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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">85HV88DKvLm6647DBnfrMMN</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001100455</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210624</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210624</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Ativa de Sono e Depress&#227;o em Pacientes Idosos no Cen&#225;rio da Cardiologia Ambulatorial: O Que Estamos Esperando?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6529-049X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Vit&#243;ria Vitoreti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2081-6846</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Drager</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Unidade de Hipertens&#227;o do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital (InCor)</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Hipertens&#227;o do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Dr. Luciano F. Drager</bold> &#8226; Unidade de Hipertens&#227;o do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Avenida Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. CEP <postal-code>05403-900</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>luciano.drager@incor.usp.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>455</fpage>
      <lpage>456</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Sono</kwd>
        <kwd>Depress&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Idosos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O interesse nas rela&#231;&#245;es entre dist&#250;rbios do sono, depress&#227;o e doen&#231;a cardiovascular tem aumentado nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas. A maioria das evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis sugere que v&#225;rios dist&#250;rbios do sono (incluindo priva&#231;&#227;o de sono, ins&#244;nia, e apneia obstrutiva do sono) n&#227;o s&#227;o somente meros espectadores, mas podem contribuir no aumento do risco cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> A preval&#234;ncia e o impacto dos dist&#250;rbios do sono podem variar dependendo de algumas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas (por exemplo: idade, sexo e comorbidades). Idade avan&#231;ada &#233; claramente um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de dist&#250;rbios do sono; evid&#234;ncias consistentes mostraram um maior n&#250;mero de queixas associadas ao sono com o avan&#231;ar da idade,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> incluindo ins&#244;nia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> e apneia obstrutiva do sono.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> A redu&#231;&#227;o no n&#250;mero de horas de sono e uma m&#225; qualidade do sono podem prejudicar v&#225;rios dom&#237;nios relacionados &#224; qualidade de vida nos idosos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Ainda, a depress&#227;o est&#225; associada com v&#225;rias consequ&#234;ncias cognitivas e cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Com base na plausibilidade biol&#243;gica que relaciona dist&#250;rbios do sono e depress&#227;o com risco cardiovascular,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> e a elevada preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em idosos, &#233; razo&#225;vel afirmar que os dist&#250;rbios do sono contribuem para o alto risco cardiovascular observado nesse subgrupo de pacientes.</p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos de Brasileiro de Cardiologia, Lopes et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> apresentam um estudo prospectivo do tipo coorte com 160 pacientes idosos (entre 60 e 98 anos de idade) com o objetivo de estimar o risco de morte e de eventos cardiovasculares ap&#243;s oito anos de acompanhamento (de 2009 a 2017) naqueles que apresentaram ins&#244;nia e sonol&#234;ncia excessiva durante o dia no basal. Sonol&#234;ncia excessiva durante o dia, qualidade do sono, e presen&#231;a de sintomas depressivos foram avaliados por Escala de Sono de Epworth, &#205;ndice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh, e Escala de Depress&#227;o Geri&#225;trica respectivamente.</p>
    <p>Os desfechos cardiovasculares propostos avaliados oito anos depois (infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, arritmias, valvulopatias, ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio e acidente vascular isqu&#234;mico ou hemorr&#225;gico) foram relatados pelos participantes ou seus familiares, e confirmados por revis&#227;o dos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos nas respectivas unidades de sa&#250;de. Durante o seguimento, 40 mortes e 48 eventos cardiovasculares (incluindo eventos cerebrovasculares) ocorreram no per&#237;odo. Os autores observaram que os homens apresentaram um risco 88% maior de morte em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s mulheres. Al&#233;m disso, depress&#227;o (RR=2,04; IC95%: 1,06-3,89), gravidade da ins&#244;nia (RR=2,39; IC95% 1,52-4,56), e lat&#234;ncia do sono de 16-30 minutos (RR=3,54; IC95% 1,26-9,94) e de 31-60 minutos (RR=2,23; IC 95%: 1,12-4,47) foram independentemente associados com risco aumentado de morte em idosos da comunidade. Os eventos cardiovasculares e cerebrovasculares foram preditos somente por hipertens&#227;o e diabetes. Os autores argumentaram que a maior mortalidade em homens est&#225; associada ao fato de eles apresentarem uma maior taxa de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, tais como doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. De fato, dados da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira mostram a diferen&#231;a na preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e mortalidade entre os sexos, com maior taxa nos homens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref></p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, o presente estudo refor&#231;a o papel negativo de v&#225;rios dist&#250;rbios do sono<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> e depress&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> em pacientes idosos. Os mecanismos potenciais que ligam dist&#250;rbios do sono e depress&#227;o com mortalidade s&#227;o m&#250;ltiplos, incluindo mudan&#231;as na modula&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso auton&#244;mico, aumento da atividade simp&#225;tica, inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica e aterog&#234;nese. Al&#233;m disso, a ruptura em alguns sistemas de regula&#231;&#227;o cerebral, por exemplo, no eixo hipot&#225;lamo-pituit&#225;ria-adrenal e na varia&#231;&#227;o circadiana de cortisol e melatonina, pode contribuir para essa associa&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> A depress&#227;o est&#225; frequentemente associada com pobreza e baixo n&#237;vel educacional, o que imp&#245;e limita&#231;&#245;es significativas no acesso aos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Esses pacientes podem estar predispostos a uma ades&#227;o mais baixa a tratamentos cr&#244;nicos, e a mudan&#231;as nos padr&#245;es de sono e no estilo de vida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref></p>
    <p>As principais contribui&#231;&#245;es do estudo est&#227;o relacionadas ao delineamento prospectivo do estudo e a localidade da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. O padr&#227;o de sono e o estado de depress&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o do nordeste brasileiro s&#227;o pouco explorados. A elevada porcentagem de pobreza, baixo n&#237;vel de educa&#231;&#227;o, e vulnerabilidade social em compara&#231;&#227;o a outras regi&#245;es do pa&#237;s podem ter afetado os resultados do estudo, mas destacaram a necessidade de pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de direcionadas. Apesar dos pontos fortes do estudo, &#233; importante discutirmos suas limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiramente, esta &#233; uma amostra relativamente pequena de pacientes para se avaliar desfechos duros, tais como morte e doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Segundo, o delineamento observacional pode n&#227;o capturar potenciais fatores residuais que possam contribuir para os desfechos propostos. Terceiro, as queixas relacionadas ao sono foram baseadas em relatos subjetivos. &#201; razo&#225;vel se esperar algum vi&#233;s de mem&#243;ria e percep&#231;&#245;es err&#244;neas sobre o sono em uma propor&#231;&#227;o significativa de pacientes. A disponibilidade de an&#225;lises objetivas da dura&#231;&#227;o do sono e da apneia obstrutiva do sono ajudaria a determinar o real impacto dos dist&#250;rbios do sono nos idosos.</p>
    <p>Concluindo, o presente estudo refor&#231;a o potencial papel dos dist&#250;rbios do sono e da depress&#227;o na modula&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade em idosos. Esses resultados tamb&#233;m destacam a necessidade de mais colabora&#231;&#227;o entre especialistas do sono e psiquiatras no manejo desses pacientes. Mais estudos abordando interven&#231;&#245;es apropriadas a respeito desses fatores importantes contribuir&#227;o para avan&#231;os significativos nessa importante &#225;rea de pesquisa.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Risco de Morte em Idosos com Sonol&#234;ncia Excessiva Diurna, Ins&#244;nia e Depress&#227;o: Estudo de Coorte Prospectiva em Popula&#231;&#227;o Urbana no Nordeste Brasileiro</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Active Assessment of Sleep and Depression for elderly Patients in the Outpatient Cardiology Setting: What Are We Waiting for?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6529-049X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Vit&#243;ria Vitoreti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2081-6846</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Drager</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Hipertens&#227;o do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Dr. Luciano F. Drager</bold> &#8226; Unidade de Hipertens&#227;o do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Avenida Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. Postal Code <postal-code>05403-900</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>luciano.drager@incor.usp.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Sleep</kwd>
        <kwd>Depression</kwd>
        <kwd>Elderly</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The relationships between sleep disturbances, depression and cardiovascular disease have gained growing interest in the last decades. Most evidence available suggests that several sleep disturbances (including sleep deprivation, insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea) are not only innocent bystanders, but may contribute to increase the cardiovascular risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> The prevalence and impact of sleep disorders may vary depending on some clinical characteristics (for instance: age, gender and comorbidities). Aging is clearly a risk factor for developing sleep disturbances; consistent evidence have shown greater number of complaints associated with sleep with aging,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> including insomnia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> and obstructive sleep apnea.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> The reduction in the number of hours of sleep and poor sleep quality may impair multiple domains related to the quality of life in the elderly.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Similarly, depression is associated with several cognitive and cardiovascular consequences.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Based on the biological plausibility linking sleep disorders and depression with cardiovascular risk,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> and the high prevalence of cardiovascular diseases among elderly, it is reasonable to assume that sleep disorders add to the high cardiovascular burden observed in this subset of patients.</p>
      <p>In this issue of the Arquivos de Brasileiro de Cardiologia, Lopes et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> reported a prospective cohort study of 160 elderly patients (between 60 and 98 years old) aiming to estimate the risk of death and cardiovascular events after eight years of follow-up (from 2009 to 2017) in those who presented insomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness detected at baseline. Excessive daytime sleepiness, sleep quality and presence of depressive symptoms were evaluated by the Epworth Sleepiness scale, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Sheikh and Yesavage Geriatric Depression Scale, respectively.</p>
      <p>The proposed cardiovascular endpoints evaluated eight years later (myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, valvulopathies, transient ischemic attack and ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke) were self-reported by the participants or their families, and confirmed by reviewing the medical records in the respective health centers. Deaths were adjudicated using death certificates. In the follow-up, 40 deaths and 48 cardiovascular events (including cerebrovascular events) occurred in the period. The authors found that men had an 88% increased risk of death as compared to women. In addition, depression (RR=2.04; 95% CI: 1.06-3.89), the severity of insomnia (RR=2.39; 95% CI: 1.52-4.56), and sleep latency of 16-30 minutes (RR=3.54; 95% CI: 1.26-9.94) and 31-60 minutes (RR=2.23; 95% CI: 1.12-4.47) were independently associated with increased risk of death in community-dwelling elderly. Non-fatal cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events were predicted by hypertension and diabetes only. The authors argued that the association of higher mortality in men is associated with the fact that they have a higher rate of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases. Consistently, data from the Brazilian population demonstrate the difference in the prevalence of cardiovascular disease and mortality between genders, with a higher rate in men.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Additionally, the current study reinforces the negative role of several sleep disturbances<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> and depression<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> in elderly patients. The potential mechanisms connecting sleep disturbances and depression with mortality are multiple including changes in autonomic nervous system modulation, increased sympathetic activity, systemic inflammation and atherogenesis. Moreover, disruption of some brain regulatory systems, for example hypothalamic&#8211; pituitary&#8211;adrenal axis and circadian variation of cortisol and melatonin, may contribute to this association.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Depression is frequently associated with poverty and low education level, which impose significant limitations in the access to health services.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> These patients may be predisposed to lower adherence to chronic treatments, and changes in sleep patterns and lifestyle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref></p>
      <p>The major contributions of the current investigation are related to the prospective study design and the location of the study population. The sleep patterns and depression status of the Northeast Brazilian population are poorly explored. The high percentage of poverty, low education and social vulnerability in comparison to other regions in Brazil may have affected the results, but underscored the need of dedicated health policies. Despite the strengths, it is important to discuss limitations of the current study. First, this is a relative small sample of patients to evaluate hard endpoints such as death and cardiovascular disease. Second, the observational design may not capture potential residual factors that might help to contribute to the proposed endpoints; third, the sleep complaints were based on subjective reports. It is reasonable to expect some recall bias and sleep misperceptions in a significant proportion of patients. Ideally, the availability of objective analysis of sleep duration and obstructive sleep apnea would be helpful in determining the real impact of sleep disturbances in the elderlies.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, the current study reinforces the potential role of sleep disturbances and depression in modulating mortality in the elderly. These results also underscore the need for more collaboration among sleep specialists and psychiatrists for managing these patients. Future investigations addressing appropriate interventions on these important factors will be helpful for significant advances in this important research area.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Risk of Death in the Elderly with Excessive Daytime Sleepiness, Insomnia and Depression: Prospective Cohort Study in an Urban Population in Northeast Brazil</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
