (Porto Alegre, RS), de mar&#231;o de 2011 a novembro de 2017. Os participantes tinham um diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de IC sist&#243;lica de etiologia n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica. A IC sist&#243;lica foi definida como FEVE&lt;40%. Embora os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o possibilitassem a avalia&#231;&#227;o da FEVE por ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico bidimensional ou RMC, todos os pacientes participantes deste protocolo foram inicialmente examinados por um ecocardiograma, de prefer&#234;ncia pelo m&#233;todo biplanar de Simpson. A etiologia n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica foi definida como aus&#234;ncia de les&#245;es coronarianas ateroscler&#243;ticas&gt;75% na angiografia coronariana ou aus&#234;ncia de &#225;reas necr&#243;ticas ou isqu&#234;micas na tomografia computadorizada por emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton &#250;nico (<italic>single-photon emission computed tomography</italic> &#8212; SPECT) ou na RMC-RTG. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram hist&#243;rico de MSC, s&#237;ncope cardiog&#234;nica pr&#233;via, taquicardia ventricular (TV) sustentada pr&#233;via, doen&#231;a cerebrovascular avan&#231;ada ou expectativa de vida inferior a um ano por doen&#231;as n&#227;o cardiovasculares. O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre e o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido foi obtido de todos os participantes. Os procedimentos do protocolo de estudo envolveram uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica detalhada, exames laboratoriais de rotina, incluindo pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (BNP) ou N-terminal do pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (NT-proBNP), exames card&#237;acos n&#227;o invasivos e estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico (EEF) invasivo. Os exames card&#237;acos n&#227;o invasivos consistiram em eletrocardiograma de repouso (ECG) de rotina, grava&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua 24 h do ECG (Holter) e teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar (TECP). Durante o EEF invasivo, o sangue foi coletado para a an&#225;lise da galectina-3.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>ECG e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o por Holter de 24 h</title>
        <p>O ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es foi realizado com um aparelho digital (Mortara ELI 350, Mortara Instrument, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, EUA) e a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o por Holter de 24 h foi feita com um gravador digital (SEER Light) e analisado com o programa GE Marquette MARS (GE Healthcare, Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, EUA) por um cardiologista experiente. A TV n&#227;o sustentada (TVNS) foi definida como uma s&#233;rie de 3 ou mais batimentos ventriculares prematuros consecutivos&#8805;100 bpm.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar (TECP)</title>
        <p>O TECP foi realizado em esteira padr&#227;o (INBRAMED<sup>TM</sup> KT 10200, Porto Alegre, Brasil) com um analisador de g&#225;s computadorizado calibrado (Cortex Biophysik Metalyzer 3B Stationary CPX system, M13B2.1, Leipzig, Alemanha). Foi utilizado um protocolo de rampa por etapas, come&#231;ando a 2,4 km/h com inclina&#231;&#227;o de 1&#8211;2%, seguido de incrementos progressivos de velocidade de 0,1&#8211;0,12 km/h a cada 20 s e incrementos de inclina&#231;&#227;o de 0,5&#8211;1,0% a cada 60 s, at&#233; atingir a fadiga volicional. As vari&#225;veis tradicionais do TECP foram avaliadas: consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (pico de VO<sub>2</sub>), produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono (VCO<sub>2</sub>), ventila&#231;&#227;o minuto (VE), raz&#227;o de troca respirat&#243;ria (RTR), inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> e ventila&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica durante o exerc&#237;cio (VPE). A VPE foi definida com base nos seguintes crit&#233;rios: (1) 3 ou mais oscila&#231;&#245;es regulares, claramente discern&#237;veis do ru&#237;do de fundo, (2) regularidade, definida como desvio padr&#227;o (DP) de 3 ciclos consecutivos (tempo entre 2 nadires consecutivos) dentro de 20% da m&#233;dia e (3) amplitude m&#233;dia m&#237;nima de oscila&#231;&#227;o ventilat&#243;ria de 5 L (valor do pico menos a m&#233;dia entre 2 nadires intermedi&#225;rios consecutivos).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico invasivo</title>
        <p>Os pacientes foram sedados com midazolam e fentanil e anestesiados localmente com lidoca&#237;na. Um cateter diagn&#243;stico quadripolar foi introduzido pela veia femoral direita e posicionado sob fluoroscopia no &#225;pice ventricular direito. O sistema EP-Tracer (CardioTek<sup>TM</sup>, Maastricht, Pa&#237;ses Baixos) foi utilizado para a estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular programada (EVP), com uma amplitude do pulso de sa&#237;da de duas vezes o limite e largura de pulso de 1 ms. O protocolo de estimula&#231;&#227;o consistiu em at&#233; 3 extra-est&#237;mulos (S2/S3/S4), administrados ap&#243;s ciclos de 10 batimentos. Foram realizados decrementos de 10 milissegundos no intervalo de acoplamento do extra-est&#237;mulo ap&#243;s cada ciclo, at&#233; que a refratariedade ventricular fosse alcan&#231;ada ou o intervalo de acoplamento atingisse 200 ms. Esse processo foi repetido em 3 ciclos b&#225;sicos (600, 500 e 400 ms). A TV sustentada foi definida como taquicardia monom&#243;rfica ou polim&#243;rfica com dura&#231;&#227;o de &#8805;30 s ou colapso hemodin&#226;mico. Quando nenhuma TV sustentada foi induzida, a EVP foi repetida com at&#233; 2 extra-est&#237;mulos (S2/S3) ap&#243;s infus&#227;o venosa de isoproterenol (1&#8211;4 mcg/min). A indu&#231;&#227;o de TV monom&#243;rfica ou polim&#243;rfica ou de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular (FV) com extra-est&#237;mulos triplos foi considerada um achado verdadeiramente positivo na an&#225;lise atual. Em pacientes com marcapasso permanente implantado anteriormente, um EEF n&#227;o invasivo foi realizado com o programador de marcapasso, sob o mesmo protocolo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medi&#231;&#227;o da galectina-3 s&#233;rica</title>
        <p>Uma amostra de 20 mL de sangue foi coletada por meio da bainha venosa antes do EEF invasivo. A amostra de sangue foi centrifugada em um laborat&#243;rio de pesquisa dedicado e armazenada a -70&#186;C. A galectina-3 foi medida duas vezes, utilizando o teste ELISA (BG Medicine, Waltham, EUA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medi&#231;&#227;o de pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos</title>
        <p>No ambulat&#243;rio de IC onde os pacientes foram acompanhados, tanto os n&#237;veis de BNP como os de NT-proBNP estavam dispon&#237;veis durante o per&#237;odo do estudo. Para esta an&#225;lise, pacientes com n&#237;veis elevados de pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos foram definidos como aqueles que estavam no quartil mais alto de qualquer um deles.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Seguimento e desfechos</title>
        <p>Os pacientes tiveram consultas ambulatoriais aos 3, 6, 18, 24, 30 e 36 meses. Aqueles que n&#227;o compareceram &#224;s consultas de seguimento foram contatados por telefone ou receberam visitas domiciliares. A decis&#227;o de implantar o CDI foi tomada pela equipe cl&#237;nica de cardiologia envolvida no atendimento de rotina, sem interfer&#234;ncia dos pesquisadores. O desfecho prim&#225;rio do protocolo consistiu em eventos arr&#237;tmicos (MSC, TV sustentada, s&#237;ncope card&#237;aca ou interven&#231;&#227;o apropriada do CDI). Choques do CDI foram considerados adequados se causados por TV ou FV. N&#227;o havia protocolo padronizado de programa&#231;&#227;o do CDI para o tratamento de taquicardia, mas a zona de FV foi tipicamente definida como &gt;200 bpm com pelo menos 1 epis&#243;dio de estimula&#231;&#227;o antitaquicardia (<italic>antitachycardia pacing</italic> &#8212; ATP) antes do choque, enquanto a zona de TV foi tipicamente definida como &gt;180 bpm com pelo menos 3 epis&#243;dios de ATP antes do choque. O desfecho secund&#225;rio do estudo foi a morte por todas as causas. Os desfechos foram adjudicados por dois pesquisadores independentes e cegos para a avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial. Casos discordantes foram definidos por consenso.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas</title>
        <p>Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia&#177;DP ou mediana e intervalo interquartil (IIQ) para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas de acordo com a normalidade dos dados ou como n&#250;meros absolutos e porcentagem para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Dados cont&#237;nuos foram adicionados ao modelo de regress&#227;o e categorizados com base em quartis de distribui&#231;&#227;o em 2 grupos: pacientes com valores abaixo do percentil 75 (&lt;quartil 3 [Q<sub>3</sub>]) e pacientes com valores iguais ou superiores ao percentil 75(&#8805;Q<sub>3</sub>). Para determinar a normalidade de todas as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, foi utilizado o teste de Shapiro-Wilk. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos foram realizadas usando o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o pareado para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e o teste qui-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fischer para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Vari&#225;veis sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram comparadas pelo teste U de Mann-Whitney. Para os valores ausentes do TECP (n=13), os dados foram imputados de acordo com cinco modelos multivariados, constru&#237;dos a partir de vari&#225;veis capazes de predizer a VPE, com base nas estrat&#233;gias de imputa&#231;&#227;o previamente validadas de Rubin,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> que fornecem valores de entrada sem perder a precis&#227;o dos dados. A taxa de sobrevida e a sobrevida livre de eventos arr&#237;tmicos graves nos dois grupos foram determinadas pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier e a diferen&#231;a entre eles foi analisada pelo teste log-rank. A regress&#227;o de Cox foi adotada para an&#225;lises univariadas e multivariadas de potenciais preditores dos desfechos prim&#225;rio e secund&#225;rio. Valores p bicaudais iguais ou inferiores a 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. Com base na incid&#234;ncia de 26% de terapias com CDI de um estudo de coorte composto por CMNI e IC isqu&#234;mica, foi calculado um tamanho amostral de 142 pacientes (80% de poder estat&#237;stico e valor p bicaudal&lt;0,05). Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas utilizando o software estat&#237;stico SPSS (vers&#227;o 19; Chicago, EUA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes</title>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 148 dos 296 pacientes ambulatoriais com IC avaliados. A maioria era do sexo masculino (59,5%), com idade m&#233;dia de 54,8&#177;13 anos. A etiologia da IC foi cardiomiopatia idiop&#225;tica em 45,4% dos casos, cardiomiopatia hipertensiva em 16,9% e cardiomiopatia alco&#243;lica em 12,2%. A maioria dos participantes apresentava classe funcional da New York Heart Association (NYHA) I ou II (42,6% e 39,9%, respectivamente) e a FEVE m&#233;dia foi de 27,4&#177;7,5%. O tratamento farmacol&#243;gico foi otimizado na maioria dos pacientes: 97% faziam uso de um betabloqueador, juntamente com um inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina ou um bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina, 70% estavam tomando espironolactona e 81% estavam usando digoxina. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> descreve as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de toda a coorte estratificadas pelos n&#237;veis de galectina-3.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de acordo com os n&#237;veis de galectina-3</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="19%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Todos os pacientes (n=148)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Quartil superior GAL-3&gt;22,5 ng/mL (n=36)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Quartis inferiores GAL-3&#8804;22,5 ng/mL (n=112)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">54,8&#177;12,7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">63&#177;9,3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">52,2&#177;12,6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">88 (59,5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">20 (55,6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">68 (61,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,54</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Classe NYHA (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">I</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">63 (42,6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">11 (30,6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">51 (46)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">II</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">59 (39,9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">15 (41,7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">44 (40)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">III</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">26 (17,6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">10 (28,8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">16 (14,4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">IV</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Etiologia (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Idiop&#225;tica</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">67 (45,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">13 (36,1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">54 (48,6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,38</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Hipertensiva</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">25 (16,9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">7 (19,4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">18 (16,2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Alco&#243;lica</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">18 (12,2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4 (11,1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">14 (12,6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Doen&#231;a de Chagas</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">7 (4,7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3 (8,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4 (3,6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Valvar</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4 (2,7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2 (5,6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2 (1,8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Outra</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">27 (18,2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">7 (19,5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">19 (17,1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Exame f&#237;sico</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">119,3&#177;21,6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">122,6&#177;22,5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">118,1&#177;21,3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">PAD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">74,7&#177;12,7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">74,6&#177;13</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">74,8&#177;12,8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,95</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Exames laboratoriais</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Hemoglobina (g/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">13,4&#177;1,6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">12,6&#177;1,9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">13,6&#177;1,4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Linf&#243;citos (/mm&#179;)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2099,2&#177;848</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1825&#177;787</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2193&#177;852</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,1&#177;0,73</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,6&#177;1,1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,0&#177;0,4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">S&#243;dio (mEq/L)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">140&#177;2,8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">140&#177;2,9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">140&#177;2,8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,86</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Pot&#225;ssio (mEq/L)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4,6&#177;0,4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4,6&#177;0,4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4,6&#177;0,3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,82</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">&#193;cido &#250;rico (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">7,5&#177;2,2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">8,6&#177;2,4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">7,1&#177;2,1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Glicose (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">118&#177;49,6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">117,5&#177;40,3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">118,4&#177;52,6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,92</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">180,6&#177;42,6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">188,4&#177;42,6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">177,3&#177;41</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">LDL (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">104,7&#177;37,2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">110,5&#177;37,6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">102,3&#177;36,8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Galectina-3 (ng/mL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">19&#177;9,4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">31,6&#177;10,7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">14,9&#177;10,7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">BNP (pg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">116,4 (59,7&#8211;295)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">158 (77&#8211;289)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">106,6 (53&#8211;298)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">NT-proBNP (pg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1145 (392&#8211;2590)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4776 (1549&#8211;15852)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">741 (314&#8211;2291)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Ecocardiograma</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">27,4&#177;7,5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">27,3&#177;7,6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">27,4&#177;7,5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">&#193;trio esquerdo (mm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">47,3&#177;6,6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">48,7&#177;7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">46,9&#177;6,4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">DDFVE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">67,5&#177;10,2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">65,3&#177;7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">68,2&#177;11</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">DSFVE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">58,7&#177;10,1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">56,6&#177;8,5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">59,4&#177;10,6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>ECG</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">22 (14,9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">8 (22)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">14 (12,6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">BRE</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">60 (40,8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">18 (50)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">42 (37,8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o por Holter de 24 horas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">TVNS (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">54 (36,5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">12 (33,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">42 (38,5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,57</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">TVNS&gt;8 batimentos</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">11 (7,4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1 (8,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">9 (21,4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,54</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo (mL/kg/min)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">18&#177;5,1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">14,7&#177;4,3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">19&#177;4,9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">41,5&#177;11,7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">44,3&#177;12,5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">40,8&#177;11,5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">VPE (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">26 (17,5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3 (8,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">23 (20,5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>EEF (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Sem indu&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">129 (87,2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">34 (94,4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">94 (84,7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">TVMS</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">10 (6,8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">10 (9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">TVPS</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5 (3,4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1 (2,8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4 (3,6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3 (2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3 (2,7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Intervalo HV (ms)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">52,6&#177;10,4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">54,2&#177;11,3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">52,2&#177;10,1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">
                  <bold>Medica&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Betabloqueador (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">144 (97,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">36 (100)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">107 (96,4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,57</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">IECA ou BRA (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">144 (97,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">32 (88,9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">111 (99,1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Espironolactona (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">103 (69,6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">21 (58,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">82 (73,9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Digoxina (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">121 (81,8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">31 (86,1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">90 (81,1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Medicamento antiarr&#237;tmico (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">8 (5,4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1 (2,8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">7 (6,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,41</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Os dados foram expressos como m&#233;dia&#177;desvio padr&#227;o, mediana (Q1&#8211;Q3) ou n&#250;meros absolutos (porcentagem). GAL-3: galectina-3; NYHA: New York Heart Association; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B; NT-proBNP: N-terminal do pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DDFVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSFVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; ECG: eletrocardiograma; TVNS: taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada; VO<sub>2</sub>: consumo de oxig&#234;nio; inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>: efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria; VPE: ventila&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica durante o exerc&#237;cio; EEF: estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico; TVMS: taquicardia ventricular monom&#243;rfica sustentada; TVPS: taquicardia ventricular polim&#243;rfica sustentada; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina II; BRE: bloqueador do ramo esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Seguimento e desfechos</title>
        <p>O seguimento mediano foi de 941 dias (IIQ: 440&#8211;1241 dias). Todos os pacientes tiveram pelo menos duas consultas de seguimento e apenas tr&#234;s n&#227;o puderam ser encontrados. O desfecho prim&#225;rio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>) ocorreu em 26 pacientes (17,5%): MSC em 13 (8,7%), s&#237;ncope card&#237;aca em 5 (3,3%), interven&#231;&#227;o apropriada do CDI em 7 (4,7%) e TV sustentada em 1 (0,7%). Durante o seguimento, 30 (20,2%) pacientes morreram e a 10 deles foi atribu&#237;da morte cardiovascular (6,7%). Oito pacientes (5,4%) foram submetidos a transplante card&#237;aco. Houve 81 interna&#231;&#245;es por IC descompensada. Quarenta e oito pacientes foram submetidos a implante de dispositivo: 17 terapias de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca associadas ao CDI (TRC-D), 19 CDI de c&#226;mara &#250;nica, 5 terapias de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca associadas ao marcapasso (TRC-M), 4 CDI de dupla c&#226;mara e 4 marcapassos de c&#226;mara &#250;nica.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise univariada e modelo de risco proporcional de Cox para o desfecho prim&#225;rio (eventos arr&#237;tmicos graves)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="3">An&#225;lise univariada</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="3">An&#225;lise multivariada</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">HR</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">IC95%</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">HR</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">IC95%</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Galectina-3 (para cada 1 ng/mL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,003</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,97&#8211;1,04</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,877</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Galectina-3&gt;22,5 ng/mL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,13</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,47&#8211;2,70</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,787</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,86</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,75&#8211;4,60</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,182</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">FEVE&lt;20%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,69</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,21&#8211;2,30</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,691</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">DDFVE&gt;73 mm</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4,13</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,91&#8211;8,90</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3,70</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,69&#8211;8,1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo&lt;14,2 mL/kg/min</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,69</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,75&#8211;3,90</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,203</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>&gt;48,4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2,32</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,05&#8211;5,10</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,037</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">VPE</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3,37</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,52&#8211;7,40</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,030</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2,67</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,19&#8211;6,0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,017</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Intervalo HV&gt;59 ms</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2,23</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,01&#8211;4,90</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,047</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">TVNS&gt;8 batimentos</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3,27</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,11&#8211;9,70</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,030</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3,47</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,15&#8211;10,5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,027</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">EEF positivo</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,58</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,54&#8211;4,60</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,403</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos elevados</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2,75</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,26&#8211;6,01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,011</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>HR (<italic>hazard ratio</italic>): raz&#227;o de risco; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DDFVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo: consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio; TVNS: taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada; VPE: ventila&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica durante o exerc&#237;cio; EEF: estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico invasivo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>N&#237;veis de galectina-3</title>
        <p>O n&#237;vel m&#233;dio de galectina-3 foi de 19&#177;9,4 ng/mL e a mediana foi de 16 ng/mL (IIQ: 13,1&#8211;22,5). Os dados cl&#237;nicos estratificados pelo quartil superior dos n&#237;veis de galectina-3 (&gt;22,5 ng/mL) s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. Os n&#237;veis de galectina-3 n&#227;o diferiram nos pacientes com ou sem o desfecho prim&#225;rio e os quartis de galectina-3 (&gt;22,5 ng/mL) tamb&#233;m n&#227;o diferenciaram pacientes com eventos arr&#237;tmicos graves (7 [19,4%] pacientes no quartil superior versus 19 [17%] pacientes nos quartis inferiores; p=0,73). Entretanto, os n&#237;veis de galectina-3 estratificados por quartis foram significativamente diferentes para a mortalidade total (13 [36,1%] pacientes no quartil superior versus 17 [15,2%] pacientes nos quartis inferiores; p=0,007) e para hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC (50 [34%] pacientes no quartil superior versus 31 [21%] pacientes nos quartis inferiores; p&lt;0,001) durante o seguimento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lises univariadas e multivariadas</title>
        <p>Em an&#225;lises univariadas, os preditores significativos de eventos arr&#237;tmicos graves (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>) foram o quartil mais alto do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDFVE) ao ecocardiograma (raz&#227;o de risco [<italic>hazard ratio</italic> &#8212; HR]: 4,13; p&lt;0,001), o quartil mais alto da inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> (HR: 2,32; p=0,03), a presen&#231;a de VPE no TECP (HR: 3,37; p=0,03), o quartil mais alto do intervalo HV no EEF invasivo (HR: 2,23; p=0,04) e a TVNS&gt;8 batimentos na monitoriza&#231;&#227;o por Holter (HR: 3,27; p=0,03). Nesta an&#225;lise, os n&#237;veis de galectina-3, tanto os cont&#237;nuos como os estratificados por quartis, n&#227;o foram preditores significativos do desfecho prim&#225;rio (HR: 1,13; p=0,78). No modelo multivariado de regress&#227;o de Cox, as vari&#225;veis que permaneceram significativamente associadas a eventos arr&#237;tmicos graves foram DDFVE (HR: 3,70; p=0,001), presen&#231;a de VPE (HR: 2,67; p=0,01) e TVNS&gt;8 batimentos (HR: 3,47; p=0,027). Resultados semelhantes foram obtidos utilizando o DDFVE indexado para a superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea (DDFVE&gt;40 mm/m<sup>2</sup> representando o percentil 75; HR: 3,34; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% 1,50&#8211;7,45; p=0,003).</p>
        <p>Os preditores de mortalidade total em an&#225;lises univariadas foram semelhantes, mas tamb&#233;m inclu&#237;ram o quartil mais alto dos n&#237;veis de galectina-3 (HR: 2,20; p=0,03), o VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo (HR: 0,92; p=0,04) e o quartil mais alto do intervalo HV (HR: 2,80; p=0,005). Os preditores independentes de mortalidade total no modelo multivariado (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>) foram o maior quartil de galectina-3 (HR: 3,69; p=0,001), o quartil mais alto do DDFVE (HR: 3,35; p=0,003), a presen&#231;a de VPE (HR: 3,06; p=0,006) e a TVNS&gt;8 batimentos (HR: 3,95; p=0,007). Resultados semelhantes foram obtidos utilizando o DDFVE indexado para a superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea (DDFVE&gt;40 mm/m<sup>2</sup> representando o percentil 75; HR: 3,77; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% 1,77&#8211;8,02; p=0,001).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise univariada e modelo de risco proporcional de Cox para o desfecho secund&#225;rio (mortalidade total)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="3">An&#225;lise univariada</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="3">An&#225;lise multivariada</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">HR</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">IC95%</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">HR</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">IC95%</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Galectina-3 (para cada 1 ng/mL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,024</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,99&#8211;1,05</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,057</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Galectina-3&gt;22,5 ng/mL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2,20</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,07&#8211;4,50</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,033</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3,69</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,7&#8211;8,19</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,98</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,34&#8211;2,80</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,980</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">FEVE (para cada 1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,96</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,91&#8211;1,01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,098</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">FEVE&lt;20%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,40</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,57&#8211;3,40</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,461</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">DDFVE&gt;73 mm</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3,02</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,44&#8211;6,30</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,003</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3,35</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,53&#8211;7,34</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo (mL/kg/min)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,92</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,86&#8211;0,99</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,042</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo&lt;14,2 mL/kg/min</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,20</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,53&#8211;2,70</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,656</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>&gt;48,4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,92</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,89&#8211;4,10</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,092</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">VPE</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2,91</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,36&#8211;6,20</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,006</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3,06</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,38&#8211;6,77</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Intervalo HV&gt;59 ms</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2,80</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,36&#8211;5,80</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,005</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,98</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,95&#8211;4,13</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,068</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">TVNS&gt;8 batimentos</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3,31</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,26&#8211;8,70</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,015</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3,95</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,45&#8211;10,73</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">EEF positivo</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,95</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,29&#8211;3,10</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,993</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos elevados</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3,44</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,67&#8211;7,06</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>HR (<italic>hazard ratio</italic>): raz&#227;o de risco; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DDFVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo: consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio; VPE: ventila&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica durante o exerc&#237;cio; TVNS: taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada; EEF: estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico invasivo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Valores preditivos</title>
        <p>Os valores preditivos positivos (VPP) para o desfecho prim&#225;rio foram baixos para os par&#226;metros individuais (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>); a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel associada ao maior VPP foi a VPE (38,4%), enquanto a vari&#225;vel com maior valor preditivo negativo (VPN) foi o DDFVE&gt;73 mm (88,3%). Noventa pacientes (61% da amostra estudada) n&#227;o apresentaram nenhuma das 3 vari&#225;veis independentemente associadas ao desfecho prim&#225;rio, levando a um VPN de 91,1%. Achados semelhantes foram observados para mortalidade total: TVNS&gt;8 batimentos foi o preditor associado ao maior VPP (45,5%), enquanto o intervalo HV&gt;59 ms obteve o maior VPN (84,9%). Pacientes sem nenhuma das 5 vari&#225;veis independentemente associadas ao risco apresentaram VPN de 96,3% para morte por todas as causas.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Valores preditivos positivos e negativos de acordo com fatores de risco</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5">Desfecho prim&#225;rio (eventos arr&#237;tmicos graves)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Todos os pacientes (n=148)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Com evento (n=26)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">VPP% (IC95%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">VPN% (IC95%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">DDFVE&gt;73 mm</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">36</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">13</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">36,1 (24,9&#8211;49)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">88,3 (83,7&#8211;91,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">VPE</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">26</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">10</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">38,4 (24,2&#8211;54,9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">86,8 (82,9&#8211;90)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">TVNS&gt;8 batimentos</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">11</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">36,3 (15,2&#8211;64,4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">83,7 (81,2&#8211;85,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Aus&#234;ncia de todos os tr&#234;s</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">90</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">91,1 (85,4&#8211;94,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="5">
                  <bold>Desfecho secund&#225;rio (mortalidade total)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">
                  <bold>Todos os pacientes (n=148)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">
                  <bold>Com evento (n=30)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">
                  <bold>VPP% (IC95%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">
                  <bold>VPN% (IC95%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">GAL-3&gt;22,5 ng/mL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">36</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">13</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">36,1 (24,6&#8211;49,4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">84,8 (80,1&#8211;88,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">DDFVE&gt;73 mm</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">36</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">12</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">33,3 (22,1&#8211;46,8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">83,9 (79,3&#8211;87,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">VPE</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">26</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">10</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">38,4 (24,3&#8211;55,2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">83,6 (79,6&#8211;86,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">TVNS&gt;8 batimentos</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">11</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">45,5 (21,4&#8211;71,8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">81,4 (78,8&#8211;83,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Intervalo HV&gt;59 ms</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">35</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">13</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">37,1 (25,3&#8211;50,7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">84,9 (80,3&#8211;88,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Aus&#234;ncia de todos os cinco</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">55</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">96,3 (85,2&#8211;99,0)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>GAL-3: galectina-3; DDFVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VPE: ventila&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica durante o exerc&#237;cio; TVNS: taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref> demonstra as curvas de sobrevida para diferentes n&#237;veis de galectina-3, ajustadas para os outros preditores de mortalidade por todas as causas no modelo de regress&#227;o de Cox (p&lt;0,001). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref> mostra a curva de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier para o desfecho prim&#225;rio estratificado pelo n&#250;mero de vari&#225;veis preditoras (DDFVE, VPE, TVNS&gt;8 batimentos; valor p&lt;0,001 no teste log-rank). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref> apresenta a curva de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier para a mortalidade por todas as causas estratificada pelo n&#250;mero de marcadores de risco (galectina-3&gt;22,5 ng/mL, DDFVE&gt;73 mm, VPE, TVNS&gt;8 batimentos, intervalo HV&gt;59 ms). Pacientes com IC e mais de 3 fatores de risco tinham um progn&#243;stico alarmante, com taxa de mortalidade&gt;80% ap&#243;s 3 anos de seguimento.</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Curvas determinadas por regress&#227;o de Cox para a mortalidade total de acordo com n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de galectina-3. di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &gt;73mm, ventila&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica, taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o-sustentada &gt;8 batimentos e intervalo HV &gt;59ms.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0531-00353-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Curva de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier para o desfecho prim&#225;rio (eventos arr&#237;tmicos graves) estratificado pelo n&#250;mero de fatores de risco (di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo dilatado, ventila&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica durante o exerc&#237;cio no teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar e taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada na monitoriza&#231;&#227;o por Holter).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0531-00353-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Curva de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier para o desfecho secund&#225;rio (mortalidade total) estratificado pelo n&#250;mero de fatores de risco (n&#237;veis elevados de galectina-3, di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo dilatado, ventila&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica durante o exerc&#237;cio no teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar, taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada na monitoriza&#231;&#227;o por Holter e aumento do intervalo HV).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0531-00353-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nesta coorte prospectiva de pacientes com IC-CMNI, os n&#237;veis de galectina-3 n&#227;o foram preditores independentes de eventos arr&#237;tmicos graves (MSC, s&#237;ncope card&#237;aca, TV sustentada ou interven&#231;&#227;o apropriada do CDI). No entanto, n&#237;veis mais elevados de galectina-3 foram independentemente associados &#224; mortalidade total. Anteriormente, hav&#237;amos identificado 3 preditores cl&#237;nicos de eventos arr&#237;tmicos (DDFVE, VPE e TVNS na monitoriza&#231;&#227;o por Holter de 24 horas), os quais foram confirmados pela an&#225;lise atual.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> Em um cen&#225;rio cl&#237;nico em que os implantes de CDI est&#227;o sob escrut&#237;nio, os dados do presente estudo podem ajudar a selecionar os pacientes que mais se beneficiariam com uma terapia invasiva e dispendiosa. N&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de galectina-3 podem ser utilizados para estratificar ainda mais o risco e ajudar no progn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref></p>
      <p>As galectinas s&#227;o uma grande fam&#237;lia de lectinas que se ligam a &#223;-galactos&#237;deos. Localizadas principalmente no citoplasma, podem ser encontradas tamb&#233;m no n&#250;cleo ou na matriz extracelular. A galectina-3 extracelular apresenta diversos efeitos aut&#243;crinos e par&#225;crinos, como ades&#227;o celular, ativa&#231;&#227;o e quimioatra&#231;&#227;o de certos tipos de c&#233;lulas, principalmente os relacionados &#224; matriz extracelular. A galectina-3 afeta v&#225;rios processos biol&#243;gicos, como a homeostase celular, respostas imunes, a organog&#234;nese e a angiog&#234;nese.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> Henderson et al. relataram que a interrup&#231;&#227;o do gene da galectina-3 bloqueou a ativa&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas estreladas hep&#225;ticas e a express&#227;o do col&#225;geno no f&#237;gado, atenuando a fibrose hep&#225;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> A aldosterona levou &#224; express&#227;o da galectina-3 na t&#250;nica m&#233;dia da aorta em modelos animais e, por sua vez, sua superexpress&#227;o aumentou a produ&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno tipo I.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref></p>
      <p>O papel da galectina-3 como preditora de eventos cl&#237;nicos futuros tem sido parcialmente avaliado em v&#225;rios cen&#225;rios cardiovasculares. Maiores n&#237;veis de galectina-3 foram relacionados ao surgimento de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) 3&#8211;5 dias ap&#243;s o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> Relatos recentes tamb&#233;m indicaram associa&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis de galectina-3 com a FA parox&#237;stica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> e a FA persistente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> As concentra&#231;&#245;es de sST2 e galectina-3 foram significativamente maiores em pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica do que nos controles, mas nenhum dos marcadores apresentou rela&#231;&#227;o significativa com o risco de MSC, hist&#243;rico de s&#237;ncope ou hist&#243;rico familiar de MSC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref></p>
      <p>O papel preditivo da galectina-3 tamb&#233;m tem sido avaliado em estudos de etiologias mistas de IC, mas poucos t&#234;m explorado seu papel como preditora de eventos arr&#237;tmicos especificamente em pacientes com IC n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica. Francia et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> investigaram 75 pacientes com IC submetidos ao implante de CDI e identificaram que os n&#237;veis de galectina-3 foram maiores naqueles com TV ou FV. A maior parte daquela amostra (60%), entretanto, tinha etiologia isqu&#234;mica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> Hu et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> avaliaram os n&#237;veis de galectina-3 e o RTG na RMC em uma coorte prospectiva que incluiu pacientes com CMNI (46% com cardiomiopatia dilatada e 56% com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica). Tanto os n&#237;veis de galectina-3 como a presen&#231;a de RTG foram preditores independentes de eventos card&#237;acos graves. N&#227;o foi realizada an&#225;lise espec&#237;fica relacionada ao risco arr&#237;tmico ou &#224; mortalidade total.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Recentemente, pesquisadores da Competence Network Heart Failure avaliaram o papel do sST2 e da galectina-3 em pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica e chegaram a resultados intrigantes. Enquanto o sST2 foi associado &#224; mortalidade card&#237;aca e total, os n&#237;veis de galectina-3 n&#227;o tiveram impacto no risco de eventos futuros como vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua, mas o tercil intermedi&#225;rio da galectina-3 foi significativamente associado a um melhor progn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> No entanto, os achados do presente estudo sugerem que n&#237;veis elevados de galectina-3 podem n&#227;o ser preditores de risco arr&#237;tmico em uma amostra selecionada de pacientes com IC n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica, mas podem ser um marcador importante de mortalidade total. Esses resultados est&#227;o em conformidade com uma meta-an&#225;lise de 9 estudos que incluiu um grupo heterog&#234;neo de pacientes com IC e revelou que, para cada 1 ng/mL de galectina-3, a taxa de mortalidade aumentava em 28%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise atual, a aus&#234;ncia de todos os preditores independentes de risco para eventos arr&#237;tmicos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>) ou mortalidade total (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>) revelou um subgrupo de pacientes com excelente progn&#243;stico em um seguimento de at&#233; quatro anos. Estes resultados refor&#231;am nossos achados pr&#233;vios<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> e indicam que uma melhor estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco &#233; vi&#225;vel em pacientes com IC n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica.</p>
      <p>Alguns aspectos metodol&#243;gicos deste protocolo merecem considera&#231;&#227;o. Perdeu-se contato com apenas tr&#234;s pacientes, por isso eles foram censurados na &#250;ltima consulta. Arritmias ventriculares assintom&#225;ticas n&#227;o puderam ser detectadas, pois somente 48 pacientes desta coorte foram submetidos a implante de dispositivo. A RMC-RTG vem sendo sugerida como uma ferramenta v&#225;lida para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de progn&#243;stico da IC, mas apenas alguns poucos pacientes desta pesquisa foram submetidos &#224; RMC, impedindo sua an&#225;lise como fator progn&#243;stico nesta coorte. A RMC, contudo, n&#227;o est&#225; amplamente dispon&#237;vel para a maioria dos pacientes com IC em todo o mundo. Sabe-se que o tamanho desta amostra e o n&#250;mero de eventos s&#227;o relativamente pequenos e, dessa forma, os resultados apresentados devem ser considerados como geradores de hip&#243;teses. Ainda assim, a maioria dos estudos anteriores tinha tamanhos de amostra semelhantes ou menores. Por fim, os achados deste estudo merecem futura valida&#231;&#227;o prospectiva antes que uma ampla aplicabilidade cl&#237;nica possa ser proposta.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nesta coorte prospectiva de pacientes com IC n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica sob tratamento m&#233;dico otimizado, os n&#237;veis de galectina-3 n&#227;o foram preditores de eventos arr&#237;tmicos graves. Tr&#234;s vari&#225;veis foram confirmadas como marcadores de risco para o desfecho prim&#225;rio: DDFVE&gt;73 mm, VPE no TECP e TVNS&gt;8 batimentos na monitoriza&#231;&#227;o por Holter. N&#237;veis elevados de galectina-3 foram independentemente associados &#224; mortalidade total. A aus&#234;ncia de todos os preditores de risco revelou um subgrupo significativamente prevalente de pacientes com excelente progn&#243;stico. No cen&#225;rio atual de incertezas sobre as vantagens do CDI em pacientes com IC-CMNI, estes resultados podem ajudar a determinar estrat&#233;gias futuras para identificar os pacientes que mais se beneficiariam com o CDI.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado por FIPE-HCPA</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Adriano Nunes Kochi pelo Programa de P&#243;s-gradu&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de; Cardiologia. e Ci&#234;ncia Cardiovasculares</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do <bold>Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</bold> sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 59122016 0 0000 5327. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Predictors of Total Mortality and Serious Arrhythmic Events in Non-Ischemic Heart Failure Patients: The Role of Galectin-3</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7839-2054</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kochi</surname>
            <given-names>Adriano Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1489-5349</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pimentel</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrades</surname>
            <given-names>Michael</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zimerman</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9980-9114</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zimerman</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro Ioschpe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6557-393X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rohde</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares e Cardiologia da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Luis Eduardo Rohde</bold> &#8226; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre - Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. Postal Code <postal-code>90003-035</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>rohde.le@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Kochi AN, Pimentel M, Zimerman LI, Rohde LE; Acquisition of data: Kochi AN, Zimerman T; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Kochi AN, Pimentel M, Andrades M, Zimerman T, Rohde LE; Statistical analysis: Kochi AN, Rohde LE; Obtaining financing: Rohde LE; Writing of the manuscript: Kochi AN; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Pimentel M, Andrades M, Zimerman LI, Rohde LE.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Risk stratification remains clinically challenging in patients with heart failure (HF) of non-ischemic etiology. Galectin-3 is a serum marker of fibrosis that might help in prognostication.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To determine the role of galectin-3 as a predictor of major arrhythmic events and overall mortality.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We conducted a prospective cohort study that enrolled 148 non-ischemic HF patients. All patients underwent a comprehensive baseline clinical and laboratory assessment, including levels of serum galectin-3. The primary outcome was the occurrence of arrhythmic syncope, appropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy, sustained ventricular tachycardia, or sudden cardiac death. The secondary outcome was all-cause death. For all statistical tests, a two-tailed p-value&lt;0.05 was considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>In a median follow-up of 941 days, the primary and secondary outcomes occurred in 26 (17.5%) and 30 (20%) patients, respectively. Serum galectin-3&gt;22.5 ng/mL (highest quartile) did not predict serious arrhythmic events (HR: 1.98, p=0.152). Independent predictors of the primary outcome were left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD)&gt;73mm (HR: 3.70, p=0.001), exercise periodic breathing (EPB) on cardiopulmonary exercise testing (HR: 2.67, p=0.01), and non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT)&gt;8 beats on Holter monitoring (HR: 3.47, p=0.027). Predictors of all-cause death were galectin-3&gt;22.5 ng/mL (HR: 3.69, p=0.001), LVEDD&gt;73mm (HR: 3.35, p=0.003), EPB (HR: 3.06, p=0.006), and NSVT&gt;8 beats (HR: 3.95, p=0.007). The absence of all risk predictors was associated with a 91.1% negative predictive value for the primary outcome and 96.6% for total mortality.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>In non-ischemic HF patients, elevated galectin-3 levels did not predict major arrhythmic events but were associated with total mortality. Absence of risk predictors revealed a prevalent subgroup of HF patients with an excellent prognosis.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias Cardiacs</kwd>
        <kwd>Galectin-3</kwd>
        <kwd>Apoptosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Defibrillators, Implantable</kwd>
        <kwd>Death Sudden</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Despite impressive therapeutic advances, heart failure (HF) is associated with persistently elevated death rates,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> and approximately 30% of the overall mortality in HF patients is attributed to sudden cardiac death (SCD).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD) are an established treatment strategy to prevent SCD, particularly in HF due to coronary artery disease, as several clinical trials have demonstrated their unquestionable beneficial effects in clinical outcomes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> However, there is an ongoing debate on the overall efficacy of ICD implantation in patients with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM). Clinical studies addressing this specific scenario had conflicting results. In the DEFINITE and DANISH trials, which enrolled only NICM patients, all-cause mortality reduction was not achieved, although SCD decrease was detected.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref></p>
        <p>This heterogeneity in efficacy can be partly explained by the disparity in SCD risk for different HF etiologies. Ischemic heart disease is notably associated with an increased risk of life-threatening arrhythmias, attributable mostly to the presence of fibrotic scars involved in arrhythmogenesis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Myocardial fibrosis, nonetheless, is ubiquitous in HF, irrespective of etiology, and has been consistently associated with risk of SCD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) on cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging is a non-invasive diagnostic tool that identifies myocardial fibrosis and has been proposed as a potential predictor of arrhythmic events and mortality in NICM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> Clinical use of LGE-CMR is limited because of its costs, contraindications in common HF scenarios, and restricted availability worldwide. A simple serum biomarker capable of identifying the burden of myocardial fibrosis could potentially help stratify the risk of SCD, with broader application.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> Galectin-3 has been recently evaluated as a biomarker of cardiac remodeling and fibrosis, as its production is directly involved in the initiation and progression of tissue scarring.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> Preliminary studies have demonstrated that high serum galectin-3 levels predict sustained ventricular arrhythmias in HF patients at high risk for SCD and major cardiac events in dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref></p>
        <p>The present study aimed to assess whether levels of galectin-3 predict arrhythmic events and total mortality in a NICM patient cohort, thus adding predictive value beyond other known risk markers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>We performed a prospective observational study that enrolled adult patients under optimized HF treatment in a dedicated HF outpatient clinic at Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre (Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil) from March 2011 to November 2017. Participants had a previous diagnosis of systolic HF of non-ischemic etiology. Systolic HF was defined as LVEF&lt;40%. Although the inclusion criteria allowed assessing LVEF by either two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography or CMR, all patients participating in the current protocol were initially evaluated by echocardiography, preferably by Simpson&#8217;s biplane method. Non-ischemic etiology was defined as the absence of atherosclerotic coronary lesions&gt;75% on coronary angiography or absence of necrotic or ischemic areas on cardiac single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or LGE-CMR. Exclusion criteria were history of SCD, previous cardiogenic syncope, previous sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT), advanced cerebrovascular disease, or life expectancy lower than one year due to non-cardiovascular diseases. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Study protocol procedures involved a detailed clinical evaluation, routine laboratory tests, including B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) or N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), non-invasive cardiac exams, and invasive electrophysiological study (EPS). Non-invasive cardiac exams consisted of routine resting electrocardiogram (EKG), 24 h continuous EKG recording (Holter), and cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). During invasive EPS, blood was drawn for galectin-3 analysis.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>EKG and 24 h Holter monitoring</title>
          <p>Twelve-lead EKG was performed with a digital device (Mortara ELI 350, Mortara Instrument, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA), and 24 h Holter monitoring was carried out using a digital record (SEER Light) and analyzed with the GE Marquette MARS (GE Healthcare, Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, USA) software by an experienced cardiologist. Non-sustained VT (NSVT) was defined as a run of 3 or more consecutive premature ventricular beats&#8805;100 bpm.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET)</title>
          <p>CPET was performed on a standard treadmill (INBRAMED<sup>TM</sup> KT 10200, Porto Alegre, Brazil) with a calibrated computer-based gas analyzer (Cortex Biophysik Metalyzer 3B Stationary CPX system, M13B2.1, Leipzig, Germany). A ramp-staged protocol was used, starting at 2.4 km/h with 1&#8211;2% inclination, followed by progressive speed increments of 0.1&#8211;0.12 km/h every 20 s and slope increments of 0.5&#8211;1.0% every 60 s, until volitional fatigue was reached. Traditional CPET variables were evaluated: peak oxygen consumption (peak VO<sub>2</sub>), carbon dioxide production (VCO<sub>2</sub>), minute ventilation (VE), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope, and exercise periodic breathing (EPB). EPB was defined based on the following criteria: (1) 3 or more regular oscillations, clearly discernible from inherent data noise, (2) regularity, defined by the standard deviation (SD) of 3 consecutive cycle lengths (time between 2 consecutive nadirs) within 20% of the average, and (3) minimal average amplitude of ventilatory oscillation of 5 L (peak value minus the average of 2 in-between consecutive nadirs).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Invasive electrophysiological study</title>
          <p>Patients were sedated with midazolam and fentanyl and locally anesthetized with lidocaine. A quadripolar diagnostic catheter was introduced via the right femoral vein and positioned under fluoroscopy in the right ventricular apex. The EP-Tracer system (CardioTek<sup>TM</sup>, Maastricht, Netherlands) was used for programmed ventricular stimulation (PVS), using an output pulse amplitude twice the threshold and pulse width of 1 ms. Stimulation protocol consisted of up to 3 extrastimuli (S2/S3/S4) delivered after a 10-beat drive train. Ten-millisecond decrements in the extrastimulus coupling interval were applied after each cycle until either ventricular refractoriness or a 200 ms coupling interval was reached. This process was repeated under 3 different basal cycle lengths (600, 500, and 400 ms). Sustained VT was defined as monomorphic or polymorphic tachycardia with either &#8805;30s duration or hemodynamic collapse. When no sustained VT was induced, PVS was repeated with up to 2 extrastimuli (S2/S3) after intravenous isoproterenol infusion (1&#8211;4 mcg/min). Induction of monomorphic or polymorphic VT or ventricular fibrillation (VF) with triple extrastimuli was considered a true positive finding in the current analysis. In patients with a previously implanted permanent pacemaker, a non-invasive EPS was performed using the pacemaker programmer under the same protocol.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Serum galectin-3 measurement</title>
          <p>A 20 mL blood sample was taken through the venous sheath before the invasive EPS. The blood sample was centrifuged in a dedicated research laboratory and stored under -70&#186;C. Galectin-3 was measured in duplicate using an ELISA assay (BG Medicine, Waltham, USA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Natriuretic peptides measurement</title>
          <p>In the HF outpatient clinic where the patients were followed up, both BNP and NT-proBNP levels were available during the study period. For the current analysis, we defined patients with elevated natriuretic peptide levels as those in the highest quartile of any of them.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Follow-up and outcomes</title>
          <p>Patients had outpatient visits at 3, 6, 18, 24, 30, and 36 months. Those who did not attend follow-up visits were contacted by telephone or received home visits. ICD implantation was decided by the clinical cardiology team involved in routine care, with no interference from the researchers. The primary outcome of the protocol consisted of arrhythmic events (SCD, sustained VT, cardiac syncope, or appropriate ICD therapy). ICD shocks were considered appropriate if caused by VT or VF. There was no ICD standardized programming protocol for tachycardia therapy, but the VF zone was typically set to &gt;200 bpm with at least 1 train of antitachycardia pacing (ATP) prior to shock, while the VT zone was typically set to &gt;180 bpm with at least 3 trains of ATP prior to shock. The secondary outcome of the study was all-cause death. Outcomes were adjudicated by two independent researchers blinded for the baseline assessment. Discordant cases were defined by consensus.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analyses</title>
          <p>Data are expressed as mean&#177;SD or median and interquartile range (IQR) for continuous variables according to data normality, or as absolute numbers and percentage for categorical variables. Continuous data were added to the regression model and categorized based on quartiles of distribution into 2 groups: patients with values below the 75<sup>th</sup> percentile (&lt;quartile 3[Q<sub>3</sub>]) and patients with values above or equal to the 75<sup>th</sup> percentile (&#8805; Q<sub>3</sub>). The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to determine the normality of all continuous variables. Groups were compared using the unpaired Student&#8217;s <italic>t</italic>-test for continuous variables and the chi-square test or Fischer&#8217;s exact test for categorical variables. Non-normally distributed variables were compared by the Mann-Whitney U test. For the CPET missing values (n=13), data were imputed according to five multivariate models, built from variables capable of predicting EPB, based on previously validated imputing strategies from Rubin,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> which provide input values without losing data accuracy. The survival rate and survival free from serious arrhythmic events in the two groups were determined by the Kaplan-Meier method, and the difference between them was analyzed using the log-rank test. Cox regression was adopted for univariate and multivariate analyses of potential predictors of primary and secondary outcomes. A two-tailed p-value of 0.05 or less was considered statistically significant. Based on a 26% incidence of ICD therapies from a cohort study comprising NICM and ischemic HF, a sample size of 142 patients was calculated (80% statistical power and two-tailed p-value&lt;0.05). All analyses were performed using the SPSS statistical software (version 19; Chicago, USA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Patient characteristics</title>
          <p>We enrolled 148 of the 296 HF outpatients screened. Most were male (59.5%), with a mean age of 54.8&#177;13 years. HF etiology was idiopathic cardiomyopathy in 45.4% of cases, hypertensive cardiomyopathy in 16.9%, and alcoholic cardiomyopathy in 12.2%. Most subjects were classified in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class I or II (42.6% and 39.9%, respectively), and the mean LVEF was 27.4&#177;7.5%. Pharmacological treatment was optimized in the majority of patients: 97% were on a beta-blocker and either an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or an angiotensin receptor blocker, 70% were taking spironolactone, and 81% were using digoxin. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref> describes clinical characteristics of the whole cohort stratified by galectin-3 levels.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Clinical characteristics according to galectin-3 levels</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="19%">
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">All patients (n=148)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Upper quartile GAL-3&gt;22.5 ng/mL (n=36)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Lower quartiles GAL-3&#8804;22.5 ng/mL (n=112)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">54.8&#177;12.7</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">63&#177;9.3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">52.2&#177;12.6</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Male gender (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">88 (59.5)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">20 (55.6)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">68 (61.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.54</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6" align="left" valign="top">
                    <bold>NYHA class (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">I</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">63 (42.6)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">11 (30.6)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">51 (46)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">II</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">59 (39.9)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">15 (41.7)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">44 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">III</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">26 (17.6)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">10 (28.8)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">16 (14.4)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">IV</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6" align="left" valign="top">
                    <bold>Etiology (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Idiopathic</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">67 (45.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">13 (36.1)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">54 (48.6)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.38</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Hypertensive</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">25 (16.9)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">7 (19.4)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">18 (16.2)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Alcoholic</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">18 (12.2)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">4 (11.1)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">14 (12.6)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Chagas disease</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">7 (4.7)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3 (8.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">4 (3.6)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Valvular</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">4 (2.7)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2 (5.6)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2 (1.8)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Other</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">27 (18.2)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">7 (19.5)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">19 (17.1)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6" align="left" valign="top">
                    <bold>Physical examination</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">SBP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">119.3&#177;21.6</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">122.6&#177;22.5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">118.1&#177;21.3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.28</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">DBP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">74.7&#177;12.7</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">74.6&#177;13</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">74.8&#177;12.8</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.95</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6" align="left" valign="top">
                    <bold>Laboratory tests</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Hemoglobin (g/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">13.4&#177;1.6</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">12.6&#177;1.9</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">13.6&#177;1.4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.008</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Lymphocytes (/mm&#179;)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2099.2&#177;848</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1825&#177;787</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2193&#177;852</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.1&#177;0.73</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.6&#177;1.1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.0&#177;0.4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Sodium (mEq/L)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">140&#177;2.8</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">140&#177;2.9</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">140&#177;2.8</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.86</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Potassium (mEq/L)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">4.6&#177;0.4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">4.6&#177;0.4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">4.6&#177;0.3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.82</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Uric acid (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">7.5&#177;2.2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">8.6&#177;2.4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">7.1&#177;2.1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Glucose (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">118&#177;49.6</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">117.5&#177;40.3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">118.4&#177;52.6</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.92</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">180.6&#177;42.6</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">188.4&#177;42.6</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">177.3&#177;41</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">LDL (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">104.7&#177;37.2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">110.5&#177;37.6</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">102.3&#177;36.8</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.26</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Galectin-3 (ng/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">19&#177;9.4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">31.6&#177;10.7</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">14.9&#177;10.7</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">BNP (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">116.4 (59.7&#8211;295)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">158 (77&#8211;289)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">106.6 (53&#8211;298)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">NT-proBNP (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1145 (392&#8211;2590)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">4776 (1549&#8211;15852)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">741 (314&#8211;2291)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6" align="left" valign="top">
                    <bold>Echocardiography</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">LVEF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">27.4&#177;7.5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">27.3&#177;7.6</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">27.4&#177;7.5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.97</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Left atrium (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">47.3&#177;6.6</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">48.7&#177;7</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">46.9&#177;6.4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">LVEDD (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">67.5&#177;10.2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">65.3&#177;7</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">68.2&#177;11</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">LVESD (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">58.7&#177;10.1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">56.6&#177;8.5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">59.4&#177;10.6</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6" align="left" valign="top">
                    <bold>EKG</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Atrial fibrillation</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">22 (14.9)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">8 (22)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">14 (12.6)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">LBBB</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">60 (40.8)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">18 (50)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">42 (37.8)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.46</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6" align="left" valign="top">
                    <bold>24-hour Holter monitoring</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">NSVT (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">54 (36.5)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">12 (33.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">42 (38.5)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.57</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">NSVT&gt;8 beats</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">11 (7.4)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1 (8.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">9 (21.4)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.54</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6" align="left" valign="top">
                    <bold>Cardiopulmonary exercise testing</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Peak VO<sub>2</sub> (mL/kg/min)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">18&#177;5.1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">14.7&#177;4.3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">19&#177;4.9</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">41.5&#177;11.7</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">44.3&#177;12.5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">40.8&#177;11.5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">EPB (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">26 (17.5)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3 (8.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">23 (20.5)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6" align="left" valign="top">
                    <bold>EPS (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">No induction</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">129 (87.2)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">34 (94.4)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">94 (84.7)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">SMVT</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">10 (6.8)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">10 (9)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">SPVT</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">5 (3.4)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1 (2.8)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">4 (3.6)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Ventricular fibrillation</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3 (2.7)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">HV interval (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">52.6&#177;10.4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">54.2&#177;11.3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">52.2&#177;10.1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.34</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6" align="left" valign="top">
                    <bold>Medication</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Beta-blocker (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">144 (97.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">36 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">107 (96.4)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.57</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">ACEi or ARB (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">144 (97.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">32 (88.9)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">111 (99.1)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Spironolactone (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">103 (69.6)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">21 (58.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">82 (73.9)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Digoxin (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">121 (81.8)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">31 (86.1)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">90 (81.1)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.49</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Antiarrhythmic drug (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">8 (5.4)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1 (2.8)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">7 (6.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.41</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>Data expressed as mean&#177;standard deviation, median (Q1&#8211;Q3), or absolute numbers (percentage). GAL-3: galectin-3; NYHA: New York Heart Association; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVEDD: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVESD: left ventricular end-systolic diameter; EKG: electrocardiography; NSVT: non-sustained ventricular tachycardia; VO2: oxygen consumption; VE/VCO2 slope: ventilatory efficiency; EPB: exercise periodic breathing; EPS: electrophysiological study; SMVT: sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia; SPVT: sustained polymorphic ventricular tachycardia; ACEi: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker; LBBB: left bundle branch block.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Follow-up and outcomes</title>
          <p>Median follow-up was 941 days (IQR: 440&#8211;1241 days). All patients had at least two follow-up visits, and only three could not be reached. The primary outcome (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref>) occurred in 26 patients (17.5%): SCD in 13 (8.7%), cardiac syncope in 5 (3.3%), appropriate ICD therapy in 7 (4.7%), and sustained VT in 1 (0.7%). During follow-up, 30 (20.2%) patients died, and 10 of these deaths were adjudicated as cardiovascular death (6.7%). Eight patients (5.4%) underwent heart transplant. There were 81 hospital admissions for decompensated HF. Forty-eight patients underwent device implant: 17 ICDs with cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT-D), 19 single-chamber ICDs, 5 cardiac resynchronization therapy with pacemaker (CRT-P), 4 dual-chamber ICDs, and 4 single-chamber pacemakers.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Univariate analysis and Cox proportional hazard model for the primary outcome (major arrhythmic events)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2"/>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="3">Univariate analysis</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="3">Multivariate analysis</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">HR</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">95%CI</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">HR</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">95%CI</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Galectin-3 (for each 1 ng/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.003</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.97&#8211;1.04</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.877</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Galectin-3&gt;22.5 ng/mL</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.13</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.47&#8211;2.70</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.787</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Atrial fibrillation</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.86</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.75&#8211;4.60</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.182</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">LVEF&lt;20%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.69</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.21&#8211;2.30</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.691</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">LVEDD&gt;73 mm</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">4.13</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.91&#8211;8.90</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3.70</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.69&#8211;8.1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Peak VO<sub>2</sub>&lt;14.2 mL/kg/min</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.69</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.75&#8211;3.90</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.203</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope&gt;48.4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2.32</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.05&#8211;5.10</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.037</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">EPB</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3.37</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.52&#8211;7.40</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.030</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2.67</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.19&#8211;6.0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.017</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">HV interval&gt;59 ms</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2.23</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.01&#8211;4.90</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.047</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">NSVT&gt;8 beats</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3.27</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.11&#8211;9.70</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.030</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3.47</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.15&#8211;10.5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.027</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Positive EPS</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.58</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.54&#8211;4.60</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.403</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Elevated natriuretic peptides</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2.75</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.26&#8211;6.01</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.011</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>HR: hazard ratio; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVEDD: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; peak VO<sub>2</sub>: peak oxygen consumption; NSVT: non-sustained ventricular tachycardia; EPB: exercise periodic breathing; EPS: invasive electrophysiological study.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Galectin-3 levels</title>
          <p>Mean galectin-3 level was 19&#177;9.4 ng/mL, and the median was 16 ng/mL (IQR: 13.1&#8211;22.5). Clinical data stratified by the upper quartile of galectin-3 levels (&gt;22.5 ng/mL) are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref>. Galectin-3 levels did not differ in patients with or without the primary outcome, and quartiles of galectin-3 (&gt;22.5 ng/mL) also did not differentiate patients with serious arrhythmic events (7 [19.4%] patients in the upper quartile versus 19 [17%] patients in lower quartiles; p=0.73). However, galectin-3 levels stratified by quartiles were significantly different for overall mortality (13 [36.1%] patients in the upper quartile versus 17 [15.2%] patients in lower quartiles; p=0.007) and for HF hospitalization (50 [34%] patients in the upper quartile versus 31 [21%] patients in lower quartiles; p&lt;0.001) during follow-up.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Univariate and multivariate analyses</title>
          <p>In univariate analyses, significant predictors of major arrhythmic events (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref>) were the highest quartile of left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) on echocardiography (hazard-ratio &#8212; HR: 4.13, p&lt;0.001), the highest quartile of the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope (HR: 2.32, p=0.03), the presence of EPB on CPET (HR: 3.37, p=0.03), the highest quartile of the HV interval on invasive EPS (HR: 2.23, p=0.04), and NSVT&gt;8 beats on Holter monitoring (HR: 3.27, p=0.03). In this analysis, galectin-3 levels, both continuous and stratified by quartiles, were not significant predictors of the primary outcome (HR: 1.13, p=0.78). In the multivariate Cox regression model, variables that remained significantly associated with serious arrhythmic events were LVEDD (HR: 3.70, p=0.001), presence of EPB (HR: 2.67, p=0.01), and NSVT&gt;8 beats (HR: 3.47, p=0.027). Similar results were obtained using LVEDD indexed to body surface area (LVEDD&gt;40 mm/m<sup>2</sup> representing the 75<sup>th</sup> percentile; HR: 3.34; 95% confidence interval 1.50&#8211;7.45; p=0.003).</p>
          <p>Predictors of total mortality in univariate analyses were similar, but also included the highest quartile of galectin-3 levels (HR: 2.20, p=0.03), peak VO<sub>2</sub> (HR: 0.92, p=0.04), and the highest quartile of the HV interval (HR: 2.80, p=0.005). Independent predictors of total mortality in the multivariate model (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 3</xref>) were the highest quartile of galectin-3 (HR: 3.69, p=0.001), the highest quartile of LVEDD (HR: 3.35, p=0.003), the presence of EPB (HR: 3.06, p=0.006), and NSVT&gt;8 beats (HR: 3.95, p=0.007). Similar results were obtained using LVEDD indexed to body surface area (LVEDD&gt;40 mm/m<sup>2</sup> representing the 75<sup>th</sup> percentile; HR: 3.77; 95% confidence interval 1.77&#8211;8.02; p=0.001).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Univariate analysis and Cox proportional hazard model for the secondary endpoint (total mortality)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="00%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2"/>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="3">Univariate analysis</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="3">Multivariate analysis</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">HR</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">95%CI</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">HR</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">95%CI</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Galectin-3 (for each 1 ng/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.024</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.99&#8211;1.05</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.057</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Galectin-3&gt;22.5 ng/mL</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2.20</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.07&#8211;4.50</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.033</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3.69</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.7&#8211;8.19</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Atrial fibrillation</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.98</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.34&#8211;2.80</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.980</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">LVEF (for each 1%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.96</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.91&#8211;1.01</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.098</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">LVEF&lt;20%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.40</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.57&#8211;3.40</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.461</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">LVEDD&gt;73 mm</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3.02</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.44&#8211;6.30</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.003</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3.35</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.53&#8211;7.34</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Peak VO<sub>2</sub> (mL/kg/min)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.92</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.86&#8211;0.99</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.042</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Peak VO<sub>2</sub>&lt;14.2 mL/kg/min</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.20</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.53&#8211;2.70</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.656</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope&gt;48.4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.92</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.89&#8211;4.10</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.092</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">EPB</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2.91</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.36&#8211;6.20</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.006</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3.06</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.38&#8211;6.77</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">HV interval&gt;59 ms</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2.80</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.36&#8211;5.80</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.005</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.98</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.95&#8211;4.13</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.068</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">NSVT&gt;8 beats</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3.31</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.26&#8211;8.70</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.015</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3.95</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.45&#8211;10.73</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Positive EPS</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.95</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.29&#8211;3.10</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.993</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Elevated natriuretic peptides</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3.44</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.67&#8211;7.06</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <p>HR: hazard ratio; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVEDD: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; peak VO<sub>2</sub>: peak oxygen consumption; EPB: exercise periodic breathing; NSVT: non-sustained ventricular tachycardia; EPS: invasive electrophysiological study.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Predictive values</title>
          <p>Positive predictive values (PPV) for the primary outcome were low for individual parameters (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 4</xref>); the only variable associated with the highest PPV was EPB (38.4%), while the one with the greatest negative predictive value (NPV) was LVEDD&gt;73mm (88.3%). Ninety patients (61% of the study sample) presented none of the 3 variables independently associated with the primary outcome, leading to an NPV of 91.1%. Similar findings were observed for total mortality: NSVT&gt;8 beats was the predictor associated with the highest PPV (45.5%), while HV interval&gt;59 ms showed the highest NPV (84.9%). Patients without any of the 5 variables independently associated with risk had an NPV of 96.3% for all-cause death.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Positive and negative predictive values according to risk factors</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5">Primary outcome (major arrhythmic events)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">All patients (n=148)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">With event (n=26)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">PPV% (95%CI)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">NPV% (95%CI)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">LVEDD&gt;73 mm</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">36</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">13</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">36.1 (24.9&#8211;49)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">88.3 (83.7&#8211;91.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">EPB</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">26</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">10</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">38.4 (24.2&#8211;54.9)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">86.8 (82.9&#8211;90)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">NSVT&gt;8 beats</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">11</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">36.3 (15.2&#8211;64.4)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">83.7 (81.2&#8211;85.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Absence of all three</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">90</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">8</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">91.1 (85.4&#8211;94.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="5">
                    <bold>Secondary outcome (total mortality)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">
                    <bold>All patients (n=148)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">
                    <bold>With event (n=30)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">
                    <bold>PPV% (95%CI)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">
                    <bold>NPV% (95%CI)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">GAL-3&gt;22.5 ng/mL</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">36</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">13</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">36.1 (24.6&#8211;49.4)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">84.8 (80.1&#8211;88.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">LVEDD&gt;73 mm</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">36</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">12</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">33.3 (22.1&#8211;46.8)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">83.9 (79.3&#8211;87.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">EPB</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">26</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">10</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">38.4 (24.3&#8211;55.2)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">83.6 (79.6&#8211;86.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">NSVT&gt;8 beats</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">11</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">45.5 (21.4&#8211;71.8)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">81.4 (78.8&#8211;83.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">HV interval&gt;59 ms</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">35</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">13</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">37.1 (25.3&#8211;50.7)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">84.9 (80.3&#8211;88.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Absence of all five</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">55</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">96.3 (85.2&#8211;99.0)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <p>GAL-3: galectin-3; LVEDD: left ventricle end-diastolic diameter; EPB: exercise periodic breathing; NSVT: non-sustained ventricular tachycardia.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref> demonstrates the survival curves for different levels of galectin-3, adjusted for the other predictors of all-cause mortality in the Cox regression model (p&lt;0.001). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2</xref> shows the Kaplan-Meier survival curve for the primary outcome stratified by the number of predictor variables (LVEDD, EPB, NSVT&gt;8 beats; log-rank p value&lt;0.001). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 3</xref> depicts the Kaplan-Meier survival curve for all-cause mortality stratified by the number of risk markers (galectin-3&gt;22.5 ng/mL, LVEDD&gt;73mm, EPB, NSVT&gt;8 beats, HV interval&gt;59 ms). HF patients with more than 3 risk factors had an ominous prognosis, with a mortality rate&gt;80% after 3 years of follow-up.</p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Kaplan-Meier survival curve for total mortality according to levels of serum galectin-3.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0531-00353-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Kaplan-Meier survival curve for the primary outcome (serious arrhythmic events) stratified by the number of risk factors (dilated left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, exercise periodic breathing on cardiopulmonary exercise testing, and non-sustained ventricular tachycardia on Holter monitoring).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0531-00353-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Kaplan-Meier curve for the secondary outcome (total mortality) stratified by the number of risk factors (elevated levels of galectin-3, dilated left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, exercise periodic breathing on cardiopulmonary exercise testing, non-sustained ventricular tachycardia on Holter monitoring, and increased HV interval).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0531-00353-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this prospective cohort of NICM HF patients, galectin-3 levels were not an independent predictor of major arrhythmic events (SCD, cardiac syncope, sustained VT, or ICD appropriate therapy). However, higher galectin-3 levels were independently associated with overall mortality. Previously, we had identified 3 clinical predictors of arrhythmic events (LVEDD, EPB, and NSVT on 24-hour Holter monitoring), which were confirmed by the current analysis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> In a clinical scenario in which ICD implants are under scrutiny, our data may help select which patients would most benefit from an invasive and costly therapy. Serum levels of galectin-3 may be used to further stratify risk and help in prognostication.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Galectins are a large family of lectins that bind to &#223;-galactosides. Primarily located in the cytoplasm, they can also be found in the nucleus or the extracellular matrix. Extracellular galectin-3 exhibits numerous autocrine and paracrine effects, including cell adhesion, activation and chemoattraction of certain cell types, mainly those related to the extracellular matrix. Galectin-3 affects various biological processes, such as cellular homeostasis, immune responses, organogenesis, and angiogenesis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> Henderson et al. reported that disruption of the galectin-3 gene blocked hepatic stellate cell activation and collagen expression in the liver, attenuating hepatic fibrosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> Aldosterone led to galectin-3 expression in the aortic tunica media in animal models and, in turn, its overexpression increased type I collagen production.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref></p>
        <p>The role of galectin-3 as a predictor of future clinical events has been partially assessed in several cardiovascular scenarios. Higher galectin-3 levels were related to new-onset atrial fibrillation (AF) 3&#8211;5 days after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> Recent reports have also indicated the association of galectin-3 levels with paroxysmal AF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> and persistent AF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> Concentrations of sST2 and galectin-3 were significantly higher in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients than in controls, but neither marker had a significant relationship with SCD risk, history of syncope, or family history of SCD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref></p>
        <p>The predictive role of galectin-3 has also been assessed in studies of mixed HF etiologies, but few have explored its role as a predictor of arrhythmic events specifically in non-ischemic HF patients. Francia et al. investigated 75 HF patients who underwent ICD implantation and found that galectin-3 levels were higher in those with VR or VF. Most of their sample (60%), however, had an ischemic etiology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> Hu et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> assessed both galectin-3 levels and LGE on CMR in a prospective cohort that enrolled patients with NICM (46% with dilated cardiomyopathy and 56% with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy). Both galectin-3 levels and the presence of LGE were independent predictors of major cardiac events. No specific analysis related to arrhythmic risk or total mortality was performed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Recently, Competence Network Heart Failure investigators evaluated the role of sST2 and galectin-3 in patients with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy and obtained intriguing results. While sST2 was associated with cardiac and overall mortality, galectin-3 levels had no impact on the risk of future events as a continuous variable, but the intermediate tertile of galectin-3 was significantly associated with a better prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> Nonetheless, our findings suggest that elevated galectin-3 levels might not predict arrhythmic risk in a selected sample of non-ischemic HF patients but could be an important marker of overall mortality. These results are in agreement with a meta-analysis of 9 studies that included a heterogeneous group of HF patients and reported that, for every 1 ng/mL of galectin-3 elevation, the mortality rate increased by 28%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref></p>
        <p>In the current analysis, the absence of all independent predictors of risk for arrhythmic events (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2</xref>) or total mortality (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 3</xref>) revealed a subgroup of patients with excellent prognosis in a follow-up of up to four years. These results strengthen our previous findings<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> and point out that better risk stratification is feasible in non-ischemic HF patients.</p>
        <p>Some methodological aspects of our protocol deserve consideration. We lost contact with only three patients, so they were censored in the last visit. Asymptomatic ventricular arrhythmias could not be detected, as only 48 patients of our cohort underwent device implantation. LGE-CMR has been suggested as a valid tool for prognosis stratification of HF, but only a few of our patients underwent CMR, precluding its analysis as a prognostic factor in this cohort. CMR, however, is not widely available to most HF patients worldwide. We acknowledge that our sample size and number of events are relatively small, and as such, our results should be considered hypothesis-generating. Still, most previous studies had similar or smaller sample sizes. Finally, our findings deserve future prospective validation before broad clinical applicability can be proposed.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In this prospective cohort of non-ischemic HF patients on optimized medical treatment, galectin-3 levels did not predict major arrhythmic events. Three variables were confirmed as risk markers for the primary outcome: LVEDD&gt;73 mm, EPB on CPET, and NSVT&gt;8 beats on Holter monitoring. Elevated galectin-3 levels were independently associated with total mortality. Absence of all risk predictors revealed a substantially prevalent subgroup of patients with an excellent prognosis. In the current scenario of uncertainty about ICD advantages in NICM HF patients, our results might help establish future strategies to identify the patients who would most benefit from ICDs.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was partially funded by FIPE-HCPA</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Adriano Nunes Kochi, from Programa de P&#243;s-gradu&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de; Cardiologia. e Ci&#234;ncia Cardiovasculares.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre under the protocol number 59122016 0 0000 5327. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
