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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Czvsqx5jCmDTvbv45g8qkVP</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021005009205</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001100494</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200438</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200438</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre Atividade F&#237;sica no Tempo Livre e HDL-C em Participantes do Elsa-Brasil: Existem Diferen&#231;as entre Homens e Mulheres no Efeito Dose-Resposta?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1033-8684</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pitanga</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Jos&#233; Gondim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6250-2036</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Griep</surname>
            <given-names>Rosane Harter</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4760-4157</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Maria da Concei&#231;&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5319-5513</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Maria de Jesus Mendes da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9374-3078</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Andreia Rios de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7919-1791</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Raiane de Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2080-9213</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Matos</surname>
            <given-names>Sheila Maria Alvim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Reabilita&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Reabilita&#231;&#227;o - Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laborat&#243;rio de Educa&#231;&#227;o em Meio Ambiente e Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto Oswaldo Cruz</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Fiocruz</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Educa&#231;&#227;o em Meio Ambiente e Sa&#250;de, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Gon&#231;alo Moniz</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Gon&#231;alo Moniz, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Fiocruz</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Sa&#250;de Coletiva</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Sa&#250;de Coletiva - Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Francisco Jos&#233; Gondim Pitanga &#8226; Universidade Federal da Bahia - Av. Reitor Miguel Calmom, s/n. CEP 40110-060, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>pitanga@lognet.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Griep RH, Almeida MC, Fonseca MJM, Matos SMA; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Pitanga FJG, Griep RH, Almeida MC, Fonseca MJM, Souza AR, Silva RC, Matos SMA; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Pitanga FJG, Almeida MC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Pitanga FJG, Souza AR, Silva RC; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Pitanga FJG, Griep RH, Almeida MC, Fonseca MJM, Matos SMA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>494</fpage>
      <lpage>500</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> N&#237;veis elevados de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-C) podem ter efeitos positivos para prote&#231;&#227;o de agravos cardiovasculares, e pr&#225;tica regular de atividade f&#237;sica no tempo livre (AFTL) tem sido associada ao seu aumento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Verificar a exist&#234;ncia de poss&#237;veis diferen&#231;as entre homens e mulheres no efeito dose-resposta na associa&#231;&#227;o entre AFTL e HDL-C.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Estudo transversal com dados de 13,931 participantes de ambos os sexos (7,607 mulheres) do Estudo Longitudinal da Sa&#250;de do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). A AFTL foi mensurada por meio do International Physical Activity Questionnary (IPAQ) e classificada em quatro categorias: inativos, pouco ativos, ativos e muito ativos. O poder discriminat&#243;rio da AFTL para HDL-C elevado, nas diferentes intensidades analisadas (caminhada, atividade f&#237;sica moderada e atividade f&#237;sica vigorosa) foi testado por meio das curvas ROC. As associa&#231;&#245;es, ajustadas por vari&#225;veis de confundimento entre AFTL e HDL-C foram analisadas por meio de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, estimando-se a odds ratio (OR) com intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Observou-se associa&#231;&#227;o positiva, com efeito dose-resposta, entre AFTL e HDL-C tanto em homens quanto em mulheres. Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; intensidade, apenas a atividade f&#237;sica vigorosa discriminou o HDL-C elevado em homens, enquanto tanto a atividade f&#237;sica de caminhada quanto a moderada e a vigorosa discriminaram o HDL-C elevado em mulheres.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> A AFTL apresenta associa&#231;&#227;o positiva com gradiente dose-resposta com HDL-C; no entanto, entre os homens, a associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; observada para aqueles classificados como pouco ativos fisicamente. Nas mulheres, tanto a intensidade da caminhada quanto a atividade f&#237;sica moderada ou vigorosa podem discriminar n&#237;veis de HDL-C mais altos; j&#225; nos homens, essa rela&#231;&#227;o &#233; observada apenas na intensidade vigorosa.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Atividade F&#237;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudos Transversais</kwd>
        <kwd>HDL-Colesterol</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Caminhada</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>01 060010.00RS</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>01 06 0212.00BA</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>01 06 0300.00ES</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>01 06 0278.00MG</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>01 06 0115.00SP</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>01 06 0071.00RJ</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de do Brasil (Departamento de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia) e o Minist&#233;rio de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia da Brasil (Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos e CNPq &#8211; Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa), processos n&#186; 01 060010.00RS, 01 06 0212.00BA, 01 06 0300.00ES, 01 06 0278.00MG, 01 06 0115.00SP, 01 06 0071.00RJ</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="19"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A pr&#225;tica regular da atividade f&#237;sica (AF) apresenta associa&#231;&#227;o positiva com o aumento dos n&#237;veis de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-C) e redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de triglic&#233;rides, com altera&#231;&#245;es pouco consistentes em rela&#231;&#227;o aos n&#237;veis de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL&#8211;c).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Ademais, maiores n&#237;veis de HDL-C podem apresentar benef&#237;cios na prote&#231;&#227;o contra doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; entretanto, estudos mais recentes de randomiza&#231;&#227;o mendeliana t&#234;m sugerido o HDL-C mais como um marcador de risco cardiovascular do que propriamente um fator de risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O aumento do HDL-C em fun&#231;&#227;o da pr&#225;tica de AF pode ser explicado na medida em que, durante a mesma, h&#225; aumento da atividade da lipoprote&#237;na lipase (LPL), acelerando, assim, a quebra das lipoprote&#237;nas ricas em triglic&#233;rides. Com isso, gera-se a transfer&#234;ncia de colesterol, fosfolip&#237;dio e prote&#237;nas para as part&#237;culas nascentes do HDL-C.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, em indiv&#237;duos mais ativos fisicamente, o tempo m&#233;dio de vida do HDL-C pode alcan&#231;ar 6 a 7 dias, enquanto, nos inativos fisicamente, &#233; de apenas 3 a 4 dias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar dessas evid&#234;ncias, a intensidade ideal de AF para proporcionar o aumento do HDL-C precisa ser melhor esclarecida, principalmente com &#234;nfase em poss&#237;veis diferen&#231;as entre homens e mulheres demonstrada em estudos pr&#233;vios sobre AF e sa&#250;de cardiometab&#243;lica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em recente pesquisa feita em participantes do Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil), os resultados mostraram que existe associa&#231;&#227;o entre AF e maiores n&#237;veis de HDL-C, tanto em homens quanto em mulheres, Al&#233;m disso, observou-se que a pr&#225;tica de AF em intensidade vigorosa associava-se com mudan&#231;as mais positivas nos perfis lip&#237;dicos do que apenas a dura&#231;&#227;o da pr&#225;tica da AF. No entanto, nesse estudo, n&#227;o foram analisadas poss&#237;veis diferen&#231;as entre homens e mulheres no que diz respeito &#224; quantidade (tempo e dura&#231;&#227;o) de AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O conhecimento da exist&#234;ncia de efeito dose-resposta entre a AF e o aumento do HDL-C ir&#225; agregar a produ&#231;&#227;o de novas informa&#231;&#245;es e pesquisas sobre o tema, considerando que as pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas de promo&#231;&#227;o da AF poder&#227;o usar essas informa&#231;&#245;es como base para novas propostas de interven&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, apesar de a associa&#231;&#227;o entre AF e os n&#237;veis de HDL-C ser conhecida, estudos que demonstrem o efeito dose-resposta no que diz respeito a poss&#237;veis diferen&#231;as entre homens e mulheres s&#227;o escassos na literatura consultada sobre o assunto. Pesquisas que reafirmam a associa&#231;&#227;o entre AF e HDL-C ainda s&#227;o de suma import&#226;ncia para um melhor entendimento dessa associa&#231;&#227;o, principalmente ao se analisar as poss&#237;veis diferen&#231;as entre sexos nesses achados.</p>
      <p>O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a exist&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;as entre homens e mulheres no efeito dose-resposta na associa&#231;&#227;o entre AF e HDL-C entre participantes do ELSA-Brasil.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o e amostra</title>
        <p>O ELSA-Brasil &#233; um estudo de coorte de 15.105 servidores p&#250;blicos ativos ou aposentados na faixa et&#225;ria de 35 a 74 anos de seis institui&#231;&#245;es de n&#237;vel superior, localizadas nas cidades de Salvador, Vit&#243;ria, Belo Horizonte, Rio de Janeiro, S&#227;o Paulo e Porto Alegre, que tem como principal objetivo investigar a incid&#234;ncia e a progress&#227;o de diabetes e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e seus fatores associados (biol&#243;gicos, comportamentais, ambientais, ocupacionais, psicol&#243;gicos e sociais), cujos detalhes metodol&#243;gicos foram descritos previamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> At&#233; o momento, j&#225; foram coletadas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre os participantes em tr&#234;s oportunidades: 1&#170; onda, de 2008 at&#233; 2010; 2&#170; onda, de 2012 at&#233; 2014; e 3&#170; onda, de 2016 at&#233; 2018. Para o presente estudo, foram selecionados todos os participantes da Onda 2 (2012-2014) que responderam aos question&#225;rios sobre AF e com dados completos relativos &#224;s vari&#225;veis envolvidas na an&#225;lise, totalizando 13.931 participantes (7.607 mulheres).</p>
        <p>O ELSA-Brasil foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o Nacional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (CONEP) e em todos os Comit&#234;s de &#201;tica em Pesquisa dos seis centros de investiga&#231;&#245;es envolvidos. Todos os participantes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, sendo garantidos o sigilo e a confidencialidade dos dados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Produ&#231;&#227;o de dados</title>
        <p>Os dados foram coletados por uma equipe de entrevistadores e aferidores treinados e certificados por um comit&#234; de controle de qualidade,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> capacitados a executar o protocolo do estudo em qualquer Centro de Investiga&#231;&#227;o ELSA-Brasil. Realizaram-se entrevistas face a face na aplica&#231;&#227;o dos blocos de question&#225;rios para obten&#231;&#227;o das informa&#231;&#245;es sobre idade, escolaridade, renda familiar e tabagismo. Al&#233;m disso, foram coletadas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre medidas antropom&#233;tricas de peso, estatura e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura. O peso corporal foi obtido pela manh&#227;, ap&#243;s 8 a 12 horas de jejum e com o participante sem sapatos e com roupas leves. Foi usada balan&#231;a eletr&#244;nica Toledo<sup>&#174;</sup>, com capacidade para at&#233; 200kg. Para medida da estatura, foi usado estadi&#244;metro da marca SECA<sup>&#174;</sup>, com o participante posicionado de p&#233; e seguindo rigorosamente o plano de Frankfurt. A obesidade foi identificada por meio do &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), aplicando-se a equa&#231;&#227;o IMC = peso (kg)/altura(m)<sup>2</sup>, adotando-se o seguinte ponto de corte; obesidade = 0 se IMC &lt;30,0 e obesidade = 1 se IMC &#8805;30,0.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da atividade f&#237;sica</title>
        <p>Para identifica&#231;&#227;o e quantifica&#231;&#227;o da AF, foi utilizado o International Physical Activity Questionnary (IPAQ), vers&#227;o longa, que &#233; constitu&#237;do de quest&#245;es relativas &#224; frequ&#234;ncia e &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o de atividades f&#237;sicas (caminhada, AF moderada e AF vigorosa) desenvolvidas no trabalho, no deslocamento, nas atividades dom&#233;sticas e no tempo livre.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> No ELSA-Brasil, apenas os dom&#237;nios do tempo livre e do deslocamento foram avaliados. A AF foi mensurada em minutos/semana por meio da multiplica&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia semanal pela dura&#231;&#227;o de cada uma das atividades realizadas. Para efeito desse estudo, utilizou-se apenas a atividade f&#237;sica no tempo livre (AFTL), com a seguinte categoriza&#231;&#227;o: 0 = inativo fisicamente (&lt;10 minutos de qualquer AF na semana); 1 = pouco ativo (de 10 minutos a menos de 150 minutos de caminhada/moderada por semana e/ou de 10 minutos a menos que 60 minutos de atividades vigorosas por semana e/ou de 10 minutos a menos que 150 minutos por semana de qualquer combina&#231;&#227;o de caminhada, moderada e vigorosa); 2 = fisicamente ativo (&#8805;150 minutos de caminhada/atividade moderada por semana e/ou &#8805;60 minutos de atividades vigorosas por semana e/ou &#8805;150 minutos por semana de qualquer combina&#231;&#227;o de caminhada, moderada e vigorosa); 3 = muito ativo (&#8805;150 minutos de atividades vigorosas por semana ou &#8805;60 minutos de atividades vigorosas por semana + 150 minutos por semana de qualquer combina&#231;&#227;o entre caminhada e moderada). Para as an&#225;lises dicotomizadas, foram considerados como insuficientemente ativos aqueles classificados como inativos fisicamente e pouco ativos, e como ativos aqueles classificados como fisicamente ativos e muito ativos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do HDL-C</title>
        <p>A coleta de sangue foi realizada ap&#243;s 12 horas de jejum durante a noite e centrifugadas e armazenadas em criotubos em temperatura de &#8211;80&#176;C nos pr&#243;prios centros de investiga&#231;&#227;o. Como forma de garantir a qualidade e a padroniza&#231;&#227;o dos resultados, todas as amostras foram enviadas para processamento e an&#225;lise em um laborat&#243;rio central do ELSA-Brasil localizado na cidade de S&#227;o Paulo. Os valores de HDL-C em mg/dL foram determinados por um m&#233;todo colorim&#233;trico homog&#234;neo usando um equipamento ADVIA 1200 Siemens<sup>&#174;</sup>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> O HDL-C foi dicotomizado em &lt;60mg/dL e &#8805;60mg/dL (HDL-C elevado).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Covari&#225;veis</title>
        <p>Para as covari&#225;veis, adotou-se a seguinte categoriza&#231;&#227;o: idade = 0, se entre 34 e 50 anos; idade = 1, se entre 51 e 60 anos; e idade = 2, se &gt;60 anos. Para o grau de instru&#231;&#227;o, foram estabelecidos quatro estratos: 0 = fundamental incompleto; 1 = fundamental completo; 2 = m&#233;dio completo; e 3 = superior completo/p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o. A renda familiar foi categorizada em: at&#233; 2 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos = 0; de 2 at&#233; 8 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos = 1; de 8 at&#233; 18 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos = 2; e acima de 18 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos = 3. O tabagismo atual foi categorizado em n&#227;o = 0 e sim = 1.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise dos dados</title>
        <p>As medidas descritivas (propor&#231;&#245;es) foram calculadas para todas as vari&#225;veis categorizadas. As an&#225;lises foram estratificadas por sexo <italic>a priori</italic> e comparadas por meio do teste Qui-quadrado. Para testar o poder discriminat&#243;rio das diferentes intensidades de AFTL (caminhada, AF moderada e AF vigorosa) para HDL-C elevado, foram utilizadas curvas ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Utilizou-se intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) a 95%. As associa&#231;&#245;es foram analisadas por meio de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. Foram consideradas como potenciais confundidoras ou modificadoras de efeito as seguintes vari&#225;veis: idade, obesidade, tabagismo no momento da entrevista, renda familiar e escolaridade. Foram selecionadas para modelagem as vari&#225;veis que, na etapa bivariada (matriz tetrac&#243;rica), apresentaram na avalia&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea p &#8804;0,05 e coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o rho &lt;0,60.</p>
        <p>A verifica&#231;&#227;o da modifica&#231;&#227;o do efeito foi feita por meio de estratifica&#231;&#227;o com a observa&#231;&#227;o das medidas pontuais estrato-espec&#237;ficas e os seus intervalos de confian&#231;a. Quando a medida pontual de um fator, em determinado estrato espec&#237;fico, n&#227;o estava contida no intervalo de confian&#231;a do outro fator no mesmo estrato, isso indicava modifica&#231;&#227;o de efeito. A an&#225;lise das poss&#237;veis vari&#225;veis de confundimento foi realizada pelo procedimento <italic>backward</italic> , por meio de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. A an&#225;lise come&#231;a com o modelo completo, seguido pela remo&#231;&#227;o um a um dos potenciais confundidores. Quando observada modifica&#231;&#227;o igual ou superior a 10% na associa&#231;&#227;o pontual entre AFTL e HDL-C, a vari&#225;vel &#233; considerada confundidora.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> No processo de modelagem, n&#227;o foram identificadas vari&#225;veis modificadoras de efeito, e a vari&#225;vel idade foi identificada como confundidora. Portanto, o melhor modelo para an&#225;lise da associa&#231;&#227;o entre AFTL e HDL-C foi aquele ajustado por idade. Foi tamb&#233;m analisado o efeito dose-resposta na associa&#231;&#227;o entre AFTL e HDL-C. Para esta an&#225;lise, foram criadas vari&#225;veis DUMMIES para compara&#231;&#227;o entre o grupo de refer&#234;ncia (inativo fisicamente) e cada um dos outros estratos da vari&#225;vel AF (insuficientemente ativo, ativo e muito ativo). Foi utilizado o teste de Mantel-Haenszel para testar a homogeneidade dos valores da <italic>odds ratio</italic> (OR) entre os estratos de cada vari&#225;vel com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%. O intervalo de confian&#231;a foi estabelecido em 95%. Empregou-se o programa estat&#237;stico STATA<sup>&#174;</sup> vers&#227;o 12.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Um total de 6.324 homens e 7.607 mulheres foi inclu&#237;do na an&#225;lise. As caracter&#237;sticas da amostra est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> . A m&#233;dia de idade entre as mulheres &#233; de 55,7&#177;8,8 e entre os homens de 55,7&#177;9,2. Observa-se tamb&#233;m que os homens t&#234;m maior renda familiar, s&#227;o mais tabagistas e mais ativos no tempo livre, enquanto as mulheres s&#227;o mais obesas e apresentam maior propor&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis de HDL-C mais elevados. Observa-se ainda que n&#227;o existem diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre homens e mulheres com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas da amostra do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Homens (n = 6.324)</th>
                <th>Mulheres (n = 7.607)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>
                        <bold>Idade (anos) - n (%)</bold>
                      </p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>34-50</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>51-60</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&gt;60</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>2.055 (32,5)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>2.182 (34,5)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>2.087 (33,0)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>2.342 (30,8)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>2.752 (36,2)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>2.511 (33,0)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>
                        <bold>Renda familiar (sal&#225;rio m&#237;nimo) &#8211; n (%)</bold>
                      </p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>At&#233; 2</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>De 2 at&#233; 8</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>De 8 at&#233; 18</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Acima de 18</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>60 (0,9)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>2.117 (33,6)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>2.462 (39,1)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>1.657 (26,3)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>84 (1,1)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>2.545 (33,6)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>3.356 (44,3)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>1.583 (20,9)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>
                        <bold>Escolaridade &#8211; n (%)</bold>
                      </p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Fundamental incompleto</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Fundamental completo</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>M&#233;dio completo</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Superior completo/P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>448 (10,2)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>482 (10,9)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>1.933 (43,9)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>1.533 (34,9)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>261 (4,5)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>390 (6,7)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>2.449 (42,3)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>2.694 (46,)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>
                        <bold>Obesidade &#8211; n (%)</bold>
                      </p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>IMC &lt;30 kg/m<sup>2</sup></p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>IMC &#8805;30 kg/m<sup>2</sup></p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>4.763 (75.3)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>1.561 (24,7)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>5.308 (69,8)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>2.299 (30,2)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>
                        <bold>Tabagismo atual &#8211; n (%)</bold>
                      </p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>N&#227;o</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Sim</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>
                        <bold>Atividade f&#237;sica no tempo livre &#8211; n (%)</bold>
                      </p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Inativo fisicamente</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Insuficientemente ativo</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Ativo</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Muito ativo</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>
                        <bold>HDL-c elevado</bold>
                      </p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Sim</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>N&#227;o</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>3.290 (52,0)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>3.033 (48,0)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>2.218 (35,1)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>1.089 (17,2)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>1.749 (27,6)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>1.268 (20,1)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>916 (14,5)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>5.408 (85,5)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>4.863 (63,9)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>2.744 (36,1)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>3.401 (44,7)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>1.342 (17,6)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>1.947 (25,6)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>917 (12,0)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>3.241 (42,7)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>4.366 (57,3)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&lt;0,01</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&lt;0,01</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&lt;0,01</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>Valores para homens e mulheres foram comparados por meio do teste Qui-quadrado.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> , pode-se observar o poder discriminat&#243;rio das diferentes intensidades de AFTL para o aumento do n&#237;vel de HDL-C. Entre homens, apenas a AF vigorosa apresentou &#225;reas sob a curva ROC estatisticamente significativas, enquanto, entre as mulheres, tanto a caminhada quanto as atividades f&#237;sicas moderadas e vigorosas apresentaram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica para discriminar o aumento do HDL-C; apesar das &#225;reas sob as curvas ROC n&#227;o apresentarem valores elevados.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; &#193;reas sob as curvas ROC para diferentes intensidades de atividade f&#237;sica como discriminador de HDL-c elevado (&#8805;60 mg/dL)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Atividade f&#237;sica no tempo livre</th>
                <th>Masculino</th>
                <th>Feminino</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Caminhada</td>
                <td align="center">0,52 (0,50-0,54)</td>
                <td align="center">0,52 (0,51-0,53) *</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Moderada</td>
                <td align="center">0,52 (0,50-0,54)</td>
                <td align="center">0,53 (0,53-0,54)*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Vigorosa</td>
                <td align="center">0,54 (0,52-0,56)*</td>
                <td align="center">0,53 (0,52-0,54)*</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>ROC: receiver operating characteristic; IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a a 95%. *&#193;rea sob a curva ROC apresentando poder discriminat&#243;rio IM (Li-IC &gt; 0,50).</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre AFTL e HDL-C em indiv&#237;duos do sexo masculino e feminino est&#225; demonstrada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> . Observa-se que homens ativos t&#234;m 38% de chance de ter n&#237;veis mais altos de HDL-C, enquanto, nas mulheres ativas, a chance &#233; de 41%, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos homens e mulheres inativos fisicamente, respectivamente.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Associa&#231;&#227;o entre atividade f&#237;sica no tempo livre e HDL-c</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Atividade f&#237;sica no tempo livre</th>
                <th>Masculino</th>
                <th>Feminino</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Insuficientemente ativos (Inativos fisicamente e pouco ativos)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Ativos (Ativos e muito ativos fisicamente)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>1,00</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>1,38 (1,20-1,59)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>1,00</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>1,41 (1,29-1,55)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>* Ajustado por idade</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> , quando a AF foi classificada em quatro categorias, podemos observar a exist&#234;ncia de efeito dose-resposta na associa&#231;&#227;o entre AFTL e HDL-C, tanto em homens quanto em mulheres. Contudo, entre os indiv&#237;duos do sexo masculino, a associa&#231;&#227;o foi encontrada apenas naqueles classificados como ativos e muito ativos fisicamente.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Efeito dose-resposta na associa&#231;&#227;o entre atividade f&#237;sica no tempo livre e HDL-c</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Atividade f&#237;sica no tempo livre</th>
                <th>Masculino</th>
                <th>Feminino</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Inativo</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Pouco ativo</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Ativo</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Muito ativo</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>1,00</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>1,21 (0,98-1,50)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>1,27 (1,05-1,52)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>1,77 (1,46-2,15)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>1,00</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>1,15 (1,01-1,31)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>1,33 (1,19-1,49)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>1,81 (1,56-2,09)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>
                <italic>* Ajustado por idade.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O estudo analisou a exist&#234;ncia de efeito dose-resposta na associa&#231;&#227;o entre AFTL e o aumento do HDL-C.</p>
      <p>&#201; importante salientar que a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo se constitui de uma coorte de volunt&#225;rios de servidores p&#250;blicos, que, apesar de n&#227;o ser representativa da popula&#231;&#227;o de modo geral, apresenta um n&#250;mero significativo de participantes em seis capitais brasileiras, fato que representa ponto forte do estudo</p>
      <p>Os mecanismos que relacionam a maior intensidade de AF e mudan&#231;as lip&#237;dicas mais positivas s&#227;o explicados em fun&#231;&#227;o de que, durante a AF, h&#225; aumento da atividade da LPL e do catabolismo dos triglic&#233;rides que resultam na transfer&#234;ncia de colesterol, fosfolip&#237;dios e prote&#237;nas para as part&#237;culas nascentes do HDL-C, aumentado assim sua concentra&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o tempo m&#233;dio de vida das part&#237;culas de HDL-C &#233; maior em indiv&#237;duos mais ativos fisicamente, fato que pode contribuir para que o transporte reverso do colesterol possa ser maximizado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Neste contexto, em pesquisa realizada com participantes do ELSA-Brasil, demonstrou-se que h&#225; uma associa&#231;&#227;o ben&#233;fica entre os n&#237;veis de AF e perfil lip&#237;dico favor&#225;vel para HDL-C e triglic&#233;rides, tanto em homens quanto em mulheres. Al&#233;m disso, observou-se que quanto maior fosse a intensidade da AF, mais positivas seriam as mudan&#231;as no perfil lip&#237;dico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em outro estudo, realizado com indiv&#237;duos residentes de Caxias do Sul/RS com mais de 60 anos de idade, foi demonstrado que aqueles que praticavam atividades f&#237;sicas de intensidade moderada tinham n&#237;veis de LDL-c reduzidos e HDL-C aumentados quando comparados com os idosos que tinham baixos n&#237;veis de AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Segundo Matsudo et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> existem poucas evid&#234;ncias a respeito dos mecanismos respons&#225;veis pela redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de LDL-c e lipoprote&#237;na de muito baixa densidade (VLDL-c). Contudo, a principal raz&#227;o para eleva&#231;&#227;o do HDL-C &#233; a maior a&#231;&#227;o da LPL em resposta a exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos, fato que aumenta o catabolismo dos triglic&#233;rides e provoca a transfer&#234;ncia de colesterol, fosfolip&#237;dios e prote&#237;nas para as part&#237;culas de HDL-C, aumentando assim a sua concentra&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Outros estudos demonstraram que homens e mulheres ativos fisicamente t&#234;m maiores n&#237;veis de HDL-C e menores n&#237;veis de LDL-c e VLDL-c que seus pares inativos fisicamente,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> al&#233;m de que, em outro trabalho realizado apenas com pessoas do sexo feminino, foi observado que h&#225; diferen&#231;as significativas nos n&#237;veis de HDL-C em mulheres com alta, moderada e baixa aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica, e os valores mais altos foram encontrados nas mulheres com n&#237;veis altos de aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>&#201; importante enfatizar tamb&#233;m que, no nosso estudo, a intensidade de AFTL foi classificada em caminhada, AF moderada e AF vigorosa. Neste contexto, apesar de as &#225;reas sob as curvas ROC n&#227;o apresentarem valores elevados, entre os homens, apenas a AF vigorosa discrimina o HDL-C elevado, enquanto, entre as mulheres, tanto a caminhada quanto a AF moderada ou vigorosa discriminam o HDL-C elevado, demonstrando que os homens precisam de AF mais intensa para aumentar os n&#237;veis de HDL-C.</p>
      <p>Mais um aspecto importante a ser destacado, no presente estudo, &#233; que o efeito dose-resposta entre AFTL e HDL-C tem signific&#226;ncia tanto nas mulheres classificadas como pouco ativas quanto nas mulheres classificadas como ativas e muito ativas. Nos homens, por sua vez, a associa&#231;&#227;o &#233; observada apenas naqueles classificados como ativos e muito ativos. Desta forma, &#233; poss&#237;vel compreender que eles t&#234;m a necessidade de praticar maior quantidade de AF para que tenham um resultado positivo quanto ao aumento do HDL-C.</p>
      <p>Em recente publica&#231;&#227;o, tamb&#233;m com dados do ELSA-Brasil, com objetivo de verificar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre AFTL e AF no deslocamento com escores de risco cardiovascular, foi observado que apenas a AFTL estava inversamente associada com os eventos cardiovasculares, al&#233;m de que os homens necessitavam de maior quantidade de AF (dura&#231;&#227;o e intensidade), tamb&#233;m com efeito dose-resposta, do que as mulheres para que os benef&#237;cios fossem alcan&#231;ados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Esses resultados podem ser parcialmente explicados pelo fato de que, nos homens, os par&#226;metros homeost&#225;ticos em repouso &#8211; tais como frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, press&#227;o arterial, n&#237;veis glic&#234;micos, gasto cal&#243;rico, entre outros &#8211; s&#227;o mais elevados do que nas mulheres, apesar de que, na p&#243;s-menopausa e com o processo do envelhecimento, os valores de press&#227;o arterial podem ser maiores no sexo feminino.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Assim, para quebrar a homeostase de repouso, os homens precisam de maior quantidade de AF (dura&#231;&#227;o e intensidade) do que as mulheres, para, com isso, fazer com que possam ser ativados os mecanismos que desencadeiam a prote&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, tais como redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis glic&#234;micos e de triglic&#233;rides, al&#233;m do aumento do HDL-C (que, no repouso, apresenta menores n&#237;veis nos homens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma poss&#237;vel limita&#231;&#227;o pode ser atribu&#237;da &#224; informa&#231;&#227;o sobre AF, pois a mesma foi obtida por meio de question&#225;rios que, apesar de ser um instrumento largamente utilizado em estudos nacionais e internacionais, pode apresentar problemas como, por exemplo, o vi&#233;s de mem&#243;ria. Ademais, &#233; importante ressaltar que, no presente estudo, foi analisada apenas a AFTL, n&#227;o sendo considerados os outros dom&#237;nios da AF, como, por exemplo, deslocamento, AF no trabalho e AF dom&#233;stica. Al&#233;m disso, considerando que se trata de estudo transversal, a causalidade reversa pode limitar a for&#231;a dos resultados.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>De acordo com os resultados observados no presente estudo, sugere-se que a pr&#225;tica da AF discrimina e est&#225; associada a n&#237;veis mais elevados de HDL-C em adultos de ambos os sexos. &#201; importante ressaltar que, nos homens, existe a necessidade de maior quantidade de atividades f&#237;sicas (dura&#231;&#227;o e intensidade) para que os benef&#237;cios possam ser alcan&#231;ados. Esses resultados s&#227;o de grande import&#226;ncia para a sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, considerando que as pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas de promo&#231;&#227;o de atividades f&#237;sicas podem ser norteadas com base nessas informa&#231;&#245;es. Sugerem-se estudos longitudinais sobre o tema para que se possa confirmar os presentes resultados.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de do Brasil (Departamento de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia) e o Minist&#233;rio de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia da Brasil (Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos e CNPq &#8211; Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa), processos n&#186; 01 060010.00RS, 01 06 0212.00BA, 01 06 0300.00ES, 01 06 0278.00MG, 01 06 0115.00SP, 01 06 0071.00RJ</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Association between Leisure Time Physical Activity and HDL-C in the Elsa-Brasil Study Participants: Are There Any Gender Differences in the Dose-Response Effect?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1033-8684</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pitanga</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Jos&#233; Gondim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6250-2036</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Griep</surname>
            <given-names>Rosane Harter</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4760-4157</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Maria da Concei&#231;&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5319-5513</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Maria de Jesus Mendes da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9374-3078</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Andreia Rios de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7919-1791</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Raiane de Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2080-9213</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Matos</surname>
            <given-names>Sheila Maria Alvim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Reabilita&#231;&#227;o - Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Educa&#231;&#227;o em Meio Ambiente e Sa&#250;de, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Gon&#231;alo Moniz, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Sa&#250;de Coletiva - Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Francisco Jos&#233; Gondim Pitanga &#8226; Universidade Federal da Bahia - Av. Reitor Miguel Calmom, s/n. Postal Code 40110-060, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil E-mail: pitanga@lognet.com.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data and Obtaining financing: Griep RH, Almeida MC, Fonseca MJM, Matos SMA; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Pitanga FJG, Griep RH, Almeida MC, Fonseca MJM, Souza AR, Silva RC, Matos SMA; Statistical analysis: Pitanga FJG, Almeida MC; Writing of the manuscript: Pitanga FJG, Souza AR, Silva RC; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Pitanga FJG, Griep RH, Almeida MC, Fonseca MJM, Matos SMA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>High levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) are known for their protective effect against cardiovascular diseases and the regular practice of leisure time physical activity (LTPA) may be associated with their increase.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To verify the existence of differences between genders in the dose-response effect regarding the association between LTPA and HDL-C in the ELSA-Brasil study cohort.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Cross-sectional study with data from wave 2 of 13,931 participants of both genders (7,607 women) from the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health ELSA-Brasil. The LTPA was measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and classified into four categories: sedentary, low active, active and very active. The discriminatory power of LTPA at different intensities analyzed for high HDL-C was tested using ROC curves. Associations, adjusted for confounders between LTPA and HDL-C were analyzed by logistic regression. A 95% confidence interval was used.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>A positive association, with a dose-response effect, was observed between LTPA and HDL-C in both men and women. With regard to intensity, only vigorous physical activity discriminated high HDL-C in men, while both walking and moderate and vigorous physical activity discriminated high HDL-C in women.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>LTPA shows a positive association with gradient dose-response and HDL-C, but in men, the association is not observed for those classified as physically unfit. In women, both walking intensity and moderate or vigorous physical activity can discriminate high HDL-C levels, whereas only vigorous intensity-exercise discriminate elevated HDL-C levels in men, demonstrating that males need to do more physical activity for this benefit to be observed.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Physical Activity</kwd>
        <kwd>Cross-Sectional Studies</kwd>
        <kwd>HDL-Cholesterol</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Walking</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The regular practice of physical activity (PA) shows a positive association with the increase in high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) and decrease in triglyceride levels, with inconsistent changes in low-density lipoprotein levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In addition, higher levels of HDL-C may have benefits such as protecting against coronary artery disease, although more recent Mendelian randomization studies have suggested that HDL-C is more of a marker of cardiovascular risk than a risk factor itself.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The increase of HDL-C associated with PA practice may be explained to the extent that, during PA, there is an increase in lipoprotein lipase activity (LPL), accelerating the breakdown of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein. This generates the transfer of cholesterol, phospholipids and proteins to the nascent particles of HDL-C.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> However, in more physically active individuals, the HDL-C half-life may reach 6-7 days, while in the physically inactive, it is only 3-4.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Despite this evidence, the ideal PA intensity to increase HDL-C needs to be better clarified, mainly with emphasis in possible differences between men and women as shown in previous studies about PA and cardiometabolic health.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In a recent research carried out in participants of the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health ELSA-Brasil, the results show that there is an association between PA and higher HDL-C levels, both in men and women. Moreover, it was observed that vigorous-intensity PA practice is associated with more positive changes in lipid profiles, than only the duration of PA practice, However, this study did not analyze possible differences between men and women about the quantities (time and duration) of PA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The knowledge of existence of a dose-response effect between PA and HDL-C increase will contribute to the production of new information and researches on the subject, considering that public policies for PA promotion may use this information as a basis for new intervention proposals. Moreover, although the association between PA and HDL-C levels is already known, studies that demonstrate the dose-response effect in relation the possible differences between men and women are scarce in assessed literature about the subject. Studies that reaffirm the association between PA and HDL-C are still important for better understanding of this association, mainly in the analysis of possible differences between the genders regarding these findings.</p>
        <p>The objective of study was to verify the existence of differences between the genders in the dose-response effect regarding the association between LTPA and HDL-C in the ELSA-Brasil cohort</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Population and sample</title>
          <p>The ELSA-Brasil is a cohort study of 15,105 active or retired civil servants aged 25 to 74 years from six higher education institutions located in the cities of Salvador, Vit&#243;ria, Belo Horizonte, Rio de Janeiro, S&#227;o Paulo e Porto Alegre, which has as its main objective to investigate the incidence and progression of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases and their associated factors (biological, behavioral, environmental, occupational, psychological and social), whose methodological details were previously described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> To date, information has been collected about participants in three opportunities: (1<sup>st</sup>wave, from 2008 to 2010); (2<sup>nd</sup>wave, from 2012 to 2014) and (3<sup>rd</sup>wave, from 2016 to 2018). For the present study, was selected all participants of the second wave (2012-2014) that answered questionnaires about PA and had complete data on the variables involved in the analysis, totaling 13,931 participants (7,607 women).</p>
          <p>The ELSA-Brasil was approved by the National Research Ethics Commission (CONEP) and by all Research Ethics Committees of the six research centers involved. All participants signed the informed consent form and the confidentiality of the data is guaranteed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data production</title>
          <p>The data were collected by a team of interviewers and raters trained and certified by a quality control committee,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> able to perform the study protocol in any ELSA-Brasil Research Center. Face-to-face interviews were conducted when applying the blocks of questionnaires to obtain information on age, level of schooling, family income and smoking. Additionally, information on anthropometric measurements of weight, height and waist circumference was collected. Body weight was obtained in the morning, after 8-12 hours of fasting and with the participant without shoes and wearing light clothes. An electronic Toledo&#174;scale was used to measure weight, with a capacity of up to 200 Kg. A SECA&#174; stadiometer was used to measure height, with the participant in the standing position and strictly following the Frankfurt plan. Obesity was identified through the body mass index (BMI) by applying the equation BMI= weight (Kg)/height(m)<sup>2</sup>adopting the following cut-off points; obesity = 0 if BMI &lt; 30.0 and obesity = 1 if BMI &#8805;30.0.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Evaluation of Physical Activity</title>
          <p>The long version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was used for the identification and qualification of PA, which consists of questions related to the frequency and duration of physical activities (walking, moderate PA and vigorous PA) developed at work, during commuting, in domestic activities and leisure time.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Only leisure time and commuting domains were assessed in the ELSA-Brasil. The PA was measured in minutes/week by multiplying the weekly frequency by the duration of each of the performed activities. For the study effect,, only leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) was utilized, with the following categorization: 0= physically inactive (less than 10 minutes of any PA in the week); 1= unfit (from 10 minutes to less than 150 minutes of walking/moderate activity per week and/or from 10 minutes to less than 60 minutes of vigorous activity for week and/or from 10 minutes to less than 150 minutes per week of any combination of walking, moderate and vigorous activity); 2= physically active ( more than or equal to 150 minutes of walking/moderate activity per week and/or more than or equal to 60 minutes of vigorous activity per week and/or more than or equal to 150 minutes per week of any combination of walking/ moderate and vigorous activity ); 3= very active (more than or equal to 150 minutes of vigorous activity per week, or more than or equal to 60 minutes of vigorous activity per week + 150 minutes per week of any combination between walking and moderate activity). For the dichotomized analyses, those classified as physically inactive and unfit were considered as insufficiently active, and those classified as physically active and very active as active.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Evaluation of HDL-C</title>
          <p>Blood collection was performed after 12 hours of overnight fasting and centrifuged and stored in cryo-tubes at -80&#176;C in the respective research centers. To ensure the quality and standardization of the results, all samples were sent for processing and analysis in a central ELSA-Brasil laboratory located in the city of S&#227;o Paulo. The HDL-C values in mg/dL were determined by a homogeneous colorimetric method using an ADVIA 1200 Siemens equipment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> HDL-C was dichotomized at 60 mg/dL and &#8805; 60 mg/dL (high HDL-C).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Covariates</title>
          <p>The following categorization was adopted for the covariates: age=0 if between 34 and 50 years, age=1 if between 51 and 60 years and age=2 if &gt;60years. Four strata were established for the level of schooling: 0= incomplete elementary school; 1=complete elementary school; 2= complete high school; and 3= complete higher education / postgraduation. The family income was categorized as: up to 2 minimum wages=0; from 2 to 8=minimum wages=1; from 8 to 18 minimum wages=2; and above 18 minimum wages=3. The current smoking status was categorized as no=0 and yes=1.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data analysis</title>
          <p>The descriptive measures (proportions) were calculated for all categorized variables. The analysis was stratified by gender <italic>a priori</italic> and compared using the chi-square test. ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curves were used to test the discriminatory power of different LTPA intensities (walking, moderate PA and vigorous PA) for elevated HDL-C levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> The 95% confidence interval (95%CI) of was utilized. The associations were analyzed by logistic regression. The following variables were considered as potential confounders or effect modifiers: age, obesity, smoking at the moment of the interview, income family and level of schooling. The variables that showed p &#8804; 0.05 and correlation coefficient Rho &lt;0.60 in the simultaneous evaluation in the bivariate stage (tetrachoric matrix) were selected for modeling.</p>
          <p>The verification of the effect modification was performed by stratification with the observation of stratum-specific point measures and their confidence interval. Effect modification. was indicated when the point measurement of a factor, in a specific stratum, was not contained in the confidence interval of the other factor in the same stratum. The analysis of possible confounding variables was performed using the backward procedure, using logistic regression. The analysis begins with the complete model, followed by removal of the potential confounders one by one. When a change equal to or greater than 10% in the point association between LTPA and HDL-C is observed, the variable is considered to be a confounder.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> No effect-modifying variables were identified in the modeling process, and the age variable was identified as a confounder. Therefore, the best model for the analysis of an association between LTPA and HDL-C was the age-adjusted model. The dose-response effect also analyzed the association between LTPA and HDL-C. For this analysis, variables called DUMMIES were created for comparison between the reference group (physically inactive) and each of the other strata of the PA variable (insufficiently active, active and very active). The Mantel-Haenszel test was used to test the homogeneity of the odds ratio (OR) values between the strata of each variable with a significance level of 5%. The confidence interval was set at 95%. The statistical program STATA&#174; version 12.0 was used.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 6,324 men and 7,607 women was included in the analysis. The sample characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">table 1</xref> . The women&#8217;s mean age is 55,7&#177;8.8 and the men&#8217;s is 55,7&#177;9.2. It is also observed that men have higher family income, are more often smokers, are more active in leisure time, while the women are more obese and have a higher proportion of higher HDL-C levels. It is also observed that there are no statistically significant differences between men and women in relation to age.</p>
        <p/>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> shows the discriminatory power of the different intensities of LTPA for the increase in HDL-C levels. Among men, only the vigorous PA showed statically significant areas under the ROC curves, while among women, both walking and moderate and vigorous physical activity showed statistical significance to discriminate the increase in HDL-C levels, although the areas under the ROC curves did not show high values.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Areas under the ROC curves for different physical activity intensities as a discriminator for high HDL-C (&#8805;60 mg/dL)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Leisure Time Physical Activity</th>
                  <th>Male</th>
                  <th>Female</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Walking</td>
                  <td align="center">0.52 (0.50-0.54)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.52 (0.51-0.53) *</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Moderate</td>
                  <td align="center">0.52 (0.50-0.54)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.53 (0.53-0.54)*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Vigorous</td>
                  <td align="center">0.54 (0.52-0.56)*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.53 (0.52-0.54)*</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>ROC: receiver operating characteristic; 95% CI: confidence interval of 95%. *Area under the ROC curve with discriminatory power IM (Li-IC &gt; 0.50). )</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The association between LTPA and HDL-C in male and female individuals is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> . It can be observed that active men have a 38% chance of having higher HDL-C levels, while in active women the chance is 41%, compared to physically inactive men and women, respectively.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Association between leisure time physical activity and HDL-C</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Leisure time physical activity</th>
                  <th>Male</th>
                  <th>Female</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Insufficiently Active (Physically Inactive and Little Active)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Active (Active and Very Active)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>1.00</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>1.38 (1.20-1.59)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>1.00</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>1.41 (1.29-1.55)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>* Adjusted by age</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> shows that when the PA was classified into 4 categories, there was a dose-response effect in the association between LTPA and HDL-C, both in men and women. However, in male individuals, the association was found only in those classified as active and very physically active.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Dose-response effect in the association between leisure time physical activity and HDL-C</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Leisure time physical activity</th>
                  <th>Male</th>
                  <th>Female</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Inactive</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Little Actives</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Active</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Very Active</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>1.00</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>1.21 (0.98-1.50)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>1.27 (1.05-1.52)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>1.77 (1.46-2.15)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>1.00</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>1.15 (1.01-1.31)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>1.33 (1.19-1.49)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>1.81 (1.56-2.09)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>
                  <italic>* Adjusted by age.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The study analyzed the existence of a dose-response effect in the association between LTPA and HDL-C increase.</p>
        <p>Is important to point out that the study population is a cohort of civil servant volunteers, which although are not representative of the general population, represent a significant number of participants in six Brazilian capitals, a fact that embodies a strong point of the study.</p>
        <p>The mechanisms that associate higher PA intensity and more positive lipid changes are explained by the fact that during the PA there is an increase in LPL activity and triglyceride catabolism, which results in the transfer of cholesterol, phospholipids and proteins to the nascent HDL-C particles, thus increasing its concentration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In addition, the average half-life of HDL-C particles is higher in more physically active individuals, a fact that can contribute to the maximization of the reverse transport of cholesterol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In this context, in a study carried out with participants of ELSA-Brasil, it was demonstrated that there is a beneficial association between PA levels and a favorable lipid profile for HDL-C and triglycerides, both in men and women. Moreover, it was also observed that the higher the intensity of PA, the more positive the changes in lipid profile.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In another study carried out with individuals living in the municipality of Caxias do Sul, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, who were over 60 years old, it was shown that those who performed physical activities of moderate intensity had reduced LDL-C and increased HDL-C levels, when compared to older adults who had low PA<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> levels.</p>
        <p>According to Matsudo et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> there is little evidence regarding the mechanics responsible for the reduction of LDL-C and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL-C) levels, but the main reason for the increase in HDL-C levels is the greater action of LPL in response to physical exercise, a fact that increase the catabolism of triglycerides and causes the transfer of cholesterol, phospholipids and proteins to HDL-C particles, thus increasing its levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Other studies have shown that physically active men and women have higher HDL-C levels and lower levels of LDL-C and VLDL-C than their physically inactive pairs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Moreover, another study conducted only with female individuals, it was observed that there are significant differences in HDL-C levels in women with high, moderate and low levels of physical fitness, and the highest values were found in women with high levels of physical fitness.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It is also important to emphasize that in our study, the intensity of LTPA was classified as walking; moderate PA; and vigorous PA. In this context, although the areas under the ROC curves do no show high values, only the vigorous PA discriminates high HDL-C in men, while in women, both the walking and moderate or vigorous PA discriminate high HDL-C levels, demonstrating that men need more intense PA to increase HDL-C levels.</p>
        <p>Another important aspect to be highlighted in this study is that the dose-response effect between LTPA and HDL-C has significance both in women classified as little active and in women classified as active and very active. In men, the association is observed only in those classified as active and very active. Therefore, it is possible to understand that they need to practice a greater amount of PA to have a positive result regarding the HDL-C increase.</p>
        <p>In a recent publication, also with data form the ELSA-Brasil, aiming to verify the association between LTPA and PA during commuting with cardiovascular risk scores, it was observed that only LTPA was inversely associated with cardiovascular events; moreover, the men needed a greater amount of PA (duration and intensity), also with a dose-response effect, than women to reach the benefits.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>These results can be partially explained by the fact that, in men, the resting homeostatic parameters, such as heart rate, blood pressure, glycemic levels, caloric expenditure, among others, are higher than in women, although in the postmenopausal period and with the aging process, blood pressure values may be higher in the female sex.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Thus, to disrupt the resting homeostasis, the men need a greater amount of PA (duration and intensity) than women, to activate the mechanisms that trigger cardiovascular protection, such as the lowering of blood pressure, reduction of glycemia and triglyceride levels, and increase in HDL-C levels (which at rest show lower levels in men).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A possible limitation can be attributed to the information on PA, since it was obtained through questionnaires, which, despite being a widely used instrument in national and international studies, may present problems, such as memory bias. In addition, is important to note that only LTPA was analyzed in the present study, and other domains of PA were not considered, such as commuting, PA at work and domestic PA. Moreover, considering this is a cross-sectional study, reverse causality may limit the strength of the results.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>According to the results observed in this present study, it is suggested that the practice of PA discriminates and is associated with higher levels of HDL-C in adults of both genders. It is important to emphasize that men need a greater amount of physical activities (duration and intensity) for benefits to be achieved. These results are of great importance for public health, considering that public policies for the promotion of physical activities can be guided based on this information. Longitudinal studies on the subject are suggested to confirm the present results.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Characteristics of the study sample</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Men (n=6324)</th>
                  <th>Women (n=7607)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>
                          <bold>Age (years) - n (%)</bold>
                        </p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>34-50</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>51-60</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&gt;60</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>2055 (32.5)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>2182 (34.5)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>2087 (33.0)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>2342 (30.8)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>2752 (36.2)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>2511 (33.0)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.49</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>
                          <bold>Family income (minimum wages) - n (%)</bold>
                        </p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Up to 2</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>From 2 to 8</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>From 8 to 18</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>More than 18</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>60 (0.9)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>2117 (33.6)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>2462 (39.1)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>1657 (26.3)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>84 (1.1)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>2545 (33.6)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>3356 (44.3)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>1583 (20.9)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>
                          <bold>Education - n (%)</bold>
                        </p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Incomplete Elementary School</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Complete Elementary School</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Complete High School C</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>omplete Higher Education/ Postgraduation</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>448 (10.2)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>482 (10.9)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>1933 (43.9)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>1533 (34.9)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>261 (4.5)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>390 (6.7)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>2449 (42.3)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>2694 (46.)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>
                          <bold>Obesity - n (%)</bold>
                        </p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>BMI &lt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup></p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>BMI &#8805;30 kg/m<sup>2</sup></p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>4763 (75.3)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>1561 (24.7)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>5308 (69.8)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>22299 (30.2)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>
                          <bold>Current smoking&#8211; n (%)</bold>
                        </p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>No</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Yes</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>
                          <bold>Leisure time physical Activity - n (%)</bold>
                        </p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Physically Inactive</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Insufficiently Active</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Active</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Very Active</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>
                          <bold>High HDL-C levels</bold>
                        </p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Yes</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>No</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>3290 (52.0)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>3033 (48.0)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>2218 (35.1)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>1089 (17.2)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>1749 (27.6)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>1268 (20.1)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>916 (14.5)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>5408 (85.5)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>4863 (63.9)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>2744 (36.1)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>3401 (44.7)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>1342 (17.6)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>1947 (25.6)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>917 (12.0)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>3.241 (42.7)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>4.366</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>(57.3)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01 &lt;0.01 &lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Values for men and women were compared using the chi-square test.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of Funding: This study was partially funded by Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de do Brasil (Departamento de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia) e o Minist&#233;rio de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia da Brasil (Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos and CNPq &#8211; Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa), processos n&#186; 01 06 0010.00RS, 01 06 0212.00BA, 01 06 0300.00ES, 01 06 0278.00MG, 01 06 0115.00SP, 01 06 0071.00RJ.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
