<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">f8Syy7XCKhfsWdrvCVjLR9N</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021005010201</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001100465</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190672</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190672</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre Par&#226;metros Plasm&#225;tico de Tiol e N&#237;veis de Troponina em Pacientes com S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda e Predi&#231;&#227;o de Arritmia Ventricular Hospitalar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2747-3823</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Erdo&#287;an</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ozturk</surname>
            <given-names>Selcuk</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tutar</surname>
            <given-names>El&#231;in &#214;zdemir</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arslan</surname>
            <given-names>Esma</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;elik</surname>
            <given-names>Muhammet Cihat</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ba&#351;tu&#287;</surname>
            <given-names>Serdal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ne&#351;elio&#287;lu</surname>
            <given-names>Salim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Ministry of Health</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Ankara City Hospital-Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ankara</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Ministry of Health Ankara City Hospital-Cardiology, Ankara - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Yozgat Bozok University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of medicine-Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Yozgat</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Yozgat Bozok University Faculty of medicine-Cardiology, Yozgat - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Yildirim Beyazit University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine-Biochemistry</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ankara</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Yildirim Beyazit University Faculty of Medicine-Biochemistry, Ankara - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Yildirim Beyazit University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine-Biochemistry</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ankara</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Yildirim Beyazit University Faculty of Medicine-Biochemistry, Ankara - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Mehmet Erdo&#287;an &#8226; Ministry of Health Ankara City Hospital &#8211; Cardiology - University District, Bilkent Street, No: 1, &#199;ankaya Ankara 06105 &#8211; Turquia E-mail: <email>mhmterdogan@windowslive.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Erdo&#287;an M, Ozturk S, Tutar EO, Arslan E, &#199;elik MC, Ba&#351;tu&#287; S, Ne&#351;elio&#287;lu S; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Erdo&#287;an M, Tutar EO, Arslan E, &#199;elik MC, Ne&#351;elio&#287;lu S; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Erdo&#287;an M, Ozturk S, &#199;elik MC, Ba&#351;tu&#287; S; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Ozturk S, Erdo&#287;an M, Tutar EO, Arslan E, &#199;elik MC, Ba&#351;tu&#287; S, Ne&#351;elio&#287;lu S.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>465</fpage>
      <lpage>473</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> As arritmias ventriculares (AVs) s&#227;o a principal causa de mortalidade e morbidade hospitalar em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com o tiol &#233; desconhecida.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de ti&#243;is e os n&#237;veis de troponina em pacientes com SCA e estimar o desenvolvimento de AV intra-hospitalar durante a interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo</title>
          <p> O estudo incluiu 231 pacientes consecutivos com SCA com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (SCA-SDST) e pacientes com SCA sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (SCA-SSDST). Ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o, 191 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. Os pacientes foram classificados em dois grupos: grupo SCA-SDST (n=94) e grupo SCA-SSDST (n=97). Os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de tiol, dissulfeto e troponina foram medidos e a raz&#227;o de troponina para tiol nativo (RTTN) foi calculada. Considerou-se estatisticamente significativo um valor de p bilateral inferior a 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Tiol nativo plasm&#225;tico, tiol total, dissulfeto e suas raz&#245;es foram semelhantes entre os grupos. A RTTN se mostrou significativamente maior no grupo SCA-SDST em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo SCA-SSDST. Houve correla&#231;&#227;o negativa significativa entre os n&#237;veis de troponina e tiol. Verificou-se que o tiol nativo &#233; preditor independente do desenvolvimento de AV em pacientes com SCA-SDST e em todos os pacientes com SCA. Verificou-se que o RTTN &#233; preditor independente do desenvolvimento de AV em pacientes com SCA-SSDST e em todos os pacientes com SCA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de tiol podem ser usados para identificar pacientes com alto risco de desenvolvimento de AV intra-hospitalar em pacientes com SCA. A correla&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de troponina e tiol pode sugerir que os ti&#243;is possam ser marcadores importantes para o diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico da SCA com a ajuda de estudos futuros.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Estresse Oxidativo</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Acetil-CoAc-Aciltransferase</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="26"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A aterosclerose &#233; uma doen&#231;a multifatorial causada por dano endotelial em pessoas com fatores de risco como dislipidemia, diabetes, tabagismo e predisposi&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica. A s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA), resultado dessa doen&#231;a, inclui pacientes com supradesnivelamento persistente do segmento ST (SCA-SDST) e pacientes sem supradesnivelamento persistente do segmento ST (SCA-SSDST) detectada por eletrocardiografia (ECG).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O supradesnivelamento do segmento ST est&#225; principalmente associado &#224; oclus&#227;o coron&#225;ria aguda total, enquanto a SCA-SSDST est&#225; principalmente relacionada &#224; placa ateroscler&#243;tica sens&#237;vel e trombose subtotal.</p>
      <p>Nos &#250;ltimos dez anos, diversos estudos demonstraram o papel da superprodu&#231;&#227;o de esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio (ERO) e o estresse oxidativo resultante na patog&#234;nese da aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> De fato, o processo metab&#243;lico do ERO desempenha papeis significativos nas fun&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas das c&#233;lulas e esse processo &#233; contrabalan&#231;ado pelo sistema antioxidante do organismo. A oxida&#231;&#227;o de part&#237;culas de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL) consiste na fase preliminar e principal da aterosclerose. Al&#233;m disso, a forma&#231;&#227;o de ERO contribui para os processos de apoptose, inflama&#231;&#227;o e prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O status da homeostase de tiol e dissulfeto exerce um papel importante na prote&#231;&#227;o antioxidante, desintoxica&#231;&#227;o, apoptose e regula&#231;&#227;o da atividade enzim&#225;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Estudos recentes mostraram que altera&#231;&#245;es no n&#237;vel plasm&#225;tico de tiol e o equil&#237;brio de dissulfeto est&#227;o associados a diversas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, como angina pectoris est&#225;vel,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> agudo infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> s&#237;ndrome card&#237;aca X,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> fluxo lento coronariano,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> hipertens&#227;o prim&#225;ria<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> e diabetes mellitus (DM).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Sabe-se que as arritmias ventriculares (AVs), que podem ser decorrentes de necrose mioc&#225;rdica, desequil&#237;brio auton&#244;mico e eletrol&#237;tico, acidose e les&#227;o de reperfus&#227;o s&#227;o as principais causas de mortalidade e morbidade intra-hospitalar em pacientes com SCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> No entanto, n&#227;o h&#225; estudos na literatura sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre processo oxidativo, necrose mioc&#225;rdica e desenvolvimento de AV intra-hospitalar em pacientes com SCA. Nesse contexto, nosso objetivo foi investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de tiol e troponina em pacientes com SCA e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com o desenvolvimento de AV durante o seguimento hospitalar.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este estudo transversal observacional foi conduzido de fevereiro a maio de 2018 e incluiu 231 pacientes consecutivos de nossa cl&#237;nica de cardiologia. Pacientes internados em unidade de terapia intensiva coronariana com diagn&#243;stico de SCA submetidos a angiocoronariografia foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo de forma prospectiva. Pacientes com doen&#231;as infecciosas ou inflamat&#243;rias ativas, malignidade, dist&#250;rbios hematol&#243;gicos, doen&#231;a renal importante, doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica importante, doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica, doen&#231;a valvar importante, pacientes em uso de antioxidantes e/ou em terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o de vitaminas e pacientes em choque cardiog&#234;nico foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo. Al&#233;m disso, pacientes com dados cl&#237;nicos insuficientes tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos. O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica local (N&#186;: 39/Data: 21.02.2018) e foi conduzido de acordo com os princ&#237;pios &#233;ticos da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque. Todos os pacientes assinaram o consentimento informado.</p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o, 191 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. Os pacientes foram classificados em dois grupos: Grupo SCA-SDST (n=94) e grupo SCA-SSDST (n=97). Foi feito diagn&#243;stico de SCA de acordo com as diretrizes atuais por meio de anamnese, ECG, m&#233;todos de imagem e n&#237;veis de troponina. Foram avaliados os par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos basais dos pacientes. Mortalidade intra-hospitalar, ocorr&#234;ncia de AV e tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m foram avaliados e registrados. O diagn&#243;stico de SCA-SDST incluiu pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica de in&#237;cio agudo e supradesnivelamento persistente do segmento ST ao ECG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> O diagn&#243;stico de SCA-SSDST incluiu pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica de in&#237;cio agudo, sem supradesnivelamento persistente do segmento ST ao ECG e/ou n&#237;veis de troponina card&#237;aca maiores que o limite superior da faixa normal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Definiu-se hipertens&#227;o arterial como pacientes com medidas repetidas de press&#227;o arterial &#8805;140/90 mm Hg ou diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de hipertens&#227;o com medicamentos anti-hipertensivos. Definiu-se DM como n&#237;veis de glicose plasm&#225;tica em jejum acima de 126 mg/dL em m&#250;ltiplas medi&#231;&#245;es ou n&#237;vel de glicose acima de 200 mg/dL em qualquer medi&#231;&#227;o ou uso ativo de medicamentos antidiab&#233;ticos e/ou terapia com insulina. Definiu-se tabagismo como tabagismo atual nos &#250;ltimos seis meses. Definiu-se hipercolesterolemia como n&#237;vel basal de colesterol &gt;200 mg/dl e/ou n&#237;vel de colesterol LDL &gt;130 mg/dl ou hipercolesterolemia previamente diagnosticada e tratada.</p>
      <p>Definiu-se AV intra-hospitalar como taquicardia ventricular (TV) sustentada ou n&#227;o, e fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular (FV). Determinou-se o diagn&#243;stico a partir de registros de ECG e/ou telemetria no in&#237;cio do estudo, de acordo com o estado cl&#237;nico dos pacientes durante a interna&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, os registros de telemetria foram analisados retrospectivamente no computador em busca de outros ataques de AV antes da alta hospitalar. Extrass&#237;stole ventriculares com mais de tr&#234;s batimentos consecutivos foram definidas como TV. TVs com dura&#231;&#227;o superior a trinta segundos foram definidas como sustentados, e as com dura&#231;&#227;o mais curta foram definidas como TV n&#227;o sustentada.</p>
      <p>Para pacientes com SCA-SDST, calculou-se o escore de risco de Tromb&#243;lise em Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio (TIMI), composto por 8 itens, que prev&#234; mortalidade por todas as causas em 30 dias. Para pacientes com SCA-SSDST, calculou-se o escore de risco TIMI composto por 7 itens, que prev&#234; mortalidade por todas as causas, IM novo ou recorrente, ou isquemia recorrente importante exigindo revasculariza&#231;&#227;o urgente em 14 dias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Em todos os pacientes, calculou-se o escore de risco do Registro Global de Eventos Coron&#225;rios Agudos (GRACE) para estimar a probabilidade de &#243;bito intra-hospitalar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Realizou-se ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica com transdutor de arranjo faseado 3S&#8211;RS 1,5&#8211;3,6 MHz com aparelho de ultrassom General Electric Vivid 7 (GEMS Ultrasound, Israel) nas primeiras 48 horas de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Calculou-se a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (FEVE) a partir das imagens apicais 2 e 4 c&#226;maras pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson modificado. Realizou-se angiocoronariografia por meio do aparelho Siemens Axiom Sensis XP por canuliza&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria femoral aplicando-se a t&#233;cnica padr&#227;o de Judkins. Al&#233;m do &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico, todos os pacientes receberam terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla com clopidogrel, prasugrel ou ticagrelor de acordo com seu estado cl&#237;nico.</p>
      <p>As medi&#231;&#245;es das amostras de sangue venoso dos pacientes foram feitas na admiss&#227;o. Estudos bioqu&#237;micos de rotina foram realizados no autoanalisador Hitachi 747. Mediu-se o colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL) ap&#243;s a precipita&#231;&#227;o de sulfato de dextrano e magn&#233;sio. Calculou-se o colesterol LDL pelo m&#233;todo de Friedewald. Colesterol, triglicer&#237;deos em jejum e concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de colesterol HDL foram medidos pelo m&#233;todo de limpeza qu&#237;mica enzim&#225;tica no analisador Cobas 6000 (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Alemanha). Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de troponina I foram medidos quantitativamente no analisador Elecsys 2010 (Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Su&#237;&#231;a). Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de enzimas card&#237;acas (CK, CK-MB e troponina I) foram medidos na interna&#231;&#227;o, e repetidos todos os dias. Os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de tiol e dissulfeto foram medidos de acordo com o m&#233;todo desenvolvido por Erel e cols. imediatamente ap&#243;s a interna&#231;&#227;o. Amostras sangu&#237;neas foram coletadas em tubos contendo &#225;cido etilenodiaminotetraac&#233;tico (EDTA) para determinar os n&#237;veis de tiol e dissulfeto. Resumidamente, as liga&#231;&#245;es de dissulfeto degrad&#225;vel foram reduzidas para formar grupos tiol funcionais livres. Posteriormente, utilizou-se redutor boro-hidreto de s&#243;dio n&#227;o utilizado, tendo sido extra&#237;do com formalde&#237;do e, em seguida, todos os grupos de tiol nativo e reduzido foram determinados ap&#243;s rea&#231;&#227;o com &#225;cido 5,5-ditiobis- (&#225;cido 2-nitrobenzoico). Os n&#237;veis de dissulfeto din&#226;mico foram calculados pela metade da diferen&#231;a entre o tiol total e o nativo. Ap&#243;s a determina&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de tiol nativo e dissulfeto, calculou-se a raz&#227;o tiol nativo-dissulfeto. Usando este m&#233;todo, determinou-se a homeostase din&#226;mica da raz&#227;o tiol-dissulfeto de forma mais f&#225;cil e econ&#244;mica em aproximadamente dez minutos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
      <p>Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas no equipamento IBM SPSS Statistics for Macintosh, vers&#227;o 24.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, Nova York, EUA). Utilizou-se o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov de amostra &#250;nica para avaliar a distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas. De acordo com os resultados desse teste, aplicou-se o teste T de duas amostras independentes aos dados num&#233;ricos em conformidade com a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e os resultados foram inseridos como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o. Por outro lado, utilizou-se o teste U de Mann-Whitney para vari&#225;veis distribu&#237;das assimetricamente. Considerando os resultados desse teste, foram utilizados os valores medianos e do intervalo interquartil. Utilizou-se o teste qui-quadrado para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Aplicou-se o teste exato de Fisher nos casos em que o teste do qui-quadrado n&#227;o p&#244;de ser aplicado. Para an&#225;lises de correla&#231;&#227;o, utilizou-se a an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson para dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Ou ent&#227;o, utilizou-se a an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman. Os preditores independentes de AV intra-hospitalar foram determinados por meio de an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. Vari&#225;veis que pudessem ter uma rela&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica com AV intra-hospitalar, como LDL, idade, FEVE, n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de pot&#225;ssio e magn&#233;sio, raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filos-linf&#243;citos (RNL), tempo at&#233; a interna&#231;&#227;o, raz&#227;o troponina/tiol nativo (RTTN) e troponina e tiol nativo foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. Para evitar a multicolinearidade, realizamos uma an&#225;lise multivariada usando tr&#234;s modelos separadamente. Cada modelo multivariado incluiu apenas um marcador (RTTN, troponina, tiol nativo). Realizou-se an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica separadamente para todos os grupos com SCA-SDST, SCA-SSDST e todos os pacientes com ACS. Utilizou-se a an&#225;lise da curva <italic>receiver operating characteristic</italic> (ROC) foi usada para determinar os valores de corte (&#237;ndice de Youden<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> ) para a sensibilidade e especificidade da RTTN na previs&#227;o de AV. Considerou-se estatisticamente significativo um valor de <italic>p</italic> bilateral inferior a 0,05.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, os par&#226;metros laboratoriais e as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos grupos de pacientes. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos em termos de idade, sexo, &#237;ndice de massa corporal e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. A porcentagem de hipertens&#227;o, DM e o tempo at&#233; a interna&#231;&#227;o foi maior no grupo SCA-SSDST, enquanto a porcentagem de fumantes foi maior no grupo SCA-SDST. As contagens de neutr&#243;filos, plaquetas e RNL foram significativamente maiores no grupo SCA-SDST em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo SCA-SSDST. Contagens de linf&#243;citos, hemoglobina, albumina, eletr&#243;litos s&#233;ricos, incluindo pot&#225;ssio, c&#225;lcio e magn&#233;sio, testes de fun&#231;&#227;o renal e hep&#225;tica e par&#226;metros lip&#237;dicos, exceto triglicer&#237;deos, foram compar&#225;veis entre os grupos. Os valores m&#225;ximos das enzimas card&#237;acas, incluindo CK-MB e troponina, foram significativamente maiores no grupo SCA-SDST do que no grupo SCA-SSDST, enquanto a FEVE se mostrou menor no grupo SCA-SDST. Os n&#237;veis de tiol nativo plasm&#225;tico, tiol total, dissulfeto, raz&#227;o dissulfeto-tiol nativo, raz&#227;o dissulfeto-tiol total e raz&#227;o tiol nativo-tiol total foram semelhantes entre os grupos. No entanto, a RTTN foi significativamente maior no grupo SCA-SDST em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo SCA-SSDST. Al&#233;m disso, o escore GRACE foi significativamente maior no grupo SCA-SDST em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo SCA-SSDST. No total, 23 pacientes desenvolveram AV hospitalar. Dos pacientes que desenvolveram AV hospitalar, 14 pacientes tiveram AV sustentada, enquanto 9 pacientes tiveram AV n&#227;o sustentada. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos quanto &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de AV, tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o e mortalidade intra-hospitalar.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e achados laboratoriais da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>SCA-SDST (n=94)</th>
                <th>SCA-SSDST (n=97)</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">58.7&#177;11,1</td>
                <td align="center">62.1&#177;13,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (85)</td>
                <td align="center">71 (73)</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">26.9&#177;6,9</td>
                <td align="center">28.5&#177;5,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (41)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (62)</td>
                <td align="center">0,003*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (23)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (44)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (69)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (45)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo at&#233; a interna&#231;&#227;o, horas</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1&#8211;5)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (7&#8211;72)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Contagem de neutr&#243;filos (K/uL)</td>
                <td align="center">7650 (5500&#8211;11525)</td>
                <td align="center">6100 (4600&#8211;8150)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Contagem de linf&#243;citos (K/uL)</td>
                <td align="center">1900 (1222&#8211;3025)</td>
                <td align="center">1900 (1525&#8211;2500)</td>
                <td align="center">0,81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RNL</td>
                <td align="center">5,0 (2,0&#8211;7,9)</td>
                <td align="center">2,7 (2,1&#8211;4,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Contagem de plaquetas (K/uL)</td>
                <td align="center">252&#177;79</td>
                <td align="center">231&#177;63</td>
                <td align="center">0,04*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina (g/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">14.4&#177;1,7</td>
                <td align="center">13.7&#177;1,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Albumina (g/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">4.1&#177;0,4</td>
                <td align="center">4.2&#177;0,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol total (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">182&#177;42</td>
                <td align="center">194&#177;53</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (31&#8211;45)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (33&#8211;47)</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">119&#177;33,5</td>
                <td align="center">116&#177;36,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,57</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">97,5 (60&#8211;154)</td>
                <td align="center">130 (91&#8211;189)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pot&#225;ssio (mmol/L)</td>
                <td align="center">4.3&#177;0,4</td>
                <td align="center">4.4&#177;0,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">0,9 (0,7&#8211;1,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,9 (0,7&#8211;1,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TFG (ml/min/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">90 (72&#8211;144)</td>
                <td align="center">86 (60&#8211;96)</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>C&#225;lcio (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">9.2&#177;0,6</td>
                <td align="center">9.3&#177;0,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Magn&#233;sio (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">2,0 (1,9&#8211;2,2)</td>
                <td align="center">2,0 (1,9&#8211;2,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,79</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AST (U/L)</td>
                <td align="center">30,5 (20&#8211;52)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (21&#8211;39)</td>
                <td align="center">0,34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ALT (U/L)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (16&#8211;34)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (14&#8211;30)</td>
                <td align="center">0,13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Massa CK-MB (ng/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">100 (26&#8211;209)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (3&#8211;66)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Troponina I (ug/L)</td>
                <td align="center">2571 (736&#8211;4810)</td>
                <td align="center">365 (43&#8211;1394)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">43.9&#177;8,5</td>
                <td align="center">49&#177;11,2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Troponina/tiol nativo</td>
                <td align="center">6,7 (1,9 -15,8)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 (0,1 - 3,8)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tiol plasm&#225;tico nativo (&#181; mol/l)</td>
                <td align="center">359.8&#177;78,4</td>
                <td align="center">366.6&#177;68,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,52</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tiol plasm&#225;tico total (&#181; mol/l)</td>
                <td align="center">401.3&#177;81,7</td>
                <td align="center">407.6&#177;74,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,57</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dissulfeto (&#181;mol/l)</td>
                <td align="center">20.1&#177;10,8</td>
                <td align="center">19.0&#177;11,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,53</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dissulfeto/tiol nativo</td>
                <td align="center">0,04 (0,03&#8211;0,08)</td>
                <td align="center">0,05 (0,03&#8211;0,07)</td>
                <td align="center">0,49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dissulfeto/tiol total</td>
                <td align="center">0,04 (0,03&#8211;0,07)</td>
                <td align="center">0,04 (0,02&#8211;0,06)</td>
                <td align="center">0,53</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tiol nativo/tiol total</td>
                <td align="center">0,90 (0,86&#8211;0,94)</td>
                <td align="center">0,91 (0,87&#8211;0,95)</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore de risco TIMI</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1&#8211;4)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (3&#8211;5)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore GRACE</td>
                <td align="center">151.7&#177;26,6</td>
                <td align="center">133.7&#177;35,1</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Arritmia ventricular, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (13,8)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (10,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o, dias</td>
                <td align="center">4 (3&#8211;5)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (3&#8211;5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mortalidade, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (3)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,36</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>ALT: alanina transaminase; AST: aspartato transaminase; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CK-MB: creatina quinase-MB; TFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; IIQ: intervalo interquartil; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda; RNL: raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filos/linf&#243;citos; SCA-SSDST: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; desvio padr&#227;o; SST: supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. Os par&#226;metros foram expressos como m&#233;dia&#177;DP e mediana [IIQ]. *Considerou-se significativo para an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas um p&lt;0,05.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis m&#250;ltiplas com tiol nativo, tiol total e RTTN em toda a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo &#233; apresentada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> . Os n&#237;veis de tiol nativo apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o significativa negativa com idade, escore GRACE, RNL, interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e troponina ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1A</xref> ), e correla&#231;&#227;o significativa e positiva com TFG, FEVE e albumina. Os n&#237;veis de tiol total apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o significativa e negativa com idade, escore GRACE, tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e troponina ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1B</xref> ), e correla&#231;&#227;o significativa positiva com TFG, FEVE e albumina. Os n&#237;veis de RTTN apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o inversa significativa com a FEVE, e correla&#231;&#227;o positiva significativa com o escore GRACE, RNL, CKMB e tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o foi fraco ou moderado para todas as vari&#225;veis significativas inclu&#237;das na an&#225;lise.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Par&#226;metros de &#237;ndice de tiol plasm&#225;tico nativo, tiol total e troponina/tiol nativo em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda e sua correla&#231;&#227;o com as vari&#225;veis</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th colspan="2">Tiol nativo</th>
                <th colspan="2">Tiol total</th>
                <th colspan="2">Raz&#227;o troponina-tiol nativo</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="6" rowspan="1">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>r</th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>r</th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>r</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">-0,25</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                <td align="center">-0,26</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                <td align="center">+0,06</td>
                <td align="center">0,34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TFG</td>
                <td align="center">+0,33</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                <td align="center">+0,33</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                <td align="center">-0,13</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore GRACE</td>
                <td align="center">-0,36</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                <td align="center">-0,35</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                <td align="center">+0,40</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">+0,19</td>
                <td align="center">0,009*</td>
                <td align="center">+0,18</td>
                <td align="center">0,01*</td>
                <td align="center">-0,42</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RNL</td>
                <td align="center">-0,14</td>
                <td align="center">0,04*</td>
                <td align="center">-0,14</td>
                <td align="center">0,054</td>
                <td align="center">+0,34</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Albumina</td>
                <td align="center">+0,39</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                <td align="center">+0,41</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                <td align="center">-0,12</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Troponina</td>
                <td align="center">-0,27</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                <td align="center">-0,28</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Massa CK-MB</td>
                <td align="center">-0,11</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
                <td align="center">-0,10</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
                <td align="center">+0,63</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">-0,22</td>
                <td align="center">0,002*</td>
                <td align="center">-0,16</td>
                <td align="center">0,02*</td>
                <td align="center">+0,23</td>
                <td align="center">0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL</td>
                <td align="center">+0,10</td>
                <td align="center">0,14</td>
                <td align="center">+0,13</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
                <td align="center">+0,04</td>
                <td align="center">0,57</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>CK-MB: creatina quinase-MB; TFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda; RNL: raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito. *Considerou-se significativo para an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas um p&lt;0,05.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre troponina e n&#237;veis de tiol nativo e total.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0465-90672-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> mostra a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica dos preditores de AV intra-hospitalar para pacientes com SCA-SDST, pacientes com SCA-SSDST e todos os pacientes com SCA. Considerou-se o tiol nativo um preditor independente do desenvolvimento de AV em pacientes com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, ao passo que a RTTN foi considerada preditora independente do desenvolvimento de AV em pacientes com SCA-SSDST. Quando se trata de toda a popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com ACS, verificou-se que a RTTN e o tiol nativo s&#227;o preditores independentes do desenvolvimento de AV. Em todos os pacientes com ACS, a &#225;rea sob a curva para RTTN foi de 0,783 e o valor de corte da RTTN (6,13) esteve associado a 78% de sensibilidade e 72% de especificidade na predi&#231;&#227;o de AV intra-hospitalar, conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Preditores independentes de arritmia ventricular por an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th rowspan="3">OR</th>
                <th colspan="2">IC 95%</th>
                <th rowspan="3">valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Inferior</th>
                <th>Superior</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Arritmia ventricular/SDST</bold>
                </td>
                <td colspan="2"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL</td>
                <td align="center">1,021</td>
                <td align="center">0,997</td>
                <td align="center">1,045</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">1,026</td>
                <td align="center">0,965</td>
                <td align="center">1,091</td>
                <td align="center">0,40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,044</td>
                <td align="center">0,943</td>
                <td align="center">1,155</td>
                <td align="center">0,40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pot&#225;ssio</td>
                <td align="center">0,849</td>
                <td align="center">0,214</td>
                <td align="center">3,366</td>
                <td align="center">0,81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Magn&#233;sio</td>
                <td align="center">1,072</td>
                <td align="center">0,121</td>
                <td align="center">9,518</td>
                <td align="center">0,95</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RNL</td>
                <td align="center">1,142</td>
                <td align="center">0,997</td>
                <td align="center">1,308</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo at&#233; a interna&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1,016</td>
                <td align="center">0,994</td>
                <td align="center">1,038</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Troponina/tiol nativo</td>
                <td align="center">1,030</td>
                <td align="center">0,981</td>
                <td align="center">1,081</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Troponina</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
                <td align="center">0,64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tiol nativo</td>
                <td align="center">0,962</td>
                <td align="center">0,937</td>
                <td align="center">0,986</td>
                <td align="center">0,03*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Nagelkerke R</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>= 0,257, p: 0,07</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Arritmia ventricular/SCA-SSDST</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL</td>
                <td align="center">0,970</td>
                <td align="center">0,940</td>
                <td align="center">1,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">1,086</td>
                <td align="center">0,985</td>
                <td align="center">1,196</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,034</td>
                <td align="center">0,917</td>
                <td align="center">1,165</td>
                <td align="center">0,58</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pot&#225;ssio</td>
                <td align="center">1,278</td>
                <td align="center">0,218</td>
                <td align="center">7,488</td>
                <td align="center">0,78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Magn&#233;sio</td>
                <td align="center">0,105</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">11,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RNL</td>
                <td align="center">1,102</td>
                <td align="center">0,919</td>
                <td align="center">1,321</td>
                <td align="center">0,29</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo at&#233; a interna&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1,003</td>
                <td align="center">0,988</td>
                <td align="center">1,019</td>
                <td align="center">0,68</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Troponina/tiol nativo</td>
                <td align="center">1,263</td>
                <td align="center">1,061</td>
                <td align="center">1,504</td>
                <td align="center">0,009*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Troponina</td>
                <td align="center">1,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
                <td align="center">1,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tiol nativo</td>
                <td align="center">0,969</td>
                <td align="center">0,947</td>
                <td align="center">0,992</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Nagelkerke R</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>= 0,592, p&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Arritmia ventricular/Todos os pacientes</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL</td>
                <td align="center">1,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,987</td>
                <td align="center">1,015</td>
                <td align="center">0,90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">1,040</td>
                <td align="center">0,998</td>
                <td align="center">1,084</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,994</td>
                <td align="center">0,940</td>
                <td align="center">1,051</td>
                <td align="center">0,82</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pot&#225;ssio</td>
                <td align="center">0,867</td>
                <td align="center">0,346</td>
                <td align="center">2,169</td>
                <td align="center">0,76</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Magn&#233;sio</td>
                <td align="center">0,681</td>
                <td align="center">0,096</td>
                <td align="center">4,845</td>
                <td align="center">0,70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RNL</td>
                <td align="center">1,087</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
                <td align="center">1,182</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo at&#233; a interna&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1,002</td>
                <td align="center">0,995</td>
                <td align="center">1,008</td>
                <td align="center">0,57</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Troponina/tiol nativo</td>
                <td align="center">1,059</td>
                <td align="center">1,022</td>
                <td align="center">1,098</td>
                <td align="center">0,002*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Troponina</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tiol nativo</td>
                <td align="center">0,976</td>
                <td align="center">0,966</td>
                <td align="center">0,986</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Nagelkerke R</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>=0,240, p: 0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada. O modelo de regress&#227;o incluiu idade, lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (FEVE, %), pot&#225;ssio s&#233;rico, magn&#233;sio s&#233;rico, raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filos-linf&#243;citos (RNL) e tempo at&#233; a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar como poss&#237;veis vari&#225;veis independentes. IC 95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; OR: raz&#227;o de chances. *Considerou-se significativo para an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas um p&lt;0,05.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>An&#225;lises da curva receiver operating characteristic (ROC) para predi&#231;&#227;o do desenvolvimento de arritmia ventricular em todos os pacientes.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0465-90672-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os achados do presente estudo demonstraram uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre os n&#237;veis de troponina e tiol plasm&#225;tico em pacientes com SCA. Al&#233;m disso, principalmente em pacientes com SCA-SSDST e em toda a popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com SCA, a RTTN se mostrou um marcador forte e independente para a predi&#231;&#227;o de AV intra-hospitalar. At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo na literatura que demonstra a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o tiol e o desenvolvimento de AV intra-hospitalar em pacientes com SCA.</p>
      <p>Um dos principais mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos da aterosclerose &#233; o aumento do estresse oxidativo com inflama&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> O n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de tiol, que &#233; um indicador de estresse oxidativo, pode ser detectado manualmente por eletroforese capilar fluorescente e/ou sistemas luminescentes. No entanto, esses sistemas s&#227;o caros, demorados e dif&#237;ceis de aplicar. Um m&#233;todo colorim&#233;trico desenvolvido por Erel et al. em 2014 levou &#224; determina&#231;&#227;o autom&#225;tica dos n&#237;veis de tiol. Al&#233;m disso, esse novo m&#233;todo &#233; mais preciso, r&#225;pido e barato em compara&#231;&#227;o com os m&#233;todos anteriores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Por outro lado, a RNL, que &#233; um marcador inflamat&#243;rio de f&#225;cil acesso e barato, &#233; um par&#226;metro que demonstra resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica em diversas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e n&#227;o cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Em um estudo realizado por Altiparmak et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> os n&#237;veis de tiol s&#233;rico total e nativo mostraram-se menores em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome card&#237;aca X e os n&#237;veis totais de tiol s&#233;rico e nativo mostraram-se negativamente correlacionados com a RNL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, os n&#237;veis de RNL mostraram-se significativamente maiores no grupo de pacientes SCA-SDST em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de pacientes SCA-SSDST e houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre a RNL e os n&#237;veis de tiol em toda a popula&#231;&#227;o com SCA. Com base nesses achados, pode-se especular que o tiol plasm&#225;tico, um marcador de prote&#231;&#227;o antioxidante no corpo humano, est&#225; negativamente associado ao aumento da inflama&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com SCA.</p>
      <p>O estresse oxidativo inicia o desenvolvimento da aterosclerose por meio da peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica e forma&#231;&#227;o de radicais livres nos primeiros est&#225;gios e por meio da inflama&#231;&#227;o vascular em est&#225;gios avan&#231;ados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> A instabilidade da placa ateroscler&#243;tica &#233; desencadeada pelo aumento do estresse oxidativo e radicais reativos de oxig&#234;nio, enquanto a capacidade antioxidante diminui durante esse processo. Posteriormente, o equil&#237;brio do sistema oxidativo e antioxidante, que &#233; um importante regulador da prote&#231;&#227;o celular, desintoxica&#231;&#227;o, apoptose e atividades enzim&#225;ticas, come&#231;a a se deteriorar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Um estudo anterior mostrou que os n&#237;veis de marcadores de estresse oxidativo aumentam ap&#243;s o IAM e reperfus&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa e estatisticamente significativa entre os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de tiol e a idade e a troponina, ao passo que houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva e estatisticamente significativa entre os n&#237;veis de tiol e a FEVE. Esses resultados correspondem aos de um estudo publicado por Kundi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Sivri et al. demonstraram menores n&#237;veis de tiol total plasm&#225;tico e tiol nativo em pacientes com SCA-SSDST em compara&#231;&#227;o com os pacientes do grupo controle. Al&#233;m disso, eles demonstraram uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre o escore GRACE e os n&#237;veis totais de tiol plasm&#225;tico e tiol nativo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> De acordo com nosso estudo, que incluiu pacientes SCA-SDST e SCA-SSDST, observou-se uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre o escore GRACE e os par&#226;metros de tiol. A correla&#231;&#227;o do tiol com esses fortes marcadores diagn&#243;sticos e progn&#243;sticos, como a troponina e o escore GRACE, pode refor&#231;ar que o tiol pode ser um marcador importante para o diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico de SCA com a ajuda de estudos futuros.</p>
      <p>Mais de 80% das mortes s&#250;bitas card&#237;acas se devem a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana ateroscler&#243;tica (DAC), e a causa mais comum s&#227;o as AVs devido &#224; isquemia resultante de DAC e SCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Portanto, a predi&#231;&#227;o precoce, o diagn&#243;stico e o tratamento eficaz das AVs s&#227;o muito importantes. Durante o estresse oxidativo, aumenta a sensibilidade do cora&#231;&#227;o de idosos &#224; FV. Em um estudo, o estresse oxidativo induzido por per&#243;xido de hidrog&#234;nio apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o ao aumento de p&#243;s-potenciais precoces e atividade deflagrada em mi&#243;citos ventriculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Embora o mioc&#225;rdio tenha um forte mecanismo de defesa, &#233; suscet&#237;vel ao estresse oxidativo devido &#224; sua alta carga de trabalho e demanda por oxig&#234;nio. Como resultado da isquemia, ocorre diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de antioxidantes, como a super&#243;xido dismutase mitocondrial e a glutationa intracelular contra os radicais livres de oxig&#234;nio. Al&#233;m disso, a produ&#231;&#227;o de radicais livres de oxig&#234;nio aumenta nas mitoc&#244;ndrias e leuc&#243;citos, e a produ&#231;&#227;o de metab&#243;litos de oxig&#234;nio aumenta durante o per&#237;odo de reperfus&#227;o, que podem ser mais t&#243;xicos pela reintrodu&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio. O estresse oxidativo causa primeiramente a oxida&#231;&#227;o dos grupos tiol, levando a um dano revers&#237;vel no est&#225;gio inicial. Em est&#225;gios posteriores, esse processo leva &#224; necrose acelerada e &#224; predisposi&#231;&#227;o a arritmias. No per&#237;odo inicial, pode induzir desequil&#237;brio el&#233;trico da membrana mioc&#225;rdica, altera&#231;&#245;es na permeabilidade dos canais i&#244;nicos e indu&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es arritmog&#234;nicas no padr&#227;o potencial de a&#231;&#227;o ventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Observou-se aumento na dura&#231;&#227;o do potencial de a&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a exposi&#231;&#227;o aos radicais livres de oxig&#234;nio seguido do aparecimento de p&#243;s-potenciais precoces e p&#243;s-potenciais tardios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Com base em relat&#243;rios publicados anteriormente, formulamos a hip&#243;tese de que os n&#237;veis de tiol podem predizer o desenvolvimento de AV em pacientes com SCA e verificamos que a RTTN pode ser usada para predizer o desenvolvimento de AV em pacientes com SCA-SSDST, mas n&#227;o em pacientes com SCA-SDST. Essa discord&#226;ncia pode ter origem nas diversidades fisiopatol&#243;gicas e cl&#237;nicas entre SCA-SDST e SCA-SSDST. A SCA-SDST &#233; resultado da oclus&#227;o total do vaso com co&#225;gulo rico em fibrina, ao passo que a SCA-SSDST &#233; resultado da oclus&#227;o subtotal do vaso com co&#225;gulo rico em plaquetas. Al&#233;m disso, o tempo at&#233; a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar &#233; menor em pacientes com SCA-SDST e, consequentemente, o tempo de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o &#233; mais r&#225;pido em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com SCA-SSDST. Portanto, pode-se especular que n&#227;o h&#225; tempo suficiente para o processo oxidativo progredir para o plasma em n&#237;vel celular em pacientes com SCA-SDST. No entanto, devido ao fato de que o tempo de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o &#233; maior em pacientes com SCA-SSDST, a progress&#227;o do estresse oxidativo dos cardiomi&#243;citos para o plasma pode ser mais pronunciada. Al&#233;m disso, os pacientes com SCA-SSDST t&#234;m mais idade do que os pacientes com SCA-SDST e sofrem de comorbidades como DM e/ou hipertens&#227;o com mais frequ&#234;ncia em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com SCA-SDST, conforme mostrado em nosso grupo de estudo. Essas comorbidades podem ter afetado o estado oxidativo em pacientes com SCA-SSDST.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo apresenta diversas limita&#231;&#245;es. Em primeiro lugar, o n&#250;mero de amostras &#233; relativamente pequeno e este &#233; um estudo unic&#234;ntrico. Em segundo lugar, este &#233; um estudo observacional e deve ser respaldado por novos estudos de seguimento cl&#237;nico e experimentais com o objetivo de explicar o progn&#243;stico e as rela&#231;&#245;es fisiopatol&#243;gicas entre o tiol e as AVs em pacientes com SCA. Em terceiro lugar, outros par&#226;metros oxidativos como estado antioxidante total, estado oxidante total, paraoxonase e outros par&#226;metros de inflama&#231;&#227;o como PCR e fibrinog&#234;nio n&#227;o foram avaliados em nosso estudo devido ao desenho do estudo. Por &#250;ltimo, o efeito da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o nos par&#226;metros oxidativos n&#227;o foi avaliado devido ao desenho do estudo. Novos estudos envolvendo mais pacientes com caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas mais homog&#234;neas podem produzir resultados mais generalizantes e consistentes.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, os par&#226;metros do tiol plasm&#225;tico, que s&#227;o marcadores de status oxidativo baratos e detectados rapidamente no sangue, podem ser usados para identificar pacientes com SCA com alto risco de desenvolvimento de AV intra-hospitalar. A correla&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de troponina e tiol pode sugerir que o tiol pode ser um marcador importante para o diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico da SCA com a ajuda de estudos futuros.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Tahto E, Jadric R, Pojskic L, Kicic E. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte Ratio and Its Relation with Markers of Inflammation and Myocardial Necrosis in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome. Med Arch. (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina). 2017;71(5):312-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tahto</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jadric</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pojskic</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kicic</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte Ratio and Its Relation with Markers of Inflammation and Myocardial Necrosis in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome</article-title>
          <source>Med Arch</source>
          <publisher-loc>Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina</publisher-loc>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>71</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>312</fpage>
          <lpage>315</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Kotur-Stevuljevic J, Memon L, Stefanovic A, Spasic S, Spasojevic-Kalimanovska V, Bogavac-Stanojevic N, et al. Correlation of oxidative stress parameters and inflammatory markers in coronary artery disease patients. Clin Biochem. 2007;40(3-4):181-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kotur-Stevuljevic</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Memon</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stefanovic</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spasic</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spasojevic-Kalimanovska</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bogavac-Stanojevic</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Correlation of oxidative stress parameters and inflammatory markers in coronary artery disease patients</article-title>
          <source>Clin Biochem</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <season>3-4</season>
          <fpage>181</fpage>
          <lpage>187</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Kattoor AJ, Pothineni NVK, Palagiri D, Mehta JL. Oxidative stress in atherosclerosis. Curr Ather Rep. 2017;19(11):42.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kattoor</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pothineni</surname>
              <given-names>NVK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Palagiri</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mehta</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Oxidative stress in atherosclerosis</article-title>
          <source>Curr Ather Rep</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <size units="pages">42</size>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Circu ML, Aw TY. Reactive oxygen species, cellular redox systems, and apoptosis. Free Rad Biol Med. 2010;48(6):749-62.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Circu</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aw</surname>
              <given-names>TY</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Reactive oxygen species, cellular redox systems, and apoptosis</article-title>
          <source>Free Rad Biol Med</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>48</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>749</fpage>
          <lpage>762</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Alt&#305;parmak IH, Erku&#351; ME, Sezen H, Demirbag R, Gunebakmaz O, Kaya Z, et al. The relation of serum thiol levels and thiol/disulphide homeostasis with the severity of coronary artery disease. Kardiol Pol. 2016;74(11):1346-53.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Alt&#305;parmak</surname>
              <given-names>IH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Erku&#351;</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sezen</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Demirbag</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gunebakmaz</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kaya</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The relation of serum thiol levels and thiol/disulphide homeostasis with the severity of coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>Kardiol Pol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>74</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1346</fpage>
          <lpage>1353</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Kundi H, Ates I, Kiziltunc E, Cetin M, Cicekcioglu H, Neselioglu S, et al. A novel oxidative stress marker in acute myocardial infarction; thiol/disulphide homeostasis. Am J Emerg Med. 2015;33(11):1567-71.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kundi</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ates</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kiziltunc</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cetin</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cicekcioglu</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neselioglu</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A novel oxidative stress marker in acute myocardial infarction; thiol/disulphide homeostasis</article-title>
          <source>Am J Emerg Med</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1567</fpage>
          <lpage>1571</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Altiparmak IH, Erkus ME, Sezen H, Demirbag R, Kaya Z, Sezen Y, et al. Evaluation of thiol levels, thiol/disulphide homeostasis and their relation with inflammation in cardiac syndrome X. Coron Arter Dis. 2016;27(4):295-301.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Altiparmak</surname>
              <given-names>IH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Erkus</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sezen</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Demirbag</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kaya</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sezen</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Evaluation of thiol levels, thiol/disulphide homeostasis and their relation with inflammation in cardiac syndrome X</article-title>
          <source>Coron Arter Dis</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>295</fpage>
          <lpage>301</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Kundi H, Gok M, Cetin M, Kiziltun&#231; E, Topcuoglu C, Ne&#351;elio&#287;lu S, et al. Association of thiol disulphide homeostasis with slow coronary flow. Scand Cardiovasc J. (SCJ). 2016;50(4):213-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kundi</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gok</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cetin</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kiziltun&#231;</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Topcuoglu</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ne&#351;elio&#287;lu</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association of thiol disulphide homeostasis with slow coronary flow</article-title>
          <source>Scand Cardiovasc J</source>
          <publisher-loc>SCJ</publisher-loc>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>50</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>213</fpage>
          <lpage>217</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Ates I, Ozkayar N, Inan B, Yilmaz FM, Topcuoglu C, Neselioglu S, et al. Dynamic thiol/disulphide homeostasis in patients with newly diagnosed primary hypertension. J Am Soc Hypertens. JASH. 2016;10(2):159-66.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ates</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ozkayar</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Inan</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yilmaz</surname>
              <given-names>FM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Topcuoglu</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neselioglu</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Dynamic thiol/disulphide homeostasis in patients with newly diagnosed primary hypertension</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Hypertens. JASH</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>159</fpage>
          <lpage>166</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Gulpamuk B, Tekin K, Sonmez K, Inanc M, Neselioglu S, Erel O, et al. The significance of thiol/disulphide homeostasis and ischemia-modified albumin levels to assess the oxidative stress in patients with different stages of diabetes mellitus. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2018;78(1-2):136-42.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gulpamuk</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tekin</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sonmez</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Inanc</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neselioglu</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Erel</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The significance of thiol/disulphide homeostasis and ischemia-modified albumin levels to assess the oxidative stress in patients with different stages of diabetes mellitus</article-title>
          <source>Scand J Clin Lab Invest</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>78</volume>
          <season>1-2</season>
          <fpage>136</fpage>
          <lpage>142</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Gorenek B, Lundqvist CB, Terradellas JB, Camm AJ, Hindricks G, Huber K, et al. Cardiac arrhythmias in acute coronary syndromes: position paper from the joint EHRA, ACCA, and EAPCI task force. Europace. 2014;16:1655-73.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gorenek</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lundqvist</surname>
              <given-names>CB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Terradellas</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Camm</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hindricks</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huber</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac arrhythmias in acute coronary syndromes: position paper from the joint EHRA, ACCA, and EAPCI task force</article-title>
          <source>Europace</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <fpage>1655</fpage>
          <lpage>1673</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Steg PG, James SK, Atar D, Badano LP, Bl&#246;mstrom-Lundqvist C, Borger MA, et al. ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(20):2569-619.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Steg</surname>
              <given-names>PG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>James</surname>
              <given-names>SK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Atar</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Badano</surname>
              <given-names>LP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bl&#246;mstrom-Lundqvist</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borger</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>20</issue>
          <fpage>2569</fpage>
          <lpage>2619</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Roffi M, Patrono C, Collet JP, Mueller C, Valgimigli M, Andreotti F, et al. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2016;37(3):267-315.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Roffi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Patrono</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Collet</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mueller</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Valgimigli</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andreotti</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>267</fpage>
          <lpage>315</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Morrow DA1, Antman EM, Charlesworth A, Cairns R, Murphy SA, de Lemos JA, et al. TIMI risk score for ST-elevation myocardial infarction: A convenient, bedside, clinical score for risk assessment at presentation: An intravenous nPA for treatment of infarcting myocardium early II trial substudy. Circulation. 2000 Oct 24;102(17):2031-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Morrow</surname>
              <given-names>DA1</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Antman</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Charlesworth</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cairns</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murphy</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lemos</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>TIMI risk score for ST-elevation myocardial infarction: A convenient, bedside, clinical score for risk assessment at presentation: An intravenous nPA for treatment of infarcting myocardium early II trial substudy</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <month>10</month>
          <day>24</day>
          <volume>102</volume>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <fpage>2031</fpage>
          <lpage>2037</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Fox KA, Dabbous OH, Goldberg RJ, Pieper KS, Eagle KA, Van de Werf F, et al. Prediction of risk of death and myocardial infarction in the six months after presentation with acute coronary syndrome: prospective multinational observational study (GRACE). BMJ. 2006;333:1091.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fox</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dabbous</surname>
              <given-names>OH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldberg</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pieper</surname>
              <given-names>KS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eagle</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Van de Werf</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prediction of risk of death and myocardial infarction in the six months after presentation with acute coronary syndrome: prospective multinational observational study (GRACE)</article-title>
          <source>BMJ</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>333</volume>
          <size units="pages">1091</size>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. Erel O, Neselioglu S. A novel and automated assay for thiol/disulphide homeostasis. Clin Biochem. 2014;47(18):326-32.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Erel</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neselioglu</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A novel and automated assay for thiol/disulphide homeostasis</article-title>
          <source>Clin Biochem</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <issue>18</issue>
          <fpage>326</fpage>
          <lpage>332</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. Ruopp MD, Perkins NJ, Whitcomb BW, Schisterman EF. Youden Index and optimal cut-point estimated from observations affected by a lower limit of detection. Biomed J. 2008;50(3):419&#8211;430.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ruopp</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Perkins</surname>
              <given-names>NJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Whitcomb</surname>
              <given-names>BW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schisterman</surname>
              <given-names>EF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Youden Index and optimal cut-point estimated from observations affected by a lower limit of detection</article-title>
          <source>Biomed J</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>50</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>419</fpage>
          <lpage>430</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Badimon L, Vilahur G. Thrombosis formation on atherosclerotic lesions and plaque rupture. J Int Med. 2014;276(6):618-32.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Badimon</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vilahur</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Thrombosis formation on atherosclerotic lesions and plaque rupture</article-title>
          <source>J Int Med</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>276</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>618</fpage>
          <lpage>632</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Witztum JL, Berliner JA. Oxidized phospholipids and isoprostanes in atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol. 1998;9(5):441-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Witztum</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berliner</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Oxidized phospholipids and isoprostanes in atherosclerosis</article-title>
          <source>Curr Opin Lipidol</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>441</fpage>
          <lpage>448</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. Stocker R, Yamamoto Y, McDonagh AF, Glazer AN, Ames BN. Bilirubin is an antioxidant of possible physiological importance. Science. 1987;235(4792):1043-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Stocker</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yamamoto</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McDonagh</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Glazer</surname>
              <given-names>AN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ames</surname>
              <given-names>BN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Bilirubin is an antioxidant of possible physiological importance</article-title>
          <source>Science</source>
          <year>1987</year>
          <volume>235</volume>
          <issue>4792</issue>
          <fpage>1043</fpage>
          <lpage>1046</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. Ferrari R, Guardigli G, Mele D, Percoco GF, Ceconi C, Curello S. Oxidative stress during myocardial ischaemia and heart failure. Curr Pharmacol Des. 2004;10(14):1699-711</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ferrari</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guardigli</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mele</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Percoco</surname>
              <given-names>GF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ceconi</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Curello</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Oxidative stress during myocardial ischaemia and heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Curr Pharmacol Des</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <fpage>1699</fpage>
          <lpage>1711</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22. Sivri S, Kasapkara HA, Polat M, Alsancak Y, Durmaz T, Erel &#214;, et al. Dynamic thiol/disulphide homeostasis and its prognostic value in patients with non-ST elevation-acute coronary syndromes. Kardiol Pol. 2018;76(2):426-32.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sivri</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kasapkara</surname>
              <given-names>HA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Polat</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alsancak</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Durmaz</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Erel</surname>
              <given-names>&#214;</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Dynamic thiol/disulphide homeostasis and its prognostic value in patients with non-ST elevation-acute coronary syndromes</article-title>
          <source>Kardiol Pol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>76</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>426</fpage>
          <lpage>432</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23. Wang Q. Molecular genetics of coronary artery disease. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2005;20(3):182-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>Q</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Molecular genetics of coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>Curr Opin Cardiol</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>182</fpage>
          <lpage>188</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24. Morita N, Sovari AA, Xie Y, Fishbein MC, Mandel WJ, Garfinkel A, et al. Increased susceptibility of aged hearts to ventricular fibrillation during oxidative stress. Am J Physiol Heart Circul. 2009;297(5):H1594-605.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Morita</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sovari</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xie</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fishbein</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mandel</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garfinkel</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Increased susceptibility of aged hearts to ventricular fibrillation during oxidative stress</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol Heart Circul</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>297</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>H1594</fpage>
          <lpage>H1605</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25. Tarr MT, Valenzeno DP. Modification of cardiac action potential by photosensitizer-generated reactive oxygen. J Mol Cell Cardiol.1989;21(6):539-43.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tarr</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Valenzeno</surname>
              <given-names>DP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Modification of cardiac action potential by photosensitizer-generated reactive oxygen</article-title>
          <source>J Mol Cell Cardiol</source>
          <year>1989</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>539</fpage>
          <lpage>543</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26. Barrington PL, Meier CF Jr, Weglicki WB. Abnormal electrical activity induced by free radical generating systems in isolated cardiocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1988;20(12):1163-78.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barrington</surname>
              <given-names>PL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meier</surname>
              <given-names>CF</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weglicki</surname>
              <given-names>WB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Abnormal electrical activity induced by free radical generating systems in isolated cardiocytes</article-title>
          <source>J Mol Cell Cardiol</source>
          <year>1988</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1163</fpage>
          <lpage>1178</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica de Yildirim Beyazit University Medical School Clinical sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 39. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Association between Plasma Thiol Parameters and Troponin Levels in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome and Prediction of In-Hospital Ventricular Arrhythmia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2747-3823</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Erdo&#287;an</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ozturk</surname>
            <given-names>Selcuk</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tutar</surname>
            <given-names>El&#231;in &#214;zdemir</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arslan</surname>
            <given-names>Esma</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;elik</surname>
            <given-names>Muhammet Cihat</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ba&#351;tu&#287;</surname>
            <given-names>Serdal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ne&#351;elio&#287;lu</surname>
            <given-names>Salim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Ministry of Health Ankara City Hospital-Cardiology, Ankara - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Yozgat Bozok University Faculty of medicine-Cardiology, Yozgat - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Yildirim Beyazit University Faculty of Medicine-Biochemistry, Ankara - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Yildirim Beyazit University Faculty of Medicine-Biochemistry, Ankara - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Mehmet Erdo&#287;an &#8226; Ministry of Health Ankara City Hospital &#8211; Cardiology - University District, Bilkent Street, No: 1, &#199;ankaya Ankara 06105 &#8211; Turkey E-mail: mhmterdogan@windowslive.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript: Erdo&#287;an M, Ozturk S, Tutar EO, Arslan E, &#199;elik MC, Ba&#351;tu&#287; S, Ne&#351;elio&#287;lu S; Acquisition of data: Erdo&#287;an M, Tutar EO, Arslan E, &#199;elik MC, Ne&#351;elio&#287;lu S; Statistical analysis: Erdo&#287;an M, Ozturk S, &#199;elik MC, Ba&#351;tu&#287; S; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Erdo&#287;an M, Ozturk S, Tutar EO, Arslan E, &#199;elik MC, Ba&#351;tu&#287; S, Ne&#351;elio&#287;lu S.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) are the main cause of in-hospital mortality and morbidity in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients and its relationship with thiol is not known.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To investigate the relationship between plasma thiol levels and troponin levels in patients with ACS and to estimate in-hospital VA development during hospital stay.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method</title>
          <p>The study included 231 consecutive ST-segment elevation ACS (STE-ACS) and non-ST-segment elevation ACS (NSTE-ACS) patients. After application of exclusion criteria, 191 patients were included in the statistical analysis. Patients were classified into two groups: STE-ACS group (n=94) and NSTE-ACS group (n=97). Plasma thiol, disulphide and troponin levels were measured and troponin-to-native thiol ratio (TNTR) was calculated. A two-sided p value of less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Plasma native thiol, total thiol, disulphide and their ratios were similar between the groups. TNTR was significantly higher in the STE-ACS group compared to the NSTE-ACS group. Troponin and thiol levels correlated negatively and significantly. Native thiol was found to be an independent predictor of VA development in STE-ACS patients and in all ACS patients. TNTR was found to be an independent predictor of VA development in NSTE-ACS patients and in all ACS patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>Plasma thiol levels can be used to identify ACS patients at high risk for in-hospital VA development. Correlation between troponin and thiol levels may suggest that thiols may be an important marker for diagnosis and prognosis of ACS with the help of future studies.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Acute, Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxidative Stress</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias, Cardiacs</kwd>
        <kwd>Acetyl- CoA-Acyltransferase</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial disease caused by endothelial damage in people with risk factors such as dyslipidemia, diabetes, smoking and genetic predisposition. Acute coronary syndrome (ACS), which is a result of this condition, includes patients with persistent ST-segment elevation (STE-ACS) and patients without persistent ST-segment elevation (NSTE-ACS) detected by electrocardiography (ECG).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> STE is mostly associated with total acute coronary occlusion, whereas NSTE-ACS is mostly related with sensitive atherosclerotic plaque and subtotal thrombosis.</p>
        <p>Over the last ten years, many studies have demonstrated the role of overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and resulting oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Indeed, the metabolic process of ROS plays significant roles in the physiological functions of cells and this process is counterbalanced by the antioxidative system of the body. Oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles consist in the preliminary and principal phase of atherosclerosis. In addition, ROS formation contributes to apoptosis, inflammation and cell proliferation processes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Thiol and disulphide homeostasis status has a critical role in antioxidant protection, detoxification, apoptosis and regulation of enzymatic activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Recent studies have shown that abnormal plasma thiol level and disulphide balance are associated with various cardiovascular diseases such as stable angina pectoris,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> acute myocardial infarction (MI),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> cardiac syndrome X,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> coronary slow flow,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> primary hypertension<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> and diabetes mellitus (DM).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> It is known that ventricular arrhythmias (VAs), which may be due to myocardial necrosis, autonomic and electrolyte imbalance, acidosis and reperfusion injury, are the main causes of in-hospital mortality and morbidity in ACS patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> However, there is no study in the literature regarding the relationship between oxidative process, myocardial necrosis, and in-hospital VA development in ACS patients. In this context, we aimed to investigate the relationship between plasma thiol and troponin levels in patients with ACS and its association with VA development during in-hospital follow-up.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This observational cross-sectional study was conducted from February to May 2018 and included 231 consecutive patients from our cardiology clinic. Patients hospitalized in the coronary intensive care unit diagnosed with ACS and who underwent coronary angiography were included in the study in a prospective manner. Patients with active infectious or inflammatory diseases, malignancy, hematological disorders, severe kidney disease, severe liver disease, rheumatic disease, severe valvular disease, patients taking antioxidants and/or under vitamin replacement therapy and patients in cardiogenic shock were excluded from the study. In addition, patients with insufficient clinical data were also excluded. The study protocol was approved by the local ethics committee (No: 39/Date: 21.02.2018) and was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from each patient.</p>
        <p>After the application of exclusion criteria, 191 patients were included in the statistical analysis. Patients were classified into two groups: STE-ACS group (n=94) and NSTE-ACS group (n=97). Diagnosis of ACS was made according to the current guidelines using history taking, ECG, imaging methods and troponin levels. Baseline clinical parameters of patients were evaluated. In-hospital mortality, VA occurrence and length of hospital stay were also evaluated and recorded. Diagnosis of STE-ACS included patients with acute onset chest pain and persistent ST-segment elevation on ECG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Diagnosis of NSTE-ACS included patients with acute onset chest pain, no persistent ST-segment elevation on ECG and/or cardiac troponin levels greater than the upper limit of the normal range.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Arterial hypertension was defined as patients with repeated blood pressure measurements &#8805;140/90 mmHg or previous diagnosis of hypertension with antihypertensive medications. DM was defined as fasting plasma glucose levels higher than 126 mg/dL in multiple measurements or glucose level over 200 mg/dL at any measurement or active use of antidiabetic drugs and/or insulin therapy. Smoking was defined as current smoking in the previous six months. Hypercholesterolemia was defined as baseline cholesterol level of &gt;200 mg/dl and/or LDL cholesterol level of &gt;130 mg/dl or previously diagnosed and treated hypercholesterolemia.</p>
        <p>In-hospital VA was defined as sustained or non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF). Diagnosis was determined from baseline ECG and/or telemetry recordings according to the clinical status of patients during hospital stay. In addition, telemetry recordings were retrospectively reviewed on the computer for other VA attacks before discharge. Ventricular premature beats with more than three consecutive beats were defined as VT. VTs lasting longer than thirty seconds were defined as sustained, and shorter duration was defined as non-sustained VT.</p>
        <p>The Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) risk score consisting of 8 items, which predicts all-cause mortality at 30 days, was calculated for patients with STE-ACS and TIMI risk score consisting of 7 items, which predicts all-cause mortality, new or recurrent MI, or severe recurrent ischemia requiring urgent revascularization at 14 days, was calculated for NSTE-ACS patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Calculation of Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) risk score was performed in all patients to estimate the probability of in-hospital death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Transthoracic echocardiography was performed using 3S-RS 1.5-3.6 MHz phased array transducer with General Electric Vivid 7 (GEMS Ultrasound, Israel) ultrasound device in the first 48 hours of hospitalization. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was calculated from the apical 2 and 4 chamber images using the Modified Simpson&#8217;s method. Coronary angiography was performed using the Siemens Axiom Sensis XP device by cannulization of the femoral artery applying the standard Judkins technique. In addition to acetylsalicylic acid, all patients received dual antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel, prasugrel or ticagrelor according to their clinical status.</p>
        <p>Venous blood sample measurements of patients were taken upon admission. Routine biochemistry studies were performed on Hitachi 747 autoanalyzer. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was measured after dextran sulphate magnesium precipitation. LDL-cholesterol was calculated using the Friedewald method. Cholesterol, fasting triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol plasma concentrations were measured using the enzymatic chemical cleaning method using Cobas 6000 (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany). Serum troponin I levels were quantitatively measured on the Elecsys 2010 analyzer (Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland). Serum levels of cardiac enzymes (CK, CK-MB and troponin I) were measured on admission and repeated every day. Plasma thiol and disulphide levels were measured according to the method developed by Erel et al. immediately upon admission. Blood samples were taken into tubes containing ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) to determine thiol and disulphide levels. Briefly, the degradable disulphide bonds were reduced to form free functional thiol groups. Subsequently, unused reductive sodium borohydride was used and extracted with formaldehyde and then all of the native and reduced thiol groups were determined after reaction with 5,5-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic) acid. Dynamic disulphide levels were calculated by half of the difference between total and native thiol. After determination of native thiol and disulphide levels, native thiol-to-disulphide ratio was calculated. Using this method, dynamic thiol-to-disulphide ratio homeostasis was determined more easily and inexpensively in approximately ten minutes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>All analyses were carried out using IBM SPSS Statistics for Macintosh, Version 24.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, USA). One-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to evaluate the distribution of numerical variables. According to the results of this test, independent two samples T-test was applied to the numerical data which conforms to the normal distribution and the results were entered as mean and standard deviation. On the other hand, Mann-Whitney U test was used for skewed distributed variables. Considering the results of this test, the median and interquartile range values were used. Chi-square test was used for categorical variables. Fisher&#8217;s exact test was applied in cases where the chi-square test could not be applied. For correlation analyses, Pearson&#8217;s correlation analysis was preferred for data with normal distribution. Otherwise, Spearman&#8217;s correlation analysis was preferred. Independent predictors of in-hospital VA were determined using logistic regression analysis. Variables that might have a clinical relationship with in-hospital VA such as LDL, age, LVEF, serum potassium and magnesium levels, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), admission time, troponin-to-native thiol ratio (TNTR), and troponin and native thiol were included in the logistic regression analysis. To avoid multicollinearity, we conducted multivariate analysis using three models separately. Each multivariate model included only one marker (TNTR, troponin, native thiol). Logistic regression analysis was performed separately for all groups with STE-ACS, NSTE-ACS and all ACS patients. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to determine the cut-off values (Youden index<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> ) for TNTR sensitivity and specificity in predicting VA. A two-sided <italic>p</italic> value of less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Demographic characteristics, laboratory parameters and clinical features of the patient groups are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> . There was no difference between the groups in terms of age, gender, body mass index and atrial fibrillation. Percentage of hypertension, DM and admission time was higher in the NSTE-ACS group, whereas percentage of smokers was higher in the STE-ACS group. Neutrophil counts, platelet counts and NLR were significantly higher in the STE-ACS group compared to the NSTE-ACS group. Lymphocyte counts, hemoglobin, albumin, serum electrolytes including potassium, calcium, and magnesium, renal and liver function tests, and lipid parameters, except triglycerides, were comparable between the groups. Peak cardiac enzyme values including CK-MB and troponin were significantly higher in the STE-ACS group than in the NSTE-ACS group, whereas LVEF was lower in the STE-ACS group. Plasma native thiol, total thiol, disulphide, disulphide-to-native thiol ratio, disulphide-to-total thiol ratio, and native thiol-to-total thiol ratio was similar between the groups. However, TNTR was significantly higher in the STE-ACS group compared to the NSTE-ACS group. In addition, the GRACE score was significantly higher in the STE-ACS group compared to the NSTE-ACS group. A total of 23 patients developed in-hospital VA. Of the patients who developed in-hospital VA, 14 patients had sustained VA while 9 patients had non-sustained VA. There was no difference between the groups in terms of VA occurrence, length of hospital stay, and in-hospital mortality.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Demographic characteristics and laboratory findings of the study population</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>STE-ACS (n=94)</th>
                  <th>NSTE-ACS (n=97)</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age, years</td>
                  <td align="center">58.7&#177;11.1</td>
                  <td align="center">62.1&#177;13.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gender (male), n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (85)</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (73)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">26.9&#177;6.9</td>
                  <td align="center">28.5&#177;5.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (41)</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (62)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.003*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (23)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (44)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">65 (69)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (45)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Atrial fibrillation, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Admission time, hours</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1&#8211;5)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (7&#8211;72)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Neutrophil count (K/uL)</td>
                  <td align="center">7650 (5500&#8211;11525)</td>
                  <td align="center">6100 (4600&#8211;8150)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lymphocyte count (K/uL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1900 (1222&#8211;3025)</td>
                  <td align="center">1900 (1525&#8211;2500)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.81</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NLR</td>
                  <td align="center">5.0 (2.0&#8211;7.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.7 (2.1&#8211;4.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Platelet count (K/uL)</td>
                  <td align="center">252&#177;79</td>
                  <td align="center">231&#177;63</td>
                  <td align="center">0.04*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin (g/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">14.4&#177;1.7</td>
                  <td align="center">13.7&#177;1.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Albumin (g/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.1&#177;0.4</td>
                  <td align="center">4.2&#177;0.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total cholesterol (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">182&#177;42</td>
                  <td align="center">194&#177;53</td>
                  <td align="center">0.07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (31&#8211;45)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (33&#8211;47)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">119&#177;33.5</td>
                  <td align="center">116&#177;36.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.57</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglycerides (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">97.5 (60&#8211;154)</td>
                  <td align="center">130 (91&#8211;189)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Potassium (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.3&#177;0.4</td>
                  <td align="center">4.4&#177;0.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9 (0.7&#8211;1.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9 (0.7&#8211;1.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.31</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>GFR (mL/min/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">90 (72&#8211;144)</td>
                  <td align="center">86 (60&#8211;96)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Calcium (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.2&#177;0.6</td>
                  <td align="center">9.3&#177;0.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Magnesium (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.0 (1.9&#8211;2.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.0 (1.9&#8211;2.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.79</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AST (U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">30.5 (20&#8211;52)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (21&#8211;39)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.34</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ALT (U/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (16&#8211;34)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (14&#8211;30)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CK&#8211;MB Mass (ng/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">100 (26&#8211;209)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (3&#8211;66)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Troponin I (&#956;g/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">2571 (736&#8211;4810)</td>
                  <td align="center">365 (43&#8211;1394)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">43.9&#177;8.5</td>
                  <td align="center">49&#177;11.2</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Troponin/native thiol</td>
                  <td align="center">6.7 (1.9 -15.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0 (0.1 - 3.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Plasma native thiol (&#181;mol/l)</td>
                  <td align="center">359.8&#177;78.4</td>
                  <td align="center">366.6&#177;68.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.52</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Plasma total thiol (&#181;mol/l)</td>
                  <td align="center">401.3&#177;81.7</td>
                  <td align="center">407.6&#177;74.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.57</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Disulphide (&#181;mol/l)</td>
                  <td align="center">20.1&#177;10.8</td>
                  <td align="center">19.0&#177;11.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.53</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Disulphide/native thiol</td>
                  <td align="center">0.04 (0.03&#8211;0.08)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.05 (0.03&#8211;0.07)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.49</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Disulphide/total thiol</td>
                  <td align="center">0.04 (0.03&#8211;0.07)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.04 (0.02&#8211;0.06)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.53</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Native thiol/total thiol</td>
                  <td align="center">0.90 (0.86&#8211;0.94)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.91 (0.87&#8211;0.95)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TIMI risk score</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1&#8211;4)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (3&#8211;5)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>GRACE score</td>
                  <td align="center">151.7&#177;26.6</td>
                  <td align="center">133.7&#177;35.1</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ventricular arrhythmia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (13.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (10.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.45</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Length of hospital stay, days</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (3&#8211;5)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (3&#8211;5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.26</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mortality, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.36</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>ALT: alanine transaminase; AST: aspartate transaminase; BMI: body mass index; CK-MB: creatine kinase-MB; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; IQR: interquartile range; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; LVEF: left ventricle ejection fraction; NLR: neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio; NSTE-ACS: Non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome; SD: standard deviation; STE: ST-segment elevation. Parameters were expressed as mean&#177;SD and median [IQR]. * p&lt;0.05 was considered significant for statistical analyses.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Correlation analysis of multiple variables with native thiol, total thiol and TNTR in the whole study population are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> . Native thiol levels were significantly and negatively correlated with age, GRACE score, NLR, hospital stay and troponin ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1A</xref> ), whereas significantly and positively correlated with GFR, LVEF and albumin. Total thiol levels were significantly and negatively correlated with age, GRACE score, hospital stay and troponin ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1B</xref> ), whereas significantly and positively correlated with GFR, LVEF and albumin. TNTR levels were inversely and significantly correlated with LVEF, and positively and significantly correlated with GRACE score, NLR, CKMB and hospital stay. Correlation coefficient was weak or moderate for all significant variables included in the analysis.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Plasma native thiol, total thiol and troponin/native thiol index parameters of acute coronary syndrome patients and their correlation with variables</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Variables</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Native Thiol</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Total Thiol</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Troponin-to-Native Thiol Ratio</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="6" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>r</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>r</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>r</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.25</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.26</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                  <td align="center">+0.06</td>
                  <td align="center">0.34</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>GFR</td>
                  <td align="center">+0.33</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                  <td align="center">+0.33</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.13</td>
                  <td align="center">0.06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Grace score</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.36</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.35</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                  <td align="center">+0.40</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">+0.19</td>
                  <td align="center">0.009*</td>
                  <td align="center">+0.18</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01*</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.42</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NLR</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.14</td>
                  <td align="center">0.04*</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.14</td>
                  <td align="center">0.054</td>
                  <td align="center">+0.34</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Albumin</td>
                  <td align="center">+0.39</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                  <td align="center">+0.41</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.12</td>
                  <td align="center">0.07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Troponin</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.27</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.28</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CK-MB Mass</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.11</td>
                  <td align="center">0.12</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.10</td>
                  <td align="center">0.15</td>
                  <td align="center">+0.63</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hospital stay</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.22</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002*</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.16</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02*</td>
                  <td align="center">+0.23</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL</td>
                  <td align="center">+0.10</td>
                  <td align="center">0.14</td>
                  <td align="center">+0.13</td>
                  <td align="center">0.06</td>
                  <td align="center">+0.04</td>
                  <td align="center">0.57</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>CK-MB: creatine kinase-MB; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NLR: neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio. *p&lt;0.05 was considered significant for statistical analyses.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Relationship between troponin and native and total thiol levels.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0465-90672-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Logistic regression analysis of in-hospital VA predictors for STE-ACS patients, NSTE-ACS patients and all ACS patients are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> . Native thiol was found to be an independent predictor of VA development in STE patients, whereas TNTR was found to be an independent predictor of VA development in NSTE-ACS patients. When it comes to the whole ACS patient population, TNTR and native thiol were found to be independent predictors of VA development. In all ACS patients, the area under the curve for TNTR was 0.783 and the TNTR cut-off value (6.13) was associated with 78% sensitivity and 72% specificity to predict in-hospital VA as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Independent predictors of ventricular arrhythmia by logistic regression analysis</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Variables</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">OR</th>
                  <th colspan="2">95%CI</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p value</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Lower</th>
                  <th>Upper</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Ventricular arrhythmia/STE</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td colspan="2"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL</td>
                  <td align="center">1.021</td>
                  <td align="center">0.997</td>
                  <td align="center">1.045</td>
                  <td align="center">0.08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age</td>
                  <td align="center">1.026</td>
                  <td align="center">0.965</td>
                  <td align="center">1.091</td>
                  <td align="center">0.40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.044</td>
                  <td align="center">0.943</td>
                  <td align="center">1.155</td>
                  <td align="center">0.40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Potassium</td>
                  <td align="center">0.849</td>
                  <td align="center">0.214</td>
                  <td align="center">3.366</td>
                  <td align="center">0.81</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Magnesium</td>
                  <td align="center">1.072</td>
                  <td align="center">0.121</td>
                  <td align="center">9.518</td>
                  <td align="center">0.95</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NLR</td>
                  <td align="center">1.142</td>
                  <td align="center">0.997</td>
                  <td align="center">1.308</td>
                  <td align="center">0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Admission time</td>
                  <td align="center">1.016</td>
                  <td align="center">0.994</td>
                  <td align="center">1.038</td>
                  <td align="center">0.15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Troponin/native thiol</td>
                  <td align="center">1.030</td>
                  <td align="center">0.981</td>
                  <td align="center">1.081</td>
                  <td align="center">0.23</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Troponin</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000</td>
                  <td align="center">0.64</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Native thiol</td>
                  <td align="center">0.962</td>
                  <td align="center">0.937</td>
                  <td align="center">0.986</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Nagelkerke R</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>= 0.257, p: 0.07</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Ventricular arrhythmia/NSTE-ACS</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL</td>
                  <td align="center">0.970</td>
                  <td align="center">0.940</td>
                  <td align="center">1.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age</td>
                  <td align="center">1.086</td>
                  <td align="center">0.985</td>
                  <td align="center">1.196</td>
                  <td align="center">0.09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.034</td>
                  <td align="center">0.917</td>
                  <td align="center">1.165</td>
                  <td align="center">0.58</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Potassium</td>
                  <td align="center">1.278</td>
                  <td align="center">0.218</td>
                  <td align="center">7.488</td>
                  <td align="center">0.78</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Magnesium</td>
                  <td align="center">0.105</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">11.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.34</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NLR</td>
                  <td align="center">1.102</td>
                  <td align="center">0.919</td>
                  <td align="center">1.321</td>
                  <td align="center">0.29</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Admission time</td>
                  <td align="center">1.003</td>
                  <td align="center">0.988</td>
                  <td align="center">1.019</td>
                  <td align="center">0.68</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Troponin/native thiol</td>
                  <td align="center">1.263</td>
                  <td align="center">1.061</td>
                  <td align="center">1.504</td>
                  <td align="center">0.009*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Troponin</td>
                  <td align="center">1.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000</td>
                  <td align="center">1.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Native thiol</td>
                  <td align="center">0.969</td>
                  <td align="center">0.947</td>
                  <td align="center">0.992</td>
                  <td align="center">0.08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Nagelkerke R</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>= 0.592, p&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Ventricular arrhythmia/All patients</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL</td>
                  <td align="center">1.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.987</td>
                  <td align="center">1.015</td>
                  <td align="center">0.90</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age</td>
                  <td align="center">1.040</td>
                  <td align="center">0.998</td>
                  <td align="center">1.084</td>
                  <td align="center">0.06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.994</td>
                  <td align="center">0.940</td>
                  <td align="center">1.051</td>
                  <td align="center">0.82</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Potassium</td>
                  <td align="center">0.867</td>
                  <td align="center">0.346</td>
                  <td align="center">2.169</td>
                  <td align="center">0.76</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Magnesium</td>
                  <td align="center">0.681</td>
                  <td align="center">0.096</td>
                  <td align="center">4.845</td>
                  <td align="center">0.70</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NLR</td>
                  <td align="center">1.087</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000</td>
                  <td align="center">1.182</td>
                  <td align="center">0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Admission time</td>
                  <td align="center">1.002</td>
                  <td align="center">0.995</td>
                  <td align="center">1.008</td>
                  <td align="center">0.57</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Troponin/native thiol</td>
                  <td align="center">1.059</td>
                  <td align="center">1.022</td>
                  <td align="center">1.098</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Troponin</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000</td>
                  <td align="center">0.10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Native thiol</td>
                  <td align="center">0.976</td>
                  <td align="center">0.966</td>
                  <td align="center">0.986</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Nagelkerke R2 =0.240, p: 0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Multivariate logistic regression analysis. The regression model included age, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF, %), serum potassium, serum magnesium, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and hospital admission time as possible independent variables. 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; OR: odds ratio. * p&lt;0.05 was considered significant for statistical analyses.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses for prediction of ventricular arrhythmia development in all patients.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0465-90672-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The findings of this study demonstrated that there was a negative correlation between troponin and plasma thiol levels in ACS patients. Furthermore, especially in NSTE-ACS patients and in the whole ACS patient population, TNTR was shown to be a strong and independent marker for the prediction of in-hospital VA. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in the literature demonstrating the relationship between thiol and in-hospital VA development in patients with ACS.</p>
        <p>One of the main pathophysiological mechanisms in atherosclerosis is increased oxidative stress with inflammation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Serum thiol level, which is an indicator of oxidative stress, can be manually detected by fluorescent capillary electrophoresis and/or luminescent systems. However, these systems are expensive, time consuming and difficult to apply. A colorimetric method developed by Erel et al. in 2014 has led to the automatic determination of thiol levels. Additionally, this new method is more accurate, faster and cheaper compared to previous methods.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> On the other hand, NLR, which is an easily accessible and inexpensive inflammatory marker, is a parameter that demonstrates systemic inflammatory response in various cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular conditions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In a study performed by Altiparmak et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> total serum and native thiol levels were found to be lower in patients with cardiac syndrome X and total serum and native thiol levels were negatively correlated with NLR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In our study, NLR levels were significantly higher in the STE-ACS patient group compared to the NSTE-ACS patient group and there was a negative correlation between NLR and thiol levels in the whole ACS population. In the light of these findings, it is reasonable to speculate that plasma thiol, a marker of antioxidant protection in the human body, is negatively associated with increased inflammation in ACS patients.</p>
        <p>Oxidative stress initiates the development of atherosclerosis through lipid peroxidation and formation of free radicals at first stages, and through vascular inflammation at advanced stages.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Instability of atherosclerotic plaque is triggered by increased oxidative stress and reactive oxygen radicals while antioxidant capacity decreases during this process. Subsequently, the balance of oxidative and antioxidant system, which is an important regulator of cellular protection, detoxification, apoptosis and enzymatic activities, begins to deteriorate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> A previous study showed that levels of oxidative stress markers increase after MI and reperfusion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> In our study, there was a negative and statistically significant correlation between plasma thiol levels and age and troponin, whereas there was a positive and statistically significant correlation between thiol levels and LVEF. These results were consistent with a previous study published by Kundi et al..<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Sivri et al. demonstrated lower plasma total thiol and native thiol levels in NSTE-ACS patients compared to the control group patients. In addition, they demonstrated an inverse relationship between the GRACE score and total plasma thiol and native thiol levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> According to our study, which included STE-ACS and NSTE-ACS patients, a significant negative correlation was observed between the GRACE score and thiol parameters. Correlation of thiol with these strong diagnostic and prognostic markers such as troponin and the GRACE score might underline that it may be an important marker for diagnosis and prognosis of ACS with the help of future studies.</p>
        <p>More than 80% of sudden cardiac deaths are due to atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD), and the most common cause is VAs due to ischemia resulting from CAD and ACS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Therefore, early prediction, diagnosis and effective treatment of VAs is very important. During oxidative stress, sensitivity of elderly hearts to VF increases. In one study, oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide was shown to be associated with increased early afterdepolarizations and triggered activity in ventricular myocytes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Although the myocardium has a strong defense mechanism, it is susceptible to oxidative stress because of its high workload and oxygen need. As a result of ischemia, there is a decrease in antioxidant levels such as mitochondrial superoxide dismutase and intracellular glutathione against free oxygen radicals. In addition, the production of free oxygen radicals increases in mitochondria and leukocytes, and production of oxygen metabolites increases during the reperfusion period, which can be more toxic by re-introduction of oxygen. Oxidative stress firstly causes oxidation of thiol groups and this leads to a reversible damage at the initial stage. At later stages, this process leads to accelerated necrosis and predisposition to arrhythmias. In the early period, it may induce myocardial membrane electrical imbalance, alterations in the permeability of ion channels and cause induction of arrhythmogenic changes in the potential pattern of ventricular action.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> An increase in the duration of action potential was observed after exposure to free oxygen radicals followed by the appearance of early and after depolarizations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> In the light of the previously published reports, we have hypothesized that thiol levels may predict VA development in ACS patients and found that TNTR can be used to predict VA development in NSTE-ACS patients but not in STE-ACS patients. This disagreement may originate in the pathophysiological and clinical diversities between STE-ACS and NSTE-ACS. STE-ACS is a result of total occlusion of the vessel with fibrin-rich clot, whereas NSTE-ACS is a result of subtotal occlusion of the vessel with platelet-rich clot. Additionally, hospital admission time is shorter in STE-ACS patients and, consequently, revascularization time is faster compared to NSTE-ACS patients. Therefore, it is reasonable to speculate that there is not sufficient time for oxidative process to progress to plasma at the cellular level in STE-ACS patients. However, due to the fact that revascularization time is longer in NSTE-ACS patients, progression of oxidative stress from cardiomyocytes to plasma can be more pronounced. In addition, NSTE-ACS patients are older than STE-ACS patients and suffer from comorbidities such as DM and/or hypertension more often compared to STE-ACS patients as shown in our study group. These comorbidities might have affected the oxidative status in NSTE-ACS patients.</p>
        <p>Our study has several limitations. Firstly, the number of samples is relatively small and this is a single-center study. Secondly, this is an observational study and it should be supported by further clinical follow-up and experimental studies aiming to explain prognosis and pathophysiological relationships between thiol and VAs in ACS patients. Thirdly, other oxidative parameters such as total antioxidant status, total oxidant status, paraoxonase and other inflammation parameters such as CRP and fibrinogen were not evaluated in our study due to the study design. Lastly, the effect of revascularization on oxidative parameters has not been evaluated due to the study design. Further studies involving more patients with more homogenous clinical characteristics may produce more generalizing and consistent results.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In conclusion, plasma thiol parameters, which are inexpensive oxidative status markers detected rapidly in blood, can be used to identify high risk for in-hospital VA development in ACS patients. Correlation between troponin and thiol levels may suggest that thiol may be an important marker for diagnosis and prognosis of ACS with the help of future studies.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
