<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">zYndRZfCDNHnpHs4dDtzfPx</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021005007202</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001100503</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200492</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200492</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre os N&#237;veis S&#233;ricos de Elabela e Oclus&#227;o Total Cr&#244;nica em Pacientes com Angina Pectoris Est&#225;vel</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1913-4212</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yavuz</surname>
            <given-names>Fethi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7081-5799</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kaplan</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Ad&#305;yaman University Training and Research Hospital</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ad&#305;yaman</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Ad&#305;yaman University Training and Research Hospital, Ad&#305;yaman - Turquia.</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Gaziantep University Medicine Faculty</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Gaziantep</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Gaziantep University Medicine Faculty, Departamento de Cardiologia, Gaziantep - Turquia.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Fethi Yavuz</bold> &#8226; Departamento de Cardiologia, Ad&#305;yaman University Training and Research Hospital, <postal-code>2230</postal-code>, Ad&#305;yaman - Turquia. E-mail: <email>fethiyavuz782@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Yavuz F; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Kaplan M; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Yavuz F Kaplan M.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>31</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>503</fpage>
      <lpage>510</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Os efeitos ben&#233;ficos do elabela no sistema cardiovascular foram demonstrados em estudos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Comparar os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de elabela de pacientes com oclus&#227;o total cr&#244;nica (OTC) com pacientes controle com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias normais e investigar se h&#225; correla&#231;&#227;o com o desenvolvimento colateral.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal e prospectivo. O estudo incluiu cinquenta pacientes (28,0% mulheres, idade m&#233;dia 61,6&#177;7,3 anos) com OTC em pelo menos um vaso coron&#225;rio e 50 pacientes (38% mulheres, idade m&#233;dia 60,7&#177;6,38 anos) com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias normais. Os pacientes do grupo OTC foram divididos em dois grupos: Rentrop 0&#8211;1, composto por pacientes com fraco desenvolvimento colateral e Rentrop 2&#8211;3, composto por pacientes com bom desenvolvimento colateral. Al&#233;m da idade, sexo, caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e exames laboratoriais de rotina dos pacientes, foram medidos os n&#237;veis de elabela.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e os valores laboratoriais mostraram-se semelhantes em ambos os grupos. Ao passo que o n&#237;vel m&#233;dio de NT-proBNP e troponina estava maior no grupo OTC, o n&#237;vel m&#233;dio de elabela estava menor (p&lt;0,05 para todos). Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada, os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP e elabela foram considerados preditores independentes para OTC. Al&#233;m disso, o n&#237;vel de elabela apresentou-se estatisticamente maior em pacientes do grupo Rentrop 2&#8211;3 em compara&#231;&#227;o com os pacientes do grupo Rentrop 0&#8211;1 (p&lt;0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Em nosso estudo, mostramos que o n&#237;vel m&#233;dio de elabela estava baixo em pacientes com OTC em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes normais. Al&#233;m disso, constatamos que o n&#237;vel de elabela &#233; inferior em pacientes com desenvolvimento colateral fraco em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com bom desenvolvimento colateral. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Oclus&#227;o Total Cr&#244;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>Oclus&#227;o Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Pept&#237;deos</kwd>
        <kwd>Elabela</kwd>
        <kwd>Apelina</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiografia Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Angina Pectoris</kwd>
        <kwd>Circula&#231;&#227;o Colateral</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="5"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="29"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Define-se oclus&#227;o total cr&#244;nica (OTC) como a obstru&#231;&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica completa (tromb&#243;lise em infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (TIMI) grau 0) do fluxo de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, com dura&#231;&#227;o de oclus&#227;o estimada de &#8805; 3 meses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Os dados sobre a preval&#234;ncia da OTC resultam de registros de pacientes submetidos a angiocoronariografia por suspeita de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC). Assim, desconhece-se a preval&#234;ncia geral na popula&#231;&#227;o (assintom&#225;tica). A frequ&#234;ncia de pelo menos uma OTC varia de 30% a 50% em pacientes com diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de DAC submetidos a cateterismo card&#237;aco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
      <p>O elabela foi recentemente descoberto como um novo ligante pept&#237;dico end&#243;geno do receptor de apelina (APJ), um receptor acoplado &#224; prote&#237;na G. A express&#227;o de elabela &#233; mais elevada no tecido card&#237;aco embrion&#225;rio e depois diminui gradualmente. O elabela &#233; encontrado principalmente em fibroblastos e c&#233;lulas endoteliais do cora&#231;&#227;o. A sinaliza&#231;&#227;o de elabela tem se mostrado crucial para o desenvolvimento normal do sistema cardiovascular durante a embriog&#234;nese.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> As fun&#231;&#245;es biol&#243;gicas do elabela no corpo s&#227;o semelhantes &#224;s do apelina, o ligante do outro receptor de apelina. Em geral, o apelina e o elabela s&#227;o conhecidos por seus efeitos protetores do sistema cardiovascular. A liga&#231;&#227;o desse receptor e seus ligantes desempenha algumas fun&#231;&#245;es regulat&#243;rias no sistema cardiovascular, sistema nervoso central, sistema circulat&#243;rio e diversos outros sistemas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref></p>
      <p>O elabela e o apelina promovem a angiog&#234;nese por meio do APJ.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> O elabela e o apelina desempenham fun&#231;&#245;es em diferentes est&#225;gios da morfog&#234;nese vascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> O elabela &#233; mais potente do que o apelina no que diz respeito ao aumento da contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica e vasodilata&#231;&#227;o coronariana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Embora o elabela e o apelina compartilhem muitas semelhan&#231;as, eles funcionam por meio de diferentes vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o e t&#234;m diferentes atividades biol&#243;gicas. No entanto, relativamente pouco se sabe sobre as propriedades e fun&#231;&#245;es biol&#243;gicas do elabela. Evid&#234;ncias crescentes sugerem que o APJ n&#227;o &#233; o &#250;nico receptor do elabela. Sugeriu-se que o elabela possa ter diversos efeitos cardioprotetores por meio de vias adicionais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Portanto, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios outros estudos para elucidar os mecanismos moleculares e as fun&#231;&#245;es biol&#243;gicas do elabela e a regula&#231;&#227;o das vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o celular.</p>
      <p>Diversos estudos na literatura examinaram a fun&#231;&#227;o do apelina no corpo humano. No entanto, quase todos os estudos acima mencionados sobre o elabela foram realizados in vitro ou em modelos animais. Recentemente, diversas pesquisas em humanos foram relatadas na literatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Tanto quanto sabemos, n&#227;o existem estudos sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o do elabela nas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares humanas e o seu potencial de tratamento. Em pacientes com OTC, que representa um espectro da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, estudos anteriores n&#227;o investigaram os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de elabela em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias normais. Tendo em vista que o elabela tem efeitos sobre a angiog&#234;nese e arteriog&#234;nese, pode ser que haja uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre a extens&#227;o do desenvolvimento colateral coronariano e os n&#237;veis de elabela. Assim, no presente estudo, nosso objetivo foi investigar os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de elabela em pacientes com OTC em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias normais e examinar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o desenvolvimento colateral coronariano e os n&#237;veis de elabela.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todo</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um estudo transversal. A decis&#227;o pela angiografia coron&#225;ria foi feita de acordo com um teste de esfor&#231;o n&#227;o invasivo positivo ou alta suspeita cl&#237;nica de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. O tamanho ou poder da amostra n&#227;o foi calculado para o estudo. Definiu-se o tamanho da amostra por conveni&#234;ncia. O comit&#234; de &#233;tica local aprovou o protocolo deste estudo, conduzido de acordo com os princ&#237;pios estabelecidos na Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque. Todos os participantes assinaram consentimento informado por escrito antes do in&#237;cio do estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Cinquenta pacientes com OTC, conforme demonstrado por angiocoronariografia, e 50 pacientes com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias normais (grupo controle) foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo, todos os par&#226;metros laboratoriais de rotina e dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram registrados no formul&#225;rio especificamente elaborado para este estudo, e gerado para cada paciente. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a no tratamento farmacol&#243;gico entre os pacientes Rentrop 0&#8211;1 e 2&#8211;3 com OTC.</p>
        <p>Definiu-se hipertens&#227;o como medidas sist&#234;micas repetidas da press&#227;o arterial &gt;140/90 mmHg ou uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva. Diagnosticou-se diabetes mellitus de acordo com um dos seguintes crit&#233;rios: (1) glicemia em jejum &#8805;126 mg/dL, (2) glicemia &gt;200 mg/dL a qualquer momento, (3) hist&#243;rico de diabetes mellitus ou pacientes sob medica&#231;&#227;o antidiab&#233;tica. Definiu-se hipercolesterolemia como tratamento em curso com hipolipemiantes ou n&#237;vel basal total de colesterol &gt;200 mg/dL. Definiu-se tabagismo como tabagismo regular nos &#250;ltimos 6 meses. Definiu-se hist&#243;rico familiar de doen&#231;a coronariana como a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana em parentes de primeiro grau com idade inferior a 55 (masculino) ou 65 (feminino).</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o do estudo foram os seguintes: doen&#231;a card&#237;aca valvar moderada a grave, doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica cr&#244;nica, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (TFG &lt;60 ml/kg/min), disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, malignidade, infec&#231;&#227;o ativa, doen&#231;a autoimune, pacientes com idade &#8804;18 e &#8805;85.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Par&#226;metros laboratoriais</title>
        <p>Os par&#226;metros laboratoriais de rotina (glicose, troponina I de alta sensibilidade, por&#231;&#227;o N-terminal do pr&#243;-horm&#244;nio do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico do tipo B, fun&#231;&#227;o renal, painel lip&#237;dico e hemograma completo) de todos os pacientes foram analisados. Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de elabela foram obtidos por meio de kits comercialmente dispon&#237;veis (Sunred Biological Technology, Xangai, China). Mediu-se a isoforma elabela-32. O kit utiliza um ensaio imunoenzim&#225;tico (ELISA) sandu&#237;che com duplo anticorpo para determinar o n&#237;vel de elabela em amostras de sangue. Para medir o apelina, o soro foi separado do sangue por centrifuga&#231;&#227;o a 3.000 rpm por 10 min e mantido congelado a &#8722;80 &#176;C at&#233; a an&#225;lise. De acordo com o fabricante, esse ensaio tem um coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o interensaio inferior a 12% e um coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o intraensaio inferior a 10%.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica</title>
        <p>Realizou-se angiocoronariografia de rotina pela t&#233;cnica de Judkins com cateteres card&#237;acos direito e esquerdo de 6 ou 7 French, sem o uso de nitroglicerina, adenosina ou bloqueador dos canais de c&#225;lcio. Os angiogramas foram gravados em m&#237;dia digital DICOM a 15 quadros/ms e foram revisados por dois angi&#243;grafos experientes que desconheciam o estado cl&#237;nico dos pacientes. Art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias normais foram definidas como aus&#234;ncia de les&#245;es coron&#225;rias. As OTCs foram vistas a partir de pelo menos dois &#226;ngulos ap&#243;s inje&#231;&#227;o seletiva de material de contraste. Definiu-se OTC como estenose de 100% do di&#226;metro luminal quando n&#227;o havia l&#250;men percept&#237;vel e fluxo anter&#243;grado por mais de 3 meses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> As coronariografias foram reavaliadas para circula&#231;&#227;o colateral por dois cardiologistas intervencionistas experientes completamente cegos para o estudo. A circula&#231;&#227;o colateral coronariana foi graduada pela classifica&#231;&#227;o Rentrop,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> onde grau 0=nenhum preenchimento de vasos colaterais; grau 1=preenchimento de ramos laterais arteriais a serem dilatados por canais colaterais sem visualiza&#231;&#227;o do segmento epic&#225;rdico; grau 2=preenchimento parcial do segmento epic&#225;rdico por vasos colaterais; e grau 3=preenchimento completo do segmento epic&#225;rdico da art&#233;ria dilatada por vaso colateral. Pacientes com desenvolvimento colateral coron&#225;rio grau 0&#8211;1 foram considerados como grupo colateral ruim, e pacientes com desenvolvimento colateral coron&#225;rio grau 2&#8211;3 foram considerados grupo colateral bom.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> Em pacientes com mais de 1 vaso colateral preenchendo o vaso oclu&#237;do, utilizou-se para an&#225;lise o vaso colateral com o maior grau Rentrop.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Analisou-se a normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. As vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia (&#177; desvio padr&#227;o) e aquelas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram apresentadas como mediana (intervalo interquartil). As vari&#225;veis que apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal entre os grupos foram comparadas pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o pareado e aquelas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram comparadas pelo teste U de Mann-Whitney. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em n&#250;meros e porcentagens, e comparadas entre os grupos atrav&#233;s do teste exato de Fisher ou do qui-quadrado. Foram utilizadas curvas <italic>receiver operating characteristic</italic> (ROC) para demonstrar a sensibilidade e especificidade dos valores de corte do elabela para a OTC. An&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria foram realizadas para determinar preditores independentes de OTC. Vari&#225;veis que apresentavam valor de p&lt;0,05 n&#227;o ajustado na an&#225;lise univariada foram inclu&#237;das na an&#225;lise multivariada. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando o software Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS 20.0) para Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, EUA). O valor de p&lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>O estudou incluiu cinquenta pacientes com OTC e 50 pacientes com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias normais. As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas basais dos grupos estudados est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. A compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas entre os grupos mostrou que a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea foi mais comumente realizada no grupo OTC (p=0,006). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos em termos de idade m&#233;dia, sexo e n&#250;mero de pacientes com hipertens&#227;o, diabetes mellitus, hiperlipidemia, doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, acidente vascular cerebral e doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (todos p&gt;0,05).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas basais e fatores de risco cardiovascular da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th valign="top" align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
              <th valign="top" align="center">Pacientes com OTC (n=50)</th>
              <th valign="top" align="center">Controles (-) (n= 50)</th>
              <th valign="top" align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Idade, anos</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">61,6 &#177; 7,31</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">60,7 &#177; 6,38</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,495</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Sexo feminino, % (n)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">28,0 (14)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">38 (19)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,288</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, %</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">55,3 &#177; 7,0</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">55,7 &#177; 6,83</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,795</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Hipertens&#227;o, % (n)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">70,0 (35)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">50 (28)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,147</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Diabetes mellitus, % (n)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">66,0 (33)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">50 (25)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,105</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Hiperlipidemia, % (n)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">62 (31)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">44 (22)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,071</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica, % (n)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">10,0 (5)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">6 (3)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,461</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Acidente vascular cerebral, % (n)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">4,0 (2)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">2(1)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,558</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, % (n)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">16,0 (8)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">12 (6)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,564</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, %(n)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">10,0 (5)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">18 (9)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,249</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea pr&#233;via% (n)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">14,0 (7)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,006</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Fumante atual, % (n)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">58 (29)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">48 (24)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,316</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Hist&#243;rico familiar de DAC, % (n)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">22,0 (11)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">24 (12)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,812</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta os par&#226;metros laboratoriais e os n&#237;veis de elabela. Os n&#237;veis m&#233;dios de NT-proBNP e troponina apresentaram-se significativamente maiores no grupo OTC do que no grupo controle (p&lt;0,05 para ambos). No entanto, os n&#237;veis m&#233;dios de elabela apresentaram-se significativamente mais baixos no grupo OTC do que no grupo controle (p&lt;0,001). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o a outros par&#226;metros laboratoriais (todos p&gt;0,05).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Par&#226;metros laboratoriais e n&#237;veis de elabela dos grupos do estudo.</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th valign="top" align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
              <th valign="top" align="center">Pacientes com OTC (n=50)</th>
              <th valign="top" align="center">Controles (n=50)</th>
              <th valign="top" align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Glicemia de jejum, md/dL, mediana (IIQ)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">102,5 (28,0)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">121 (55,0)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,057</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Hemoglobina, g/dL</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">13,9 &#177; 1,90</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">13,2 &#177; 1,52</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,107</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Hemat&#243;crito, %</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">39,9 &#177; 5,57</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">39,3 &#177; 3,95</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,584</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Contagem de gl&#243;bulos brancos, x10<sup>3</sup>/mL</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">8,2 &#177; 2,02</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">8,4 &#177; 2,40</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,692</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Contagem de plaquetas, x10<sup>3</sup>/mL</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">265 &#177; 82</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">271 &#177; 51</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,743</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Contagem de neutr&#243;filos, x10<sup>3</sup>/mL</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">5,4 &#177; 1,68</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">5,2 &#177; 1,57</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,357</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Contagem de linf&#243;citos, x10<sup>3</sup>/mL</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">2,2 &#177; 0,7</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">2,1 &#177; 0,6</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,417</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Contagem de mon&#243;citos, x10<sup>3</sup>/mL</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,6 &#177; 0,23</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,7 &#177; 0,29</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,640</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Volume m&#233;dio plaquet&#225;rio, fL</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">8,8 &#177; 1,14</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">8,8 &#177; 1,02</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,933</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Colesterol total, mg/dl, mediana (IIQ)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">206,5 (53,5)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">216 (46,5)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,955</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Colesterol LDL, mg/dL, mediana (IIQ)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">132,5 (40,5)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">147 (34,5)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,389</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Colesterol HDL, mg/dL</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">42,1 &#177; 9,5</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">44,6 &#177; 8,5</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,236</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Triglicer&#237;deos, mg/dL, mediana (IIQ)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">173 (103,7)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">159 (101,5)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,147</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Ureia, mg/dL</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">34,9 &#177; 13,93</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">33,4 &#177;7,89</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,580</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Creatinina, mg/dL</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,84 &#177;0,27</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,78 &#177;0,15</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,275</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Albumina, mg/dL</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">3,7 &#177; 0,59</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">3,8 &#177; 0,34</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,424</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Troponina, ng/mL, mediana (IIQ)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">6,0 (12,0)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">4,0 (7,0)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,013</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Elabela, ng/mL, mediana (IIQ)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,64 (0,40)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">1,20 (1,14)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">PCR, mg/L, mediana (IIQ)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">1,8 (1,4)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">1,4 (2,0)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,506</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">NT-proBNP, pg/ml, mediana (IIQ)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">25,5 (16,5)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">16.0(11,0)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Escore SYNTAX</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">12,3 &#177; 7,1</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">-</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>
              <italic>IIQ: Intervalo Interquartil; LDL: Lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; HDL: Lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; PCR: Prote&#237;na C-reativa; NT-proBNP: Por&#231;&#227;o N-terminal do pr&#243;-horm&#244;nio do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico do tipo B.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Em pacientes com OTC, a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (n=26, 52%) foi o vaso mais afetado, seguida pela art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda (n=20, 40%), a art&#233;ria circunflexa esquerda (n=11, 22%) e m&#250;ltiplos vasos (n=7, 14%).</p>
      <p>Para a previs&#227;o de OTC, o valor de corte de &lt;0,9 para elabela apresentou sensibilidade de 84,8% e especificidade de 80,0% (AUC: 0,824; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%, 0,723&#8211;0,924; p&lt;0,001) na an&#225;lise da curva ROC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title><italic>An&#225;lise da curva receiver operating characteristic para o Elabela para predi&#231;&#227;o de OTC</italic>.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0503-00492-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o Rentrop: Rentrop 0&#8211;1 (n=17) e Rentrop 2&#8211;3 (n=33). O valor elabela mediano do grupo Rentrop 0&#8211;1 (mediana 0,430, IIQ: 0,170) com desenvolvimento colateral ruim foi menor do que o do grupo Rentrop 2&#8211;3 (mediana 0,740, IIQ: 0,380) com bom desenvolvimento colateral (p&lt;0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title><italic>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre o n&#237;vel de Elabela e o escore Rentrop (barras de erro: Intervalo de confian&#231;a [IC] de 95%)</italic>.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0503-00492-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Os resultados das an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o univariada e multivariada est&#227;o resumidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela III</xref>. A an&#225;lise univariada mostrou que o NT-proBNP, elabela e troponina foram preditores independentes de OTC. No entanto, na an&#225;lise multivariada, apenas o NT-proBNP (p=0,003) e o elabela (p=0,001) permaneceram como preditores independentes de OTC.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>An&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada e multivariada</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="20%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th valign="top" align="left">An&#225;lise</th>
              <th valign="top" colspan="2" align="center">Univariada</th>
              <th valign="top" colspan="2" align="center">Multivariada</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Vari&#225;veis</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">p</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">OR [IC de 95%]</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">p</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">OR [IC de 95%]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">NT-proBNP</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,008</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">1,071 (1,018- 1,127)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,003</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">1,134 (1,043-1.232)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Troponina</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,027</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">1,100 (1,011-1.197)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">-</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Elabela</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,160 (0,112-0.401)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,001</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0.137(0,105-0.358)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,149</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,545 (0,239-1.242)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">-</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Diabetes melitus</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,107</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,515 (0,230-1.153)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">-</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Hiperlipidemia</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,073</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">0,482 (0,217-1.070)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">-</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>
              <italic>NT-proBNP: Por&#231;&#227;o N-terminal do pr&#243;-horm&#244;nio do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico do tipo B; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O principal achado do nosso estudo foi que os pacientes com OTC apresentaram n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de elabela mais baixos em compara&#231;&#227;o com os pacientes com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias normais. Al&#233;m disso, os pacientes com bom desenvolvimento colateral coronariano apresentaram n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de elabela mais elevados do que pacientes com baixo desenvolvimento colateral coronariano. At&#233; onde sabemos, nosso estudo &#233; o primeiro a examinar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de elabela e a OTC e o desenvolvimento colateral coronariano.</p>
      <p>O sistema cardiovascular humano cont&#233;m uma fam&#237;lia de pept&#237;deos denominada sistema apelin&#233;rgico, composta por receptores de apelina, elabela e APJ.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> Estudos t&#234;m demonstrado que o apelina e o sistema receptor t&#234;m alguns efeitos positivos na aterosclerose, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM), insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> Embora o apelina fosse inicialmente considerado o &#250;nico ligante para APJ, um novo pept&#237;deo denominado elabela foi identificado por pesquisas conduzidas pela equipe do laborat&#243;rio Reversade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> Estudos revelaram que o apelina e o elabela agem via APJ e t&#234;m fun&#231;&#245;es semelhantes. Al&#233;m disso, o elabela demonstrou ser mais potente do que o apelina na produ&#231;&#227;o de efeitos card&#237;acos positivos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> Pacientes com angina est&#225;vel apresentaram n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de apelina significativamente mais baixos em compara&#231;&#227;o com os controles. Al&#233;m disso, o n&#237;vel de apelina plasm&#225;tica esteve negativamente correlacionado com o escore de Gensini em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> Em seu estudo, Weir et al. mostraram que a concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica de apelina mostrou-se reduzida no per&#237;odo inicial ap&#243;s o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, aumentou significativamente ao longo do tempo, mas permaneceu reduzida em 24 semanas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> Como a OTC &#233; um evento coronariano tardio, o n&#237;vel de elabela mostrou-se similarmente menor em pacientes com OTC do que em pacientes com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias normais.</p>
      <p>A OTC &#233; um subgrupo de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca ateroscler&#243;tica e est&#225; associada a desfechos cl&#237;nicos negativos. As fun&#231;&#245;es biol&#243;gicas do elabela em doen&#231;as ateroscler&#243;ticas foram exploradas recentemente em um estudo recente de Li et al., que prop&#244;s o elabela como um poss&#237;vel agente terap&#234;utico para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> O comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial est&#225; associado &#224; aterosclerose. O elabela &#233; detectado principalmente em fibroblastos no cora&#231;&#227;o e em c&#233;lulas endoteliais intactas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Portanto, a produ&#231;&#227;o de elabela diminui em casos de comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. Em nosso estudo, os baixos n&#237;veis de elabela verificados no grupo OTC podem ser explicados pela presen&#231;a de comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.</p>
      <p>O desenvolvimento de colaterais coron&#225;rios &#233; uma resposta &#224; isquemia mioc&#225;rdica cr&#244;nica. Os vasos colaterais fornecem um suprimento sangu&#237;neo alternativo para o mioc&#225;rdio em pacientes com les&#245;es coron&#225;rias obstrutivas. O aumento do fluxo sangu&#237;neo colateral coron&#225;rio pode reduzir os sintomas de angina e eventos cardiovasculares e manter a fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til do mioc&#225;rdio. Existem evid&#234;ncias importantes de que o desenvolvimento circulat&#243;rio colateral ocorre como resultado da angiog&#234;nese e/ou arteriog&#234;nese.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> A sinaliza&#231;&#227;o do elabela demonstrou ter um papel fundamental no desenvolvimento do sistema cardiovascular normal durante a embriog&#234;nese. O elabela promove angiog&#234;nese e arteriog&#234;nese via APJ.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> Em seu estudo, Sharma et al. verificaram que o eixo de sinal elabela-APJ induz a migra&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas progenitoras do seio venoso em camundongos e, portanto, desempenha um papel no desenvolvimento dos vasos coron&#225;rios. Al&#233;m disso, detectaram defeitos no desenvolvimento de vasos coron&#225;rios em camundongos sem o sinal elabela-APJ.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> Em nosso estudo, o alto n&#237;vel s&#233;rico do elabela em pacientes da classe Rentrop 2&#8211;3 com bom desenvolvimento colateral em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes da classe Rentrop 0&#8211;1 com desenvolvimento colateral ruim pode ser explicado pelos efeitos positivos do elabela na angiog&#234;nese e arteriog&#234;nese.</p>
      <p>Perjes et al. mostraram em camundongos que os n&#237;veis de elabela aumentaram no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-IM devido aos seus efeitos cardioprotetores, mas diminu&#237;ram posteriormente ou ap&#243;s tratamento malsucedido.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> A OTC, um espectro de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca ateroscler&#243;tica, &#233; definida como estenose de 100% do di&#226;metro do l&#250;men por mais de 3 meses, quando n&#227;o h&#225; l&#250;men percept&#237;vel e fluxo anter&#243;grado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> O baixo n&#237;vel do elabela em pacientes com OTC, conforme encontrado em nosso estudo, &#233; compat&#237;vel com os achados deste estudo.</p>
      <p>Estudos anteriores relataram que o elabela est&#225; envolvido em diversos quadros e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. A atividade do sistema apelin&#233;rgico aumenta consideravelmente na remodela&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, na hipertens&#227;o arterial, e exerce efeitos ben&#233;ficos pelo bloqueio do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>. Al&#233;m disso, os efeitos positivos do elabela na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e na diabetes tamb&#233;m foram demonstrados em estudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> Em nosso estudo, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos em termos de hipertens&#227;o, diabetes e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
      <p>As evid&#234;ncias atuais dos efeitos cardioprotetores do elabela s&#227;o escassas. No entanto, estudos in vitro e em animais sugerem que o elabela ou um derivado sint&#233;tico pode ter potencial terap&#234;utico ou biomarcador para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>O desenho transversal e o tamanho da amostra do estudo s&#227;o as principais limita&#231;&#245;es do nosso estudo. Embora medi&#231;&#245;es bioqu&#237;micas tenham sido realizadas em nosso estudo, n&#227;o examinamos o n&#237;vel do receptor APJ das amostras de tecido. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o foram obtidas medidas de apelina e APJ, que poderiam ter fornecido mais informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o sistema apelin&#233;rgico em pacientes com OTC.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo, mostramos n&#237;veis reduzidos de elabela em pacientes com OTC. Tamb&#233;m observamos uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre o desenvolvimento colateral coronariano e os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de elabela. S&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos de maiores dimens&#245;es e mais abrangentes para estabelecer a fun&#231;&#227;o do elabela como um biomarcador card&#237;aco ou agente terap&#234;utico em humanos.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Association Between Serum Elabela Levels and Chronic Totally Occlusion in Patients with Stable Angina Pectoris</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1913-4212</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yavuz</surname>
            <given-names>Fethi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7081-5799</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kaplan</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ad&#305;yaman</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Ad&#305;yaman University Training and Research Hospital, Ad&#305;yaman - Turkey.</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Gaziantep</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Gaziantep University Medicine Faculty, Departamento de Cardiologia, Gaziantep - Turkey.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Fethi Yavuz</bold> &#8226; Departamento de Cardiologia, Ad&#305;yaman University Training and Research Hospital, <postal-code>2230</postal-code>, Ad&#305;yaman - Turkey. E-mail: <email>fethiyavuz782@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript: Yavuz F; Statistical analysis and Obtaining financing: Kaplan M; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Yavuz F, Kaplan M.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The beneficial effects of Elabela on the cardiovascular system have been shown in studies.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To compare serum Elabela levels of chronic total occlusion (CTO) patients with control patients with normal coronary arteries, and to investigate whether there is a correlation with collateral development.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>The study was planned cross-sectionally and prospectively. Fifty patients (28.0% female, mean age 61.6&#177;7.3years) with CTO in at least one coronary vessel and 50 patients (38% female, mean age 60,7&#177;6.38 years) with normal coronary arteries were included in the study. Patients in the CTO group were divided into two groups as Rentrop 0-1, those with weak collateral development, and Rentrop 2-3 with good collateral development. In addition to the age, sex, demographic characteristics and routine laboratory tests of the patients, Elabela levels were measured.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Demographic characteristics and laboratory values were similar in both groups. While the mean NT-proBNP and troponin were higher in the CTO group, the Elabela mean was lower (p &lt;0.05 for all). In the multivariate regression analysis, NT-proBNP and Elabela levels were found to be independent predictors for CTO. Also, Elabela level was found to be statistically higher in Rentrop class 2-3 patients compared to Rentrop class 0-1 patients (p&lt;0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>In our study, we showed that the average Elabela level was low in CTO patients compared to normal patients. In addition, we found the level of Elabela to be lower in patients with weak collateral development compared to patients with good collateral development. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Chronic Total Occlusion</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Occlusion</kwd>
        <kwd>Peptides</kwd>
        <kwd>Elabela</kwd>
        <kwd>Apelin</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Angiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Angina Pectoris</kwd>
        <kwd>Colateral Circulation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Chronic Total Occlusion (CTO) is defined as an atherosclerotic complete obstruction (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) grade 0) of flow of a coronary artery, with an estimated occlusion duration of &#8805; 3 months.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Data on the prevalence of CTO are derived from registries of patients undergoing coronary angiography for suspected coronary artery disease (CAD); thus, the overall prevalence in the general (asymptomatic) population is unknown. The frequency of at least one CTO ranges from 30% to 50% in patients with a prior diagnosis of CAD who undergo cardiac catheterization.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Elabela was recently discovered as a new endogenous peptidic ligand of the Apelin receptor (APJ), a G protein-coupled receptor. Elabela expression is highest in embryonic heart tissue and then declines gradually. Elabela is mainly found in fibroblasts and endothelial cells in the heart. Elabela signaling has been demonstrated to be crucial for normal development of the cardiovascular system during embryogenesis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> The biological functions of Elabela in the body are similar to those of Apelin, the ligand of the other apelin receptor. In general, Apelin and Elabela are known for their protective effects on the cardiovascular system. Binding of this receptor and its ligands plays some regulatory roles in the cardiovascular system, central nervous system, circulatory system and many other systems.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Elabela and Apelin promote angiogenesis through APJ.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Elabela and Apelin play roles in different stages of vascular morphogenesis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Elabela is more potent than Apelin when it comes to increasing myocardial contractility and coronary vasodilation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Although Elabela and Apelin share many similarities they function through different signaling pathways and have different biological activities. However, relatively little is known about the biological properties and functions of Elabela. Mounting evidence suggests that APJ is not the only receptor for Elabela. It was suggested that Elabela may have multiple cardioprotective effects via additional pathways.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Therefore, further studies are warranted to elucidate the molecular mechanisms and biological roles of Elabela and the regulation of cellular signaling pathways.</p>
        <p>There are several studies in the literature that examined the role of Apelin in the human body. However, almost all of the aforementioned studies on Elabela have been conducted in vitro or in animal models. Recently, a number of research studies in humans have been reported r in the literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> To our best knowledge, there is no study on the role of Elabela in human cardiovascular disease and its treatment potential. In patients with CTO, which represents a spectrum of coronary artery disease, former studies did not investigate serum Elabela levels compared to patients with normal coronary arteries. Since Elabela has effects on angiogenesis and arteriogenesis, there may be a relationship between the extent of coronary collateral development and Elabela levels. Thus, in the present study, we aimed to investigate serum Elabela levels of patients with CTO in comparison to patients with normal coronary arteries and to examine the relationship between coronary collateral development and Elabela levels.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Method</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>This was a cross-sectional study. The decision for coronary angiography was made according to a positive noninvasive stress test or high clinical suspicion for a coronary artery disease. Sample size or power was not calculated for the study. The sample size was defined for convenience. The local ethics committee approved the study protocol which was implemented in accordance with the principles established in the Declaration of Helsinki. All subjects signed written informed consent prior to initiation of the study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>Fifty patients with CTO as demonstrated by coronary angiography and 50 patients with normal coronary arteries (control group) were included in the study. Baseline clinical and demographic characteristics of the study population, all routine laboratory parameters, and echocardiographic data were recorded in the study-specific forms that were generated for each patient. There was no difference in pharmacological treatment between Rentrop Class 0-1 and 2-3 CTO patients.</p>
          <p>Hypertension was defined as &gt;140/90 mmHg in repeated systemic blood pressure measurements or use of antihypertensive drugs. Diabetes mellitus was defined according to the presence of one of the following criteria: (1) fasting blood glucose &#8805;126 mg / dL, (2) blood glucose &gt; 200 mg / dL at any time, (3) a history of diabetes mellitus, or anti-diabetic medication use. Hypercholesterolemia was defined as current treatment with lipid-lowering agents or a baseline total cholesterol level &gt;200 mg/dL. Smoking was defined as regular smoking for the past 6 months. Family history of coronary artery disease was defined as the presence of coronary artery disease in first-degree relatives of males under 55 years of age or females under 65 years of age.</p>
          <p>The study exclusion criteria were as follows: known moderate to severe valvular heart disease, chronic liver disease, chronic kidney disease (GFR &lt;60 ml/kg/min), thyroid dysfunction, atrial fibrillation, acute coronary syndrome, malignancy, active infection, autoimmune disease, patients age &#8804; 18 and &#8805; 85 years.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Laboratory parameters</title>
          <p>Routine laboratory parameters (glucose, high-sensitivity troponin I, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, renal function, lipid panel and complete blood count) were analyzed for all patients. Serum Elabela levels were obtained using commercially available kits (Sunred Biological Technology, Shanghai, China). Elabela-32 isoform was measured. The kit uses a double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine the level of Elabela in blood samples. To measure apelin, serum was separated from the blood by centrifugation at 3,000 rpm for 10 min and kept frozen at &#8722;80&#176;C until analysis. According to the manufacturer, this assay has an inter-assay coefficient of variation of less than 12% and an intra-assay coefficient of variation of less than 10%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Angiographic evaluation</title>
          <p>Coronary angiography was routinely performed using the Judkins technique with 6- or 7-French right and left heart catheters without the use of nitroglycerin, adenosine, or a calcium channel blocker. Angiograms were recorded in DICOM format at 15 frames/sec and were reviewed by two experienced angiographers who had no knowledge of the patients' clinical condition. Normal coronary arteries were defined as the absence of coronary lesions. CTOs were visualized from at least two angles after selective injection of the contrast material. CTO was defined as a 100% stenosis of the luminal diameter when there was no noticeable lumen and anterograde flow for more than 3 months.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Coronary angiograms were re-evaluated for collateral circulation by two experienced interventional cardiologists who were completely blinded to the study. The coronary collateral circulation was graded using the Rentrop classification,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> where grade 0=no filling of collateral vessels; grade 1=filling of side branches of the artery to be dilated via collateral channels without visualization of the epicardial segment; grade 2=partial filling of the epicardial segment by collateral vessels; and grade 3=complete filling of the epicardial segment of the artery being dilated by a collateral vessel. Patients with grade 0&#8211;1 coronary collateral development were considered as poor collateral group, and patients with grade 2&#8211;3 coronary collateral development were considered as good collateral group.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> In patients with more than 1 collateral vessel filling the occluded vessel, the collateral vessel with the highest Rentrop grade was used for analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Continuous variables were analyzed for data normality using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The variables following a normal distribution were presented as mean (&#177; standard deviation) and those without a normal distribution were presented as median (interquartile range). The variables that showed normal distribution between the groups were compared using the unpaired Student's t-test and those without a normal distribution were compared using the Mann-Whitney U-test. Categorical variables were summarized as numbers and percentages, and compared between the groups using the Chi-square test or the Fisher's Exact test. The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve was used to demonstrate the sensitivity and specificity of Elabela cut-off values for CTO. Binary logistic regression analyses were performed to determine independent predictors of CTO. Variables with an unadjusted p value &lt;0.05 in univariate analysis were included in the multivariate analysis. All statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS 20.0) for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA). A p value &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 50 CTO patients and 50 patients with normal coronary arteries were included in the study. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of the study groups are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>. Comparison of the demographic features between groups showed that previous percutaneous coronary intervention was more commonly performed in the CTO group (p=0.006). There was no statistically significant difference between groups in terms of mean age, sex, and the number of patients with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, peripheral artery disease, heart failure, stroke, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (all p&gt;0.05).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline demographic characteristics and cardiovascular risk factors of the study population</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th valign="top" align="left">Variable</th>
                <th valign="top" align="center">CTO patients (n=50)</th>
                <th valign="top" align="center">Controls (-) (n= 50)</th>
                <th valign="top" align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Age, years</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">61.6 &#177; 7.31</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">60,7 &#177; 6.38</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.495</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Female, % (n)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">28.0 (14)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">38 (19)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.288</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Left ventricular ejection fraction, %</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">55.3 &#177; 7.0</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">55.7 &#177; 6.83</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.795</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Hypertension, % (n)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">70.0 (35)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">50 (28)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.147</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Diabetes mellitus, % (n)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">66.0 (33)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">50 (25)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.105</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Hyperlipidemia, % (n)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">62 (31)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">44 (22)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.071</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Peripheral vascular disease, % (n)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">10.0 (5)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">6 (3)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.461</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Stroke, % (n)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">4.0 (2)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">2(1)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.558</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Heart failure, % (n)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">16.0 (8)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">12 (6)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.564</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, %(n)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">10.0 (5)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">18 (9)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.249</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Previous Percutaneous Coronary Intervention% (n)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">14.0 (7)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Current smoker, % (n)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">58 (29)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">48 (24)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.316</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Family history of CAD, % (n)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">22.0 (11)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">24 (12)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.812</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>CAD: Coronary artery disease</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Laboratory parameters and Elabela levels are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>. Mean NT-proBNP and troponin levels were significantly higher in the CTO group than in the control subjects (p&lt;0.05, for both). However, mean Elabela levels were significantly lower in the CTO group than in control subjects (p &lt;0.001). There were no significant differences between groups with respect to other laboratory parameters (all p&gt;0.05).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Laboratory parameters and Elabela levels of the study groups.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th valign="top" align="left">Variable</th>
                <th valign="top" align="center">CTO patients (n=50)</th>
                <th valign="top" align="center">Controls (n= 50)</th>
                <th valign="top" align="center">P</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Fasting glucose level, mg/dL, median (IQR)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">102.5 (28.0)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">121 (55.0)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.057</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Hemoglobin, g/dL</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">13.9 &#177; 1.90</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">13.2 &#177; 1.52</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.107</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Hematocrit, %</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">39.9 &#177; 5.57</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">39.3 &#177; 3.95</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.584</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">White blood cell count, x10<sup>3</sup>/mL</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">8.2 &#177; 2.02</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">8.4 &#177; 2.40</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.692</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Platelet count, x10<sup>3</sup>/ mL</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">265 &#177; 82</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">271 &#177; 51</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.743</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Neutrophil count, x10<sup>3</sup>/ mL</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">5.4 &#177; 1.68</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">5.2 &#177; 1.57</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.357</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Lymphocyte count, x10<sup>3</sup>/ mL</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">2.2 &#177; 0.7</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">2.1 &#177; 0.6</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.417</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Monocyte count, x10<sup>3</sup>/ mL</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.6 &#177; 0.23</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.7 &#177; 0.29</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.640</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Mean platelet volume, fL</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">8.8 &#177; 1.14</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">8.8 &#177; 1.02</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.933</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Total cholesterol, mg/dL, median (IQR)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">206.5 (53.5)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">216 (46.5)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.955</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">LDL-Cholesterol, mg/dL, median (IQR)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">132.5 (40.5)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">147 (34.5)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.389</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">HDL-Cholesterol, mg/ dL</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">42.1 &#177; 9.5</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">44.6 &#177; 8.5</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.236</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Triglyceride, mg/dL, median (IQR)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">173 (103.7)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">159 (101.5)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.147</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Urea, mg/dL</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">34.9 &#177; 13.93</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">33.4 &#177;7.89</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.580</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Creatine, mg/dL,</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.84 &#177;0.27</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.78 &#177;0.15</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.275</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Albumin, mg/dL</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">3.7 &#177; 0.59</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">3.8 &#177; 0.34</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.424</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Troponin, ng/ml median (IQR)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">6.0 (12.0)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">4.0 (7.0)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.013</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Elabela, ng/mL, median (IQR)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.64 (0.40)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">1.20 (1.14)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">CRP, mg/l, median (IQR)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">1.8 (1.4)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">1.4 (2.0)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.506</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">NT-proBNP, pg/ml, median (IQR)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">25.5 (16.5)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">16.0(11.0)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">SYNTAX score</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">12.3 &#177; 7.1</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">-</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>
                <italic>IQR: Interquartile Range, LDL: Low-density lipoprotein, HDL: High-density lipoprotein, CRP: C reactive protein, NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>In CTO patients, the right coronary artery (n=26, 52%) was the most affected vessel, followed by the left anterior descending artery (n=20, 40%), the left circumflex artery (n=11, 22%) and multiple vessels (n=7, 14%).</p>
        <p>For the prediction of CTO, the cut-off value of &lt;0.9 for Elabela had a 84.8% sensitivity and 80.0% specificity (AUC: 0.824; 95% confidence interval, 0.723-0.924; p&lt;0.001) in the ROC curve analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title><italic>Receiver&#8211;operating characteristic curve analysis for Elabela for prediction of CTO</italic>.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0503-00492-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>The patients were divided into two groups based on the Rentrop classification: Rentrop 0-1 (n=17) and Rentrop 2-3 (n=33). The median Elabela value of the Rentrop 0-1 group (median 0.430, IQR: 0.170) with poor collateral development was lower than that of the Rentrop 2-3 group (median 0.740, IQR: 0.380) with a good collateral development (p&lt;0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title><italic>Relationship between Elabela level and Rentrop score (error bars: 95% confidence interval [CI])</italic>.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0503-00492-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>The results of univariate and multivariate regression analyses are summarized in Table III. Univariate analysis showed that NT-proBNP, Elabela and troponin were independent predictors of CTO. However, in the multivariate analysis, only NT-proBNP (p=0.003) and Elabela (p=0.001) remained as independent predictors of CTO.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The main finding of our study was that CTO patients had lower serum Elabela levels compared to patients with normal coronary arteries. In addition, patients with a good coronary collateral development had higher serum Elabela levels than patients with poor coronary collateral development. To our best knowledge, our study is the first to examine the relationship between serum Elabela levels and CTO and coronary collateral development.</p>
        <p>The human cardiovascular system contains a family of peptides called the Apelinergic system, consisting of Apelin, Elabela and APJ receptors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> Studies have shown that Apelin and the receptor system have some positive effects on atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure, and pulmonary artery hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> Although Apelin was initially believed to be the only ligand for APJ, a new peptide they named Elabela was identified by the research conducted by the Reversade team.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> It has been shown in studies that Apelin and Elabela act via APJ and have similar functions. Moreover, Elabela was shown to be more potent than Apelin in producing positive cardiac effects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> Patients with stable angina were found to have significantly lower plasma Apelin levels in comparison to controls. In addition, plasma Apelin level was found to be negatively correlated with Gensini score in patients with acute coronary syndrome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> In their study, Weir et al. showed that plasma Apelin concentration was reduced in the early period after acute myocardial infarction, increased significantly over time, but remained depressed at 24 weeks.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> As CTO is a late coronary event, Elabela level was similarly lower in CTO patients than in patients with normal coronary arteries.</p>
        <p>CTO is a subgroup of atherosclerotic heart disease and is associated with negative clinical outcomes. The biological roles of Elabela in atherosclerotic diseases have recently been explored in a recent study by Li et al. who proposed Elabela as a new possible therapeutic agent for cardiovascular diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> Impaired endothelial function is associated with atherosclerosis. Elabela is mainly detected in fibroblasts in the heart and intact endothelial cells.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Therefore, Elabela production decreases in impaired endothelial function. In our study, low Elabela levels measured in the CTO group can be explained by the presence of of impaired endothelial function.</p>
        <p>The development of coronary collaterals is a response to chronic myocardial ischemia. Collateral vessels provide an alternative blood supply for myocardium in patients with obstructive coronary lesions. Increased coronary collateral blood flow can reduce angina symptoms and cardiovascular events and maintain the contractile function of the myocardium. There is important evidence that collateral circulatory development occurs as a result of angiogenesis and/or arteriogenesis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> Elabela signaling has been shown to have a key role in the development of normal cardiovascular system during embryogenesis. Elabela promotes angiogenesis and arteriogenesis via APJ.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> In their study, Sharma et al. found that the Elabela-APJ signal axis induces progenitor cell migration from sinus venosus in mice and thus plays a role in the development of coronary vessels. In addition, they detected defects in coronary vessel development in mice lacking the Elabela-APJ signal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> In our study, the high serum level of Elabela in Rentrop class 2-3 patients with good collateral development compared to patients in Rentrop class 0-1 with poor collateral development can be explained by the positive effects of Elabela on angiogenesis and arteriogenesis.</p>
        <p>Perjes et al. showed in mice that Elabela levels increased in the early post- MI period due to its cardioprotective effects but decreased later or after unsuccessful treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> CTO, a spectrum of atherosclerotic heart disease, is defined as 100% lumen diameter stenosis for more than 3 months when there is no noticeable lumen and anterograde flow.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> The low level of Elabela in CTO patients as found in our study is consistent with the findings of that study</p>
        <p>Previous studies reported that Elabela is involved in a wide range of cardiovascular conditions and diseases. Apelinergic system activity increases substantially in remodeling after myocardial infarction, in arterial hypertension and exerts beneficial effects by blocking the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>. In addition, positive effects of Elabela on heart failure and diabetes have also been shown in studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref>. In our study, there was no difference between the groups in terms of hypertension, diabetes and heart failure.</p>
        <p>Current evidence for the cardioprotective effects of Elabela is scarce. However, in vitro and animal studies suggest that Elabela or a synthetic derivative may have therapeutic or biomarker potential for cardiovascular diseases.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>The cross-sectional design and the sample size of the study are the main limitations of our study. Although biochemical measurements were performed in our study, we did not examine the APJ receptor level of the tissue samples. Also, Apelin and APJ measurements were not obtained and they could have provided more information about the Apelinergic system in CTO patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In this study, we showed decreased Elabela levels in CTO patients. We also observed a positive correlation between coronary collateral development and serum Elabela levels. Larger and more comprehensive studies are needed to establish the role of Elabela as a cardiac biomarker or therapeutic agent in humans.</p>
      </sec>
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      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn3">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
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