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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Y38ZGVtPRxwYtgnXVFM4y6z</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021005010202</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001100457</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190774</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190774</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o da Composi&#231;&#227;o Corporal com Rigidez Arterial em Longevos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo e Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;via Ver&#237;ssimo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almonfrey</surname>
            <given-names>Franciellen Bruschi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Cinthia Medice Nishide de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonte</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;via Kurebayashi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sepulvida</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Bellaguarda de Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almada-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Clineu de Mello</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cendoroglo</surname>
            <given-names>Maysa Seabra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Quadrado</surname>
            <given-names>Egli Belinazzi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8523-760X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Amodeo</surname>
            <given-names>Celso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4295-9151</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Povoa</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1582-7268</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Dischinger</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Escola Paulista de Medicina (Unifesp- EPM), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Celso Amodeo &#8226; Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Escola Paulista de Medicina (Unifesp- EPM) - Rua Loefgren, 1350. CEP 04023-062, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>camodeo@cardiol.br</email> , <email>camodeo@terra.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Melo e Silva FV, Almonfrey FB, Freitas CMN, Almada-Filho CM, Cendoroglo MS, Miranda RD; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Melo e Silva FV, Almonfrey FB, Freitas CMN, Fonte FK, Sepulvida MBC, Quadrado EB; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Melo e Silva FV, Sepulvida MBC, Almada-Filho CM, Cendoroglo MS, Miranda RD; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Amodeo C, Povoa R, Miranda RD; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Melo e Silva FV, Amodeo C, Miranda RD.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>457</fpage>
      <lpage>462</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Pouco se conhece sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre sarcopenia e hemodin&#226;mica central em idosos longevos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Estudar a rela&#231;&#227;o da rigidez arterial com a composi&#231;&#227;o corporal em idosos longevos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> A composi&#231;&#227;o corporal foi avaliada por meio da absortometria de Raio X de dupla energia (DEXA) e dos par&#226;metros de circula&#231;&#227;o central (PCC) obtidos por m&#233;todo oscilom&#233;trico n&#227;o invasivo, com o Mobil-O-Graph 24h PWA Monitor&#174;. Os par&#226;metros centrais avaliados foram: velocidade da onda de pulso (VOP), <italic>augmentation index</italic> (AIx), &#237;ndice de amplifica&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o de pulso (iAPP) e press&#227;o de pulso central (PPc). Estes foram correlacionados com massa magra total (MM) e apendicular (MA), percentual de gordura corporal e &#237;ndice de Baumgartner (IB). Aceitou-se n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Participaram 124 longevos, com idade m&#233;dia de 87,1 anos (DP&#177;4,3 anos), sendo 74,2% mulheres e 57,3% brancos. Houve correla&#231;&#227;o inversa do AIx com as vari&#225;veis MM (r = - 0,391, p &lt; 0,001), MA (r= -0,378, p&lt; 0,001) e IB (r = -0,258, p 0,004). A PPc apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o inversa com MM (r= -0,268, p =0,003), MA (r=-0,288, p= 0,001) e IB (r= -0,265, p = 0,003). Houve rela&#231;&#227;o direta apenas entre AIx e percentual de gordura corporal (r= 0,197, p= 0,029).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Em idosos longevos, o percentual de gordura corporal se associa diretamente com a rigidez arterial e tem associa&#231;&#227;o inversa com a quantidade de MM. Esses achados podem estar associados ao maior risco cardiovascular.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Idoso</kwd>
        <kwd>Gordura</kwd>
        <kwd>Rigidez Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Composi&#231;&#227;o Corporal</kwd>
        <kwd>DEXA</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="34"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O envelhecimento &#233; um fen&#244;meno global, e a popula&#231;&#227;o com 80 anos ou mais (idosos longevos) ir&#225; triplicar de 2015 a 2050, sendo esse aumento mais acelerado nos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em faixas et&#225;rias mais elevadas, h&#225; maior preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas. Assim, al&#233;m da pr&#243;pria idade, somam-se v&#225;rios fatores de risco que elevam a taxa de eventos cardiovasculares (CV), que continuam sendo a principal causa de morbimortalidade nessa faixa et&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A rigidez arterial tamb&#233;m contribui para o aumento do risco de eventos CV maiores, tais como infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) e acidente vascular encef&#225;lico (AVE), independentemente da presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA), em adultos e idosos jovens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Existem poucos estudos correlacionando a rigidez arterial ao risco CV na popula&#231;&#227;o de idosos longevos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Outro fator que apresenta correla&#231;&#227;o com o risco CV &#233; a distribui&#231;&#227;o e a quantidade de gordura e de massa magra (MM) corporal. A gordura visceral abdominal est&#225; associada ao aumento da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e do risco CV, mesmo naqueles que possuem um peso adequado para a altura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Esta representa uma melhor associa&#231;&#227;o com o risco CV do que o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) na popula&#231;&#227;o idosa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a redu&#231;&#227;o da MM associa-se com maior mortalidade global e CV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Alguns estudos sugerem que a rigidez arterial contribua para a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a composi&#231;&#227;o corporal e o aumento do risco CV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Entretanto, essa rela&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o est&#225; clara, principalmente quando se trata de idosos longevos, pois apesar de serem uma popula&#231;&#227;o em crescimento exponencial, ainda s&#227;o pouco estudados.</p>
      <p>Dessa maneira, mesmo n&#227;o se conhecendo exatamente o mecanismo que une a obesidade e a sarcopenia ao dano vascular, acredita-se que possa haver associa&#231;&#227;o com a rigidez arterial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre rigidez arterial e composi&#231;&#227;o corporal em idosos longevos que vivem na comunidade.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todo</title>
      <p>Foi realizada uma an&#225;lise transversal de uma coorte prospectiva de idosos com 80 anos ou mais, com independ&#234;ncia funcional e cognitiva (Estudo Longevos). Este foi composto tanto por uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, cognitiva, funcional e nutricional quanto pela realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames de rotina e de interesse cient&#237;fico. Todos os participantes assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido para serem admitidos no programa.</p>
      <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos os indiv&#237;duos que apresentavam: insufici&#234;ncia renal em programa de di&#225;lise; instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica com necessidade de uso de f&#225;rmacos vasoativos; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com classe funcional III ou IV; doen&#231;as psiqui&#225;tricas que pudessem comprometer a realiza&#231;&#227;o das avalia&#231;&#245;es propostas no protocolo; doen&#231;as graves e/ou c&#226;ncer com progn&#243;stico menor que um ano.</p>
      <p>Esta an&#225;lise inclui todos aqueles indiv&#237;duos que realizaram uma avalia&#231;&#227;o da composi&#231;&#227;o corporal e uma medida n&#227;o invasiva dos par&#226;metros da circula&#231;&#227;o central (PCC), com um intervalo de tempo de no m&#225;ximo um ano entre elas. Projeto aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (CEP- UNIFESP) com N&#186; CEP 0190/2017 e N&#186; do parecer 2.381.489.</p>
      <p>Os PCC foram obtidos de modo n&#227;o invasivo com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do equipamento Mobil-O-Graph 24h PWA Monitor&#174; (I.E.M. GmbH, Stolberg, Germany) validado para essa finalidade, o qual capta simultaneamente a press&#227;o arterial braquial e a forma da onda de pulso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A press&#227;o arterial foi aferida em todos os pacientes no dia de aplica&#231;&#227;o do protocolo, usando como base as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da VII Diretriz Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Utilizamos a m&#233;dia das medidas v&#225;lidas dos seguintes par&#226;metros centrais: velocidade da onda de pulso (VOP), <italic>augmentation index</italic> (Alx), &#237;ndice de amplifica&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o de pulso (iAPP), press&#227;o de pulso central (PPc), e os correlacionamos aos dados da composi&#231;&#227;o corporal.</p>
      <p>A composi&#231;&#227;o corporal foi avaliada pela DEXA (Absortometria de Raio X de Dupla Energia ou Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiormetry) com o equipamento de densitometria Hologic (Modelo Discovery A, Waltham, USA), permitindo quantificar a MM total, a massa apendicular (MA) e o percentual de gordura corporal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> A MA foi calculada pela raz&#227;o da quantidade de MM em bra&#231;os e pernas, em gramas, e a altura do indiv&#237;duo ao quadrado, em metros (MA em g/m<sup>2</sup>). Al&#233;m disso, a DEXA permite calcular o &#237;ndice de Baumgartner (IB), que utiliza a MA no numerador da f&#243;rmula do IMC, em substitui&#231;&#227;o &#224; massa corporal total.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Como o estudo utilizou uma coorte prospectiva de idosos longevos, o tamanho da amostra foi decidido por conveni&#234;ncia. Inicialmente os dados foram analisados descritivamente.</p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas num&#233;ricas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram descritas como m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Para se avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o linear entre duas vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas, foi utilizada a correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. Foram apresentadas tamb&#233;m as correla&#231;&#245;es parciais ajustadas pela idade.</p>
        <p>Para todos os testes estat&#237;sticos, foi utilizado um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas com o uso do software estat&#237;stico SPSS 20.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Foram analisados 124 idosos longevos, dos 74,2% eram mulheres e 57,3% eram de cor branca, com m&#233;dia de idade de 87,1&#177;4,3 anos, sendo observada uma idade m&#237;nima de 80 anos e m&#225;xima de 100 anos.</p>
      <p>O tempo m&#233;dio entre a realiza&#231;&#227;o das medidas de press&#227;o e da DEXA foi 43,4 dias. Da amostra obtida, 41,9% eram eutr&#243;ficos, pela classifica&#231;&#227;o de Lipschitz (IMC 22 a 27 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) e 41,1% obesos (IMC&gt;27 kg/m<sup>2</sup>). Na distribui&#231;&#227;o do percentual de gordura obtido na DEXA em tercis, percebeu-se que 1/3 da amostra possu&#237;a mais de 42,9% da composi&#231;&#227;o corporal composta por massa gorda, 1/3 possu&#237;a de 36,4 a 42,9%, e 1/3 possu&#237;a menos de 36,4% de massa gorda.</p>
      <p>Houve uma associa&#231;&#227;o inversa da quantidade de MM, seja apendicular ou total, com a rigidez arterial ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). Observou-se associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante de dois PCC (PPc e AIx) com a MM ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Gr&#225;fico de dispers&#227;o mostrando a rela&#231;&#227;o inversa (r= 0,378; p&lt;0,001) entre AIx (%) e massa magra apendicular (g).</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0457-90774-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson entre as vari&#225;veis de rigidez arterial e a massa magra corporal, ap&#243;s ajuste pela idade</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="2">MM (g)</th>
                <th colspan="2">Massa apendicular (g)</th>
                <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Indice de Baumgartner (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="6" rowspan="1">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>r</th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>r</th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>r</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>PPc (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,267*</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
                <td align="center">-0,283*</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
                <td align="center">-0,263*</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AIx (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,393**</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">-0,382**</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">-0,260**</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VOP (m/s)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,052</td>
                <td align="center">0,571</td>
                <td align="center">-0,082</td>
                <td align="center">0,369</td>
                <td align="center">-0,102</td>
                <td align="center">0,263</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>iAPP (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,168</td>
                <td align="center">0,063</td>
                <td align="center">0,147</td>
                <td align="center">0,106</td>
                <td align="center">0,128</td>
                <td align="center">0,159</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>* p&lt;0,01; ** p&lt;0,001. N=124; MM (massa magra total); PPc (press&#227;o de pulso central); AIx (augmentation index); VOP (velocidade de onda de pulso): iAPP (&#237;ndice de amplia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o de pulso).</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Foi observada uma associa&#231;&#227;o inversamente proporcional entre o AIx e as vari&#225;veis MM (r=-0,391, p&lt;0,001), MA (r=-0,378, p&lt;0,001) e IB (r=-0,258, p=0,004). A PPc tamb&#233;m apresentou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica em suas rela&#231;&#245;es inversas com a MM (r = -0,268, p = 0,030), MA (r= -0,288, p = 0,001) e IB (r = -0,265, p = 0,003). A VOP n&#227;o apresentou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica nesta an&#225;lise.</p>
      <p>Houve rela&#231;&#227;o direta, mas sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, entre iAPP e MM ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>As correla&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis de rigidez arterial e composi&#231;&#227;o corporal foram ajustadas pela idade, e os resultados apresentaram-se semelhantes ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). Assim, o AIx continuou a apresentar rela&#231;&#227;o inversa com a quantidade de MM e o IB. O mesmo ocorreu na compara&#231;&#227;o ajustada pela idade entre a PPc e a MM. ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> )</p>
      <p>Ao avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o da gordura corporal e os par&#226;metros da rigidez arterial, houve uma rela&#231;&#227;o direta e estatisticamente significante entre o AIx e o percentual de gordura corporal, mas n&#227;o com o peso total de gordura corporal (r= -0,029, p= 0,746). Esta associa&#231;&#227;o se manteve ap&#243;s ajuste para a idade, conforme demonstrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> . Os demais par&#226;metros analisados (VOP, iAPP e PPc) n&#227;o apresentaram rela&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica com a gordura corporal. Nenhum dos par&#226;metros de rigidez arterial analisados (PPc, AIx, VOP, iAPP) mostrou rela&#231;&#227;o com o IMC ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson entre as vari&#225;veis de rigidez arterial e gordura corporal ap&#243;s o ajuste para a idade</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="2">MM (g)</th>
                <th colspan="2">% massa gorda</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>r</th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>r</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>PPc (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,004</td>
                <td align="center">0,962</td>
                <td align="center">0,174</td>
                <td align="center">0,054</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AIx (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,042</td>
                <td align="center">0,642</td>
                <td align="center">0,197*</td>
                <td align="center">0,029</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VOP (m/s)</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
                <td align="center">0,952</td>
                <td align="center">0,048</td>
                <td align="center">0,601</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>iAPP (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,064</td>
                <td align="center">0,479</td>
                <td align="center">-0,042</td>
                <td align="center">0,647</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>* p&lt;0,05. N=124; MG (massa gorda); PPc (press&#227;o de pulso central); AIx (augmentation index); VOP (velocidade de onda de pulso); iAPP (&#237;ndice de amplia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o de pulso)</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este &#233; o primeiro estudo a avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a rigidez arterial e composi&#231;&#227;o corporal em idosos longevos. Nesta avalia&#231;&#227;o, houve rela&#231;&#227;o entre a composi&#231;&#227;o corporal e rigidez arterial, sendo que, quanto maior a quantidade de massa muscular, menor a rigidez da parede das art&#233;rias centrais. Esse resultado se deu pela associa&#231;&#227;o do AIx e da PPc com a MM e a MA, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p&lt;0,001), mesmo ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o para a idade.</p>
      <p>Observou-se tamb&#233;m rela&#231;&#227;o direta entre o percentual de gordura corporal e a rigidez arterial por meio do AIx (p= 0,029).</p>
      <p>Esses resultados foram equivalentes &#224;queles encontrados em alguns estudos com adultos de meia idade. Wohlfahrt et al. avaliaram 136 volunt&#225;rios com idade m&#233;dia de 45 anos, n&#227;o obesos e sem doen&#231;as CV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Conclu&#237;ram que os indiv&#237;duos com maior MM e menor percentual de gordura possu&#237;am art&#233;rias mais el&#225;sticas, e tamb&#233;m foi mais forte a associa&#231;&#227;o da rigidez a&#243;rtica com a MM do que com a massa gorda. Schouten et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> acompanharam adultos saud&#225;veis e constataram que o aumento da gordura abdominal ou a perda de MA estava relacionado &#224; maior rigidez arterial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Por outro lado, Benetos et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> ao analisarem 169 idosos, n&#227;o encontraram associa&#231;&#227;o da MM com a VOP, apenas com a gordura corporal. Por&#233;m, a amostra desse estudo era formada apenas por homens e com uma faixa et&#225;ria mais jovem de 60 a 85 anos, em que 90% da amostra tinha abaixo de 75 anos. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o foram avaliados outros marcadores de rigidez arterial, como a PPc e o AIx.</p>
      <p>J&#225; Tanaka et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> avaliaram uma popula&#231;&#227;o exclusivamente de mulheres diab&#233;ticas, com idade m&#233;dia de 65 anos, e apontaram a associa&#231;&#227;o de rigidez arterial, medida pela VOP, tanto com o percentual de gordura corporal quanto com a MM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No presente estudo, n&#227;o houve rela&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica entre VOP e composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, diferentemente dos artigos supracitados. Por&#233;m, o estudo PARTAGE (Predictive Values of Blood Pressure and Arterial Stiffness in Institutionalized Very Aged Population), realizado com 1.126 idosos com mais de 80 anos, ou seja, com idade similar &#224; dos participantes do presente estudo, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o demonstrou correla&#231;&#227;o da VOP com desfechos CV e mortalidade global.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Nesse estudo, o iAPP se mostrou o melhor marcador de risco para os eventos, podendo sugerir que, em idosos longevos, para medir a rigidez arterial, al&#233;m da VOP, outros par&#226;metros devam ser analisados. &#201; necess&#225;rio destacar que o estudo aqui apresentado avaliou idosos da comunidade, enquanto, no PARTAGE, os idosos eram institucionalizados, apesar de tamb&#233;m independentes para atividades b&#225;sicas de vida di&#225;ria.</p>
      <p>Para a obten&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros arteriais centrais, utilizamos o equipamento n&#227;o invasivo Mobil-O-Graph 24h PWA Monitor&#174;, que utiliza um m&#233;todo oscilom&#233;trico validado. Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica com metan&#225;lise publicada recentemente comparou os equipamentos comercialmente existentes para aferi&#231;&#227;o indireta dos PCC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Sua conclus&#227;o foi de que n&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncias suficientes para recomendar uma forma n&#227;o invasiva de estimar a press&#227;o arterial central como padr&#227;o-ouro. Apesar de a tecnologia do SphygmoCor&#174; ter sido a mais estudada e validada at&#233; ent&#227;o, apresenta maior erro na estimativa da press&#227;o arterial na raiz da aorta em rela&#231;&#227;o ao m&#233;todo invasivo, o que dispositivos que usam um m&#233;todo autom&#225;tico oscilom&#233;trico. Estes possuem maior acur&#225;cia e parecem ser mais promissores.</p>
      <p>No vigente estudo, foi utilizada a ferramenta de escolha para avali&#231;&#227;o da densidade mineral &#243;ssea conforme recomenda&#231;&#227;o do Consenso Europeu de Sarcopenia para avalia&#231;&#227;o da MA na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, mas n&#227;o h&#225; consenso sobre seu uso para a defini&#231;&#227;o de obesidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A fraca associa&#231;&#227;o encontrada entre rigidez arterial e gordura corporal corrobora a teoria do paradoxo da obesidade no idoso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> A menor associa&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as CV com a obesidade pode ocorrer devido um vi&#233;s de sobreviv&#234;ncia, em que os idosos que chegaram a essa faixa et&#225;ria n&#227;o est&#227;o suscet&#237;veis aos malef&#237;cios metab&#243;licos do excesso de gordura. Contudo, &#233; importante enfatizar que, apesar de n&#227;o possuir correla&#231;&#227;o com a mortalidade ap&#243;s os 75 anos, o excesso de gordura corporal aumenta a chance de fragilidade e de perda da funcionalidade, levando &#224; depend&#234;ncia para atividades de vida di&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Dentre as limita&#231;&#245;es do presente estudo, podemos destacar que foi conduzido em centro &#250;nico, em popula&#231;&#227;o de muitos idosos da comunidade, n&#227;o permitindo generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos seus resultados para popula&#231;&#245;es diversas. O tamanho amostral, relativamente pequeno, pode ter sido um importante limitador para os achados. Por&#233;m, este &#233; o primeiro estudo espec&#237;fico para a popula&#231;&#227;o de 80 anos ou mais que vive na comunidade e n&#227;o est&#225; institucionalizada, cujo acesso para pesquisa cl&#237;nica &#233; mais limitado, devido &#224;s dificuldades inerentes ao envelhecimento.</p>
      <p>O desenho deste estudo n&#227;o permite sugerir um mecanismo ou uma rela&#231;&#227;o de causa e efeito entre as associa&#231;&#245;es encontradas. N&#227;o foram levadas em considera&#231;&#227;o outras vari&#225;veis que podem interferir no enrijecimento vascular, tais como: hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e dislipidemia. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foram avaliadas as medica&#231;&#245;es em uso, como os anti-hipertensivos, que podem influenciar diretamente os PCC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos longitudinais de coorte e ensaios cl&#237;nicos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para a confirma&#231;&#227;o das rela&#231;&#245;es apresentadas com os desfechos CV,</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O percentual de gordura corporal se associa diretamente com a rigidez arterial, em idosos longevos, enquanto a quantidade de MM tem associa&#231;&#227;o inversa.</p>
      <p>Levando-se em conta que a rigidez arterial pode ter rela&#231;&#227;o direta com o aumento do risco CV, podemos levantar a hip&#243;tese de que a massa muscular esteja inversamente associada com o risco de desfechos CV em idosos longevos.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Fl&#225;via Ver&#237;ssimo Melo e Silva pela Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Association of Body Composition with Arterial Stiffness in Long-lived People</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo e Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;via Ver&#237;ssimo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almonfrey</surname>
            <given-names>Franciellen Bruschi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Cinthia Medice Nishide de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonte</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;via Kurebayashi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sepulvida</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Bellaguarda de Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almada-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Clineu de Mello</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cendoroglo</surname>
            <given-names>Maysa Seabra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Quadrado</surname>
            <given-names>Egli Belinazzi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8523-760X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Amodeo</surname>
            <given-names>Celso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4295-9151</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Povoa</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1582-7268</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Dischinger</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Escola Paulista de Medicina (Unifesp- EPM), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Celso Amodeo &#8226; Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Escola Paulista de Medicina (Unifesp- EPM) - Rua Loefgren, 1350. Postal Code 04023-062, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: camodeo@cardiol.br, camodeo@terra.com.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Melo e Silva FV, Almonfrey FB, Freitas CMN, Almada-Filho CM, Cendoroglo MS, Miranda RD;Acquisition of data: Melo e Silva FV, Almonfrey FB, Freitas CMN, Fonte FK, Sepulvida MBC, Quadrado EB; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Melo e Silva FV, Sepulvida MBC, Almada-Filho CM, Cendoroglo MS, Miranda RD; Writing of the manuscript: Amodeo C, Povoa R, Miranda RD; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Melo e Silva FV, Amodeo C, Miranda RD.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Arterial stiffness, obesity and sarcopenia correlate with each other and with cardiac outcomes in younger adults. However, there is little evidence of the association between body composition and markers of central arteries stiffness in long-lived people.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To evaluate the relationship between arterial stiffness and body composition in functionally independent long-lived individuals.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>This is a cross-sectional analysis of the association between markers of arterial stiffness and body composition among participants in a longitudinal cohort of elderly individuals aged 80 years or older who were functionally independent and lived in the community . Body composition measurements were performed using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and central circulation parameters (CCP) obtained by a non-invasive oscillometric method through the Mobil-O-Graph 24h PWA Monitor&#174; device. The central parameters evaluated were: pulse wave velocity (PWV), augmentation Index (AIx), pulse pressure amplification index (PPAi) and central pulse pressure (cPP). These were correlated to total lean mass (LM) and appendicular lean mass (aLM), body fat percentage, and Baumgartner&#8217;s Index (BI). The level of significance was set at 5% for all tests.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Data from 124 elderly people with a mean age of 87.1 years (SD &#177; 4.3 years) were analyzed, with 74.2% of women and 57.3% of white. There was a statistically significant inverse correlation of AIx with LM (r = -0.391, p &lt;0.001), aLM (r = -0.378, p &lt;0.001), and BI (r = -0.258, p = 0.004). Also, cPP had an inversely proportional association with LM (r = -0.268, p = 0.003), aLM (r = -0.288, p = 0.001), and BI (r = -0.265, p = 0.003). When assessing the relationship between fat mass and CCP, a statistically significant direct relationship was observed only between AIx and body fat percentage (r = 0.197, p = 0.029).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>In long-lived people, body fat percentage is directly associated with arterial stiffness and inversely associated with the amount of LM. These findings may be associated with increased cardiovascular risk.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Aged</kwd>
        <kwd>Fats</kwd>
        <kwd>Vascular Stiffness</kwd>
        <kwd>Body Composition</kwd>
        <kwd>DEXA</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Aging is a worldwide phenomenon, and the population aged 80 years or older (long-lived people) will experience a threefold increase from 2015 to 2050, with a more accelerated increase in developing countries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The prevalence of chronic diseases is higher at older ages. Thus, in addition to age itself, several risk factors increase the rate of cardiovascular (CV) events, which is still the main cause of morbidity and mortality in this age group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Arterial stiffness also contributes to increase the risk of major CV events, such as acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and stroke, regardless of the presence of arterial hypertension (AH), in adults and younger elderly people.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> There are few studies correlating arterial stiffness with CV risk among long-lived people.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Another factor correlated with CV risk is the distribution and amount of fat and body lean mass. Abdominal visceral fat is associated with increased metabolic syndrome and with CV risk, even in those with adequate weight for their height.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> This type of fat has a better association with CV risk than body mass index (BMI) in the elderly population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Furthermore, reduction in lean mass is associated with greater overall and CV mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Some studies suggest that arterial stiffness contributes to the relationship between body composition and increased CV risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> However, this relationship is not clear, especially with regard to long-lived people, because, although this population has been experiencing exponential growth, they have been little studied.</p>
        <p>Therefore, even though the mechanism linking obesity and sarcopenia with vascular damage is not well known, it is believed that there may be an association with arterial stiffness.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between arterial stiffness and body composition in long-lived people from the community.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>A cross-sectional analysis was conducted with a prospective cohort of older adults aged 80 years or older and with functional and cognitive independence (Estudo Longevos). This study consisted of both clinical, cognitive, functional, and nutritional assessments and routine tests of scientific interest. All participants signed a free informed consent to being included in the program.</p>
        <p>The study excluded individuals with renal failure undergoing dialysis; with hemodynamic instability requiring vasoactive drug therapy; with functional class III or IV heart failure; with psychiatric diseases that could compromise the execution of the assessments proposed in the protocol; and with severe diseases and/or cancer with life prognosis of less than a year.</p>
        <p>This analysis comprised all individuals who underwent body composition assessment and non-invasive measurement of central circulation parameters (CCP), with an interval of no more than a year between them. The study project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (CEP-UNIFESP) under CEP no. 0190/2017 and opinion no. 2.381.489.</p>
        <p>CCP were non-invasively obtained using the Mobil-O-Graph 24h PWA Monitor&#174; device (I.E.M. GmbH, Stolberg, Germany) validated to this end, which simultaneously measures brachial arterial pressure and pulsewave form.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Blood pressure was taken in all patients on the day of protocol implementation, based on the recommendations of the VII Brazilian Guidelines on Arterial Hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Mean for the valid measurements of the following central parameters were used: pulse wave velocity (PWV), augmentation index (AIx), pulse pressure amplification index (PPAi), central pulse pressure (cPP), and correlated them with data on body composition.</p>
        <p>Body composition was assessed by DEXA (Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiormetry) using a Hologic bone densitometry machine (Model Discovery A, Waltham, USA), which allowed to quantify total lean mass (LM), appendicular lean mass (aLM), and body fat percentage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> aLM was calculated by the ratio between the amount of lean mass in arms and legs, expressed in grams, and the squared height in meters (aLM in g/m<sup>2</sup>). Moreover, DEXA allows calculating the Baumgartner index (BI), which uses aLM in the numerator of the BMI formula instead of total body mass.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Since the study used a prospective cohort of very old adults, sample size was chosen by convenience. Initially, data were descriptively analyzed.</p>
          <p>Categorical variables were expressed as absolute and relative frequencies. Numerical continuous variables with normal distribution were described as mean and standard deviation.</p>
          <p>The linear association between two numerical variables was assessed using the Pearson&#8217;s correlation test. Partial correlations adjusted for age were also presented.</p>
          <p>The level of significance for all statistical tests was set at 5%.</p>
          <p>Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS 20.0 statistical software.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 124 long-lived people were assessed, of which 74.2% were women and 57.3% were white, with a mean age of 87.1&#177;4.3 years, minimum of 80 years and maximum of 100 years.</p>
        <p>Mean time elapsed from blood pressure measurements and DEXA assessments was 43.4 days. Of the total participants, 41.9% had normal weight, according to the Lipschitz classification (BMI from 22 to 27 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) and 41.1% were obese (BMI&gt;27 kg/m<sup>2</sup>). With regard to the distribution of body fat percentage as assessed by DEXA and divided into tertiles, 1/3 of the sample was shown to have more than 42.9% fat mass in their body composition, whereas 1/3 had from 36.4 to 42.9% of fat mass and 1/3 had less than 36.4% of fat mass.</p>
        <p>There was an inverse association between lean mass, either appendicular or total, and arterial stiffness ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ). A statistically significant association was observed between two CCPs (cPP and AI) and lean mass ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Dispersion graph showing the inverse relationship (r= 0.378; p&lt;0.001) between AI (%) and appendicular lean mass (g).</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-03-0457-90774-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Pearson&#8217;s correlation between variables of arterial stiffness and body lean mass after adjustment for age</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">LM (g)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Appendicular lean mass (g)</th>
                  <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Baumgartner index (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="6" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>r</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>r</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>r</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>cPP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.267*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.003</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.283*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.263*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AI (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.393**</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.382**</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.260**</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PWV (m/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.052</td>
                  <td align="center">0.571</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.082</td>
                  <td align="center">0.369</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.102</td>
                  <td align="center">0.263</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PPAi (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.168</td>
                  <td align="center">0.063</td>
                  <td align="center">0.147</td>
                  <td align="center">0.106</td>
                  <td align="center">0.128</td>
                  <td align="center">0.159</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>* p&lt;0.01; ** p&lt;0.001. N=124 LM (total lean mass); cPP (central pulse pressure); AI (augmentation index); PWV (pulse wave velocity): PPAi (pulse pressure amplification index)</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>An inversely proportion association was found between AI and the variables LM (r=-0.391, p&lt;0.001), aLM (r=-0.378, p&lt;0.001) and BI (r=-0.258, p=0.004). There was also a statistically significant inverse relationship between cPP and LM (r = -0.268, p = 0.030), aLM (r= -0.288, p = 0.001), and BI (r = -0.265, p = 0.003). PWV did not show any statistical significant association in this analysis.</p>
        <p>A direct relationship, but with no statistical significance, was found between PPAi and LM ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>These correlations between variables of arterial stiffness and body composition were adjusted for age, yielding similar results ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ). Thus, AI still had an inverse relationship with LM and IB. This also occurred in the age-adjusted comparison between cPP and LM. ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> )</p>
        <p>An assessment of relationship between body fat and parameters of arterial stiffness showed a statistically significant direct relationship between AI and body fat percentage, but not between AI and total body fat (r= -0.029, p= 0.746). This association remained after adjustment for age, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> . The other analyzed parameters (PWV, PPAi and cPP) did not have a statistical relationship with body fat. None of the analyzed parameters of arterial stiffness (cPP, AI, PWV, PPAi) exhibited a relationship with BMI ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Pearson&#8217;s correlation between variables of arterial stiffness and body fat after adjustment for age</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">FM (g)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Body fat percentage</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>r</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>r</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>cPP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.004</td>
                  <td align="center">0.962</td>
                  <td align="center">0.174</td>
                  <td align="center">0.054</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AI (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.042</td>
                  <td align="center">0.642</td>
                  <td align="center">0.197*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.029</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PWV (m/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.005</td>
                  <td align="center">0.952</td>
                  <td align="center">0.048</td>
                  <td align="center">0.601</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PPAi (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.064</td>
                  <td align="center">0.479</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.042</td>
                  <td align="center">0.647</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>* p&lt;0.05; N=124; FM (fat mass); cPP (central pulse pressure); AI (augmentation index); PWV (pulse wave velocity); PPAi (pulse pressure amplification index)</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This is the first study to assess the association between arterial stiffness and body composition in long-lived people. This assessment found a relationship between body composition and arterial stiffness, showing that the greater the amount of muscle mass, the lower the wall stiffness of central arteries. This result may be explained by the association of AI and cPP with total and aLM, with statistical significance (p&lt;0.001), even after correction for age.</p>
        <p>A direct relationship was observed between body fat percentage and arterial stiffness as assessed by AI (p= 0.029).</p>
        <p>These results were consistent with those found in some studies with middle-aged adults. Wohlfahrt et al. assessed 136 volunteers with mean age of 45 years, non-obese, and without CV diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> They concluded that individuals with greater LM and lower fat percentage had more elastic arteries and also observed a stronger association between aortic stiffness and LM compared with fat mass. Schouten et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> followed healthy adults and found that increased abdominal fat or loss of aLM was related to greater arterial stiffness.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Conversely, Benetos et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> when analyzing 169 older adults, found that LM associated with body fat, but not with PWV. However, the sample of this study only included men of a younger age (60 to 85 years), of which 90% were aged below 75. Furthermore, other markers of arterial stiffness, such as cPP and AI, were not assessed.</p>
        <p>Tanaka et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> in turn, evaluated a population consisting exclusively of diabetic women with mean age of 65 years and showed the association of arterial stiffness, as measured by PWV, both with body fat percentage and with LM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the present study, there was no statistical relationship between PWV and body composition, contrary to above mentioned articles. However, the PARTAGE (Predictive Values of Blood Pressure and Arterial Stiffness in Institutionalized Very Aged Population) study, conducted with 1,126 elderly individuals aged 80 years or older, i.e., with similar age than that of participants of the present study, did not observe a correlation between PWV and CV outcomes and overall mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In the PARTAGE study, PPAi showed to be the best risk marker for these events, which may suggest that other parameters should be analyzed to measure arterial stiffness among long-lived people, in addition to PWV. It is necessary to highlight that the study presented here assessed older adults from the community, whereas the PARTAGE study assessed older adults who were institutionalized, although also independent for basic activities of daily living.</p>
        <p>Central arterial parameters were measured using Mobil-O-Graph 24h PWA Monitor&#174;, a non-invasive equipment that uses a validated oscillometric method. A recently published systemic review with meta-analysis compared the commercially available equipment for indirect measurement of CCP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> It concluded that there is no sufficient evidence to recommend a non-invasive technique to estimate a central blood pressure as a gold-standard. Although the technology of SphygmoCor&#174; has been more studied and validated so far, it shows a greater number of errors in blood pressure estimation on the aortic root with regard to the invasive method, more than devices that use an automatic oscillometric method. These devices have greater accuracy and seem more promising.</p>
        <p>The present study used the tool of choice for bone mineral density as recommended by the European Consensus on Sarcopenia for the assessment of appendicular muscle mass in clinical practice, but there was no consensus on its use to define obesity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The weak association between arterial stiffness and body fat found in this study corroborates the theory of the obesity in the elderly.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> The lower association between CV diseases and obesity may be explained by a survival bias, in which individuals who reach old age are not susceptible to the metabolic hazards of excess fat. However, it is important to emphasize that, although there was excess body fat is not correlated with mortality after the age of 75, it increases the likelihood of frailty and loss of functionality, leading to dependency for activities of daily living.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
        <p>One of the remarkable limitations of the present study is the fact that it was conducted in a single center, with a population of many older adults from the community, which does not allow for the generalization of its results to diverse populations. Moreover, the relatively small sample size may be an important limiting factor for its findings. However, this was the first study to specifically assess the population aged 80 years or older living in the community and not institutionalized, whose access to clinical research is more limited, due to difficulties inherent to aging.</p>
        <p>The design of this study does not allow suggesting a mechanism or a cause and effect relationship between the found associations. Other variables that may interfere with vascular hardening were not considered, such as: hypertension, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and dyslipidemia. Furthermore, the present study did not assess medications currently used, such as anti-hypertensive, which could have a direct influence on CCP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Cohort longitudinal studies and clinical trials are needed to confirm the relationships presented with CV outcomes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In long-lived people, body fat percentage is directly associated with arterial stiffness and inversely associated with the amount of LM.</p>
        <p>Considering that arterial stiffness may have a directly relationship with increased CV risk may lead to the hypothesis that muscle mass is inversely associated with risk of CV outcomes in long-lived people.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Fl&#225;via Ver&#237;ssimo Melo e Silva , from Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
