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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">m5nx4td33Qh6454qnGsNKNs</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001100501</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210551</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210551</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Atividade f&#237;sica e HDL-C: Existem Diferen&#231;as entre os Sexos no Efeito Dose-resposta?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6929-8392</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferrari</surname>
            <given-names>Filipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Raul D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares &#8211; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Grupo de Pesquisa em Cardiologia do Exerc&#237;cio</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Grupo de Pesquisa em Cardiologia do Exerc&#237;cio (CardioEx) &#8211; UFRGS, HCPA, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Unidade Cl&#237;nica de L&#237;pides do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor)</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Unidade Cl&#237;nica de L&#237;pides do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) &#8211; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HC-FMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Filipe Ferrari</bold> &#8226; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre &#8211; Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. CEP: <postal-code>90035-007</postal-code>, Santa Cecilia, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>filipe88@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>501</fpage>
      <lpage>502</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>HDL-colesterol</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="17"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec>
      <title>HDL: fun&#231;&#245;es b&#225;sicas e controv&#233;rsias cardiovasculares</title>
      <p>As lipoprote&#237;nas de alta densidade (HDL) s&#227;o um grupo heterog&#234;neo de part&#237;culas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> cuja fun&#231;&#227;o principal &#233; a promo&#231;&#227;o do transporte reverso do colesterol.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Evid&#234;ncias geradas durante d&#233;cadas nos ensinaram que ter concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas baixas do colesterol carregado pelas HDL (HDL-C) parece n&#227;o ser saud&#225;vel. Ainda em 1964, Kannel et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> demonstraram &#8211; por meio de uma an&#225;lise da coorte de Framingham &#8211; uma forte rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de HDL-C e doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica cardiovascular. Entretanto, este paradigma tem se modificado em anos mais recentes. O papel causal da HDL na redu&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular foi contestado por estudos de randomiza&#231;&#227;o mendeliana, que falharam em demonstrar redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio em indiv&#237;duos com algumas variantes gen&#233;ticas que aumentavam o HDL-C.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, a eleva&#231;&#227;o do HDL-C obtida por via farmacol&#243;gica com os inibidores da prote&#237;na transportadora de &#233;steres de colesterol (CETP) tamb&#233;m n&#227;o levou &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o em eventos cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Finalmente, estudos que mostram associa&#231;&#227;o de maior mortalidade com valores altos e baixos de HDL-C colocaram mais d&#250;vidas nessa situa&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Assim, atualmente, entende-se que a prote&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular das HDL &#233;, no m&#237;nimo, controversa, e que o HDL-C parece atuar muito mais como um marcador de risco cardiovascular do que propriamente um fator causal.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>HDL-C e exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico/atividade f&#237;sica em homens e mulheres</title>
      <p>Apesar das controv&#233;rsias, perda de peso, cessa&#231;&#227;o de fumo e exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico/atividade f&#237;sica (AF) continuam a ser recomendados para indiv&#237;duos com HDL-C baixo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Contudo, o conhecimento acerca da dose-resposta sobre exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico e AF sobre o HDL-C em homens e mulheres &#233; um tanto escasso e controverso. De qualquer modo, mudan&#231;as nas concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de HDL-C por meio de treinamento f&#237;sico parecem estar intimamente relacionadas a sexo (homens e mulheres), intensidade, frequ&#234;ncia e dura&#231;&#227;o do treinamento.</p>
      <p>Em uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica que englobou 23 metan&#225;lises de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados, as quais avaliaram o papel do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico nos n&#237;veis de HDL-C, foi encontrado um aumento que variou de 0,27 a 5,41mg/dL; entretanto, houve uma grande variabilidade nos tipos, dura&#231;&#227;o e intensidade dos exerc&#237;cios, bem como das popula&#231;&#245;es nas metan&#225;lises inclu&#237;das, al&#233;m de um baixo n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> Isso aponta para a necessidade de mais estudos bem delineados nesta &#225;rea do conhecimento.</p>
      <p>Ainda nos anos 1990, Kokkinos et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> j&#225; sugeriam que mudan&#231;as favor&#225;veis no HDL-C poderiam estar associadas a uma maior intensidade de treinamento. Esses pesquisadores aplicaram um question&#225;rio em mais de 2.900 homens saud&#225;veis n&#227;o fumantes e com m&#233;dia de idade de 43 anos. Foi observado aumento de 7% no HDL-C daqueles indiv&#237;duos que corriam entre 100 e 120 minutos/semana por aproximadamente 11 a 22 km de dist&#226;ncia/semana, quando comparados aos sedent&#225;rios de caracter&#237;sticas semelhantes. Sugere-se que o sexo, a dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio e a intensidade est&#227;o entre os fatores respons&#225;veis pelas diferen&#231;as nas respostas das lipoprote&#237;nas ao exerc&#237;cio. Em outro estudo, com popula&#231;&#227;o da coorte ATTICA (n = 2.772, m&#233;dia de idade de 45 anos), foi encontrada associa&#231;&#227;o entre AF e aumento nos n&#237;veis de HDL-C em mulheres, mas n&#227;o nos homens, ap&#243;s ajuste para vari&#225;veis como idade, tabagismo e &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> J&#225; na coorte de Jan et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> com aplica&#231;&#227;o de question&#225;rio sobre n&#237;veis de exerc&#237;cio, dura&#231;&#245;es abaixo ou acima de 2,5 horas/semana correlacionaram-se com aumento do HDL-C em ambos os sexos, sendo mais pronunciadas nos homens do que nas mulheres em ambas as dura&#231;&#245;es de treinamento.</p>
      <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao sedentarismo, as evid&#234;ncias apontam para dados preocupantes quanto &#224; inatividade f&#237;sica no Brasil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> Ao longo de quase 30 anos (1990-2017), os brasileiros demonstraram um risco de exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; inatividade f&#237;sica de 59%, tanto em 1990 quanto em 2017; al&#233;m disso, aproximadamente 22.500 e 32.400 mortes por todas as causas foram atribu&#237;veis &#224; inatividade f&#237;sica nesses anos, respectivamente.</p>
      <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos, Pitanga et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> avaliaram a associa&#231;&#227;o na dose-resposta do tempo fisicamente ativo com o HDL-C, e se havia diferen&#231;as comparando-se os sexos em uma an&#225;lise transversal dos participantes do Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). No total, 13.931 participantes (idade m&#233;dia: 55 anos, 45% homens) foram analisados. Entre os homens, quase metade era tabagista, enquanto, entre as mulheres, esse percentual foi de 36%. Aproximadamente &#188; dos homens e 30% das mulheres eram obesos. Valores de HDL-C &#8805; 60 mg/dL foram considerados como elevados. Apenas 14,5% dos homens apresentaram HDL-C nesse patamar, em compara&#231;&#227;o com aproximadamente 43% das mulheres. Vale lembrar que, apesar de um maior percentual de mulheres apresentar HDL-C elevado, mais de 36% delas eram fumantes, fato que poderia alterar a funcionalidade das HDL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref></p>
      <p>O estudo de Pitanga et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> tamb&#233;m corrobora com dados pr&#233;vios<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> e fortalece a necessidade de uma vida menos sedent&#225;ria entre os brasileiros. Nesse sentido, os n&#237;veis de AF no tempo livre foram medidos utilizando-se o question&#225;rio IPAQ (do ingl&#234;s, <italic>International Physical Activity Questionnaire</italic>). Um baixo percentual, tanto de homens quanto de mulheres, foi considerado como ativo ou muito ativo (27,6% <italic>vs.</italic> 25,6%; 20,1% <italic>vs.</italic> 12,0%, respectivamente); mais de 30% dos homens e 44% das mulheres foram classificados como fisicamente inativos. Os pesquisadores encontraram um percentual 38% e 41% maior na chance de alcan&#231;ar n&#237;veis altos de HDL-C nos homens e mulheres considerados ativos, respectivamente, quando comparados aos inativos/inativas. Nos homens, HDL-C elevado se associou com maior dura&#231;&#227;o e intensidade de AF, ao passo que, nas mulheres, a AF de menor intensidade e dura&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m se associou a este par&#226;metro. Em contraste, outros autores propuseram que as mulheres, e n&#227;o os homens, necessitariam de maior volume de treinamento para aumentar o HDL-C, o que poderia ser justificado por um HDL-C mais elevado nas mulheres na linha de base dos estudos em compara&#231;&#227;o aos dos homens,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> uma vez que o aumento do HDL-C pode ser mais pronunciado em indiv&#237;duos com n&#237;veis basais mais baixos. Infelizmente, por n&#227;o haver dados basais do HDL-C dos participantes da coorte de Pitanga et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> esta an&#225;lise n&#227;o se tornou poss&#237;vel. Por outro lado, o estudo traz hip&#243;teses interessantes que podem ser testadas em estudos randomizados e controlados.</p>
      <p>O estudo &#233; limitado por sua natureza observacional, seu desenho transversal, e pela utiliza&#231;&#227;o de question&#225;rios de AF autorrelatados, que podem trazer certo grau de subjetividade &#224;s informa&#231;&#245;es. Assim, ainda permanece o debate em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; intensidade e volume espec&#237;ficos de treinamento para homens e mulheres visando a eleva&#231;&#227;o do HDL-C.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Associa&#231;&#227;o entre Atividade F&#237;sica no Tempo Livre e HDL-C em Participantes do Elsa-Brasil: Existem Diferen&#231;as entre Homens e Mulheres no Efeito Dose-Resposta?</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Physical Activity and HDL-C: Are There Gender Differences in the Dose-response Effect?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6929-8392</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferrari</surname>
            <given-names>Filipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Raul D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares &#8211; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Grupo de Pesquisa em Cardiologia do Exerc&#237;cio (CardioEx) &#8211; UFRGS, HCPA, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Unidade Cl&#237;nica de L&#237;pides do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) &#8211; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HC-FMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Filipe Ferrari</bold> &#8226; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre &#8211; Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. Postal Code: <postal-code>90035-007</postal-code>, Santa Cecilia, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>filipe88@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cholesterol, HDL</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec>
        <title>HDL: Basic Functions and Cardiovascular Controversies</title>
        <p>High-density lipoproteins (HDL) are a heterogeneous group of particles<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> whose primary function is to promote reverse cholesterol transport.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Evidence generated over decades has taught us that having low plasma concentrations of HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) does not seem to be healthy. Also in 1964, Kannel et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> demonstrated &#8211; through an analysis of the Framingham cohort &#8211; a strong inverse relationship between plasma levels of HDL-C and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. However, this paradigm has changed in recent years. The causal role of HDL in cardiovascular risk reduction has been challenged by Mendelian randomization studies, which failed to demonstrate reduced risk of myocardial infarction in individuals with some genetic variants that increased HDL-C.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> In addition, the elevation of HDL-C obtained pharmacologically with cholesterol ester transporter protein (CETP) inhibitors did not lead to a reduction in cardiovascular events either.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Finally, studies showing an association of higher mortality with high and low HDL-C levels raised further questions about this situation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Thus, today it is believed that the cardiovascular protection of HDL is, to say the least, controversial, and that HDL-C seems to act much more as a cardiovascular risk marker than as a causal factor.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>HDL-C and Physical Exercise/Physical Activity in Men and Women</title>
        <p>Despite the controversies, weight loss, smoking cessation and physical exercise/physical activity (PA) continue to be recommended for individuals with low HDL-C.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> However, knowledge about the dose-response on physical exercise and PA on HDL-C in men and women is somewhat sparse and controversial. Anyway, changes in plasma HDL-C concentrations through physical training seem to be closely related to gender (men and women), intensity, frequency and duration of training.</p>
        <p>In a systematic review that included 23 meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials, which assessed the role of physical exercise in HDL-C levels, an increase ranging from 0.27 to 5.41 mg/dL was found; however, there was great variability in exercise types, duration and intensity, and populations in the meta-analyses included, in addition to a low level of confidence.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> This points to the need for more well-designed studies in this field of knowledge.</p>
        <p>Also in the 1990s, Kokkinos et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> suggested that favorable changes in HDL-C could be associated with higher training intensity. These researchers administered a questionnaire to more than 2,900 healthy men, non-smokers, with a mean age of 43. A 7% increase in HDL-C was observed in those individuals who ran 100&#8211;120 minutes/week for about 11 to 22 km/week compared to sedentary individuals with similar characteristics. It is suggested that gender, exercise duration and intensity are some of the factors responsible for differences in lipoprotein responses to exercise. In another study, with the ATTICA cohort population (n = 2,772, mean age 45), an association was found between PA and increased HDL-C levels in women, but not in men, after adjusting for variables such as age, smoking and body mass index.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> In the cohort of Jan et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> with the application of a questionnaire on exercise levels, durations below or above 2.5 hours/week were correlated with an increase in HDL-C in both genders, being more pronounced in men than in women in both training durations.</p>
        <p>Regarding a sedentary lifestyle, evidence points to worrying data related to physical inactivity in Brazil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> Over almost 30 years (1990&#8211;2017), Brazilians demonstrated a 59% risk of exposure to physical inactivity, both in 1990 and in 2017; in addition, approximately 22,500 and 32,400 deaths from all causes were attributable to physical inactivity in these years, respectively.</p>
        <p>In this issue of Arquivos, Pitanga et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> assessed the dose-response association of physically active time with HDL-C, and whether there were differences comparing genders in a cross-sectional analysis of participants in the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (Elsa-Brazil). A total of 13,931 participants (average age: 55, 45% men) were analyzed. Among men, almost half were smokers, while among women this percentage was 36%. Approximately &#188; of men and 30% of women were obese. HDL-C &#8805; 60 mg/dL levels were considered high. Only 14.5% of men had HDL-C at this level, compared to approximately 43% of women. It is worth noting that, despite a higher percentage of women with high HDL-C, more than 36% of them were smokers, a fact that could change the functionality of HDL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref></p>
        <p>The study by Pitanga et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> also corroborates previous data<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> and strengthens the need for a less sedentary life among Brazilians. In this regard, PA levels during free time were measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). A low percentage of both men and women was considered active or very active (27.6% vs. 25.6%; 20.1% vs. 12.0%, respectively); more than 30% of men and 44% of women were classified as physically inactive. The researchers found a 38% and 41% higher percentage in the chances of achieving high levels of HDL-C in active men and women, respectively, compared to inactive men and women. In men, high HDL-C was associated with greater duration and intensity of PA, while in women, PA of smaller intensity and shorter duration was also associated with this parameter. In contrast, other authors proposed that women, rather than men, would need more training to increase HDL-C, which could be justified by a higher HDL-C among women at the baseline of studies compared to men,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> since the increase in HDL-C may be more pronounced in individuals with lower baseline levels. Unfortunately, as there is no baseline HDL-C data from participants in the cohort of Pitanga et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> this analysis was not possible. On the other hand, the study brings interesting hypotheses that can be tested in randomized controlled trials.</p>
        <p>The study is limited by its observational nature, its cross-sectional design, and the use of self-reported PA questionnaires, which may add some subjectivity to the information. Thus, there is still debate regarding the specific intensity and volume of training for men and women aiming at raising HDL-C.</p>
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          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Association between Leisure Time Physical Activity and HDL-C in the Elsa-Brasil Study Participants: Are There Any Gender Differences in the Dose-Response Effect?</p>
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