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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">d8xWSJptNhC8KD7rXPsvSGs</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021005008201</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001100484</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190815</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190815</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fatores Associados &#224; Ocorr&#234;ncia de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial em Trabalhadores da Ind&#250;stria do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xavier</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Brustolin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1111-4890</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Garcez</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cibeira</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Herrmann</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Germano</surname>
            <given-names>Antonino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Olinto</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Teresa Anselmo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de Coletiva</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Leopoldo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de Coletiva - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS), S&#227;o Leopoldo, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">&#193;rea de Ci&#234;ncias da Vida</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Joa&#231;aba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">&#193;rea de Ci&#234;ncias da Vida - Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina (UNOESC), Joa&#231;aba, SC - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Nutri&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Nutri&#231;&#227;o - Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Servi&#231;o Social da Ind&#250;stria do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o Social da Ind&#250;stria do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (SESI-RS), Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Alimenta&#231;&#227;o, Nutri&#231;&#227;o e Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Alimenta&#231;&#227;o, Nutri&#231;&#227;o e Sa&#250;de - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Maria Teresa Anselmo Olinto &#8226; Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de Coletiva - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS) Av. Unisinos 950, C. P. 275. CEP 93022-000, S&#227;o Leopoldo, RS &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>mtolinto@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Xavier PB, Cibeira GH, Germano A, Olinto MTA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Xavier PB, Cibeira GH, Germano A; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Xavier PB, Garcez A, Olinto MTA; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Xavier PB, Garcez A, Cibeira GH, Germano A, Olinto MTA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>484</fpage>
      <lpage>491</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A hipertens&#227;o &#233; um importante e persistente problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, sendo uma das principais causas de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e mortalidade geral.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Este estudo buscou verificar a preval&#234;ncia e os fatores associados &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica em trabalhadores da ind&#250;stria do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Trata-se de um estudo transversal com dados secund&#225;rios de 20.792 industri&#225;rios de 18 a 59 anos de idade. A presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o arterial foi determinada a partir da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &#8805;140mmHg e/ou press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica &#8805;90mmHg, ou estar fazendo uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva. Os fatores investigados inclu&#237;ram caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, socioecon&#244;micas, comportamentais, de estado nutricional e de hist&#243;ria familiar. Regress&#227;o de Poisson foi utilizada na an&#225;lise multivari&#225;vel, adotando-se um p&lt;0,05 como n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia. Todas as an&#225;lises foram estratificadas por sexo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A amostra incluiu 12.349 homens e 8.443 mulheres com m&#233;dia de idade geral de 32,8 anos (Desvio-padr&#227;o=9,8 anos). A preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o foi de 10,3% (IC95%:9,8-10,7), sendo esta significativamente maior entre os homens do que entre as mulheres (10,9% vs 9,4%;p=0,001). A hipertens&#227;o mostrou-se associada &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o da faixa et&#225;ria, baixa escolaridade, viver com companheiro, ter sobrepeso ou obesidade, e ter pelo menos um parente com hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o para ambos os sexos. As mulheres com melhores condi&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas apresentaram menores preval&#234;ncias de hipertens&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Os principais fatores associados &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial compreenderam caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas, nutricionais e de hist&#243;ria familiar. Ademais, as condi&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas demonstraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o com a ocorr&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o, principalmente entre as mulheres.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Hereditariedade</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Trabalhadores</kwd>
        <kwd>Ind&#250;strias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="30"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica (HAS) &#233; um importante problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, al&#233;m de ser um fator de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Estima-se que a preval&#234;ncia de HAS na popula&#231;&#227;o mundial seja em torno de 22%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Na Am&#233;rica Latina, o Brasil apresenta uma das maiores preval&#234;ncias de HAS, com diferen&#231;a significativa entre homens (26,7%) e mulheres (19,9%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Em trabalhadores da ind&#250;stria, a preval&#234;ncia de HAS diverge conforme a localiza&#231;&#227;o geogr&#225;fica, sendo mais prevalente na regi&#227;o Nordeste (35,1%), seguido do Centro-Oeste (19%) e Sul do Brasil (19,8%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Potenciais fatores de risco para a ocorr&#234;ncia de HAS t&#234;m sido explorados em diferentes grupos populacionais de trabalhadores, evidenciando-se uma forte influ&#234;ncia de fatores sociodemogr&#225;ficos, comportamentais e ocupacionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A HAS tem sido associada principalmente aos h&#225;bitos comportamentais como o consumo de &#225;lcool e tabaco, dieta desequilibrada, inatividade f&#237;sica, al&#233;m do poss&#237;vel efeito do hist&#243;rico familiar da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Dessa forma, h&#225;bitos de vida n&#227;o saud&#225;veis tamb&#233;m podem influenciar na ocorr&#234;ncia de outras doen&#231;as associadas a HAS, especialmente quando associados ao hist&#243;rico familiar e presen&#231;a de obesidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os fatores de risco cardiometab&#243;licos normalmente s&#227;o assintom&#225;ticos, e identific&#225;-los precocemente permite que medidas e a&#231;&#245;es de preven&#231;&#227;o possam ser estabelecidas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, os diferentes cen&#225;rios ocupacionais e formas de gest&#227;o produtiva t&#234;m incorporado mudan&#231;as no cotidiano dos trabalhadores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Apesar de estudos pr&#233;vios terem investigado a ocorr&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o entre trabalhadores da ind&#250;stria no Brasil,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> n&#227;o se identificaram estudos conduzidos no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, um dos estados mais industrializados do pa&#237;s. Dessa forma, o presente estudo buscou verificar a preval&#234;ncia e investigar os fatores associados com a HAS em trabalhadores do setor da ind&#250;stria do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Estudo transversal com dados secund&#225;rios do &#8220;Projeto Cora&#231;&#227;o&#8221; do Servi&#231;o Social da Ind&#250;stria do Rio Grande do Sul (SESI-RS), realizado no per&#237;odo de 2006 a 2009. A amostra contemplou trabalhadores adultos com 18 a 59 anos de idade e que atuavam em ind&#250;strias de pequeno (20 - 99 empregados), m&#233;dio (100 - 499 empregados) e grande porte (&gt; 500 empregados), distribu&#237;das pelas regi&#245;es de maior industrializa&#231;&#227;o do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Embora o presente estudo tenha utilizado dados secund&#225;rios, este foi submetido (CAAE: 90968018.9.0000.5344/2018) e aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (Parecer n. 2.719.764). Dessa forma, a preserva&#231;&#227;o do anonimato dos trabalhadores foi estabelecida junto ao termo de responsabilidade submetido &#224; institui&#231;&#227;o-fonte dos dados.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Amostragem</title>
        <p>No sentido de garantir uma representatividade dos trabalhadores da ind&#250;stria do Estado, e considerando a impossibilidade de relacionar todos os empregados, um processo de amostragem em duas etapas foi realizado. Na primeira, foi selecionada uma amostra aleat&#243;ria simples das ind&#250;strias. Na segunda, obteve-se uma amostra de empregados registrados nas ind&#250;strias selecionadas na primeira etapa. A sele&#231;&#227;o das empresas foi realizada por meio de levantamento da sua localiza&#231;&#227;o (munic&#237;pios) e n&#250;mero total de empregados, incluindo todas as atividades econ&#244;micas da Rela&#231;&#227;o Anual de Informa&#231;&#245;es Sociais (RAIS), ano-base 2004. Para determinar quais munic&#237;pios deveriam ser inclu&#237;dos na pesquisa, foi organizada uma lista contemplando os munic&#237;pios que concentravam 80% dos empregos industriais do estado, distribu&#237;dos segundo o tamanho da empresa e Classifica&#231;&#227;o Nacional de Atividades Econ&#244;micas (CNAEs). Por meio de escolha aleat&#243;ria simples e estratificada segundo porte, foram sorteadas 145 empresas, contemplando ind&#250;strias do setor de alimentos e bebidas (CNAE 10 e 11), de produtos de couro (CNAE 15), de produtos metalmec&#226;nicos (CNAEs 24, 25, 28 e 29), e de fumo (CNAE 12). Esse processo visou contemplar uma amostra representativa em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o de empresas, considerando um n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a de 95%, uma vari&#226;ncia para o estimador na propor&#231;&#227;o de 0,25, e um erro m&#225;ximo nas estimativas de propor&#231;&#245;es de 3,6 pontos percentuais. Posteriormente, obteve-se uma amostra proporcional ao n&#250;mero total de trabalhadores registrados nas empresas. Assim, ao final das duas etapas, contemplou-se a avalia&#231;&#227;o de 21.341 trabalhadores.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de dados e instrumentos</title>
        <p>A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de entrevistas presenciais, durante o hor&#225;rio de trabalho e incluindo todos os turnos de trabalho existentes na empresa. Para garantir a padroniza&#231;&#227;o, todos os entrevistadores receberam treinamento sobre os procedimentos adequados para a coleta dos dados. Todas as entrevistas e avalia&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas dentro das depend&#234;ncias das empresas, sendo que os trabalhadores foram previamente liberados pelas empresas. Al&#233;m disso, a ades&#227;o dos trabalhadores foi totalmente volunt&#225;ria e consentida.</p>
        <p>Foi utilizado um question&#225;rio padronizado, pr&#233;-codificado e pr&#233;-testado. O question&#225;rio contemplou informa&#231;&#245;es demogr&#225;ficas, socioecon&#244;micas, comportamentais, de estado nutricional, e de hist&#243;rico familiar. As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas investigadas foram: sexo, idade (faixas et&#225;rias de 10 anos), cor da pele (brancas e n&#227;o-brancas) e situa&#231;&#227;o conjugal (com e sem companheiro). Dentre as socioecon&#244;micas, inclu&#237;ram-se renda familiar mensal (estratificada em valores absolutos de reais) e escolaridade (estratificada em grau de ensino).</p>
        <p>Quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas comportamentais, investigou-se tabagismo (fumante, n&#227;o fumante e ex-fumante), considerando-se &#8220;fumante&#8221; o trabalhador que estivesse em uso de qualquer tipo ou quantidade de tabaco, diariamente, por ao menos seis meses. &#8220;Ex-fumante&#8221; foi definido como aquele que, tendo sido fumante, n&#227;o tenha feito uso de tabaco nos &#250;ltimos seis meses; e &#8220;n&#227;o fumante&#8221; aquele que nunca fez uso de tabaco em qualquer per&#237;odo da vida. J&#225; o consumo de &#225;lcool foi definido com base no consumo regular de qualquer tipo de bebida alco&#243;lica em, no m&#237;nimo, uma vez por semana. Outra caracter&#237;stica comportamental investigada foi a pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica regular, em que os participantes foram divididos entre ativos e inativos, considerando-se como atividade f&#237;sica regular aquelas praticadas de forma regular e constante.</p>
        <p>O estado nutricional foi avaliado por meio do &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal &#8211; IMC, obtido pelas medidas de peso e altura, considerando a seguinte equa&#231;&#227;o: peso (em quilogramas) dividido pela altura (em metros) ao quadrado. Foram classificados com sobrepeso todos os trabalhadores com IMC entre 25,0 e 29,9kg/m<sup>2</sup>, e com obesidade todos aqueles com 30,0 kg/m<sup>2</sup> ou mais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Para a mensura&#231;&#227;o do peso corporal em quilogramas, foi utilizada balan&#231;a digital previamente calibrada. A aferi&#231;&#227;o da altura em cent&#237;metros foi realizada por meio de um estadi&#244;metro m&#243;vel mantido sobre piso plano, sem rodap&#233; e apoiado na parede. As medidas foram realizadas com os trabalhadores descal&#231;os, com roupas leves (sem casacos ou EPIs), totalmente eretos e com calcanhares unidos. O hist&#243;rico familiar de hipertens&#227;o (m&#227;e, pai e av&#243;s), foi relatado pelos participantes.</p>
        <p>A vari&#225;vel &#8220;desfecho&#8221; foi obtida por meio da mensura&#231;&#227;o das press&#245;es sist&#243;licas e diast&#243;licas, utilizando-se de estetosc&#243;pio e esfigmoman&#244;metro do tipo aneroide, testados e calibrados pelo INMETRO (Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia). As aferi&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas em duplicata, utilizando-se a m&#233;dia entre as duas medidas observadas. Todas as medidas foram obtidas no bra&#231;o direito, com intervalo de 3 minutos, estando o indiv&#237;duo na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada. Todas as mensura&#231;&#245;es foram executadas por estagi&#225;rios de gradua&#231;&#227;o em enfermagem. Estes foram previamente treinados, considerando a aplica&#231;&#227;o do protocolo de recomenda&#231;&#245;es estabelecido pelo III Consenso Brasileiro de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> As aferi&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas, durante o hor&#225;rio de trabalho e previamente &#224; aplica&#231;&#227;o dos question&#225;rios, em um espa&#231;o f&#237;sico adequado e disponibilizado pelas empresas (afastado da &#225;rea de produ&#231;&#227;o e com baixos n&#237;veis de ru&#237;do).</p>
        <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial foi definida pela presen&#231;a de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &#8805; 140mmHg e/ou press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica &#8805; 90mmHg, ou estar fazendo uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva regular ou espor&#225;dica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Trabalhadores com diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de HAS e sem tratamento atual (uso de medica&#231;&#227;o) foram classificados com base no n&#237;vel de press&#227;o arterial mensurado no presente estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Estat&#237;stica descritiva foi utilizada para a distribui&#231;&#227;o geral da amostra e distribui&#231;&#227;o do desfecho em estudo, utilizando-se de frequ&#234;ncias absoluta e relativa para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e m&#233;dia, com os seus respectivos desvios-padr&#245;es, para as vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas. Para as an&#225;lises brutas, entre a vari&#225;vel desfecho (HAS) e as vari&#225;veis de exposi&#231;&#227;o (independentes), utilizou-se do teste do Qui-quadrado de Pearson para heterogeneidade de propor&#231;&#245;es (vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas) ou de tend&#234;ncia linear (vari&#225;veis ordinais). Uma poss&#237;vel presen&#231;a de colinearidade entre as vari&#225;veis de exposi&#231;&#227;o foi avaliada por meio da associa&#231;&#227;o entre elas.</p>
        <p>An&#225;lise multivari&#225;vel foi realizada por meio da Regress&#227;o de Poisson com vari&#226;ncia robusta,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> considerando os valores de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica obtidos por meio do teste Wald para heterogeneidade de propor&#231;&#245;es (vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas) ou de tend&#234;ncia linear (vari&#225;veis ordinais). A an&#225;lise multivari&#225;vel baseou-se num modelo conceitual de determina&#231;&#227;o e das inter-rela&#231;&#245;es das vari&#225;veis,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> considerando dois n&#237;veis hier&#225;rquicos de ajuste. No primeiro n&#237;vel, foi realizada an&#225;lise ajustada entre as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e socioecon&#244;micas entre si. J&#225; no segundo n&#237;vel, foi realizada a an&#225;lise ajustada incluindo as vari&#225;veis do primeiro n&#237;vel com p&lt;0,20, e as vari&#225;veis comportamentais, de estado nutricional e de hist&#243;ria familiar. Todas as an&#225;lises foram estratificadas por sexo, considerando a heterogeneidade da preval&#234;ncia do desfecho (HAS). Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas por meio do programa <italic>Stata vers&#227;o 12</italic> (StataCorp LP, College Station, Texas, USA), considerando-se um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% (p&lt;0,05).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Dos 21.341 trabalhadores qualificados neste estudo, 489 (2,3%) foram classificados como perdas ou exclus&#245;es por falta de informa&#231;&#245;es ou por estarem fora da faixa et&#225;ria alvo, e em 60 trabalhadores (0,28%) n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel obter a medida de press&#227;o arterial. Assim, um total de 20.792 trabalhadores com m&#233;dia de idade de 32,8 &#177; 9,8 anos foi inclu&#237;da na an&#225;lise final, considerando 12.349 homens (59,4%) e 8.443 (40,6%) mulheres, com m&#233;dias de idade de 33,5 &#177; 10,1 anos e 31,9 &#177; 9,3 anos, respectivamente. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos setores da ind&#250;stria, o presente estudo incluiu 4.356 trabalhadores do setor de alimentos e bebidas (20,9%), 9,692 do setor de produtos de couro (46,6%), 6,168 do setor de produtos metalmec&#226;nicos (29,7%), e 576 do setor de fumo (2,8%).</p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas gerais da amostra para homens e mulheres e as respectivas preval&#234;ncias de HAS conforme as vari&#225;veis investigadas. Na amostra geral, verificou-se uma preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial (HAS &#8805; 140/90 mmHg ou tratamento) de 10,3% (IC95%: 9,8 - 10,7), sendo que 43,7% desses participantes n&#227;o faziam uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva (n=931). A preval&#234;ncia de HAS foi maior nos homens (10,9%; IC95%:10,3 - 11,4) do que entre as mulheres (9,4%; IC95%: 8,8 - 10,0; p=0,001), sendo que 24,3% dos homens e 25,8% das mulheres com idade acima de 40 anos apresentavam HAS. Verificou-se, tamb&#233;m, que as mulheres com melhores condi&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas apresentaram menores preval&#234;ncias de HAS quando comparado aos homens ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ). N&#227;o foi identificada colinearidade entre nenhuma das vari&#225;veis independentes, incluindo idade e estado marital, assim como entre IMC, renda familiar e escolaridade.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Distribui&#231;&#227;o da amostra e preval&#234;ncias de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS&#8805;140/90 mmHg ou tratamento) segundo caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, socioecon&#244;micas, comportamentais, estado nutricional e heredit&#225;rias, na amostra de homens e mulheres trabalhadores da ind&#250;stria do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brasil, 2006-2009. (N=20.792)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="3">Homens (12.349)</th>
                <th colspan="3">Mulheres (8.443)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th>n (%)</th>
                <th>% HAS</th>
                <th>p-valor</th>
                <th>n (%)</th>
                <th>% HAS</th>
                <th>p-valor</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>18 a 29</td>
                <td align="center">5.180 (42,0)</td>
                <td align="center">2,6</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">3.925 (46,5)</td>
                <td align="center">2,0</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>30 a 39</td>
                <td align="center">3.613 (29,2)</td>
                <td align="center">9,5</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">2.622 (31,1)</td>
                <td align="center">8,6</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>40 a 49</td>
                <td align="center">2.593 (21,0)</td>
                <td align="center">20,1</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">1.522 (18,0)</td>
                <td align="center">22,6</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>50 a 59</td>
                <td align="center">963 (7,8)</td>
                <td align="center">35,5</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">374 (4,4)</td>
                <td align="center">39,0</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cor da pele</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,936</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,508</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Branca</td>
                <td align="center">9.595 (77,7)</td>
                <td align="center">10,8</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">7.031 (83,3)</td>
                <td align="center">9,5</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o Branca</td>
                <td align="center">2.754 (22,3)</td>
                <td align="center">10,9</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">1.412 (16,7)</td>
                <td align="center">8,9</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Situa&#231;&#227;o conjugal</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sem companheiro</td>
                <td align="center">3.976 (32,2)</td>
                <td align="center">5,8</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">2.724 (32,3)</td>
                <td align="center">7,0</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Com companheiro</td>
                <td align="center">8.373 (67,8)</td>
                <td align="center">13,2</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">5.719 (67,7)</td>
                <td align="center">10,5</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escolaridade</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fundamental incompleto</td>
                <td align="center">4.039 (32,7)</td>
                <td align="center">15,8</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">3.469 (41,1)</td>
                <td align="center">14,3</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fundamental completo</td>
                <td align="center">2.932 (23,8)</td>
                <td align="center">8,6</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">2.060 (24,4)</td>
                <td align="center">7,5</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>M&#233;dio completo</td>
                <td align="center">3.699 (29,9)</td>
                <td align="center">7,9</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">2.021 (24,0)</td>
                <td align="center">5,4</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Superior incompleto/completo</td>
                <td align="center">1.679 (13,6)</td>
                <td align="center">9,5</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">893 (10,6)</td>
                <td align="center">3,6</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Renda familiar mensal (reais)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8804; 800</td>
                <td align="center">2.973 (25,3)</td>
                <td align="center">10,6</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">2.410 (29,7)</td>
                <td align="center">10,6</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>801 a 1.200</td>
                <td align="center">3.113 (26,4)</td>
                <td align="center">10,0</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">2.819 (34,7)</td>
                <td align="center">9,5</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1.201 a 1.800</td>
                <td align="center">2.518 (21,3)</td>
                <td align="center">10,0</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">1.578 (19,5)</td>
                <td align="center">9,9</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&gt; 1.800</td>
                <td align="center">3.183 (27,0)</td>
                <td align="center">12,9</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">1.313 (16,2)</td>
                <td align="center">7,1</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,014</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o fumante</td>
                <td align="center">9.051 (73,3)</td>
                <td align="center">9,8</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">7.153 (84,8)</td>
                <td align="center">9,2</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ex-fumante</td>
                <td align="center">1.267 (10,3)</td>
                <td align="center">16,7</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">519 (6,1)</td>
                <td align="center">12,9</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fumante</td>
                <td align="center">2.031 (16,4)</td>
                <td align="center">12,0</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">771 (9,1)</td>
                <td align="center">8,4</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Consumo de &#225;lcool</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,435</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o consome</td>
                <td align="center">7.650 (61,9)</td>
                <td align="center">10,7</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">7.483 (88,6)</td>
                <td align="center">9,8</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Consome</td>
                <td align="center">4.699 (38,1)</td>
                <td align="center">11,1</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">960 (11,4)</td>
                <td align="center">6,6</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Atividade f&#237;sica</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,324</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ativo</td>
                <td align="center">4.419 (36,0)</td>
                <td align="center">8,9</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">2.054 (24,5)</td>
                <td align="center">9,9</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Inativo</td>
                <td align="center">7.860 (64,0)</td>
                <td align="center">11,9</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">6.347 (75,5)</td>
                <td align="center">9,2</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estado nutricional (IMC)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Normal (&lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">5.664 (46,0)</td>
                <td align="center">4,7</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">4.538 (53,9)</td>
                <td align="center">3,6</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sobrepeso (25 a 29,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">5.014 (40,6)</td>
                <td align="center">13,0</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">2.505 (29,8)</td>
                <td align="center">11,9</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obeso (&#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">1.660 (13,5)</td>
                <td align="center">25,4</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">1.380 (16,3)</td>
                <td align="center">24,0</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o na fam&#237;lia</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">6.442 (52,2)</td>
                <td align="center">7,8</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">3.477 (41,2)</td>
                <td align="center">4,8</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>M&#227;e ou Pai</td>
                <td align="center">4.987 (40,5)</td>
                <td align="center">12,5</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">3.950 (46,8)</td>
                <td align="center">10,3</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>M&#227;e e Pai</td>
                <td align="center">674 (5,5)</td>
                <td align="center">22,9</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">657 (7,8)</td>
                <td align="center">22,2</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>M&#227;e, Pai e Av&#243;s</td>
                <td align="center">226 (1,8)</td>
                <td align="center">25,7</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">349 (4,1)</td>
                <td align="center">21,2</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal. p-valor para teste do Qui-quadrado para heterogeneidade de propor&#231;&#245;es (vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas) ou tend&#234;ncia linear (vari&#225;veis ordinais)</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta as raz&#245;es de preval&#234;ncias brutas e ajustadas, estratificadas entre homens e mulheres, para a ocorr&#234;ncia de HAS conforme os fatores investigados. Ap&#243;s an&#225;lise ajustada, a preval&#234;ncia de HAS mostrou-se associada &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o da faixa et&#225;ria, baixa escolaridade, viver com companheiro, ter sobrepeso ou obesidade, e ter pelo menos um familiar com hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o. Quanto aos fatores socioecon&#244;micos, a menor escolaridade manteve-se associada com maiores preval&#234;ncias de HAS apenas entre as mulheres. Associa&#231;&#227;o diretamente proporcional foi observada entre estado nutricional e HAS em ambos os sexos. Ainda, a preval&#234;ncia de HAS foi direta e significativamente maior entre aqueles que tinham um dos pais, ou ambos os pais e mais os av&#243;s, com hist&#243;rico de hipertens&#227;o. Embora renda familiar, tabagismo, consumo de &#225;lcool e pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica tenham apresentado uma tend&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o na an&#225;lise bruta, estas foram contradit&#243;rias e todas perderam signific&#226;ncia ap&#243;s o ajuste ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Raz&#245;es de preval&#234;ncia (RP) brutas e ajustadas de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS&#8805;140/90 mmHg ou tratamento) segundo caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, socioecon&#244;micas, comportamentais, estado nutricional e heredit&#225;rias, na amostra de homens e mulheres trabalhadores da ind&#250;stria do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brasil, 2006-2009. (N=20.792)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="2">Homens (12.349)</th>
                <th colspan="2">Mulheres (8.443)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th>RP Bruta*</th>
                <th>RP Ajustada&#8224;</th>
                <th>RP Bruta*</th>
                <th>RP Ajustada&#8224;</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" rowspan="21">
                  <bold>Primeiro N&#237;vel</bold>
                </td>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>18 a 29</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>30 a 39</td>
                <td align="center">3,66 (3,01-4,45)</td>
                <td align="center">3,43 (2,78-4,21)</td>
                <td align="center">4,32 (3,35-5,56)</td>
                <td align="center">3,79 (2,93-4,90)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>40 a 49</td>
                <td align="center">7,78 (6,48-9,35)</td>
                <td align="center">7,13 (5,84-8,71)</td>
                <td align="center">11,37 (9,00-14,44)</td>
                <td align="center">9,85 (7,70-12,60)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>50 a 59</td>
                <td align="center">13,7 (11,38-16,56)</td>
                <td align="center">12,09 (9,81-14,90)</td>
                <td align="center">19,64 (15,24-25,31)</td>
                <td align="center">17,28 (13,29-22,47)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cor da pele</td>
                <td align="center">p=0,936</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">p=0,509</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Branca</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o Branca</td>
                <td align="center">1,01 (0,89-1,13)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,95 (0,78-1,13)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Situa&#231;&#227;o conjugal</td>
                <td align="center">p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">p=0,028</td>
                <td align="center">p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sem companheiro</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Com companheiro</td>
                <td align="center">2,27 (1,98-2,60)</td>
                <td align="center">1,17 (1,02-1,35)</td>
                <td align="center">1,50 (1,28-1,76)</td>
                <td align="center">1,28 (1,09-1,51)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escolaridade</td>
                <td align="center">p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">p=0,182</td>
                <td align="center">p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">p=0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fundamental incompleto</td>
                <td align="center">1,67 (1,41-1,96)</td>
                <td align="center">1,05 (0,87-1,26)</td>
                <td align="center">4,00 (2,82-5,67)</td>
                <td align="center">1,58 (1,08-2,29)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fundamental completo</td>
                <td align="center">0,91 (0,75-1,10)</td>
                <td align="center">0,84 (0,70-1,03)</td>
                <td align="center">2,10 (1,45-3,05)</td>
                <td align="center">1,46 (1,00-2,14)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>M&#233;dio completo</td>
                <td align="center">0,83 (0,69-1,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,88 (0,73-1,06)</td>
                <td align="center">1,51 (1,02-2,21)</td>
                <td align="center">1,30 (0,87-1,92)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Superior incompleto/completo</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Renda familiar mensal (reais)</td>
                <td align="center">p=0,005</td>
                <td align="center">p=0,701</td>
                <td align="center">p=0,002</td>
                <td align="center">p=0,055</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8804; 800</td>
                <td align="center">0,83 (0,72-0,95)</td>
                <td align="center">0,96 (0,83-1,12)</td>
                <td align="center">1,50 (1,19-1,88)</td>
                <td align="center">1,30 (1,02-1,66)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>801 a 1.200</td>
                <td align="center">0,77 (0,67-0,89)</td>
                <td align="center">0,89 (0,77-1,03)</td>
                <td align="center">1,35 (1,07-1,69)</td>
                <td align="center">1,20 (0,95-1,51)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1.201 a 1.800</td>
                <td align="center">0,78 (0,67-0,90)</td>
                <td align="center">0,89 (0,76-1,03)</td>
                <td align="center">1,40 (1,09-1,79)</td>
                <td align="center">1,16 (0,91-1,49)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&gt; 1.800</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" rowspan="19">
                  <bold>Segundo N&#237;vel</bold>
                </td>
                <td>Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">p=0,262</td>
                <td align="center">p=0,014</td>
                <td align="center">p=0,133</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o fumante</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ex-fumante</td>
                <td align="center">1,70 (1,48-1,96)</td>
                <td align="center">1,03 (0,91-1,18)</td>
                <td align="center">1,40 (1,10-1,77)</td>
                <td align="center">0,96 (0,77-1,20)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fumante</td>
                <td align="center">1,23 (1,08-1,40)</td>
                <td align="center">1,08 (0,95-1,23)</td>
                <td align="center">0,91 (0,71-1,16)</td>
                <td align="center">0,83 (0,67-1,05)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Consumo de &#225;lcool</td>
                <td align="center">p=0,435</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">p=0,002</td>
                <td align="center">p=0,824</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o consome</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Consome</td>
                <td align="center">1,04 (0,94-1,16)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,67 (0,52-0,86)</td>
                <td align="center">0,98 (0,77-1,25)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Atividade f&#237;sica</td>
                <td align="center">p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">p=0,361</td>
                <td align="center">p=0,323</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ativo</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Inativo</td>
                <td align="center">1,35 (1,20-1,51)</td>
                <td align="center">1,04 (0,94-1,16)</td>
                <td align="center">0,93 (0,80-1,08)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estado nutricional (IMC)</td>
                <td align="center">p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Normal (&lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sobrepeso (25 a 29,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">2,78 (2,42-3,18)</td>
                <td align="center">1,94 (1,69-2,22)</td>
                <td align="center">3,34 (2,78-4,02)</td>
                <td align="center">2,04 (1,69-2,45)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obeso (&#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">5,43 (4,71-6,27)</td>
                <td align="center">3,36 (2,90-3,89)</td>
                <td align="center">6,76 (5,66-8,08)</td>
                <td align="center">3,60 (2,98-4,36)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Presen&#231;a de HAS na fam&#237;lia</td>
                <td align="center">p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">p&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>M&#227;e ou Pai</td>
                <td align="center">1,61 (1,44-1,80)</td>
                <td align="center">1,49 (1,34-1,65)</td>
                <td align="center">2,17 (1,82-2,58)</td>
                <td align="center">1,78 (1,50-2,10)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>M&#227;e e Pai</td>
                <td align="center">2,94 (2,50-3,46)</td>
                <td align="center">2,16 (1,86-2,52)</td>
                <td align="center">4,68 (3,81-5,76)</td>
                <td align="center">2,77 (2,27-3,38)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>M&#227;e, Pai e Av&#243;s</td>
                <td align="center">3,31 (2,61-4,19)</td>
                <td align="center">2,95 (2,40-3,62)</td>
                <td align="center">4,47 (3,48-5,74)</td>
                <td align="center">3,22 (2,54-4,07)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>* p-valor para teste Wald para heterogeneidade de propor&#231;&#245;es (vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas) ou tend&#234;ncia linear (vari&#225;veis ordinais) obtido por meio da regress&#227;o de Poisson com vari&#226;ncia robusta; &#8224; An&#225;lise ajustada por modelo multivari&#225;vel, incluindo as vari&#225;veis com p&lt;0,20 na an&#225;lise bruta. Primeiro N&#237;vel: ajuste entre as vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas; Segundo N&#237;vel: ajuste entre as vari&#225;veis do primeiro n&#237;vel com p&lt;0,20 mais as vari&#225;veis comportamentais, estado nutricional e hereditariedade.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nossos achados apontaram que fatores sociodemogr&#225;ficos, nutricionais e de hist&#243;ria familiar est&#227;o associados com a ocorr&#234;ncia de HAS nos trabalhadores da ind&#250;stria. Ademais, identificou-se que a preval&#234;ncia de HAS aumentou conforme o avan&#231;o da idade e situa&#231;&#227;o conjugal, em ambos os sexos. Al&#233;m disso, as condi&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas desfavor&#225;veis se associaram com a presen&#231;a de HAS, principalmente entre as mulheres.</p>
      <p>A preval&#234;ncia de HAS verificada neste estudo ficou abaixo do verificado em estudos conduzidos com trabalhadores da ind&#250;stria no Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Essa variabilidade pode ser potencialmente explicada pelo per&#237;odo de coleta de dados do presente estudo (2006 a 2009), pela diversidade de crit&#233;rios utilizados para definir a presen&#231;a de HAS, al&#233;m do tipo de aparelho e momento de aferi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, dificultando as compara&#231;&#245;es entre os estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Ademais, os trabalhadores homens apresentaram uma maior preval&#234;ncia de HAS, quando comparados &#224;s mulheres, convergindo com um estudo pr&#233;vio conduzido com trabalhadores da ind&#250;stria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora estudos transversais n&#227;o permitam estabelecer rela&#231;&#245;es de causa-efeito, &#233; poss&#237;vel considerar que as altera&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas relacionadas ao avan&#231;o da idade podem elevar os riscos no sistema cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Neste estudo, a preval&#234;ncia de HAS foi significativamente maior entre os trabalhadores com 40 anos ou mais de idade. Achado semelhante foi observado em um estudo conduzido com trabalhadores do setor de metal&#250;rgica e sider&#250;rgica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> evidenciando que o trabalhador acima de quarenta anos &#233; uma prioridade para a&#231;&#245;es de preven&#231;&#227;o e interven&#231;&#227;o para HAS.</p>
      <p>Trabalhadores que relataram viver com companheiro(a) apresentaram uma maior preval&#234;ncia de HAS. Achado semelhante foi previamente observado, em que viver com companheiro(a) esteve associado a presen&#231;a de outras morbidades e HAS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> J&#225; ao analisar a influ&#234;ncia da escolaridade na HAS, nosso estudo identificou que as mulheres com menor escolaridade apresentaram uma maior probabilidade para HAS, assemelhando-se a achados pr&#233;vios em amostras de trabalhadores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Embora tenha-se buscado identificar diferen&#231;as entre os potencias fatores de risco para HAS entre trabalhadores de ambos os sexos, destaca-se que a suscetibilidade biol&#243;gica relacionada ao sexo ou a diferen&#231;as de g&#234;nero, seja desvinculada dos riscos de sa&#250;de inerentes ao processo de trabalho para ambos os sexos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Contudo, cabe destacar que as mulheres muitas vezes ocupam os cargos de menor prest&#237;gio e com menores sal&#225;rios nas empresas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> aspectos que podem refletir nas maiores preval&#234;ncias de HAS em mulheres de menor posi&#231;&#227;o socioecon&#244;mica.</p>
      <p>Neste estudo, os trabalhadores com sobrepeso ou obesidade apresentaram uma probabilidade de duas a tr&#234;s vezes maior de ter HAS. Estudos pr&#233;vios corroboram uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre estado nutricional e HAS, incluindo estudos conduzidos com trabalhadores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Esse achado demonstra uma poss&#237;vel rela&#231;&#227;o entre o aumento da preval&#234;ncia da HAS com a transi&#231;&#227;o nutricional da popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> J&#225; no que se refere ao hist&#243;rico familiar de HAS, verificamos uma preval&#234;ncia de HAS significativamente maior entre aqueles trabalhadores que reportaram hist&#243;ria familiar pregressa de HAS em pai, m&#227;e ou av&#243;s. Estudos pr&#233;vios sobre o tema, demonstram uma import&#226;ncia significativa da carga heredit&#225;ria para o desenvolvimento da HAS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Destaca-se como principal ponto positivo deste estudo o seu tamanho amostral, incluindo trabalhadores de diferentes setores da ind&#250;stria do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O presente estudo adotou uma coleta padronizada dos dados, assim como todos os procedimentos necess&#225;rios para a adequada aferi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial. Ressalta-se, ainda, que procurou-se explorar os potenciais fatores associados &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de HAS, considerando a ado&#231;&#227;o de um modelo de an&#225;lise multivari&#225;vel. Contudo, os achados deste estudo devem ser interpretados considerando-se algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Trata-se de um estudo com o uso de dados secund&#225;rios, coletados entre os anos de 2006 e 2009, n&#227;o incluindo a coleta de vari&#225;veis ocupacionais. Por se tratar de um estudo com desenho transversal, este pode estar sujeito a presen&#231;a de causalidade reversa entre as associa&#231;&#245;es investigadas. A presen&#231;a do vi&#233;s do trabalhador saud&#225;vel ou sobrevivente tamb&#233;m n&#227;o pode ser totalmente descartada, uma vez que se consideraram no estudo apenas os trabalhadores ativos, ou seja, aqueles que estavam exercendo suas atividades laborais no momento de aplica&#231;&#227;o do estudo, excluindo os que se encontravam afastados por algum fator de sa&#250;de, por exemplo. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo deve-se &#224; falta de uma an&#225;lise de variabilidade intra e interobservador para as mensura&#231;&#245;es das press&#245;es sist&#243;licas e diast&#243;licas obtidas. Por fim, a realiza&#231;&#227;o de an&#225;lises por setores da ind&#250;stria, assim como poss&#237;veis diferen&#231;as sociodemogr&#225;ficas dentre os setores, ficaram prejudicadas em decorr&#234;ncia da grande heterogeneidade do n&#250;mero de trabalhadores investigados em cada setor.</p>
      <p>Embora a preval&#234;ncia de HAS encontrada em nosso estudo tenha sido relativamente baixa, observou-se que a ocorr&#234;ncia de HAS em trabalhadores da ind&#250;stria &#233; influenciada por fatores sociodemogr&#225;ficos, nutricionais e de hist&#243;ria familiar. Contudo, &#233; pertinente que outros estudos sejam realizados, tendo como objetivo identificar os potenciais fatores de risco ocupacionais (tipo de ocupa&#231;&#227;o; turno de trabalho; tempo de servi&#231;o; presen&#231;a de programa alimentar no trabalho; entre outros) associados a HAS, visando a medidas e a&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas voltadas para a ocorr&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis, e focadas na sa&#250;de integral do trabalhador.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Nossos achados, na amostra estudada, apontaram que fatores sociodemogr&#225;ficos, nutricionais e de hist&#243;ria familiar est&#227;o associados &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de HAS. Identificou-se que a preval&#234;ncia de HAS aumentou conforme o avan&#231;o da idade e situa&#231;&#227;o conjugal, em ambos os sexos. De maneira semelhante, as condi&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas desfavor&#225;veis se associaram &#224; presen&#231;a de HAS, principalmente entre as mulheres. Tal evid&#234;ncia pode contribuir na formula&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#245;es efetivas para a preven&#231;&#227;o da HAS junto &#224;s pol&#237;ticas voltadas &#224; sa&#250;de do trabalhador.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Coelho EF, Ferreira RE, Oliveira TFB, Navarro CA, Ferreira RM, Vianna JM, et al. Preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular em trabalhadores de empresa sider&#250;rgica. Rev Bras Ci&#234;n Sa&#250;de. 2014;18(Supl 4):51-8. DOI: 10.4034/rbcs.2014.18.S4.07.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Coelho</surname>
              <given-names>EF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>RE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>TFB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Navarro</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vianna</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular em trabalhadores de empresa sider&#250;rgica</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Ci&#234;n Sa&#250;de</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <supplement>Supl 4</supplement>
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    <fn-group>
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        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Paula Brustolin Xavier pela Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS).</p>
      </fn>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Factors Associated with the Occurrence of Arterial Hypertension in Industry Workers of State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xavier</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Brustolin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1111-4890</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Garcez</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cibeira</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Herrmann</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Germano</surname>
            <given-names>Antonino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Olinto</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Teresa Anselmo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de Coletiva - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS), S&#227;o Leopoldo, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">&#193;rea de Ci&#234;ncias da Vida - Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina (UNOESC), Joa&#231;aba, SC - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Nutri&#231;&#227;o - Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o Social da Ind&#250;stria do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (SESI-RS), Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Alimenta&#231;&#227;o, Nutri&#231;&#227;o e Sa&#250;de - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Maria Teresa Anselmo Olinto &#8226; Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de Coletiva - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS) Av. Unisinos 950, C. P. 275. Postal Code 93022-000, S&#227;o Leopoldo, RS &#8211; Brazil E-mail: mtolinto@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Xavier PB, Cibeira GH, Germano A, Olinto MTA; Acquisition of data: Xavier PB, Cibeira GH, Germano A; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis: Xavier PB, Garcez A, Olinto MTA; Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Xavier PB, Garcez A, Cibeira GH, Germano A, Olinto MTA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Hypertension is a serious and persistent public health problem and is one of the main causes of cardiovascular diseases and general mortality.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>This study aimed to verify the prevalence and factors associated with systemic arterial hypertension in workers from the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>This is a cross-sectional study using the secondary data from 20,792 industry workers from 18 to 59 years of age. The presence of arterial hypertension was determined from systolic blood pressure &#8805; 140mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure &#8805; 90mmHg or taking antihypertensive medication. Factors investigated included demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral, nutritional status, and family history characteristics. Poisson regression was used in multivariate analysis, adopting a significance level of p&lt;0.05. All analyses were stratified by sex.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>The sample included 12,349 men and 8,443 women with a mean age of 32.8 years (Standard Deviation = 9.8). The prevalence of arterial hypertension was 10.3% (95% CI: 9.8-10.7), which was significantly higher in men than in women (10.9% vs 9.4%; p = 0.001). Arterial hypertension was associated with increased age, a low level of education, living with a partner, being overweight or obese, and having at least one relative with a history of hypertension for both sexes. Women with better socioeconomic conditions presented a lower prevalence of hypertension.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>The main factors associated with hypertension included sociodemographic, nutritional, and family history characteristics. In addition, socioeconomic conditions showed an association with the occurrence of hypertension, especially among women.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Heredity</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Workers</kwd>
        <kwd>Industry</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Systemic Arterial Hypertension (SAH) is a serious problem in public health, as well as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> It is estimated that the prevalence of SAH in the world population is approximately 22%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In Latin America, Brazil presents one of the highest prevalences of SAH, with a significant difference between men (26.7%) and women (19.9%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Among industry workers, the prevalence of SAH varies according to the geographic location and tends to be more prevalent in the Northeast region (35.1%), followed by the Midwest (19%) and the South (19.8%) regions of Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Potential risk factors for the occurrence of SAH have been explored in different worker population groups, showing a heavy influence of sociodemographic, behavioral, and occupational factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> SAH has mainly been associated with behavioral habits, such as the consumption of alcohol and tobacco; dysfunctional diet; the lack of physical exercise; as well as possible effects of the family history of the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> In this sense, unhealthy lifestyles can also influence the occurrence of other diseases associated with SAH, especially when related to family history and the presence of obesity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Cardiometabolic risk factors are normally asymptomatic and their early identification allows for preventive measures and actions to be established.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In addition, the different occupational scenarios and forms of productive management have incorporated changes in workers&#8217; daily routines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Although prior studies have investigated the occurrence of hypertension among industry workers in Brazil,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> no studies have been conducted in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, one of the most industrialized states of the country. In this light, the present study seeks to verify the prevalence and investigate the factors associated with SAH in industry workers from the state of Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This is a cross-sectional study, using secondary data from the &#8220;Heart Project&#8221; (&#8220;Projeto Cora&#231;&#227;o&#8221;) of the Social Services of the Industrial Sector of the state of Rio Grande do Sul (SESI-RS, in Portuguese), conducted from 2006 to 2009. The sample contemplated adult workers of 18 to 59 years of age and who have worked in small (20 &#8211; 99 employees), mid-sized (100 &#8211; 499 employees), and large (&gt; 500 employees) industries, distributed throughout the main industrialized regions of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Although this study used secondary data, it was submitted to (CAAE: 90968018.9.0000.5344/2018) and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Universage do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (logged under protocol number 2.719.764). In this manner, the anonymity of the workers was preserved through a statement of responsibility submitted to the institution-data source.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Sample</title>
          <p>In an attempt to guarantee the representativeness of the state&#8217;s industry workers, and considering the impossibility of including all employees, a sampling process was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, a simple, random sample was selected from the industries. In the second stage, a sample of the workers registered from the industries in the first stage was obtained. The selection of the companies was carried out through a survey of their location (municipalities) and the total number of employees, including all economic activities of the Annual Report on Social Information (RAIS, in Portuguese) from 2004. To determine which municipalities should be included in the study, a list was made, contemplating the municipalities in which 80% of the industry workers of the state were concentrated, distributed according to the company size and the National Classification of Economic Activities (CNAEs, in Portuguese). Through this simple and stratified random selection, according to company size, 145 companies were selected, contemplating industries from the sectors of food and beverage (CNAE 10 and 11), leather products (CNAE 15), metal-mechanic products (CNAEs 24, 25, 28 e 29), and tobacco (CNAE 12). This process sought to contemplate a representative sample related to the population of companies, considering a 95% confidence interval (95% CI), a variance for the proportion estimator of 0.25, and a maximum error in the proportion estimates of 3.6 percentage points. This study then obtained a sample proportion of the total number of employees registered in the companies. Therefore, at the end of the two stages, the assessment of 21,341 workers was contemplated.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sample collection and instruments</title>
          <p>The sample collection occurred by means of face-to-face interviews during working hours and including all of the company&#8217;s work shifts. To guarantee standardization, all of the interviewees received training on the proper procedures for data collection. All of the interviews and assessments were conducted on company grounds. All workers had received prior permission by the companies, and the adherence of the workers to this study was fully voluntary and consented.</p>
          <p>A standardized, pre-coded, and pre-tested questionnaire was used. The questionnaire contemplated demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral, nutritional, and hereditary information. The demographic characteristics investigated in this study were: sex, age (10-year age groups), skin color (white and non-white), and marital status (with or without partner). The socioeconomic characteristics included: monthly family income (stratified in absolute values of Brazilian Reals) and education (stratified in level of education). As regards the behavioral characteristics, this study investigated smoking (smoker, non-smoker, or ex-smoker), considering a &#8220;smoker&#8221; to be the worker who uses any type or quantity of tobacco, daily, for at least six months. &#8220;Ex-smoker&#8221; was defined as those who have been a smoker and have not used tobacco in the last six months; &#8220;non-smoker&#8221; was defined as those who had never used tobacco at any time in their lives. The consumption of alcohol, by contrast, was defined based on the regular consumption of any type of alcoholic beverage at least once a week.</p>
          <p>As regards the regular practice of physical activity (active and inactive), this study considered regular physical activity as practices performed in a regular and constant manner. The nutritional state was evaluated by means of the Body Mass Index (BMI), obtained by measuring one&#8217;s weight and height, considering the following equation: weight (in kilograms) divided by height (in meters) squared. All workers with a BMI of between 25.0 and 29.9kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> were classified as overweight, while those with a BMI of 30.0 kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> or more were classified as obese.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> To measure the body weight in kilograms, a previously calibrated digital scale was used. The measurement of height in centimeters was carried out by using a mobile stadiometer, kept on a flat plane, with no baseboard, and propped up on a wall. The measurements of the workers were taken without shoes, with light clothes (without coats or PPEs), totally erect, and with their heels together. The family history of hypertension (mother, father, and grandparents) was reported by the participants.</p>
          <p>The outcome variable was obtained by measuring the systolic and diastolic blood pressures, using a stethoscope and an aneroid sphygmomanometer, tested and calibrated by the National Institute of Metrology Standardization and Industrial Quality (INMETRO). The measurements were carried out in duplicate, using the average of the two observed measurements. All of the measurements were taken on the right arm, at an interval of three minutes, with the individual in a sitting position. All measurements were performed by undergraduate interns in nursing. These interns had been previously trained, considering the application of the protocol of recommendations established by the Third Brazilian Guideline on Arterial Hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> The measurements were performed during working hours and before the application of the questionnaires, in an adequate physical space made available by the companies (apart from the production area and with low noise levels).</p>
          <p>The presence of hypertension was determined by the presence of systolic arterial blood pressure &#8805; 140mmHg and/or diastolic arterial blood pressure &#8805; 90mmHg or taking antihypertensive medication, regularly or sporadically.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Workers with a prior diagnosis of SAH and without current treatment (use of medication) were classified based on the worker&#8217;s blood pressure measured in the present study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Descriptive statistics was used for the general distribution of the sample and the distribution of the outcome under study, using absolute and relative frequencies for the categorical and average variables, with their respective standard deviations, for the numerical variables. For the gross analysis, between the outcome variable (SAH) and their exposure variables (independent), Pearson&#8217;s chi-squared text was used for the heterogeneity of the proportions (categorical variables) or of linear trend (ordinal variables). A possible presence of collinearity between the exposure variables was assessed through their association.</p>
          <p>Multivariate analysis was performed by means of Poisson Regression with robust variance,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> considering the values of statistical significance obtained through the Wald test for the heterogeneity of proportions (categorical variables) or of linear trend (ordinal variables). The multivariate analysis was based on the conceptual model of determination and interactions among variables,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> considering two hierarchical levels of adjustment. At the first level, the adjusted analysis was performed between the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics themselves. By contrast, at the second level, the adjusted analysis was performed, including the variables of the first level with p&lt;0.20 and the behavioral, nutritional, and family history variables. All of the analyses were stratified by sex, considering the heterogeneity of the outcome prevalence (SAH), and were conducted using the Stata program, version 12 (StataCorp LP, College Station, Texas, USA), considering a significance level of 5% (p&lt;0.05).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Of the 21,341 workers eligible in this study, 489 (2.3%) were classified as losses or exclusions, as they packed information or were outside of the age group target, while for 60 workers (0.28%), it was not possible to measure their blood pressure. Thus, a total of 20,792 workers, with an average age of 32.8 &#177; 9.8 years, was included in the final analysis, considering 12,349 men (59.4%) and 9,443 women (40.6%), with average ages of 33.5 &#177; 10.1 years and 31.9 &#177; 9.3 years, respectively. Regarding the industrial sectors, the present study included 4,356 workers from the food and beverage sector (20.9%), 9,692 from the leather products sector (46.6%), 6,168 from the metal-mechanic sector (29.7%), and 576 from the tobacco sector (2.8%).</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> presents the general characteristics of the sample for men and women and the respective prevalence of SAH, according to the investigated variables. In the general sample, a prevalence of hypertension (SAH &#8805; 140/90 mmHg or treatment) of 10.3% was found (95% CI: 9,8 - 10,7), given that 43.7% were not taking antihypertensive medication (n=931). The prevalence of SAH was greater in men (10.9%; 95% CI: 10.3 &#8211; 11.4) than in women (9.4%; 95% CI: 8.8 &#8211; 10.0; p=0.001), given that 24.3% of the men and 25.8% of the women, aged 40 years and over, presented SAH. This study also found that the women with better socioeconomic conditions presented a higher prevalence of SAH when compared to men ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ). No collinearity was identified between any of the independent variables, including age and marital status, as well as between BMI, family income, and level of education.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Distribution of the sample and prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH&#8805;140/90 mmHg or treatment) according to demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral, nutritional state, and hereditary characteristics in the sample of male and female industry workers in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil, 2006-2009. (N=20.792)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Characteristics</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Men (12,349)</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Women (8,443)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>n (%)</th>
                  <th>% SAH</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                  <th>n (%)</th>
                  <th>% SAH</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>18 to 29</td>
                  <td align="center">5,180 (42.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.6</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">3,925 (46.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>30 to 39</td>
                  <td align="center">3,613 (29.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.5</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">2,622 (31.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">8.6</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>40 to 49</td>
                  <td align="center">2,593 (21.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">20.1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1,522 (18.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">22.6</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>50 to 59</td>
                  <td align="center">963 (7.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">35.5</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">374 (4.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">39.0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Skin color</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.936</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.508</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White</td>
                  <td align="center">9,595 (77.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.8</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">7,031 (83.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.5</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o White</td>
                  <td align="center">2,754 (22.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.9</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1,412 (16.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">8.9</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Marital status</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Without partner</td>
                  <td align="center">3,976 (32.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.8</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">2,724 (32.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>With partner</td>
                  <td align="center">8,373 (67.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">13.2</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">5,719 (67.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.5</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Education</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Incomplete elementary</td>
                  <td align="center">4,039 (32.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">15.8</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">3,469 (41.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">14.3</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Complete elementary</td>
                  <td align="center">2,932 (23.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">8.6</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">2,060 (24.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.5</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Complete high school</td>
                  <td align="center">3,699 (29.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.9</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">2,021 (24.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.4</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Incomplete/complete higher education</td>
                  <td align="center">1,679 (13.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.5</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">893 (10.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.6</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Monthly Family income (Brazilian reals)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.004</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8804; 800</td>
                  <td align="center">2,973 (25.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.6</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">2,410 (29.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.6</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>801 to 1,200</td>
                  <td align="center">3,113 (26.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">2,819 (34.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.5</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1,201 to 1,800</td>
                  <td align="center">2,518 (21.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1,578 (19.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.9</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&gt; 1,800</td>
                  <td align="center">3,183 (27.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">12.9</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1,313 (16.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.014</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Non-smoker</td>
                  <td align="center">9,051 (73.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.8</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">7,153 (84.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.2</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ex-smoker</td>
                  <td align="center">1,267 (10.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">16.7</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">519 (6.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">12.9</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoker</td>
                  <td align="center">2,031 (16.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">12.0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">771 (9.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">8.4</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Alcohol consumption</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.435</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Does not consume</td>
                  <td align="center">7,650 (61.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.7</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">7,483 (88.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.8</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Consumes</td>
                  <td align="center">4,699 (38.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">11.1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">960 (11.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.6</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Physical Activity</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.324</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Active</td>
                  <td align="center">4,419 (36.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">8.9</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">2,054 (24.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.9</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Inactive</td>
                  <td align="center">7,860 (64.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">11.9</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">6,347 (75.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.2</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nutricional State (BMI)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Normal (&lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">5,664 (46.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.7</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">4,538 (53.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.6</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Overweight (25 to 29.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.014 (40.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">13.0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">2,505 (29.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">11.9</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obese (&#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,660 (13.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">25.4</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1,380 (16.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">24.0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Presence of hypertension in the family</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">6,442 (52.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.8</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">3,477 (41.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.8</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mother or Father</td>
                  <td align="center">4,987 (40.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">12.5</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">3,950 (46.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.3</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mother and Father</td>
                  <td align="center">674 (5.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">22.9</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">657 (7.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">22.2</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mother, Father, and Grandparents</td>
                  <td align="center">226 (1.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">25.7</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">349 (4.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">21.2</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>BMI: body mass index. P-value for the chi-squared test for the heterogeneity of proportions (categorical variables) or linear trend (ordinal variables).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> presents the ratios of gross and adjusted prevalence, stratified among men and women, for the occurrence of SAH, according to the investigated factors. After the analysis had been adjusted, the prevalence of SAH proved to be associated with the rise in age group, a low level of education, living with a partner, being overweight or obese, and having at least one family member with a medical history of hypertension. As regards the socioeconomic factors, the lower level of education continued to be associated with a higher prevalence of SAH only among women. A directly proportional association was observed between the nutritional state and SAH in both sexes. Nonetheless, the prevalence of SAH was directly and significantly higher among those who had one of their parents, or both parents, and their grandparents, with a medical history of hypertension. Although family income, smoking, alcohol consumption, and the practice of physical activity did present a trend of association in the gross analysis, these were contradictory and all of them lost significance after the adjustment ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Gross or adjusted prevalence ratios (OR) of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH&#8805;140/90 mmHg or treatment) according to demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral, nutritional state, and hereditary characteristics in the sample of male and female industry workers in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil, 2006-2009. (N=20.792)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">Men (12,349)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Women (8,443)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
                  <th>Gross PR*</th>
                  <th>Adjusted PR&#8224;</th>
                  <th>Gross PR *</th>
                  <th>Adjusted PR &#8224;</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="21">First level</td>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>18 to 29</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>30 to 39</td>
                  <td align="center">3.66 (3.01-4.45)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.43 (2.78-4.21)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.32 (3.35-5.56)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.79 (2.93-4.90)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>40 to 49</td>
                  <td align="center">7.78 (6.48-9.35)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.13 (5.84-8.71)</td>
                  <td align="center">11.37 (9.00-14.44)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.85 (7.70-12.60)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>50 to 59</td>
                  <td align="center">13.7 (11.38-16.56)</td>
                  <td align="center">12.09 (9.81-14.90)</td>
                  <td align="center">19.64 (15.24-25.31)</td>
                  <td align="center">17.28 (13.29-22.47)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Skin color</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0.936</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0.509</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o White</td>
                  <td align="center">1.01 (0.89-1.13)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.95 (0.78-1.13)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Marital status</td>
                  <td align="center">p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0.028</td>
                  <td align="center">p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Without partner</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>With partner</td>
                  <td align="center">2.27 (1.98-2.60)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.17 (1.02-1.35)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.50 (1.28-1.76)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.28 (1.09-1.51)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Education</td>
                  <td align="center">p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0.182</td>
                  <td align="center">p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Incomplete elementary</td>
                  <td align="center">1.67 (1.41-1.96)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.05 (0.87-1.26)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.00 (2.82-5.67)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.58 (1.08-2.29)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Complete elementary</td>
                  <td align="center">0.91 (0.75-1.10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.84 (0.70-1.03)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.10 (1.45-3.05)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.46 (1.00-2.14)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Complete high school</td>
                  <td align="center">0.83 (0.69-1.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.88 (0.73-1.06)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.51 (1.02-2.21)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.30 (0.87-1.92)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Incomplete/complete higher education</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Monthly family income (Brazilian reals)</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0.005</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0.701</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0.002</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0.055</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8804; 800</td>
                  <td align="center">0.83 (0.72-0.95)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.96 (0.83-1.12)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.50 (1.19-1.88)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.30 (1.02-1.66)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>801 to 1,200</td>
                  <td align="center">0.77 (0.67-0.89)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.89 (0.77-1.03)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.35 (1.07-1.69)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.20 (0.95-1.51)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1,201 to 1,800</td>
                  <td align="center">0.78 (0.67-0.90)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.89 (0.76-1.03)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.40 (1.09-1.79)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.16 (0.91-1.49)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&gt; 1,800</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="19">Second level</td>
                  <td>Smoking</td>
                  <td align="center">p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0.262</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0.014</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0.133</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Non-smoker</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ex-smoker</td>
                  <td align="center">1.70 (1.48-1.96)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.03 (0.91-1.18)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.40 (1.10-1.77)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.96 (0.77-1.20)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoker</td>
                  <td align="center">1.23 (1.08-1.40)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.08 (0.95-1.23)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.91 (0.71-1.16)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.83 (0.67-1.05)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Alcohol consumption</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0.435</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0.002</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0.824</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Does not consume</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Consumes</td>
                  <td align="center">1.04 (0.94-1.16)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.67 (0.52-0.86)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.98 (0.77-1.25)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Physical Activity</td>
                  <td align="center">p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0.361</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0.323</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Active</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Inactive</td>
                  <td align="center">1.35 (1.20-1.51)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.04 (0.94-1.16)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.93 (0.80-1.08)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nutritional state (BMI)</td>
                  <td align="center">p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Normal (&lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Overweight (25 to 29.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.78 (2.42-3.18)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.94 (1.69-2.22)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.34 (2.78-4.02)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.04 (1.69-2.45)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obese (&#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.43 (4.71-6.27)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.36 (2.90-3.89)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.76 (5.66-8.08)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.60 (2.98-4.36)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Presence of SAH in the family</td>
                  <td align="center">p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">p&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">p&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mother or Father</td>
                  <td align="center">1.61 (1.44-1.80)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.49 (1.34-1.65)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.17 (1.82-2.58)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.78 (1.50-2.10)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mother and Father</td>
                  <td align="center">2.94 (2.50-3.46)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.16 (1.86-2.52)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.68 (3.81-5.76)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.77 (2.27-3.38)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mother, Father, and Grandparents</td>
                  <td align="center">3.31 (2.61-4.19)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.95 (2.40-3.62)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.47 (3.48-5.74)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.22 (2.54-4.07)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>* P-value for the Wald test for the heterogeneity of proportions (categorical variables) or linear trend (ordinal variables) obtained by means of Poisson regression with robust variance; &#8224; Adjusted analysis by multivariate model, including the variables with p&lt;0.20 in the gross analysis. First Level: adjustment among the sociodemographic variables; Second Level: adjustment among the variables of the first level with p&lt;0.20 plus the behavioral, nutritional state, and hereditary variables.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The present study&#8217;s findings point out that sociodemographic, nutritional, and family history factors are associated with the occurrence of SAH in industry workers. Moreover, this study also found that the prevalence of SAH increased according to the advance in age and the marital status, in both sexes. The unfavorable socioeconomic conditions also proved to be associated with the presence of SAH, especially among women.</p>
        <p>The prevalence of SAH confirmed in this study was below that confirmed in other studies conducted with industry workers in Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> This variability may potentially be explained by this study&#8217;s period of data collection (2006 to 2009), by the diversity of criteria used to define the presence of SAH, in addition to the type of device and time of measurement of the SAH, making the comparisons among studies difficult.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Furthermore, male workers presented a higher prevalence of SAH when compared to women, which runs in line with a study previously conducted with industry workers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although cross-sectional studies do not allow for cause-effect relationships to be established, it is possible to consider that the physiological changes related to the advance in age can increase risks in the cardiovascular system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> In this study, the prevalence of SAH was significantly higher among workers of 40 years of age and over. One similar finding was observed in a study conducted with workers from the metallurgical and steelworking sector,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> illustrating that workers of over 40 years of age are a priority for SAH preventive actions and intervention.</p>
        <p>Workers who reported living with a partner presented a higher prevalence of SAH. A similar finding was previously observed, in which living with a partner was associated with other morbidities and SAH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> By contrast, when analyzing the influence of the level of education on SAH, our study identified that the women with a lower level of education presented a higher probability for SAH, which was similar to previous findings in worker samples.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Although studies have sought to identify differences between the potential risk factors for SAH among workers of both sexes, what stands out is that the biological susceptibility related to sex or to difference in gender is not linked to the health risks inherent to the work process for both sexes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Nevertheless, it is possible to highlight that women often occupy less prestigious positions and with lower salaries in companies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> aspects that can reflect the higher prevalence of SAH in women of lower socioeconomic classes.</p>
        <p>In the present study, the overweight and obese workers presented a two to three-fold greater probability of having SAH. Prior studies corroborate a significant association between the nutritional state and SAH, including studies conducted with workers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> This finding demonstrates a possible relationship between the increase in the prevalence of SAH with the nutritional transition of the population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> By contrast, as regards the family history of SAH, our study confirmed a significantly higher prevalence of SAH among workers who reported a prior family history of SAH in their father, mother, or grandparents. Previous studies on the theme demonstrate a significant importance of the hereditary burden for the development of SAH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The main positive points of this study include its sample size, including workers from different industrial sectors of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The present study adopted a standardized method of data collection, as well as all procedures necessary for the adequate measurement of one&#8217;s blood pressure. It should also be emphasized that this study sought to explore the potential factors associated with the occurrence of SAH, considering the adoption of a multivariate analysis model. However, the findings of this study should be interpreted considering a few limitations. This study used secondary data, collected from 2006 to 2009, not including the collection of occupational variables. As this is a cross-sectional study, it may be subject to the presence of reverse causality among the investigated associations. The presence of bias on the part of a healthy worker or survivor cannot be totally discarded, since this study considered only active workers, that is, those who were working when this study was applied, excluding those who were on leave due to health problems, for example. Another limitation of this study is due to the lack of an intra- and inter-examiner variability analysis for the measurements of systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Finally, the analysis by industrial sector, as well as possible sociodemographic differences between sectors, were hindered due to the broad heterogeneity of the number of workers investigated in each sector.</p>
        <p>Although the prevalence of SAH found in our study was relatively low, it was observed that the occurrence of SAH in industry workers is influenced by sociodemographic, nutritional, and family history factors. However, further studies are warranted and should focus on identifying potential occupational risk factors (type of occupation, work shift, time of service, presence of a food program in the workplace, among others) associated with SAH, concentrating on specific measures and actions geared toward combatting the occurrence of chronic non-communicable diseases and protecting the full wellbeing of the worker.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>This study&#8217;s findings, in the studied sample, pointed out that sociodemographic, nutritional, and family history factors are associated with the occurrence of SAH. It was found that the prevalence of SAH increased in accordance with advances in age and marital status, in both sexes. The unfavorable socioeconomic conditions were also associated with the presence of SAH, primarily among women. Such evidence can contribute to the formulation of effective interventions for the prevention of SAH, together with the policies geared toward worker health.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Paula Brustolin Xavier, from Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold>: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
