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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">jNFc8m8fNmDJf3dTcxPxsKS</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001100474</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210602</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210602</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>N&#237;veis Altos de Tiol: Um Novo Marcador de Arritmias Ventriculares na S&#237;ndrome Coron&#225;ria Aguda?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7443-7270</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Ferraz de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Barra D'Or</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Rede D'Or S&#227;o Luiz</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Barra D'Or - Rede D'Or S&#227;o Luiz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia Edson Saad</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Instituto de Cardiologia Edson Saad, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Bruno Ferraz de Oliveira Gomes</bold> &#8226; Rede D'Or S&#227;o Luiz &#8211; Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Ayrton Senna, 3079. CEP <postal-code>22775-002</postal-code>, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>drbrunoferraz@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>474</fpage>
      <lpage>475</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Compostos de Sulfidrila</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Arritmias ventriculares em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda n&#227;o s&#227;o frequentes, mas levam a um aumento nas ocorr&#234;ncias de complica&#231;&#245;es e morte.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Sua preval&#234;ncia &#233; mais alta em infarto com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (STEMI) e tem um progn&#243;stico pior quando ocorre 48 horas ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Portanto, um marcador capaz de prever a ocorr&#234;ncia desses eventos &#233; bem-vindo.</p>
    <p>Tr&#234;s mecanismos justificam a ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias na fase aguda do infarto:</p>
    <list list-type="bullet">
      <list-item>
        <p>O mioc&#225;rdio lesionado, que pode ser um substrato para o desenvolvimento de circuitos de reentrada ou um foco de aumento de automatismo;</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>Desencadeamento de arritmias resultantes de varia&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca;</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>Fatores moduladores, tais como dist&#250;rbios eletrol&#237;ticos, disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, isquemia persistente, ou redu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
      </list-item>
    </list>
    <p>Portanto, a identifica&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores que influenciam esses mecanismos pode ser a chave para um novo preditor. Ti&#243;is t&#234;m atividade antioxidante e, durante processos oxidativos, podem ser transformados em mol&#233;culas diferentes, tais como o tiol-dissulfeto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Estudos j&#225; demonstraram que a raz&#227;o tiol-dissulfeto &#233; um marcador promissor de stress oxidativo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref></p>
    <p>Erdo&#287;an et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> estudaram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre par&#226;metros de tiol de plasma e n&#237;veis de troponina em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda (SCA) e a previs&#227;o de arritmia ventricular hospitalar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref></p>
    <p>Foram estudados 191 pacientes diagnosticados com SCA, subdivididos em SCA sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (SCA-SSDST) e com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (SCA-SDST). Al&#233;m da dosagem de tiol nativo, dissulfeto, e a raz&#227;o tiol-dissulfeto, outros par&#226;metros foram avaliados em um modelo univariado e no modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, tais como LDL, idade, FEVE, pot&#225;ssio s&#233;rico, e n&#237;veis de magn&#233;sio, raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito (RNL), tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, raz&#227;o troponina-tiol nativo (RTTN) e troponina.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a nos n&#237;veis de tiol plasm&#225;tico (nativo ou total), dissulfetos, raz&#227;o tiol-dissulfeto nativo, raz&#227;o tiol-dissulfeto total na compara&#231;&#227;o entre a SCA-SSDST e a SCA-SDST, demonstrando que ambos os diagn&#243;sticos s&#227;o semelhantes em termos de grau de stress oxidativo. Da mesma forma, n&#227;o se encontraram diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares.</p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise da correla&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis m&#250;ltiplas com par&#226;metros de stress oxidativo, muitos demonstraram resultados significativos, mas com correla&#231;&#227;o fraca ou moderada. A melhor correla&#231;&#227;o foi observada com a dosagem de CK-MB massa com a raz&#227;o de troponina-tiol nativo (r = 0,63; p&lt;0,001) provavelmente devido &#224; correla&#231;&#227;o desse biomarcador com a troponina.</p>
    <p>Por &#250;ltimo, foi realizada a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para prever arritmias ventriculares em tr&#234;s cen&#225;rios: SCA-SSDST, SCA-SDST, e toda a popula&#231;&#227;o. Na SCA-SDST, o tiol nativo foi um preditor independente, enquanto a RTTN foi um preditor na SCA-SSDST. No caso de toda a popula&#231;&#227;o com SCA, ambos os marcadores (tiol nativo e RTTN) foram vari&#225;veis preditoras. Foi dada &#234;nfase maior &#224; RTTN, que apresentou uma boa &#225;rea sob a curva (AUC = 0,783) com boa especificidade e sensibilidade para prever arritmias ventriculares.</p>
    <p>Este &#233; o primeiro estudo a demonstrar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre marcadores de stress oxidativo e arritmias ventriculares, destacando a RTTN. O principal marcador conhecido atualmente &#233; a &#225;rea de les&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, documentada pela fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida merecem aten&#231;&#227;o especial em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; necessidade de desfibriladores implant&#225;veis, devido ao risco de arritmias ventriculares.</p>
    <p>Os n&#237;veis de troponina influenciam diretamente a RTTN e podem demonstrar les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica aumentada e, portanto, maior risco de arritmias ventriculares. O presente estudo n&#227;o apresenta a curva ROC para tiol nativo, embora ele tamb&#233;m tenha sido considerado um marcador em regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, limitando a avalia&#231;&#227;o desse marcador. Sabemos que a troponina &#233; um marcador de progn&#243;stico importante em pacientes com SCA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> e tem uma correla&#231;&#227;o com a &#225;rea de dano mioc&#225;rdico.</p>
    <p>Por outro lado, este e outros estudos demonstraram uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis de tiol e gravidade (escore GRACE), incluindo a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos adversos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, Rajic et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> demonstraram que o n&#237;vel de tiol s&#233;rico era um preditor independente de complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao infarto, especialmente a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> Portanto, surge a pergunta se o tiol &#233; um preditor independente de arritmia ventricular ou outro marcador de les&#227;o e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventriculares.</p>
    <p>A dosagem de tiol s&#233;rico n&#227;o faz parte da avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com SCA. Portanto, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos maiores para avaliar o impacto real da incorpora&#231;&#227;o dessa tecnologia ao controle desses pacientes.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Associa&#231;&#227;o entre Par&#226;metros Plasm&#225;tico de Tiol e N&#237;veis de Troponina em Pacientes com S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda e Predi&#231;&#227;o de Arritmia Ventricular Hospitalar</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Elevated Thiol Levels: A New Marker of Ventricular Arrhythmias in Acute Coronary Syndrome?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7443-7270</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Ferraz de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Barra D'Or - Rede D'Or S&#227;o Luiz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Instituto de Cardiologia Edson Saad, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Bruno Ferraz de Oliveira Gomes</bold> &#8226; Rede D'Or S&#227;o Luiz &#8211; Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Ayrton Senna, 3079. Postal Code <postal-code>22775-002</postal-code>, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>drbrunoferraz@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Sulfhydryl Compounds</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias, Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Ventricular arrhythmias in patients with acute coronary syndrome are not frequent, but they lead to a greater occurrence of complications and death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Its prevalence is higher in infarction with ST-segment elevation (STEMI) and has a worse prognosis when it occurs 48 hours after admission.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Thus, a marker capable of predicting the occurrence of these events is welcome.</p>
      <p>Three mechanisms justify the occurrence of arrhythmias in the acute phase of the infarction:</p>
      <list list-type="bullet">
        <list-item>
          <p>Injured myocardium can be a substrate for the development of reentry circuits or a focus of increased automaticity;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Triggering of arrhythmias secondary to heart rate variation;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Modulating factors, such as electrolyte disturbances, autonomic dysfunction, persistent ischemia, or reduced left ventricular function.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>Thus, the identification of markers that influence these mechanisms can be the key to a new predictor. Thiols have antioxidant activity and, during oxidative processes, they can be transformed into different molecules, such as thiol-disulfide<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>. Studies have already shown that the thiol-disulfide ratio is a promising marker of oxidative stress.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Erdo&#287;an et al. studied the association between plasma thiol parameters and troponin levels in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and the prediction of in-hospital ventricular arrhythmia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref></p>
      <p>A total of 191 patients diagnosed with ACS were studied, subdivided into ACS without ST-segment elevation (SCA-SSDST) and with ST-segment elevation (SCA-SDST). In addition to the dosage of native thiol, disulfide, and the thiol-disulfide ratio, other parameters were evaluated, both in a univariate model and in the logistic regression model, such as LDL, age, LVEF, serum potassium, and magnesium levels, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (RNL), time to hospitalization, troponin/native thiol ratio (RTTN), and troponin.</p>
      <p>There was no difference in plasma thiol levels (native or total), disulfide, native disulfide-thiol ratio, total disulfide-thiol ratio, and native thiol-total thiol ratio when comparing SCA-SSDST and SCA-SDST, demonstrating that both diagnoses are similar in terms of the degree of oxidative stress. Likewise, no difference was found regarding the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias.</p>
      <p>In the analysis of correlation of multiple variables with oxidative stress parameters, many showed significant results, but with weak or moderate correlation. The best correlation was observed with the CK-MB mass dosage with the troponin-native thiol ratio (r=0.63; p&lt;0.001), probably due to the correlation of this biomarker with troponin.</p>
      <p>Finally, logistic regression to predict ventricular arrhythmias was performed in three scenarios: SCA-SSDST, SCA-SDST, and the entire population. In SCA-SDST, native thiol was an independent predictor, while RTTN was a predictor in SCA-SSDST. In the entire ACS population, both markers (native thiol and RTTN) were the predictor variables. A greater emphasis was given to the RTTN, which presented a good area under the curve (AUC=0.783), with good specificity and sensitivity for predicting ventricular arrhythmias.</p>
      <p>This is the first study to demonstrate the correlation of oxidative stress markers with ventricular arrhythmias, highlighting RTTN. The main marker currently known is the area of myocardial damage, documented through the ejection fraction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Patients with reduced ejection fraction deserve special attention regarding the need for implantable defibrillators, due to the risk of ventricular arrhythmias.</p>
      <p>Troponin levels directly influence RTTN and may demonstrate greater myocardial damage and, therefore, greater risk of ventricular arrhythmias. The present study does not present the ROC curve for native thiol, although it was also considered a marker in logistic regression, limiting the evaluation of this marker. We know that troponin is an important prognostic marker in patients with SCA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> and has a correlation with the area of myocardial damage.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, this and other studies have shown a correlation between thiol levels and severity (GRACE score), including the occurrence of adverse events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Furthermore, Rajic D et al. demonstrated that the serum thiol level was an independent predictor of infarction-related complications, especially ventricular dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> Thus, the question arises whether thiol is an independent predictor of ventricular arrhythmia or another marker of ventricular damage and dysfunction.</p>
      <p>Serum thiol dosage is not part of the routine evaluation of a patient with ACS. Therefore, broader studies are needed to assess the real impact of incorporating this technology in the management of these patients.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Association between Plasma Thiol Parameters and Troponin Levels in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome and Prediction of In-Hospital Ventricular Arrhythmia</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
