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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">gXVnBS3NSLYRnzQPCJx7HLt</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001100476</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190902</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190902</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>VEGF121 como Mediador de Efeitos Cardioprotetores P&#243;s-Hip&#243;xia via CaSR e via da Protease Dependente de Mitoc&#244;ndria</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Yan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">*</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yin</surname>
            <given-names>Wei-hua</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">*</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yang</surname>
            <given-names>Fan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>An</surname>
            <given-names>Yun-qiang</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhou</surname>
            <given-names>Wei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yu</surname>
            <given-names>Hui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xie</surname>
            <given-names>Hong</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Yan-ling</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhu</surname>
            <given-names>Yue</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Shen</surname>
            <given-names>Xiang-chun</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5076-9844</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tian</surname>
            <given-names>Ruiqing</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">*</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital of Guizhou Medical University</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Guiyang</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang - China</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Beijing</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing - China</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital of Guiyang</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Guiyang</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">The First People's Hospital of Guiyang, Guiyang &#8211; China</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ruiqing Tian</bold> &#8226; The First People's Hospital of Guiyang - No.97, Bo'ai Road, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, China Guiyang <postal-code>550002</postal-code> &#8211; China. E-mail: <email>tianruiqing_med@163.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Zhang Y, Wei-hua Y, Ruiqing T; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Yang F, Yun-qiang A, Zhou W, Yu H, Xie H, Yan-ling Z, Zhu Y; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Yang F, Yun-qiang A, Zhou W, Yu H, Xie H, Yan-ling Z, Zhu Y, Xiang-chun S; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Xiang-chun S; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Ruiqing T; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Zhang Y, Wei-hua Y.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>476</fpage>
      <lpage>483</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A doen&#231;a cardiovascular &#233; a principal causa de morte em todo o mundo. A apoptose mediada por hip&#243;xia em cardiomi&#243;citos &#233; uma das principais causas de dist&#250;rbios cardiovasculares. O tratamento com a prote&#237;na do fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGF, do ingl&#234;s <italic>vascular endothelial growth factor</italic>) foi testado, mas as dificuldades operacionais limitaram seu uso. Entretanto, com os avan&#231;os da terapia g&#234;nica, aumentou o interesse na terapia g&#234;nica baseada no VEGF em doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. No entanto, o mecanismo preciso pelo qual a reposi&#231;&#227;o de VEGF resgata os danos p&#243;s-hip&#243;xia em cardiomi&#243;citos n&#227;o &#233; conhecido.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Investigar o efeito da express&#227;o de VEGF121 p&#243;s-hip&#243;xia utilizando cardiomi&#243;citos de ratos neonatos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Cardiomi&#243;citos isolados de ratos neonatos foram utilizados para estabelecer um modelo <italic>in vitro</italic> de les&#227;o card&#237;aca induzida por hip&#243;xia. O efeito da superexpress&#227;o de VEGF, isolado ou em conjunto com inibidores de mol&#233;culas pequenas que t&#234;m como alvo os canais de c&#225;lcio, receptores sens&#237;veis ao c&#225;lcio (CaSR, do ingl&#234;s <italic>calcium-sensitive receptors</italic>) e calpa&#237;na, no crescimento e prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular em les&#227;o de cardiomi&#243;citos induzidos por hip&#243;xia, foram determinados com ensaio de MTT, colora&#231;&#227;o TUNEL, colora&#231;&#227;o com Anexina V/PI, lactato desidrogenase e atividade da caspase. Para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, um valor de p&lt;0,05 foi considerado significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Verificou-se que o efeito do VEGF121 foi mediado por CaSR e calpa&#237;na, mas n&#227;o foi dependente dos canais de c&#225;lcio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Nossos resultados, mesmo em um ambiente <italic>in vitro</italic>, estabelecem as bases para uma valida&#231;&#227;o futura e testes pr&#233;-cl&#237;nicos da terapia g&#234;nica baseada em VEGF em doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Fator A de Crescimento do Endot&#233;lio Vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Receptores de Detec&#231;&#227;o de C&#225;lcio</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>The Joint Fund of Guizhou Province</funding-source>
          <award-id>LH2017-7210</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Science and Technology Department Academic New Seedling Project</funding-source>
          <award-id>2017-5718</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Department of Education Natural Science Youth Talent project of Guizhou Province</funding-source>
          <award-id>Qian Jiao He KY [2021]148</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>O presente estudo foi financiado por <italic>The Joint Fund of Guizhou Province</italic> (No. LH2017-7210) e parcialmente financiado <italic>Science and Technology Department Academic New Seedling Project</italic> (No. 2017-5718) e 2020 Department of Education Natural Science Youth Talent project of Guizhou Province (No. Qian Jiao He KY [2021]148).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="39"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a cardiovascular &#233; a principal causa de morte em todo o mundo. O principal mecanismo de doen&#231;a cardiovascular causada por hip&#243;xia-isquemia &#233; a apoptose de cardiomi&#243;citos, a prolifera&#231;&#227;o de fibroblastos e dano &#224;s c&#233;lulas endoteliais vasculares, levando &#224; remodela&#231;&#227;o vascular e disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Embora os tratamentos atuais, como angioplastia coron&#225;ria e cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio tenham melhorado significativamente o progn&#243;stico em pacientes com doen&#231;a cardiovascular e prolongado a vida, a taxa de mortalidade permanece alta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Nos &#250;ltimos anos, com o r&#225;pido desenvolvimento da tecnologia de recombina&#231;&#227;o g&#234;nica, a terapia gen&#233;tica potencial para cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica tornou-se uma &#225;rea de foco importante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref></p>
      <p>A apoptose &#233; um mecanismo importante para a deteriora&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a card&#237;aca ap&#243;s a hip&#243;xia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> A via de ativa&#231;&#227;o da apoptose ex&#243;gena estimula o receptor Fas atrav&#233;s de fatores externos, como a hip&#243;xia, e o complexo de morte na membrana celular &#233; ativado, causando a apoptose. Na via de ativa&#231;&#227;o end&#243;gena ou na via de apoptose mediada pela mitoc&#244;ndria, o fator indutor de apoptose (AIF, do ingl&#234;s <italic>apoptosis-inducing factor</italic>) e o citocromo c (Cyt-c) s&#227;o liberados ap&#243;s a ativa&#231;&#227;o do sinal do poro de transi&#231;&#227;o de permeabilidade (PTP) mitocondrial, a prote&#237;na pr&#243;-apopt&#243;tica Bid &#233; clivada para uma forma truncada chamada tBid, que juntos ativam a apoptose induzida pela caspase.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref></p>
      <p>A apoptose mioc&#225;rdica est&#225; intimamente relacionada &#224; sobrecarga de c&#225;lcio e acredita-se que esta sobrecarga esteja intimamente relacionada &#224; via de apoptose mediada pela mitoc&#244;ndria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> O receptor sens&#237;vel ao c&#225;lcio (CaSR), como um membro da fam&#237;lia do receptor C acoplado &#224; prote&#237;na G, mant&#233;m o Ca2+ e a homeostase de outros &#237;ons met&#225;licos, regula o Ca2+ extracelular e atua como um inibidor e agonista no mioc&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> A calpa&#237;na &#233; uma prote&#237;na apopt&#243;tica dependente da ativa&#231;&#227;o da via mitocondrial de influxo de Ca2+. Ap&#243;s a ativa&#231;&#227;o, ela pode induzir a ativa&#231;&#227;o final da caspase-3, levando &#224; apoptose dos cardiomi&#243;citos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Foi demonstrado que os cardiomi&#243;citos expressam receptores VEGF;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> a liga&#231;&#227;o do VEGF a esses receptores ativou as prote&#237;nas quinases ativadas por mit&#243;genos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> O VEGF tamb&#233;m demonstrou promover a reentrada de cardiomi&#243;citos no ciclo celular, levando ao aumento da divis&#227;o celular no cora&#231;&#227;o. Este &#250;ltimo processo, se n&#227;o controlado, pode resultar em hipertrofia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> Utilizando um modelo de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica cr&#244;nica em porco, foi demonstrado que o VEGF tamb&#233;m pode induzir a cariocinese de cardiomi&#243;citos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> Isso estabelece um papel importante e frequentemente negligenciado do VEGF na homeostase dos cardiomi&#243;citos.</p>
      <p>A terapia com prote&#237;na do fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGF) tem sido utilizada para tratar doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Entretanto, seu uso tem sido limitado devido ao alto custo da terapia com prote&#237;na de VEGF e a necessidade de repetidas administra&#231;&#245;es do medicamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> No entanto, com os avan&#231;os na terapia g&#234;nica, a pesquisa em terapia g&#234;nica com VEGF est&#225; sendo ativamente considerada. Todavia, o mecanismo atrav&#233;s do qual a reposi&#231;&#227;o do VEGF ocorre ainda precisa ser determinado. Aqui, utilizamos a transfec&#231;&#227;o mediada por lipossoma de VEGF121 em cardiomi&#243;citos de cultura prim&#225;ria submetidos &#224; hip&#243;xia para investigar os efeitos <italic>downstream</italic> da reposi&#231;&#227;o de VEGF em cardiomi&#243;citos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Isolamento de cardiomi&#243;cito prim&#225;rio de rato</title>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo <italic>Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University</italic> (Certificado de Aprova&#231;&#227;o n&#186; SCXK (Qian) 2002-0001). Os cardiomi&#243;citos foram isolados de ratos da linhagem Sprague-Dawley neonatos de 0-3 dias de idade, como descrito anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cultura de c&#233;lulas prim&#225;rias e agrupamento</title>
        <p>Os cardiomi&#243;citos foram contados e cultivados em placas de cultura de 6 cm revestidas com gelatina (1x10<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> c&#233;lulas/placa) em DMEM de alta glicose sem soro de bezerro. Havia 6 grupos experimentais &#8211; Grupo 1 (grupo controle negativo); Grupo 2 (grupo modelo de hip&#243;xia); Grupo 3 (grupo modelo de hip&#243;xia transfectado com VEGF121); Grupo 4 (igual ao Grupo 3, mas com inibidor do canal de c&#225;lcio CdCl2); Grupo 5 (igual ao Grupo 3, mas com inibidor do receptor CaSR NPS2390); Grupo 6 (igual ao Grupo 3, mas com inibidor da calpa&#237;na, calpeptina).</p>
        <p>Para os Grupos 2-6, as c&#233;lulas foram tratadas com solu&#231;&#227;o tamp&#227;o de isquemia (NaCl 137 mM, KCl 15,8 mM, MgCl2 0,49 mM, CaCl<italic>2</italic> 0,9 mM, HEPES 4 mM, 2-desoxiglicose 10 mM, lactato de s&#243;dio 20 mM e ditionito de s&#243;dio 1 mM, pH 6,5)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> por 2h. Para os Grupos 3-6, as c&#233;lulas foram ent&#227;o transfectadas com pcDNA3.1(+)/VEGF121 utilizando Lipofectamina 2000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific), de acordo com as diretrizes do fabricante, e em seguida incubadas em DMEM contendo 8% de soro fetal bovino isolado (Grupo 3) ou com os respectivos inibidores (Grupos 4-6). Vinte e quatro horas ap&#243;s a transfec&#231;&#227;o, o sobrenadante de cardiomi&#243;citos foi removido para ser utilizado.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ensaio MTT</title>
        <p>O ensaio MTT (Sigma Millipore, EUA) foi utilizado para detectar o crescimento dos cardiomi&#243;citos nos diferentes grupos experimentais, como descrito anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> A absorv&#226;ncia foi medida a 570 nm.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Atividade intracelular de lactato desidrogenase (LDH) e taxa de extravasamento de LDH</title>
        <p>A atividade de LDH foi medida utilizando-se o kit Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity Assay (Sigma Millipore, EUA) de acordo com as instru&#231;&#245;es do fabricante. A taxa de extravasamento externa foi calculada como = [LDH do meio de cultura/(LDH do meio de cultura + LDH das c&#233;lulas)] &#215; 100%.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ensaio TUNEL</title>
        <p>Para o ensaio TUNEL, os cardiomi&#243;citos foram cultivados em placas de 24 po&#231;os (1x10<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> c&#233;lulas/po&#231;o) por 24h e fixados em paraformalde&#237;do 4% por 15 minutos. Ap&#243;s duas lavagens com PBS, os cardiomi&#243;citos foram incubados com solu&#231;&#227;o de rea&#231;&#227;o de desoxinucleotidil transferase terminal (TdT) por 2h a 37&#176;C. As c&#233;lulas coradas foram contadas utilizando microsc&#243;pio fluorescente. A taxa de apoptose foi calculada de acordo com a f&#243;rmula: taxa de apoptose (%) = [n&#250;mero de c&#233;lulas apopt&#243;ticas/n&#250;mero total de c&#233;lulas] &#215; 100%.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Colora&#231;&#227;o com anexina V/PI</title>
        <p>As c&#233;lulas transfectadas foram desalojadas atrav&#233;s de tratamento com Accutase (BD Biosciences, EUA) durante 2 minutos &#224; temperatura ambiente, lavadas rapidamente em PBS e depois coradas com Anexina V-FITC e iodeto de prop&#237;dio (PI; BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, EUA). A an&#225;lise de citometria de fluxo (Cytomics FC500; Beckman Coulter, Miami, FL, EUA) foi utilizada para medir as c&#233;lulas apopt&#243;ticas. Os eventos de aquisi&#231;&#227;o foram padronizados utilizando c&#233;lulas de controle. A anexina V<sup>+</sup>PI<sup>&#8211;</sup> e a anexina V<sup>+</sup>PI<sup>+</sup> foram consideradas as c&#233;lulas apopt&#243;ticas precoces e tardias, respectivamente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise da atividade da caspase-3</title>
        <p>A atividade da caspase-3 foi medida utilizando um kit comercial de acordo com os protocolos do fabricante (APOPCYTO Caspase-3 Colorimetric Assay Kit; Medical and Biological Laboratories, Jap&#227;o) como descrito em um estudo anterior.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de Western blot</title>
        <p>Ao final dos pontos de tempo experimentais, as c&#233;lulas foram lavadas com PBS gelado e, em seguida, lisadas com solu&#231;&#227;o-tamp&#227;o RIPA. O lisado foi centrifugado a 12.000 g por 3 minutos e a concentra&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na no sobrenadante foi quantificada atrav&#233;s do kit BSA (Thermo Fisher, EUA). Vinte microgramas de prote&#237;na de cada amostra foi resolvida em SDS-PAGE e, em seguida, processada para <italic>immunoblotting</italic> (Western blot) utilizando metodologias de rotina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> O <italic>blot</italic> recebeu sondas com anticorpos contra VEGF, CaSR, calpa&#237;na, AIF, a prote&#237;na pr&#243;-apopt&#243;tica Bid (tBid) truncada e &#946;-actina (todos os anticorpos foram obtidos da Abcam, EUA). O mesmo blot foi removido e testado para diferentes anticorpos. A &#946;-actina foi utilizada como controle de carregamento. A an&#225;lise de densitometria foi realizada com o software NIH Image J.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada utilizando o software SPSS 20.0 (IBM Corporation, NY, EUA). Todos os dados foram apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP). Dado o pequeno tamanho da amostra, o teste de normalidade foi realizado com o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. O teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o pareado foi utilizado para comparar as m&#233;dias de dois grupos, enquanto as diferen&#231;as entre os v&#225;rios grupos foram analisadas utilizando ANOVA de uma via. O tamanho da amostra n&#227;o foi determinado por uma metodologia definida, mas foi amplamente estabelecido por conveni&#234;ncia; entretanto, cada experimento teve pelo menos tr&#234;s r&#233;plicas biol&#243;gicas e t&#233;cnicas independentes. Um valor de p &lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>A superexpress&#227;o de VEGF pode resgatar o crescimento celular de cardiomi&#243;citos submetidos &#224; hip&#243;xia</title>
        <p>A contagem de c&#233;lulas e as caracter&#237;sticas morfol&#243;gicas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1A</xref>) de cardiomi&#243;citos cultivados em cultura prim&#225;ria do Grupo 1 no dia 3, confirmaram que os cardiomi&#243;citos isolados estavam proliferando e crescendo de forma robusta <italic>in vitro</italic>. A colora&#231;&#227;o com azul de tripano foi utilizada para determinar a morte celular relativa ap&#243;s 3 dias de cultura, e mais de 95% dos cardiomi&#243;citos eram vi&#225;veis. Em seguida, foi determinado o efeito da hip&#243;xia (solu&#231;&#227;o tamp&#227;o de isquemia) na express&#227;o da prote&#237;na de VEGF em cardiomi&#243;citos (Grupo B). A cultura na solu&#231;&#227;o tamp&#227;o de isquemia diminuiu a express&#227;o da prote&#237;na de VEGF (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1B</xref>), indicando o estabelecimento bem-sucedido do sistema do modelo <italic>in vitro</italic>. A t&#233;cnica de <italic>immunoblotting</italic> no Grupo C (grupo modelo de hip&#243;xia transfectado com VEGF121) confirmou a superexpress&#227;o bem-sucedida de VEGF (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1B</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title><italic>Modelo de hip&#243;xia de cardiomi&#243;citos de rato e determina&#231;&#227;o do crescimento de c&#233;lulas de cardiomi&#243;citos em diferentes condi&#231;&#245;es experimentais. (A) Morfologia de mi&#243;citos card&#237;acos de rato neonatos normais ap&#243;s 3 dias (diferentes amplia&#231;&#245;es de 10x, 40x e 400x s&#227;o mostradas). (B) An&#225;lise de Western blot de VEGF em mi&#243;citos card&#237;acos de rato neonato. O gr&#225;fico mostra a express&#227;o relativa normalizada para &#946;-actina. *P&lt;0,05; n=6. (C) Ensaio de prolifera&#231;&#227;o de MTT ap&#243;s tratamentos indicados (por 5h) em mi&#243;citos card&#237;acos de rato neonato. Os dados s&#227;o representativos de 6 experimentos repetidos diferentes.</italic> ***<italic>P&lt;0,001 vs. grupo controle;</italic> <sup>##</sup><italic>P&lt;0,01 vs. grupo modelo;</italic> <sup>&amp;</sup> <italic>P&lt;0,05</italic>, <sup>&amp;&amp;</sup> <italic>P &lt;0,01 vs. grupo Modelo + pcDNA3.1 (+) / VEGF121</italic>.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0476-90902-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Em seguida, o ensaio MTT foi utilizado para determinar o crescimento celular relativo nos diferentes grupos experimentais em compara&#231;&#227;o com o Grupo 1 (controle negativo). A hip&#243;xia inibiu significativamente o crescimento celular no Grupo 2 (grupo modelo) em compara&#231;&#227;o com o Grupo 1 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1C</xref>; p &lt;0,001). Em seguida, o efeito da superexpress&#227;o de VEGF121 foi testado isoladamente ou em combina&#231;&#227;o com o inibidor do canal de Ca2+ CdCl2, o inibidor de CaSR NPS2390 e o inibidor de calpa&#237;na, a calpeptina. A superexpress&#227;o de VEGF121 aumentou significativamente o crescimento celular nos cardiomi&#243;citos expostos &#224; hip&#243;xia. A adi&#231;&#227;o adicional de NPS2390 e calpeptina, mas n&#227;o de CdCl2, resultou em um efeito sin&#233;rgico, aumentando ainda mais o crescimento dos cardiomi&#243;citos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1C</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>CdCl2CdCl2 Detec&#231;&#227;o de apoptose de cardiomi&#243;citos</title>
        <p>Considerando que a superexpress&#227;o de VEGF demonstrou estar aumentando a prolifera&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas de cardiomi&#243;citos, decidimos investigar se a superexpress&#227;o de VEGF tamb&#233;m estava atenuando a morte apopt&#243;tica induzida por hip&#243;xia nos cardiomi&#243;citos. A apoptose foi detectada pela colora&#231;&#227;o de TUNEL e Anexina V/PI. Em compara&#231;&#227;o com o Grupo 1 controle negativo, a hip&#243;xia induziu morte celular significativa por apoptose (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2A</xref>, B). A superexpress&#227;o de VEGF121 atenuou significativamente a morte celular induzida por hip&#243;xia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2A</xref>, B). Tal como acontece com a prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular, tanto o NPS2390 quanto a calpeptina apresentaram efeito sin&#233;rgico com a superexpress&#227;o de VEGF121 na atenua&#231;&#227;o da morte celular induzida por hip&#243;xia, enquanto a adi&#231;&#227;o de CdCl2 n&#227;o teve nenhum efeito adicional (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2A</xref>, B). Tomados em conjunto, esses resultados indicaram que a express&#227;o de VEGF atenua a morte celular induzida por hip&#243;xia via ativa&#231;&#227;o do receptor CaSR e calpa&#237;na.</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title><italic>O VEGF pode resgatar morte celular induzida por hip&#243;xia em cardiomi&#243;citos. Os grupos experimentais foram - Grupo 1 (grupo controle negativo); Grupo 2 (grupo modelo de hip&#243;xia); Grupo 3 (grupo modelo de hip&#243;xia transfectado com VEGF121); Grupo 4 (igual ao Grupo 3, mas com inibidor do canal de c&#225;lcio CdCl2); Grupo 5 (igual ao Grupo 3, mas com inibidor do receptor CaSR NPS2390); Grupo 6 (igual ao Grupo 3, mas com inibidor da calpa&#237;na Calpeptina). (A) Colora&#231;&#227;o TUNEL de mi&#243;citos card&#237;acos ap&#243;s diferentes tratamentos. O gr&#225;fico mostra a quantifica&#231;&#227;o das imagens. (B) Colora&#231;&#227;o com anexina V/PI de mi&#243;citos card&#237;acos ap&#243;s diferentes tratamentos. O gr&#225;fico mostra a quantifica&#231;&#227;o dos dados de citometria de fluxo.</italic> ***<italic>p&lt;0,001 vs. grupo controle;</italic> ###<italic>p &lt;0,01 vs. grupo modelo;</italic> &amp;<italic>p&lt;0,05 vs. grupo modelo + pcDNA3.1(+)/VEGF121; n = 10 em A e n = 3 em B</italic>.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0476-90902-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Efeitos do VEGF no extravasamento de LDH e na atividade da caspase-3</title>
        <p>Em seguida, investigamos se o efeito do VEGF na inibi&#231;&#227;o da morte celular em cardiomi&#243;citos estava sendo mediado pela diminui&#231;&#227;o do extravasamento de LDH e/ou diminui&#231;&#227;o da atividade da caspase-3. A atividade de LDH em cardiomi&#243;citos foi medida e os resultados mostraram que a taxa de extravasamento de LDH em cardiomi&#243;citos aumentou ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o de hip&#243;xia (p&lt;0,001). A superexpress&#227;o de VEGF121 diminuiu significativamente a taxa de extravasamento de LDH (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3A</xref>). Tanto o NPS2390 quanto a calpeptina apresentaram efeito sin&#233;rgico com a superexpress&#227;o de VEGF121 na redu&#231;&#227;o da taxa de extravasamento de LDH, enquanto a adi&#231;&#227;o de CdCl2 n&#227;o mostrou nenhum efeito adicional (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3A</xref>). Uma observa&#231;&#227;o semelhante foi feita com a atividade da caspase-3 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3B</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title><italic>O VEGF pode inibir o extravasamento de LDH e a atividade da Caspase-3 em cardiomi&#243;citos tratados com hip&#243;xia. Os grupos experimentais foram - Grupo 1 (grupo controle negativo); Grupo 2 (grupo modelo de hip&#243;xia); Grupo 3 (grupo modelo de hip&#243;xia transfectado com VEGF121); Grupo 4 (igual ao Grupo 3, mas com inibidor do canal de c&#225;lcio CdCl2); Grupo 5 (igual ao Grupo 3, mas com inibidor do receptor de CaSR NPS2390); Grupo 6 (igual ao Grupo 3, mas com inibidor da calpa&#237;na Calpeptina). S&#227;o mostrados dados para o extravasamento de LDH (A) e atividade da caspase-3 (B) de cinco experimentos repetidos independentes.</italic> ***<italic>p&lt;0,001 vs. grupo controle;</italic> <sup>###</sup><italic>p&lt;0,05 vs. grupo modelo;</italic> <sup>&amp;</sup><italic>p &lt;0,05 vs. grupo modelo + pcDNA3.1(+)/VEGF121</italic>.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0476-90902-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Impacto da hip&#243;xia e VEGF na express&#227;o de CaSR, Calpa&#237;na, AIF e tBid</title>
        <p>A hip&#243;xia induziu significativamente a express&#227;o das prote&#237;nas CaSR, calpa&#237;na, AIF e tBid (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>; p&lt;0,001). Os n&#237;veis de express&#227;o de CaSR, calpa&#237;na, AIF e prote&#237;na tBid diminu&#237;ram ap&#243;s a transfec&#231;&#227;o de cardiomi&#243;citos com pcDNA 3.1(+)/VEGF121, o que foi estatisticamente significativo em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo modelo de hip&#243;xia (p&lt;0,001). Ap&#243;s o tratamento dos cardiomi&#243;citos com NPS2390 e Calpeptina, a express&#227;o de tBid e AIF diminuiu em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo do Modelo + pcDNA 3.1(+)/VEGF121 (p&lt;0,05). Ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o com pcDNA 3.1(+)/VEGF121 em cardiomi&#243;citos, a express&#227;o de CaSR diminuiu, o que foi estatisticamente significativo em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo modelo (p&lt;0,001). Novamente, o efeito sin&#233;rgico foi observado com NPS2390 e calpeptina, mas n&#227;o com CdCl2.</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title><italic>Impacto da hip&#243;xia, VEGF e inibidores indicados na express&#227;o da prote&#237;na CaSR, Calpa&#237;na, AIF e tBid. Os grupos experimentais foram - Grupo 1 (grupo controle negativo); Grupo 2 (grupo modelo de hip&#243;xia); Grupo 3 (grupo modelo de hip&#243;xia transfectado com VEGF121); Grupo 4 (igual ao Grupo 3, mas com inibidor do canal de c&#225;lcio CdCl2); Grupo 5 (igual ao Grupo 3, mas com inibidor do receptor CaSR NPS2390); Grupo 6 (igual ao Grupo 3, mas com inibidor da calpa&#237;na Calpeptina). (A, B) CaSR, Calpa&#237;na, AIF e tBid foram detectados pela an&#225;lise de Western blotting. A Figura mostra os blots de 4 experimentos independentes. Os gr&#225;ficos mostram a an&#225;lise densitom&#233;trica dos blots dos quatro experimentos repetidos. ***p &lt;0,001 vs. grupo controle;</italic><sup>###</sup><italic>p&lt;0,001 vs. grupo modelo;</italic><sup>&amp;</sup><italic>p&lt;0,05</italic>, <sup>&amp;&amp;</sup><italic>p&lt;0,01</italic>, <sup>&amp;&amp;&amp;</sup><italic>p &lt;0,001 vs. grupo Modelo + pcDNA 3.1(+)/VEGF121</italic>.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0476-90902-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os principais mecanismos de doen&#231;a cardiovascular causada por hip&#243;xia-isquemia s&#227;o a apoptose mioc&#225;rdica, prolifera&#231;&#227;o de fibroblastos e les&#227;o de c&#233;lulas endoteliais vasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> O VEGF, um mit&#243;geno espec&#237;fico de c&#233;lulas endoteliais vasculares, representa uma fam&#237;lia de prote&#237;nas secretadas, incluindo VEGF121, VEGF165, VEGF189 e VEGF206, dos quais o VEGF121 e o VEGF165 s&#227;o os principais tratamentos para a cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica. Foi relatado que o VEGF121 s&#243; pode se ligar ao receptor VEGFR-2, e sua liga&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica ao VEGF pode atenuar a angiog&#234;nese, mas outros estudos tamb&#233;m descobriram que sua capacidade de se ligar &#224; heparina &#233; enfraquecida, o que &#233; mais prop&#237;cio ao ambiente an&#243;xico. A inje&#231;&#227;o direta do plasm&#237;deo VEGF121 no modelo de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio de porco demonstrou melhorar o suprimento de sangue e aumentar o n&#250;mero de vasos colaterais ao mesmo tempo, destacando o potencial da terapia gen&#233;tica baseada em VEGF. No entanto, existem limita&#231;&#245;es de instabilidade, pre&#231;o alto e falta de aplica&#231;&#227;o de altas doses na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Ao mesmo tempo, estudos tamb&#233;m descobriram que o produto do gene que codifica a prote&#237;na secretada tem um efeito par&#225;crino, em compara&#231;&#227;o com a prote&#237;na da pr&#243;pria c&#233;lula.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Os cardiomi&#243;citos s&#227;o c&#233;lulas terminalmente diferenciadas, cuja apoptose est&#225; intimamente relacionada &#224; doen&#231;a mioc&#225;rdica. A caspase-3 &#233; o mediador comum de apoptose em cardiomi&#243;citos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca mostra diferentes taxas de apoptose de cardiomi&#243;citos. Em experimentos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em animais causada por hip&#243;xia-reperfus&#227;o, a taxa apopt&#243;tica de cardiomi&#243;citos pode chegar a 14%, e a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; causada por excesso de sobrecarga de press&#227;o. A taxa de apoptose dos cardiomi&#243;citos no modelo &#233; de apenas 1%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> o que sugere que o estudo da apoptose em modelo de hip&#243;xia mioc&#225;rdica &#233; de grande valor.</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise de <italic>imunoblotting</italic> confirmou a express&#227;o bem-sucedida de VEGF121 em cardiomi&#243;citos p&#243;s-transfec&#231;&#227;o no estudo atual. Alguns estudos tamb&#233;m confirmaram que a quantifica&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> de VEGF121 no sobrenadante celular pode confirmar a secre&#231;&#227;o e express&#227;o de cardiomi&#243;citos de um vetor de express&#227;o eucari&#243;tico e tem um forte efeito proliferativo nas c&#233;lulas endoteliais. A LDH atua como uma taxa de extravasamento extra para enzimas intracelulares e seu aumento &#233; um marcador de dano celular. A taxa de extravasamento de LDH no grupo do modelo hip&#243;xico foi alta e resgatada pelo VEGF121.</p>
      <p>A ativa&#231;&#227;o da caspase-3 na hip&#243;xia foi inibida pelo VEGF121 e o inibidor de CaSR NPS2390, sugerindo que o receptor de calpa&#237;na e a calpa&#237;na est&#227;o intimamente relacionados ao mecanismo de apoptose de cardiomi&#243;citos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Considrando que nossos achados sugeriram que o VEGF121 reverte a apoptose em cardiomi&#243;citos p&#243;s-hip&#243;xia e o inibidor de CaSR tem um efeito semelhante, sup&#245;e-se que o VEGF121 esteja mediando sua atividade ao inibir a ativa&#231;&#227;o do CaSR.</p>
      <p>Como as altera&#231;&#245;es din&#226;micas dos n&#237;veis de c&#225;lcio intracelular s&#227;o um dos mecanismos importantes da apoptose,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> as vias intracelulares que afetam os n&#237;veis de c&#225;lcio principalmente atrav&#233;s dos canais de Ca2+ e da troca Na+/Ca2+, ativam as vias do receptor de Ca2+, como CaSR. Em outras vias,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref> quando a hip&#243;xia &#233; estimulada, o influxo de Ca2+ intracelular aumenta, CaN e Bad s&#227;o ativados, e a permeabilidade da membrana mitocondrial &#233; significativamente aumentada, liberando Cyt-c para ativa&#231;&#227;o citoplasm&#225;tica de Caspase-3, promovendo assim dano aos cardiomi&#243;citos. Uma vez que calpa&#237;na &#233; dependente da ativa&#231;&#227;o do influxo de Ca2+, a calpa&#237;na ativada pode clivar e ativar a Bid. Devido ao seu dom&#237;nio BH3 especial, a tBid pode induzir a transloca&#231;&#227;o de Bax/Bak, resultando em aumento da permeabilidade da membrana mitocondrial, e tBid tamb&#233;m pode passar atrav&#233;s dela. O dom&#237;nio n&#227;o-BH3 induz altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais da membrana mitocondrial, abre o PTP e ativa a calpa&#237;na para degradar prote&#237;nas inibit&#243;rias de CaN e, assim, ativando CaN, que promove a fosforila&#231;&#227;o de Bad, levando &#224; apoptose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref></p>
      <p>A Bid &#233; &#250;nica prote&#237;na da fam&#237;lia Bcl-2 que pode ser clivada em uma pequena mol&#233;cula Bid. Ap&#243;s sua ativa&#231;&#227;o, ela promove a polimeriza&#231;&#227;o de Bak e Bax, ou se homopolimeriza, promovendo o remodelamento da membrana mitocondrial interna e a abertura dos mPTP (poros de transi&#231;&#227;o de permeabilidade mitocondrial), resultando na libera&#231;&#227;o de Cyt-c.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref> Nossos resultados mostraram que a express&#227;o de tBid em cardiomi&#243;citos hip&#243;xicos estava significativamente aumentada. O n&#237;vel de tBid diminuiu com a superexpress&#227;o de VEGF e diminuiu ainda mais sinergicamente com a adi&#231;&#227;o de NPS2390 e calpeptina, mas n&#227;o com a adi&#231;&#227;o de CdCl2. Isso indicou que o &#237;on c&#225;lcio e a calpa&#237;na causaram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na atividade de Bid ap&#243;s a apoptose mioc&#225;rdica causada pela hip&#243;xia. O AIF est&#225; localizado na membrana mitocondrial interna. Quando a apoptose dos cardiomi&#243;citos ocorre, a protease flavina, com atividade da NADH oxidase, &#233; liberada da mitoc&#244;ndria para o citoplasma e, em seguida, translocada para o n&#250;cleo, envolvida na condensa&#231;&#227;o da cromatina e fragmenta&#231;&#227;o do DNA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref> Neste experimento, o inibidor do receptor CaSR (NPS2390) e o inibidor da calpa&#237;na (calpeptina) foram adicionados para induzir uma diminui&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis da prote&#237;na AIF, a qual foi estatisticamente significativa. Nossos resultados sugeriram que o VEGF121 est&#225; envolvido na apoptose dos cardiomi&#243;citos ap&#243;s AIF. A libera&#231;&#227;o foi associada &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o de CaSR, enquanto o grupo de antagonista da calpa&#237;na calpeptina e o grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o pcDNA 3.1(+)/VEGF121 n&#227;o foram estatisticamente significativos, sugerindo que n&#227;o &#233; exclusivamente dependente das vias <italic>downstream</italic> de apoptose induzida por protease dependente de c&#225;lcio.</p>
      <p>Uma poss&#237;vel limita&#231;&#227;o de nosso estudo &#233; que os experimentos foram realizados com cardiomi&#243;citos neonatais; a relev&#226;ncia precisa ser investigada em cardiomi&#243;citos isolados de ratos mais velhos e em modelos pr&#233;-cl&#237;nicos <italic>in vivo</italic>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Foi demonstrado anteriormente que o VEGF pode tratar a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, aumentar a prolifera&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas endoteliais vasculares, aumentar a circula&#231;&#227;o colateral mioc&#225;rdica e a densidade capilar, melhorando assim o suprimento sangu&#237;neo mioc&#225;rdico na &#225;rea isqu&#234;mica e melhorando a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39"><sup>39</sup></xref> Entretanto, danos &#224;s c&#233;lulas endoteliais vasculares, hipertrofia de cardiomi&#243;citos, apoptose de cardiomi&#243;citos e prolifera&#231;&#227;o de fibroblastos tamb&#233;m s&#227;o altera&#231;&#245;es fisiopatol&#243;gicas importantes da miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica. Neste estudo, com base nos grupos de interven&#231;&#227;o, o VEGF121 afetou a prolifera&#231;&#227;o dos cardiomi&#243;citos, confirmando a atividade biol&#243;gica dos plasm&#237;deos eucariotos sobre os cardiomi&#243;citos. Em conclus&#227;o, nossos resultados fornecem uma base para futuras abordagens de terapia gen&#233;tica baseada em VEGF em doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn id="fn1" fn-type="other">
        <label>*</label>
        <p>Os autores contribu&#237;ram igualmente para este trabalho</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por <italic>The Joint Fund of Guizhou Province</italic> (No. LH2017-7210) e parcialmente financiado <italic>Science and Technology Department Academic New Seedling Project</italic> (No. 2017-5718) e 2020 Department of Education Natural Science Youth Talent project of Guizhou Province (No. Qian Jiao He KY [2021]148).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Xiang-chun Shen pela Guizhou Medical University.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital of Guizhou Medical University sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo SCXK (Qian) 2002-0001. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Agradecemos &#224; Dra. Ai-tao Guo por sua ajuda.</p>
    </ack>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>VEGF121 Mediates Post-Hypoxia Cardioprotective Effects Via CaSR and Mitochondria-Dependent Protease Pathway</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Yan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2">*</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yin</surname>
            <given-names>Wei-hua</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2">*</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yang</surname>
            <given-names>Fan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>An</surname>
            <given-names>Yun-qiang</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhou</surname>
            <given-names>Wei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yu</surname>
            <given-names>Hui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xie</surname>
            <given-names>Hong</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Yan-ling</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhu</surname>
            <given-names>Yue</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Shen</surname>
            <given-names>Xiang-chun</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5076-9844</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tian</surname>
            <given-names>Ruiqing</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2">*</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Guiyang</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang - China</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Beijing</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing - China</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Guiyang</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">The First People's Hospital of Guiyang, Guiyang &#8211; China</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Ruiqing Tian</bold> &#8226; The First People's Hospital of Guiyang - No.97, Bo'ai Road, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, China Guiyang <postal-code>550002</postal-code> &#8211; China. E-mail: <email>tianruiqing_med@163.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Zhang Y, Wei-hua Y, Ruiqing T; Acquisition of data: Yang F, Yun-qiang A, Zhou W, Yu H, Xie H, Yan-ling Z, Zhu Y; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Yang F, Yun-qiang A, Zhou W, Yu H, Xie H, Yan-ling Z, Zhu Y, Xiang-chun S; Statistical analysis: Xiang-chun S; Obtaining financing: Ruiqing T; Writing of the manuscript: Zhang Y, Wei-hua Y.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of death worldwide. Hypoxia-mediated apoptosis in cardiomyocytes is a major cause of cardiovascular disorders. Treatment with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein has been tested but operational difficulties have limited its use. However, with the advancements of gene therapy, interest has risen in VEGF-based gene therapy in cardiovascular disorders. However, the precise mechanism by which VEGF replenishment rescues post-hypoxia damage in cardiomyocytes is not known.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To investigate the effect of post-hypoxia VEGF121 expression using neonatal rat cardiomyocytes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Cardiomyocytes isolated from neonatal rats were used to establish an in vitro model of hypoxia-induced cardiac injury. The effect of VEGF overexpression, alone or in combination with small-molecule inhibitors targeting calcium channel, calcium sensitive receptors (CaSR), and calpain on cell growth and proliferation on hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte injury were determined using an MTT assay, TUNEL staining, Annexin V/PI staining, lactate dehydrogenase and caspase activity. For statistical analysis, a value of P&lt;0.05 was considered to be significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The effect of VEGF121 was found to be mediated by CaSR and calpain but was not dependent on calcium channels.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Our findings, even though using an in vitro setting, lay the foundation for future validation and pre-clinical testing of VEGF-based gene therapy in cardiovascular diseases.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A</kwd>
        <kwd>Calcium Sensing Receptors</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>The Joint Fund of Guizhou Province</funding-source>
          <award-id>LH2017-7210</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Science and Technology Department Academic New Seedling Project</funding-source>
          <award-id>2017-5718</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Department of Education Natural Science Youth Talent project of Guizhou Province</funding-source>
          <award-id>Qian Jiao He KY [2021]148</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was funded by The Joint Fund of Guizhou Province (No. LH2017-7210) and partially funded by Science and Technology Department Academic New Seedling Project (No. 2017-5718) and 2020 Department of Education Natural Science Youth Talent project of Guizhou Province (No. Qian Jiao He KY [2021]148).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of death worldwide. The main mechanism of cardiovascular disease caused by hypoxia-ischemia is cardiomyocyte apoptosis, fibroblast proliferation and vascular endothelial cell damage, leading to vascular remodeling and cardiac dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Although current treatments such as coronary angioplasty and coronary artery bypass grafting have significantly improved the prognosis in patients with cardiovascular disease and prolonged life, the mortality rate remains high.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> In recent years, with the rapid development of genetic recombination technology, potential gene therapy for ischemic cardiomyopathy has become an area of major focus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Apoptosis is an important mechanism for the deterioration of heart disease after hypoxia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> The exogenous apoptosis activation pathway stimulates the Fas receptor through external factors such as hypoxia, and the death complex in the cell membrane is activated, causing apoptosis. In the endogenous activation pathway or the mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway, the apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) and cytochrome c (Cyt-c) are released after the activation of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP) signal, the pro-apoptotic protein Bid is cleaved into a truncated form called tBid, which together activate caspase-induced apoptosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Myocardial apoptosis is closely related to calcium overload, and it is believed that calcium overload is closely related to the mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), as a member of the G-protein coupled receptor C-family, maintains Ca2+ and other metal ion homeostasis, regulates extracellular Ca2+, and acts as an inhibitor and agonist in the myocardium.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> Calpain is an apoptotic protein that is dependent on the activation of the mitochondrial pathway of Ca2+ influx. Upon activation, it can induce the final activation of caspase-3, leading to cardiomyocyte apoptosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref></p>
        <p>It has been shown that cardiomyocytes express VEGF receptors;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> the binding of VEGF to these receptors activate mitogen-activated protein kinases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> VEGF has also been shown to promote the re-entrance of cardiomyocytes into the cell cycle, leading to an increase in cell division in the heart. The latter process, if not controlled, can end up in cardiac hypertrophy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> Using a pig model of chronic myocardial ischemia, it has been shown that VEGF can also induce cardiomyocyte karyokinesis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> This establishes an important and often neglected role of VEGF in cardiomyocyte homeostasis.</p>
        <p>Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein therapy has been used to treat cardiovascular disease. However, it has been limited due to the high cost of VEGF protein therapy and the need for repeated drug administration.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> However, with the advances made in gene therapy, VEGF gene therapy research is being actively considered. However, the mechanism through which replenishment of VEGF works remains to be determined. Here, we used liposome-mediated transfection of VEGF121 into primary cultured cardiomyocytes submitted to hypoxia to investigate the downstream effects of VEGF replenishment in cardiomyocytes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Isolation of rat primary cardiomyocyte</title>
          <p>This study was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University (Approval Certificate No. SCXK (Qian) 2002-0001). Cardiomyocytes were isolated from 0-3-day-old neonatal Sprague Dawley rats, as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Primary cell culture and grouping</title>
          <p>The cardiomyocytes were counted and cultured in gelatin-coated 6-cm culture dishes (1x10<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref>cells/dish) in high-glucose DMEM, without calf serum. There were 6 experimental groups - Group 1 (negative control group); Group 2 (hypoxia model group); Group 3 (hypoxia model group transfected with VEGF121); Group 4 (same as Group 3, but with calcium-channel inhibitor CdCl2); Group 5 (same as Group 3 but with CaSR receptor inhibitor NPS2390); Group 6 (same as Group 3 but with calpain inhibitor Calpeptin).</p>
          <p>For Groups 2-6, the cells were treated with ischemia buffer (137 mM NaCl, 15.8 mM KCl, 0.49 mM MgCl<sub>2</sub>, 0.9 mM CaCl<sub>2</sub>, 4 mM HEPES, 10 mM 2-deoxyglucose, 20 mM sodium lactate and 1 mM sodium dithionite, pH 6.5)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> for 2 h. For Groups 3-6, cells were then transfected with pcDNA3.1(+)/VEGF121 using Lipofectamine 2000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific) according to the manufacturer's guidelines and then incubated in DMEM containing 8% fetal bovine serum alone (Group 3) or with the respective inhibitors (Groups 4-6). The 24-h post-transfection supernatant of the cardiomyocytes was removed for use.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>MTT assay</title>
          <p>The MTT assay (Sigma Millipore, USA) was used to detect cardiomyocyte growth in the different experimental groups, as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> Absorbance was measured at 570 nm.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Intracellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and LDH leakage rate</title>
          <p>The LDH activity was measured using the Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity Assay Kit (Sigma Millipore, USA) following the manufacturer's instructions. External leakage rate was calculated as = [culture medium LDH / (culture medium LDH + cell LDH)] &#215; 100%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>TUNEL assay</title>
          <p>For the TUNEL assay, the cardiomyocytes were cultured in 24-well plates (1x10<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> cells/well) for 24h and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 15min. After two washes with PBS, the cardiomyocytes were incubated with Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) reaction solution for 2h at 37&#176;C. Stained cells were counted using a fluorescent microscope. The apoptosis rate was calculated according to the formula: apoptosis rate (%) = [number of apoptotic cells/total number of cells] &#215;100%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Annexin V/PI staining</title>
          <p>The transfected cells were dislodged by treatment with Accutase (BD Biosciences, USA) for 2 minutes at room temperature, quickly washed in PBS and then stained with Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide (PI; BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA). Flow cytometry analysis (Cytomics FC500; Beckman Coulter, Miami, FL, USA) was used to measure the apoptotic cells. Acquisition events were standardized by using control cells. Annexin V<sup>+</sup>PI<sup>&#8211;</sup> and Annexin V<sup>+</sup>PI<sup>+</sup> were considered as the early and late apoptotic cells, respectively.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Analysis of caspase-3 activity</title>
          <p>Caspase-3 activity was measured using a commercial kit, according to the manufacturer's protocols (APOPCYTO Caspase-3 Colorimetric Assay Kit; Medical and Biological Laboratories, Japan) as described in a previous study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Western blot analysis</title>
          <p>At the end of the experimental time points, the cells were washed with ice-cold PBS and then lysed using RIPA buffer. The lysate was centrifuged at 12,000 g for 3 minutes and the protein concentration in the supernatant was quantified using a BSA kit (Thermo Fisher, USA). Twenty micrograms of protein of each sample was resolved by SDS-PAGE and then processed for immunoblotting, using routine methodologies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> The blot was probed with antibodies against VEGF, CASR, calpain, AIF, the pro-apoptotic protein truncated Bid (tBid), and &#946;-actin (all antibodies obtained from Abcam, USA). The same blot was stripped and probed for different antibodies. &#946;-actin was used as a loading control. The densitometry analysis was performed using the NIH Image J software.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 20.0 (IBM Corporation, NY, USA). All data are shown as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD). Given the small sample size, the normality test was performed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The unpaired Student's t-test was used to compare the means of two groups, while the differences between multiple groups were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. The sample size was not determined by a set methodology but was largely dictated by convenience; however, every experiment had at least three independent biological and technical replicates. A value of p&lt; 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>VEGF overexpression can rescue cell growth of cardiomyocytes submitted to hypoxia</title>
          <p>Cell count and morphological characteristics (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1A</xref>) of primary cultured cardiomyocytes from Group 1 on day 3 confirmed that the isolated cardiomyocytes were proliferating and growing robustly <italic>in vitro</italic>. Trypan blue staining was used to determine relative cell death after 3 days in culture and more than 95% of the cardiomyocytes were viable. Then, the effect of hypoxia (ischemia buffer) on VEGF protein expression in cardiomyocytes (Group B) was determined. The culture in the ischemia buffer decreased VEGF protein expression (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1B</xref>), indicating successful establishment of the <italic>in vitro</italic> model system. Immunoblotting in Group C (hypoxia model group transfected with VEGF121) confirmed the successful overexpression of VEGF (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1B</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title><italic>Rat cardiomyocyte hypoxia model and determination of cardiomyocyte cell growth under different experimental conditions. (A) Morphology of normal neonatal rat cardiac myocytes after 3 days (different magnifications of 10x, 40x, and 400x are shown). (B) Western blot analysis of VEGF in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. The graph shows the relative expression normalized to &#946;-actin. *p&lt;0.05; n=6. (C) the MTT proliferation assay after the indicated treatments (for 5h) in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. Data is representative of 6 different experimental replicates.</italic> ***<italic>p &lt;0.001 vs. control group;</italic> <sup>##</sup> <italic>p&lt;0.01 vs. Model group;</italic> <sup>&amp;</sup> <italic>p&lt;0.05</italic>, <sup>&amp;&amp;</sup> <italic>p&lt;0.01 vs. Model + pcDNA3.1(+)/VEGF121 group</italic>.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0476-90902-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Subsequently, the MTT assay was used to determine relative cell growth in the different experimental groups when compared to Group 1 (negative control). Hypoxia significantly inhibited cell growth in Group 2 (model group) compared to Group 1 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1C</xref>; p&lt;0.001). Next, the effect of VEGF121 overexpression was tested alone or in combination with Ca2+ channel inhibitor CdCl2, CaSR inhibitor NPS2390, and calpain inhibitor calpeptin. VEGF121 overexpression significantly increased cell growth in the cardiomyocytes exposed to hypoxia. Further addition of NPS2390 and calpeptin, but not CdCl2, resulted in a synergistic effect, further increasing cardiomyocyte growth (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1C</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Detection of cardiomyocyte apoptosis</title>
          <p>Given that VEGF overexpression showed to be increasing cardiomyocyte cell proliferation, it was decided to investigate whether VEGF overexpression was also attenuating hypoxia-induced apoptotic death in the cardiomyocytes. Apoptosis was detected by TUNEL and Annexin V/PI staining. Compared to the negative control Group 1, hypoxia induced significant apoptotic cell death (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2A</xref>, B). VEGF121 overexpression significantly attenuated hypoxia-induced cell death (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2A</xref>, B). As with cell proliferation, both NPS2390 and calpeptin had a synergistic effect with VEGF121 overexpression in attenuating hypoxia-induced cell death, whereas the addition of CdCl2 did not have any additional effect (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2A</xref>, B). Taken together, these results indicated that VEGF expression mitigates hypoxia-induced cell death via CaSR receptor activation and calpain.</p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title><italic>VEGF can rescue hypoxia-induced cell death in cardiomyocytes. Experimental groups were - Group 1 (negative control group); Group 2 (hypoxia model group); Group 3 (hypoxia model group transfected with VEGF121); Group 4 (same as Group 3 but with calcium channel inhibitor CdCl2); Group 5 (same as Group 3 but with CaSR receptor inhibitor NPS2390); Group 6 (same as Group 3 but with calpain inhibitor Calpeptin). (A) TUNEL staining of cardiac myocytes following different treatments. Graph shows quantification of images. (B) Annexin V/PI staining of cardiac myocytes following different treatments. Graph shows quantification of flow cytometry data.</italic> ***<italic>p &lt;0.001 vs. control group;</italic> <sup>###</sup> <italic>p&lt;0.01 vs. Model group;</italic> <sup>&amp;</sup> <italic>p&lt;0.05 vs. Model + pcDNA3.1(+)/VEGF121 group; n=10 in A and n=3 in B</italic>.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0476-90902-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Effects of VEGF on the LDH release and caspase-3 activity</title>
          <p>Next, it was investigated whether the effect of VEGF on cell death inhibition in cardiomyocytes was being mediated by decreasing LDH release and/or decreasing caspase-3 activity. LDH-activity in cardiomyocytes was measured, and the results showed that the LDH leakage rate in cardiomyocytes was increased after hypoxia induction (P &lt; 0.001). VEGF121 overexpression significantly decreased LDH leakage rate (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3A</xref>). Both NPS2390 and calpeptin had a synergistic effect with VEGF121 overexpression in decreasing LDH leakage rate, whereas the addition of CdCl2 did not have any additional effect (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3A</xref>). A similar observation was made with caspase-3 activity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3B</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title><italic>VEGF can inhibit LDH leakage and Caspase-3 activity in hypoxia-treated cardiomyocytes. Experimental groups were - Group 1 (negative control group); Group 2 (hypoxia model group); Group 3 (hypoxia model group transfected with VEGF121); Group 4 (same as Group 3 but with calcium channel inhibitor CdCl2); Group 5 (same as Group 3 but with CaSR receptor inhibitor NPS2390); Group 6 (same as Group 3 but with calpain inhibitor Calpeptin). Shown are data for LDH leakage (A) and caspase-3 activity (B) from five independent replicates.</italic> ***<italic>p &lt;0.001 vs. control group;</italic> <sup>###</sup> <italic>p&lt;0.05 vs. Model group</italic>; <sup>&amp;</sup> <italic>p&lt;0.05 vs. Model + pcDNA3.1(+)/VEGF121 group</italic>.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0476-90902-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Impact of hypoxia and VEGF on CaSR, Calpain, AIF, and tBid expression</title>
          <p>Hypoxia significantly induced the expression of CaSR, calpain, AIF and tBid proteins (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4</xref>; p&lt;0.001). The expression levels of CaSR, calpain, AIF and tBid protein decreased after transfection of cardiomyocytes with pcDNA 3.1(+) / VEGF121, which was statistically significant when compared with the hypoxia model group (P&lt;0.001). After cardiomyocyte treatment with NPS2390 and Calpeptin, the expression of tBid and AIF decreased, when compared to the Model + pcDNA 3.1(+) / VEGF121 group (P&lt;0.05). After pcDNA3.1(+) / VEGF121 intervention in the cardiomyocytes, the expression of CaSR decreased, which was statistically significant when compared with the model group (p &lt; 0.001). Again, a synergistic effect was observed with NPS2390 and calpeptin, but not with CdCl2.</p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title><italic>Impact of hypoxia, VEGF and indicated inhibitors on CaSR, Calpain, AIF, and tBid protein expression. Experimental groups were - Group 1 (negative control group); Group 2 (hypoxia model group); Group 3 (hypoxia model group transfected with VEGF121); Group 4 (same as Group 3 but with calcium channel inhibitor CdCl2); Group 5 (same as Group 3 but with CaSR receptor inhibitor NPS2390); Group 6 (same as Group 3 but with calpain inhibitor Calpeptin). (A, B) CaSR, Calpain, AIF and tBid were detected by Western blot. The Figure shows blots from 4 independent experiments. The graphs show densitometric analysis of blots from the four experimental replicates.</italic> ***<italic>p &lt;0.001 vs. control group;</italic> <sup>###</sup> <italic>p&lt;0.001 vs. Model group;</italic> <sup>&amp;</sup> p&lt;0.05, <sup>&amp;&amp;</sup> p&lt;0.01, <sup>&amp;&amp;&amp;</sup> <italic>p&lt;0.001 vs. Model + pcDNA3.1(+) /VEGF121 group</italic>.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0476-90902-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The main mechanisms of cardiovascular disease caused by hypoxia-ischemia are myocardial apoptosis, fibroblast proliferation and vascular endothelial cell injury.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> VEGF, a specific mitogen of vascular endothelial cells, constitutes a family of secreted proteins, including VEGF121, VEGF165, VEGF189 and VEGF206, of which VEGF121 and VEGF165 are the main treatments for ischemic cardiomyopathy. It has been reported that VEGF121 can only bind to the VEGFR-2 receptor, and its VEGF-specific binding may attenuate angiogenesis, but other studies have also found that its ability to bind to heparin is weakened, which is more conducive to an anoxic environment. The direct injection of the VEGF121 plasmid into the pig myocardial infarction model has shown to improve blood supply and increase the number of collateral vessels at the same time, highlighting the potential of VEGF-based gene therapy. However, there are some limitations of instability, high price, and lack of high-dose application in clinical practice. At the same time, studies have also found that the gene product encoding secreted protein has a paracrine effect, compared with the cell's own protein.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Cardiomyocytes are terminally differentiated cells, whose apoptosis is closely related to myocardial disease. Caspase-3 is the common mediator of apoptosis in cardiomyocytes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> Heart failure shows different apoptotic rates of cardiomyocytes. In animal experiments of heart failure caused by hypoxia-reperfusion, the apoptotic rate of cardiomyocytes can reach 14%, and heart failure is caused by excessive pressure overload. The apoptotic rate of cardiomyocytes in the model is only 1%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> which suggests that the study of apoptosis in a myocardial hypoxia model is of great value.</p>
        <p>The immunoblot analysis confirmed a successful post-transfection VEGF121 expression in cardiomyocytes in the current study. Some studies have also confirmed that<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> the quantitation of VEGF121 in the cell supernatant can confirm the secretion and expression of cardiomyocytes of an eukaryotic expression vector and has a strong proliferative effect on endothelial cells. LDH acts as an extra-leakage rate for intracellular enzymes, and its increase is a marker of cell damage. The LDH leak rate in the hypoxic model group was high and was rescued by VEGF121. Caspase-3 activation in hypoxia was inhibited by VEGF121 and the CaSR inhibitor NPS2390, suggesting that the calpain receptor and calpain are closely related to the mechanism of cardiomyocyte apoptosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Given that our findings suggested that VEGF121 reverses apoptosis in cardiomyocytes post-hypoxia and CaSR inhibitor had a similar effect, it is suggested that VEGF121 is mediating its activity by inhibiting CaSR activation.</p>
        <p>Because the dynamic changes in intracellular calcium levels are one of the important mechanisms of apoptosis,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> the intracellular pathways that affect calcium levels, mainly through Ca2+ channels and Na+/Ca2+ exchange, activate Ca2+ receptor pathways, such as CaSR. In other pathways,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref> when hypoxia is stimulated, intracellular Ca2+ influx increases, CaN (Calcineurin) and Bid (Bcl-2 family protein) are activated, and the mitochondrial membrane permeability is significantly increased, thereby releasing Cyt-c to cytoplasmic activation of Caspase-3, thus promoting the damage of cardiomyocyte. Since Calpain is dependent on Ca2+ influx activation, activated Calpain can cleave and activate Bid. Due to its special BH3 domain, tBid can induce Bax/Bak translocation, resulting in increased mitochondrial membrane permeability, and tBid can also pass through it. The non-BH3 domain induces mitochondrial membrane structural changes, opens PTP, and activates calpain to degrade CaN inhibitory proteins, thereby activating CaN, which promotes phosphorylation of Bad, leading to apoptosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Bid is the only Bcl-2 family that can be cleaved into small molecule Bids. After activation, it promotes the polymerization of Bak and Bax, or homopolymerizes itself, promotes the remodeling of mitochondrial inner membrane and the opening of mPTP pores, resulting in the release of Cyt-c.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref> Our results showed that the expression of tBid protein in hypoxic cardiomyocytes was significantly increased. The level of tBid protein decreased with VEGF overexpression and further synergistically decreased with the addition of NPS2390 and calpeptin, but not with CdCl2 addition. It indicated that calcium ion and calpain caused a decrease in the activity of Bid after myocardial apoptosis caused by hypoxia. AIF is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane. When cardiomyocyte apoptosis occurs, the flavin protease containing NADH oxidase activity is released from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm and then translocated into the nucleus, involved in chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref> In this experiment, CaSR receptor inhibitor (NPS2390) and calpain inhibitor (calpeptin) were added to induce a decrease in AIF protein levels, which was statistically significant. Our results suggested that VEGF121 is involved in cardiomyocyte apoptosis after AIF. Release was associated with CaSR activation, whereas the calpain antagonist calpeptin group and the pcDNA 3.1(+)/VEGF121 intervention group were not statistically significant, suggesting that it is not solely reliant on downstream calcium-dependent protease-induced apoptosis pathways. One potential limitation of our study is that the experiments were performed using neonatal cardiomyocytes; its relevance needs to be investigated in cardiomyocytes isolated from older rats and in <italic>in vivo</italic> pre-clinical models.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>It has been previously shown that VEGF can treat myocardial ischemia, increase vascular endothelial cell proliferation, increase myocardial collateral circulation and capillary density, thereby improving myocardial blood supply in the ischemic area and improving cardiac function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39"><sup>39</sup></xref> However, damage to vascular endothelial cells, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, cardiomyocyte apoptosis and fibroblast proliferation are also key pathophysiological changes in ischemic cardiomyopathy. In this study, based on the intervention groups, VEGF121 affected cardiomyocyte proliferation, confirming the biological activity of eukaryotic plasmids on cardiomyocytes. In conclusion, our findings provided a framework for future VEGF-based gene therapy approaches in cardiovascular disorders.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>We appreciate the assistance of Dr. Ai-tao Guo for her help.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn id="fn2" fn-type="other">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>The authors contributed equally to this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was funded by The Joint Fund of Guizhou Province (No. LH2017-7210) and partially funded by Science and Technology Department Academic New Seedling Project (No. 2017-5718) and 2020 Department of Education Natural Science Youth Talent project of Guizhou Province (No. Qian Jiao He KY [2021]148).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Xiang-chun Shen, from Guizhou Medical University.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital of Guizhou Medical University under the protocol number SCXK (Qian) 2002-0001. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
