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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">8BnBY3nm83YdYYmBTvRYgyF</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021005008202</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001100446</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200059</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200059</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Risco de Morte em Idosos com Sonol&#234;ncia Excessiva Diurna, Ins&#244;nia e Depress&#227;o: Estudo de Coorte Prospectiva em Popula&#231;&#227;o Urbana no Nordeste Brasileiro</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9679-5287</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Johnnatas Mikael</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Galv&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio Dantas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Vale do S&#227;o Francisco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Paulo Afonso</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Vale do S&#227;o Francisco (UNIVASF) - Colegiado de Medicina, Paulo Afonso, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual da Para&#237;ba</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campina Grande</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual da Para&#237;ba - Fisioterapia, Campina Grande, PB - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Natal</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RN</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte - Odontologia, Natal, RN - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Johnnatas Mikael Lopes &#8226; UNIVASF - Colegiado de Medicina - Centro de Forma&#231;&#227;o Profissional de Paulo Afonso (CFPPA) Rua da Aurora, S/N, Quadra 27, Lote 3. CEP 48607-190, General Dutra, Paulo Afonso, BA &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>johnnatas.lopes@univasf.edu.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Lopes JM, Oliveira AGRC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Lopes JM, Galv&#227;o FD; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Lopes JM, Oliveira AGRC, Galv&#227;o FD.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>446</fpage>
      <lpage>454</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A &#237;ntima rela&#231;&#227;o entre a regula&#231;&#227;o do sono e os eventos cardiovasculares &#233; um dos principais focos de investiga&#231;&#227;o na medicina contempor&#226;nea. H&#225;bitos e caracter&#237;sticas do sono interferem na ritmicidade card&#237;aca e tamb&#233;m na expectativa de vida, principalmente em idosos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Estimar o risco de &#243;bito e de eventos cardiovasculares em idosos comunit&#225;rios que apresentam queixa de ins&#244;nia e sonol&#234;ncia excessiva diurna ao longo de oito anos de seguimento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo</title>
          <p> Foi desenhada uma coorte prospectiva com 160 idosos, a primeira onda em 2009 e a segunda em 2017. Os grupos de seguimento foram determinados pela exposi&#231;&#227;o ou n&#227;o &#224;s queixas de ins&#244;nia prim&#225;ria e a sonol&#234;ncia excessiva diurna, com ou sem ronco. As covari&#225;veis sexo, estado conjugal, depress&#227;o, hipertens&#227;o e diabetes foram controladas. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi o &#243;bito e o secund&#225;rio, os eventos cardiocerebrovasculares (ECV). As probabilidades dos desfechos foram estimadas pelo risco relativo (RR), atrav&#233;s da regress&#227;o de Poisson, adotando-se &#945; &#8804; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Registraram-se 40 mortes no per&#237;odo (25,97%:19,04-32,89) e 48 ECVs (30,76%:23,52-38,01). Os homens apresentaram maior risco (RR = 1,88;1,01-3,50) de &#243;bito. A depress&#227;o (RR = 2,04;1,06-3,89), a gravidade da ins&#244;nia (RR = 2,39;1,52-4,56) e a lat&#234;ncia do sono entre 16-30 minutos (RR = 3,54;1,26-9,94) e 31-60 minutos (RR = 2,23;1,12-4,47) aumentaram independentemente o risco de &#243;bito em idosos comunit&#225;rios. Os ECVs foram preditos apenas por idosos hipertensos e/ou diab&#233;ticos (RR = 8,30; 1,98-34,82).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> A mortalidade em idosos &#233; influenciada pelo estado emocional e pela dificuldade de dormir, diferentemente dos ECVs, condicionados apenas pelas condi&#231;&#245;es press&#243;ricas arteriais e metab&#243;licas.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Transtornos do Sono-Vig&#237;lia/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Idoso</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#245;es Psicol&#243;gicas</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Depress&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="32"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os transtornos do sono parecem estar relacionados, de modo independente, com desfechos graves de sa&#250;de como os eventos cardiovasculares<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> e o &#243;bito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Destacam-se a ins&#244;nia e os sintomas de sonol&#234;ncia excessiva diurna (SED), condi&#231;&#245;es do sono possivelmente associadas a altera&#231;&#245;es neurofisiol&#243;gicas<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> e psicog&#234;nicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Existem evid&#234;ncias consistentes que apontam para a rela&#231;&#227;o da desregula&#231;&#227;o do ciclo sono-vig&#237;lia e das fun&#231;&#245;es cognitivas com processos inflamat&#243;rios cerebrais,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> assim como d&#233;ficit no automatismo circulat&#243;rio,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> o que produz sobrecarga card&#237;aca. As queixas relacionadas ao sono s&#227;o muito comuns em pacientes com morbidades card&#237;acas, neurol&#243;gicas e psicol&#243;gicas. As principais delas, ins&#244;nia e SED, s&#227;o manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas comumente mais brandas e podem surgir previamente ou em est&#225;gios iniciais de transtornos do sono mais debilitantes como a apneia obstrutiva do sono.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos brasileiros recentes revelaram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre risco cardiovascular, ins&#244;nia e SED.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Em outros contextos, Lee et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> evidenciaram, em uma coorte de pacientes coron&#225;rios, que a presen&#231;a de SED era um fator preditivo em eventos cardiovasculares futuros, quando controlados outros fatores intervenientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> No entanto, &#233; dif&#237;cil saber se a SED surgiu antes ou depois das coronariopatias.</p>
      <p>A ins&#244;nia tamb&#233;m est&#225; relacionada com os eventos cardiovasculares. Assim como a SED, ela se revela um potencial fator de risco para eventos cerebrovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Achados apontam que a ins&#244;nia est&#225; associada &#224; mortalidade geral apenas em indiv&#237;duos do sexo masculino, mas se diferencia de acordo com os contextos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m dessas condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, associadas ou independentes, v&#225;rios par&#226;metros relacionados com o sono podem estar influenciando as mortes e os eventos cardiovasculares como a efici&#234;ncia do sono, dura&#231;&#227;o do sono, uso de medicamentos para dormir e movimentos involunt&#225;rios do corpo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Acrescenta-se ainda a intera&#231;&#227;o com fatores n&#227;o modific&#225;veis como o g&#234;nero, e modific&#225;veis como as caracter&#237;sticas comportamentais, estilo de vida e fatores emocionais. Podemos citar tamb&#233;m os fatores sociais como a escolaridade e o estrato social, que sugerem rela&#231;&#227;o com altera&#231;&#245;es no ritmo biol&#243;gico do sono.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Todavia, s&#227;o incipientes as evid&#234;ncias dessas rela&#231;&#245;es na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, principalmente em subgrupos vulner&#225;veis em n&#237;veis biol&#243;gico e social como os idosos, cuja propor&#231;&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o cresce em ritmo constante, mesmo em regi&#245;es com caracter&#237;sticas acentuadas de subdesenvolvimento, como a regi&#227;o Nordeste.</p>
      <p>Dessa forma, objetiva-se investigar como a presen&#231;a de queixas de ins&#244;nia e/ou SED, assim como par&#226;metros da qualidade do sono e sintomas depressivos influenciam a longo prazo na mortalidade e em eventos cardiovasculares nos indiv&#237;duos idosos comunit&#225;rios. Conjecturamos a hip&#243;tese de que a presen&#231;a dessas dissonias, isolada ou em conjunto com sintomas depressivos, modulam a probabilidade de &#243;bito e eventos cardiovasculares em idosos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todo</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho</title>
        <p>Desenvolveu-se um estudo de coorte prospectiva, no qual a popula&#231;&#227;o de base para a pesquisa se constituiu de indiv&#237;duos idosos e residentes na zona urbana da cidade de Campina Grande, no estado da Para&#237;ba. A amostra foi de idosos participantes de pesquisa transversal em 2009, desenvolvida por Lopes, Dantas e Medeiros<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> na mesma cidade, sendo considerada a primeira onda de coleta de dados com 160 participantes, dimensionados para um estudo de preval&#234;ncia de SED e ins&#244;nia. A segunda onda de coleta de dados ocorreu no ano de 2017, para estimar a ocorr&#234;ncia dos desfechos de &#243;bito e eventos cardiovasculares.</p>
        <p>O dimensionamento amostral para estimar o risco de &#243;bito no grupo de exposi&#231;&#227;o (com SED e/ou ins&#244;nia) com rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo que n&#227;o foi exposto considerou um desfecho estimado de 10% neste grupo e de 30% no grupo sob exposi&#231;&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> junto a um n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a de 95% para minimizar um erro tipo I e um poder de teste de 80% para minimizar a ocorr&#234;ncia de erro tipo II. Dessa forma, mostrou-se necess&#225;rio um m&#237;nimo de 48 participantes em cada grupo para que o seguimento pudesse estimar os desfechos de modo adequado. De toda a forma, identificaram-se na primeira onda 114 idosos como pertencentes ao grupo de expostos.</p>
        <p>Justifica-se considerar a exposi&#231;&#227;o SED e a ins&#244;nia conjunta em virtude da frequente e concomitante ocorr&#234;ncia de ambas na amostra investigada, al&#233;m de serem eventos simbi&#243;ticos em idosos.</p>
        <p>Inclu&#237;ram-se na amostra indiv&#237;duos de ambos os g&#234;neros com idade acima de 60 anos, rastreados na primeira onda no ano de 2009 e que se disponibilizaram a participar do estudo. Os indiv&#237;duos com incapazes de responder aos questionamentos e de serem avaliados fisicamente foram exclu&#237;dos da pesquisa.</p>
        <p>A escolha dos participantes na primeira onda foi aleat&#243;ria dentro dos 49 bairros do per&#237;metro urbano estabelecido pela Prefeitura da Cidade de Campina Grande (PB). As ruas sorteadas foram percorridas de uma extremidade a outra, nas duas laterais, saltando-se nove casas a partir da esquina escolhida como in&#237;cio, de acordo com o m&#233;todo utilizado pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica (IBGE) para aleatoriza&#231;&#227;o neste munic&#237;pio. Essa altern&#226;ncia era dada pela raz&#227;o entre o n&#250;mero total de domic&#237;lios e o n&#250;mero de idosos a serem visitados no bairro. Caso n&#227;o houvesse idoso no domic&#237;lio selecionado, a busca deveria ser feita na resid&#234;ncia mais pr&#243;xima. Quando havia mais de um idoso no local, a coleta de dados era feita com todos eles.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vari&#225;veis e instrumentos de coleta de dados</title>
        <p>Os participantes responderam, na primeira onda, ao formul&#225;rio sociodemogr&#225;fico com dados sobre sexo (homem ou mulher), idade (em anos), escolaridade (analfabeto, ensino fundamental, ensino m&#233;dio ou ensino superior) e situa&#231;&#227;o conjugal (com ou sem companheiro). Al&#233;m disso, algumas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a exist&#234;ncia de condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de cr&#244;nica, como hipertens&#227;o e diabetes, foram averiguadas para efeito de controle de confus&#227;o, por serem as doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas mais prevalentes em idosos. Identificou-se de modo dicot&#244;mico o diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o e/ou diabetes nos prontu&#225;rios das unidades de sa&#250;de, assim como a inclus&#227;o no programa Hiperdia. Todas as vari&#225;veis da primeira onda constitu&#237;ram-se em independentes na coorte.</p>
        <p>Para avaliar a presen&#231;a de sonol&#234;ncia excessiva diurna, utilizou-se a Escala de Sonol&#234;ncia de Epworth ou Escala de Cansa&#231;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Identificaram-se com SED aqueles com pontua&#231;&#227;o acima de 10 na Escala de Cansa&#231;o, sendo o grau leve entre 11 e 16 e acima deste, o &#250;ltimo escore e grau grave. As queixas de ins&#244;nia foram avaliadas de modo subjetivo a partir de um interrogat&#243;rio a respeito da dificuldade de iniciar o sono, de manter-se no estado de sono e da dificuldade de retornar ao sono sem motivo aparente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Assim, criou-se um indicador composto que avaliava a presen&#231;a de SED e/ou ins&#244;nia, chamado Indicador de Transtorno do Sono.</p>
        <p>A lat&#234;ncia para o sono foi determinada a partir de dom&#237;nios do &#205;ndice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh (IQSP), que avalia a qualidade do sono em sete dom&#237;nios: qualidade subjetiva, lat&#234;ncia do sono, dura&#231;&#227;o do sono, efici&#234;ncia do sono, transtornos do sono, uso de medica&#231;&#227;o para dormir e disfun&#231;&#227;o durante o dia. A pontua&#231;&#227;o varia de 0 a 20. O sono de qualidade ruim &#233; caracterizado em indiv&#237;duos com pontua&#231;&#227;o maior que 5. O ronco foi estimado pela Escala de Ronco de Stanford.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em todos os participantes foi medido o &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC), que &#233; baseado na massa e altura do indiv&#237;duo. O peso era obtido com balan&#231;a da marca GEOM<sup>&#174;</sup>, modelo B8030, com limite de peso de 150 kg e sensibilidade de 100 g. A altura foi mensurada pelo estadi&#244;metro compacto adulto do tipo trena, da marca Wiso<sup>&#174;</sup>, graduado em cent&#237;metros. Quando o participante n&#227;o apresentava condi&#231;&#245;es de caminhar at&#233; a balan&#231;a ou de adotar a postura ortost&#225;tica para medi&#231;&#227;o da altura, era exclu&#237;do da pesquisa. Al&#233;m disso, foram coletados dados de circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (CA) com fita m&#233;trica inel&#225;stica, classificando os indiv&#237;duos em participantes de baixo e alto risco cardiovascular e estabelecendo como ponto de corte as seguintes refer&#234;ncias: &lt; 84 cm para mulheres e &lt; 104 cm para homens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Construiu-se um &#237;ndice nutricional dicot&#244;mico considerado adequado (IMC &lt; 27 kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> e/ou de baixo risco cardiovascular) e inadequado (IMC &#8805; 27 Kg/m2 e/ou de alto risco cardiovascular).</p>
        <p>Para avaliar a exist&#234;ncia de sintomas depressivos no idoso, utilizou-se a Escala de Depress&#227;o Geri&#225;trica de Sheikh e Yesavage,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> em que as pontua&#231;&#245;es de 0 a 10 equivalem ao estado normal; de 11 a 20, remetem aos quadros depressivos m&#233;dios; e de 21 a 30, indicam poss&#237;vel depress&#227;o moderada/grave.</p>
        <p>Os pesquisadores foram devidamente treinados para utilizarem os instrumentos de coleta de dados de modo confi&#225;vel antes de aplicarem o question&#225;rio socioecon&#244;mico, a antropometria, a Escala Geri&#225;trica de Depress&#227;o e a Escala de Sonol&#234;ncia de Epworth e do IQSP.</p>
        <p>A segunda etapa da pesquisa foi realizada em 2017. Inicialmente, os pesquisadores utilizaram a estrat&#233;gia do contato telef&#244;nico, seguida da visita domiciliar, visita &#224; Unidade B&#225;sica de Sa&#250;de e contato com informantes-chave (vizinhos e parentes) para a localiza&#231;&#227;o dos participantes e desfechos. Ap&#243;s a localiza&#231;&#227;o, para estimar os desfechos, era constatado o estado vital (vivo ou morto) do participante e a ocorr&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares e cerebrovasculares. Os eventos de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, arritmias, valvulopatias, ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio e acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico ou hemorr&#225;gico, entre outros, foram autorrelatados pelos participantes ou seus familiares, e confirmados e/ou acrescentados a partir dos prontu&#225;rios nas unidades de sa&#250;de e ou atestados de &#243;bito para os indiv&#237;duos j&#225; falecidos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de dados</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise inferencial foi realizada com o desfecho prim&#225;rio &#8220;&#243;bito&#8221; e o secund&#225;rio &#8220;eventos cardiocerebrovasculares&#8221;, controlando o efeito de covari&#225;veis como hipertens&#227;o e diabetes. Estimou-se o risco relativo para as vari&#225;veis independentes de agrupamento SED/ins&#244;nia, bem como os sintomas depressivos, os par&#226;metros da qualidade do sono e obesidade a partir da Modelagem Linear Generalizada, com modelo baseada na distribui&#231;&#227;o de Poisson e fun&#231;&#227;o ligante logar&#237;tmica linear. Diante dessa situa&#231;&#227;o inferencial, adotou-se um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% para minimizar um erro tipo I. Foi utilizado o <italic>software</italic> livre R para a an&#225;lise descritivas e inferenciais de dados.</p>
        <p>A pesquisa foi submetida ao Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Onofre Lopes, em respeito &#224; Resolu&#231;&#227;o n<sup>o</sup> 466/2012 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de, obtendo o parecer 2.048.708.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Foram acompanhados 160 idosos, com idade entre 60 a 98 anos, m&#233;dia de 72,16 &#177; 7,84 anos, sendo 112 mulheres (71,2%) e 135 indiv&#237;duos cuja escolaridade m&#225;xima era o ensino fundamental completo (84,4%). O tempo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento foi de 5,3 anos, com apenas quatro perdas de seguimento.</p>
      <p>Nesta amostra, 118 indiv&#237;duos eram normais quanto &#224; SED (73,75%:66,93-80,56), 30 indiv&#237;duos apresentavam grau leve de SED (18,75%:12,70-24,79) e 12 indiv&#237;duos se encontravam com a forma grave de SED (7,50%:3,41-11,58). A ins&#244;nia esteve presente em 98 idosos (54,9%), sendo que 65 indiv&#237;duos a apresentavam no est&#225;gio moderado/grave (43,0%). Registrou-se o desfecho &#8220;morte&#8221; em 40 idosos (25,97%:19,04-32,89) e o desfecho de evento cardiovascular aconteceu em 48 indiv&#237;duos (30,76%:23,52-38,01). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> descreve a distribui&#231;&#227;o das outras vari&#225;veis independentes, bem como sua modelagem preditiva.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise descritiva, Modelo bruto e ajustado para o risco de &#243;bito em idosos do munic&#237;pio de Campina Grande, Para&#237;ba, Brasil, 2009-2017</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="5">Risco de morte</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th colspan="3">Modelo bruto</th>
                <th colspan="2">Modelo ajustado</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>n (%)</th>
                <th>RR</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
                <th>RR</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Homem</td>
                <td align="center">44 (28,2)</td>
                <td align="center">1,69</td>
                <td align="center">1,01-2,87</td>
                <td align="center">1,73</td>
                <td align="center">0,92-3,28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mulher</td>
                <td align="center">112 (71,8)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Situa&#231;&#227;o conjugal</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Com companheiro(a)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (23,7)</td>
                <td align="center">1,59</td>
                <td align="center">0,91-2,77</td>
                <td align="center">1,50</td>
                <td align="center">0,86-2,62</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sem companheiro(a)</td>
                <td align="center">119 (76,3)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Depress&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">66 (42,3)</td>
                <td align="center">1,66</td>
                <td align="center">0,97-2,84</td>
                <td align="center">2,39</td>
                <td align="center">1,52-4,56</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">90 (57,7)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>&#205;ndice nutricional</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Inadequado</td>
                <td align="center">36 (23,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,76</td>
                <td align="center">0,42-1,38</td>
                <td align="center">1,12</td>
                <td align="center">0,58-2,18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Adequado</td>
                <td align="center">120 (76,9)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hipertens&#227;o/diabetes</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">114 (73,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,86</td>
                <td align="center">0,48-1,53</td>
                <td align="center">0,84</td>
                <td align="center">0,46-1,51</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">42 (26,9)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Indicador de transtorno do sono</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ins&#244;nia/SED</td>
                <td align="center">114 (81,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,91</td>
                <td align="center">0,40-2,07</td>
                <td align="center">0,62</td>
                <td align="center">0,33-1,16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Normal</td>
                <td align="center">46 (28,7)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IQSP</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bom</td>
                <td align="center">62 (45,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,78</td>
                <td align="center">0,43-1,41</td>
                <td align="center">0,62</td>
                <td align="center">0,33-1,16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ruim</td>
                <td align="center">73 (54,1)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>IC 95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; RR: risco relativo; SED: sonol&#234;ncia excessiva diurna; IQSP: &#205;ndice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburg.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A modelagem de Poisson revelou, ap&#243;s ajustamento, que entre as vari&#225;veis independentes estudadas, apenas a presen&#231;a de sintomas depressivos &#233; considerada fator de risco para &#243;bito em idosos comunit&#225;rios. Os idosos com depress&#227;o apresentavam 2,39 vezes mais possibilidades de falecer do que os n&#227;o mostravam sintomas depressivos (IC 95%:1,52-4,56). Por outro lado, os indicadores compostos de estado nutricional, os transtornos do sono, a qualidade do sono e at&#233; mesmo a hipertens&#227;o/diabetes n&#227;o foram capazes de influenciar na taxa de mortalidade durante o acompanhamento de oito anos do estudo ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Modelo ajustado segregado em morbidades espec&#237;ficas do sono para o risco de &#243;bito em idosos do munic&#237;pio de Campina Grande, Para&#237;ba, Brasil, 2009-2017</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th colspan="3">Risco de morte</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="2">Modelo ajustado</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>n (%)</th>
                <th>RR</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Homem</td>
                <td align="center">44 (28,2)</td>
                <td align="center">1,88</td>
                <td align="center">1,01-3,50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mulher</td>
                <td align="center">112 (71,8)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Situa&#231;&#227;o conjugal</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Com companheiro(a)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (23,7)</td>
                <td align="center">2,10</td>
                <td align="center">1,20-3,68</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sem companheiro(a)</td>
                <td align="center">119 (76,3)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Depress&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">66 (42,3)</td>
                <td align="center">2,04</td>
                <td align="center">1,06-3,89</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">90 (57,7)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hipertens&#227;o/diabetes</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">114 (73,1)</td>
                <td align="center">1,19</td>
                <td align="center">0,54-2,60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">42 (26,9)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>&#205;ndice nutricional</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Inadequado</td>
                <td align="center">36 (23,1)</td>
                <td align="center">1,27</td>
                <td align="center">0,59-2,71</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Adequado</td>
                <td align="center">120 (76,9)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Lat&#234;ncia do sono</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mais 60 min</td>
                <td align="center">22 (16,2)</td>
                <td align="center">1,68</td>
                <td align="center">0,74-3,81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Entre 31-60 min</td>
                <td align="center">19 (14,0)</td>
                <td align="center">3,54</td>
                <td align="center">1,26-9,94</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Entre 16-30 min</td>
                <td align="center">31 (22,8)</td>
                <td align="center">2,23</td>
                <td align="center">1,12-4,47</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Menos de 15 min</td>
                <td align="center">64 (47,1)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Gravidade da ins&#244;nia</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Moderada/grave</td>
                <td align="center">65 (43,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,94</td>
                <td align="center">0,29-2,96</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Leve</td>
                <td align="center">33 (21,9)</td>
                <td align="center">2,30</td>
                <td align="center">1,08-4,89</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sem ins&#244;nia</td>
                <td align="center">53 (35,1)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Gravidade do ronco</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ronco excessivo</td>
                <td align="center">38 (26,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,69</td>
                <td align="center">0,31-1,53</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ronco leve</td>
                <td align="center">54 (37,2)</td>
                <td align="center">1,24</td>
                <td align="center">0,58-2,65</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sem ronco</td>
                <td align="center">53 (36,6)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>SED</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Moderada/grave</td>
                <td align="center">12 (7,7)</td>
                <td align="center">1,08</td>
                <td align="center">0,43-2,68</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Leve</td>
                <td align="center">29 (18,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,60</td>
                <td align="center">0,24-1,53</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sem SED</td>
                <td align="center">115 (73,7)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; RR: risco relativo; SED: sonol&#234;ncia excessiva diurna.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Ao analisar as vari&#225;veis constituintes dos indicadores compostos inclusos no modelo anterior, identifica-se uma nova distribui&#231;&#227;o para o desfecho &#8220;&#243;bito&#8221; ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ) e apresentar sintomas depressivos continuou sendo um fator de risco. Todavia, percebe-se que existe uma predi&#231;&#227;o maior de &#243;bito para o sexo masculino, 88% maior que nas mulheres (RR = 1,88;1,01-3,50) e tamb&#233;m nos idosos com companheiro(a) (RR = 2,10; 1,20-3,68). De modo semelhante, os indicadores de lat&#234;ncia de sono entre 16-30 minutos (RR = 2,23;1,12-4,47) e entre 31-60 minutos (RR = 3,54;1,26-9,94) predizem mais &#243;bitos que nos indiv&#237;duos que dormem antes de 15 minutos. Apresentar ins&#244;nia leve tamb&#233;m foi considerado preditor de &#243;bito nesta amostra; os idosos que apresentam grau leve possuem 2,30 vezes mais possibilidades de falecer (IC 95%:1,08-4,89).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Modelo preditivo para o risco de evento cardiocerebrovascular em idosos do munic&#237;pio de Campina Grande, Para&#237;ba, Brasil, 2009-2017</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th colspan="4">Risco de ECC</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">Modelo bruto</th>
                <th colspan="2">Modelo ajustado</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>RR</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
                <th>RR</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Homem</td>
                <td align="center">1,19</td>
                <td align="center">0,72-1,98</td>
                <td align="center">1,23</td>
                <td align="center">0,69-2,21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mulher</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Situa&#231;&#227;o conjugal</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Com companheiro(a)</td>
                <td align="center">0,98</td>
                <td align="center">0,55-1,72</td>
                <td align="center">1,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,58-1,82</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sem companheiro(a)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Depress&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">1,14</td>
                <td align="center">0,71-1,83</td>
                <td align="center">1,29</td>
                <td align="center">0,78-2,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>&#205;ndice nutricional</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Inadequado</td>
                <td align="center">0,64</td>
                <td align="center">0,33-1,25</td>
                <td align="center">0,94</td>
                <td align="center">0,55-1,62</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Adequado</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hipertens&#227;o/diabetes</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">4,43</td>
                <td align="center">1,69-11,64</td>
                <td align="center">5,72</td>
                <td align="center">1,87-17,46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Indicador de transtorno do sono</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">0,72</td>
                <td align="center">0,32-1,63</td>
                <td align="center">0,66</td>
                <td align="center">0,31-1,38</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IQSP</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bom</td>
                <td align="center">1,27</td>
                <td align="center">0,76-2,10</td>
                <td align="center">1,36</td>
                <td align="center">0,82-2,27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ruim</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>IC 95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; RR: risco relativo; SED: sonol&#234;ncia excessiva diurna; IQSP: &#205;ndice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburg.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>No desfecho de evento cardiocerebrovascular durante o acompanhamento de oito anos, a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel independente que demonstrou capacidade preditiva foi o indicador de hipertens&#227;o/diabetes. Idosos hipertensos e/ou diab&#233;ticos apresentavam probabilidade quase seis vezes maior (RR = 5,72; IC 95%:1,87-17,46) de ter disfun&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares e cerebrais que os idosos normotensos e com metabolismo glic&#233;rico normal. Os indicadores compostos e segregados do estado nutricional, o transtorno do sono e a qualidade do sono n&#227;o revelam nenhum efeito no per&#237;odo analisado ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Modelo preditivo segregado em morbidades espec&#237;ficas do sono para o risco de eventos cardiocerebrovasculares em idosos do munic&#237;pio de Campina Grande, Para&#237;ba, Brasil, 2009-2017</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th colspan="2">Risco de morte</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">Modelo ajustado</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>RR</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Homem</td>
                <td align="center">1,38</td>
                <td align="center">0,59-3,21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mulher</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Situa&#231;&#227;o conjugal</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Com companheiro(a)</td>
                <td align="center">1,32</td>
                <td align="center">0,62-2,82</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sem companheiro(a)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Depress&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">1,32</td>
                <td align="center">0,67-2,59</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hipertens&#227;o/diabetes</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">8,30</td>
                <td align="center">1,98-34,82</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>&#205;ndice nutricional</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Inadequado</td>
                <td align="center">1,18</td>
                <td align="center">0,58-2,41</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Adequado</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Lat&#234;ncia de sono</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mais 60 min</td>
                <td align="center">1,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,40-2,62</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Entre 31-60 min</td>
                <td align="center">1,34</td>
                <td align="center">0,50-3,55</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Entre 16-30 min</td>
                <td align="center">1,09</td>
                <td align="center">0,45-2,59</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Menos de 15 min</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Gravidade da ins&#244;nia</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Moderada/grave</td>
                <td align="center">1,35</td>
                <td align="center">0,55-3,33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Leve</td>
                <td align="center">2,14</td>
                <td align="center">0,84-5,42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sem ins&#244;nia</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Gravidade do ronco</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ronco excessivo</td>
                <td align="center">0,99</td>
                <td align="center">0,41-2,41</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ronco leve</td>
                <td align="center">0,96</td>
                <td align="center">0,44-2,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sem ronco</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>SED</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Moderada/grave</td>
                <td align="center">0,79</td>
                <td align="center">0,26-2,43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Leve</td>
                <td align="center">0,74</td>
                <td align="center">0,28-1,97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sem SED</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>
                <italic>IC 95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; RR: risco relativo; SED: sonol&#234;ncia excessiva diurna.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Evidencia-se no presente estudo que os desfechos de &#243;bito e eventos cardiovasculares estudados s&#227;o preditos por exposi&#231;&#245;es distintas. O falecimento de idosos comunit&#225;rios &#233; fortemente influenciado pela ocorr&#234;ncia de sintomas depressivos, sendo mais comum em homens e nos indiv&#237;duos que vivem com companheiro(a). Entre as caracter&#237;sticas do sono, destaca-se a elevada lat&#234;ncia para iniciar o sono e a gravidade da ins&#244;nia como fatores de risco para o &#243;bito em idosos. Por outro lado, apenas os idosos hipertensos e/ou diab&#233;ticos apresentaram mais riscos de desenvolver desfechos cardiovasculares.</p>
      <p>Diversos estudos t&#234;m esclarecido sobre o maior risco de &#243;bito entre homens, principalmente por condi&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas como as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em idosos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> O <italic>status</italic> conjugal tamb&#233;m &#233; identificado como condi&#231;&#227;o relacionada com a vulnerabilidade de sa&#250;de. De modo geral, indiv&#237;duos sem companheiros apresentam menores suportes sociais e maior predisposi&#231;&#227;o aos eventos prejudiciais na sa&#250;de, como o &#243;bito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Todavia, nossos achados sugerem que idosos com companheiro(a) s&#227;o mais vulner&#225;veis. A hip&#243;tese explicativa aventada est&#225; alicer&#231;ada nas caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, em que a possibilidade de intera&#231;&#227;o entre baixas condi&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas e baixo apoio social sobrecarregam os c&#244;njuges no cuidado rec&#237;proco ou de um indiv&#237;duo vulner&#225;vel. Dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Sa&#250;de apontam tamb&#233;m uma maior ocorr&#234;ncia de decl&#237;nio na repara&#231;&#227;o do sono em indiv&#237;duos com companheiro(a) no Brasil.</p>
      <p>Evidenciou-se que sintomas depressivos em idosos s&#227;o fatores de risco para &#243;bito. Os sintomas depressivos prediziam eventos desta natureza para todas as causas, apresentando intera&#231;&#227;o com o sexo masculino.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Identificou-se tamb&#233;m que os sintomas depressivos s&#227;o preditivos na mortalidade por isquemia card&#237;aca em uma coorte da popula&#231;&#227;o geral na Inglaterra,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> o que foi corroborado com evid&#234;ncias que indicam a depress&#227;o como a principal morbidade cr&#244;nica que atualmente atinge os idosos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> e que pode ter efeito direto ou intera&#231;&#227;o com outros mecanismos patol&#243;gicos.</p>
      <p>De modo geral, quadros depressivos est&#227;o relacionados com as altera&#231;&#245;es do sono. Lima at al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> relataram que idosas com menor tempo de sono apresentam piores indicadores de sa&#250;de mental nos aspectos emocionais em estudo populacional no Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Sintomas de ins&#244;nia e sonol&#234;ncia s&#227;o preditivos para depress&#227;o, e &#233; poss&#237;vel que estas condi&#231;&#245;es estabele&#231;am rela&#231;&#227;o de retroalimenta&#231;&#227;o, que culminam no desfecho de &#243;bito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A depress&#227;o como fator preditivo de mortalidade em idosos est&#225; relacionada com a potencializa&#231;&#227;o de comorbidades cr&#244;nicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> A depress&#227;o em idosos, quando associada a morbidades cr&#244;nicas, dificulta o manejo das outras condi&#231;&#245;es, como diabetes e hipertens&#227;o, principalmente com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento e ao autocuidado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Acrescenta-se tamb&#233;m &#224; modifica&#231;&#227;o da percep&#231;&#227;o da dor<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> e do estado geral de sa&#250;de,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> o que cria manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas superdimensionadas ao real problema fisiopatol&#243;gico.</p>
      <p>Nossos achados apontam para uma exposi&#231;&#227;o de risco de &#243;bito produzida pela lat&#234;ncia do sono aumentada e a gravidade da ins&#244;nia em idosos. De modo semelhante, Lallukka et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> revelaram que na Noruega e Finl&#226;ndia a ins&#244;nia aumenta a probabilidade de &#243;bito em homens,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> assim como nos Estados Unidos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> sobretudo a dificuldade de iniciar o sono. A ins&#244;nia est&#225; fortemente associada a outros fatores que predizem &#243;bito, como a dura&#231;&#227;o do sono reduzida ou elevada<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> e a depress&#227;o em idosos. Por outro lado, Chen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Identificaram, em nove anos de segmento, independ&#234;ncia entre ins&#244;nia e eventos de &#243;bito em idosos asi&#225;ticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Tais discrep&#226;ncias podem advir de diferen&#231;as contextuais ou de tempo de seguimento insuficiente para a ocorr&#234;ncia dos desfechos.</p>
      <p>Diferentemente de outros estudos, o indicador composto de queixas de sonol&#234;ncia excessiva diurna e ins&#244;nia, bem como seus indicadores simples, n&#227;o se mostram fatores preditivos para eventos cardiovasculares. Todavia, Wu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> evidenciaram por meio de coorte em Taiwan que a ins&#244;nia aumenta o risco de evento cerebrovascular, principalmente em adultos jovens se comparados a idosos. Eventos card&#237;acos tamb&#233;m foram preditos, pela presen&#231;a de sintomas de ins&#244;nia em outros achados epidemiol&#243;gicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Para o desfecho de eventos cardiovasculares, nossos dados n&#227;o apontam as condi&#231;&#245;es do sono ou emocionais como fatores de risco. O &#250;nico preditor de risco identificado foi a condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de de hipertens&#227;o e/ou diabetes nos idosos durante o per&#237;odo analisado. A literatura cient&#237;fica j&#225; evidencia, com bastante respaldo, os efeitos delet&#233;rios que a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e o diabetes produzem na sociedade contempor&#226;nea, sendo um robusto fator de risco ou componente para eventos cerebrovasculares isqu&#234;micos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> e hemorr&#225;gicos, isquemia card&#237;aca e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Alguns pontos merecem destaque na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos nossos achados. Apesar do rigor metodol&#243;gico no planejamento do seguimento, n&#227;o foram controladas vari&#225;veis sociais importantes como renda, rede de suporte social ou status social que refletiria satisfatoriamente aspectos contextuais implicantes nas exposi&#231;&#245;es e desfechos. A baixa escolaridade da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada n&#227;o permitiu uma boa variabilidade desta caracter&#237;stica e, portanto, maiores infer&#234;ncias sobre seus efeitos. A falta de bom conhecimento da sa&#250;de e/ou acesso aos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de da amostra impediu a identifica&#231;&#227;o mais precisa de poss&#237;veis eventos cardiovasculares subcl&#237;nicos. Sua identifica&#231;&#227;o foi realizada por autorrelato. A inexist&#234;ncia de exame diagn&#243;stico da apneia do sono tornou imposs&#237;vel controlar o efeito desta condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de na sua prov&#225;vel intera&#231;&#227;o com as caracter&#237;sticas do sono. Por fim, o ajustamento de covari&#225;veis foi limitado pelo tamanho da amostra.</p>
      <p>Contudo, foram obtidas informa&#231;&#245;es de grande valor para popula&#231;&#227;o idosa estudada, a qual est&#225; &#224; margem dos grandes centros urbanos do Brasil, localizada em uma regi&#227;o com caracter&#237;sticas peculiares quanto aos aspectos sociodemogr&#225;ficos, culturais e econ&#244;micos e que apresenta escassos estudos de seguimento para subpopula&#231;&#245;es vulner&#225;veis. Dessa forma, a identifica&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos independentes que o sono e os sintomas depressivos produzem sobre a taxa de mortalidade de idosos s&#227;o de consider&#225;vel import&#226;ncia nas pol&#237;ticas na sa&#250;de da pessoa idosa, principalmente para o planejamento p&#250;blico e cl&#237;nico. Essas informa&#231;&#245;es servir&#227;o para alicer&#231;ar as tomadas de decis&#227;o na organiza&#231;&#227;o do cuidado da pessoa idosa, sobretudo para mitigar os predisponentes de vulnerabilidade de sua capacidade funcional e sobrevida.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Identificamos na amostra estudada efeitos independentes que os sintomas depressivos, a lat&#234;ncia do sono para dormir e a gravidade da ins&#244;nia produzem na taxa mortalidade de pessoas idosas. Tais condicionantes caracterizam-se por sua capacidade de mudan&#231;a e, portanto, pela possibilidade de minimizar a perspectiva de &#243;bito caso sejam combatidos com o manejo mais adequado e com o n&#237;vel de aten&#231;&#227;o apropriado. Somam-se tamb&#233;m os efeitos relacionados &#224; quest&#227;o de g&#234;nero masculino, que est&#227;o mais propensos &#224; &#243;bito. Tal fator remete a necessidade de ado&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias setoriais que estejam relacionadas tanto ao acesso aos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de como aos modos de produ&#231;&#227;o de trabalho e assist&#234;ncia social, a fim de dirimir as inequidades.</p>
      <p>Quanto aos eventos cardiocerebrovasculares, apenas a presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o e/ou diabetes aumenta o seu risco em idosos comunit&#225;rios. Apesar de bem conhecido como fatores de risco, existem lacunas no manejo apropriado destas condi&#231;&#245;es quando se refere &#224; ades&#227;o ao tratamento e o acesso aos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de e seus insumos, que s&#227;o influenciados por quest&#245;es sociais de renda, educa&#231;&#227;o e g&#234;nero, a fim de conseguir melhores resultados no &#226;mbito da sa&#250;de p&#250;blica.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Johnnatas Mikael Lopes pelo Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de Coletiva da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte.</p>
      </fn>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Risk of Death in the Elderly with Excessive Daytime Sleepiness, Insomnia and Depression: Prospective Cohort Study in an Urban Population in Northeast Brazil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9679-5287</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Johnnatas Mikael</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Galv&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio Dantas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Vale do S&#227;o Francisco (UNIVASF) - Colegiado de Medicina, Paulo Afonso, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual da Para&#237;ba - Fisioterapia, Campina Grande, PB - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte - Odontologia, Natal, RN - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Correspond&#234;ncia: Johnnatas Mikael Lopes &#8226; UNIVASF - Colegiado de Medicina - Centro de Forma&#231;&#227;o Profissional de Paulo Afonso (CFPPA) Rua da Aurora, S/N, Quadra 27, Lote 3. CEP 48607-190, General Dutra, Paulo Afonso, BA &#8211; Brasil E-mail: johnnatas.lopes@univasf.edu.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Lopes JM, Oliveira AGRC; Acquisition of data: Lopes JM, Galv&#227;o FD; Analysis and interpretation of the data; Statistical analysis; Writing of the manuscript; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Lopes JM, Oliveira AGRC, Galv&#227;o FD.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>The close relationship between sleep regulation and cardiovascular events is one of the main focuses of research in contemporary medicine. Sleep habits and characteristics interfere with the cardiac rhythm and also with life expectancy, especially in the elderly.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To estimate the risk of death and cardiovascular events in community-dwelling elderly individuals complaining of insomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness over eight years of follow-up.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method</title>
          <p>A prospective cohort was designed with 160 elderly, with the first wave occurring in 2009 and the second in 2017. Follow-up groups were determined by exposure or not to complaints of primary insomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness with or without snoring. The covariates gender, marital status, depression, hypertension and diabetes were controlled. The primary outcome was death and the secondary outcome was cardio-cerebrovascular events (CCV). Outcome risks were estimated by relative risk (RR) through Poisson regression, adopting &#945;&#8804;0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>There were 40 (25.97%: 19.04-32.89) deaths over the period and 48 (30.76%: 23.52-38.01) CCV. Men had a higher risk (RR = 1.88; 1.01-3.50) of death. Depression (RR = 2.04; 1.06-3.89), insomnia severity (RR = 2.39; 1.52-4.56) and sleep latency between 16-30 minutes (RR = 3, 54; 1.26-9.94) and 31-60 minutes (RR = 2.23; 1.12-4.47) increased the risk of death independently in community-dwelling elderly. CCV were predicted only in the hypertensive and / or diabetic elderly (RR = 8.30; 1.98-34.82).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>Mortality in the elderly is influenced by the emotional state and difficulty in falling asleep, unlike CCVs, which are conditioned only by arterial and metabolic blood pressure conditions.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Sleep Wake Disorders/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Aged</kwd>
        <kwd>Psychological Dysfunction</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Depression</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Sleep disorders seem to be independently related to serious health outcomes, such as cardiovascular events<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> and death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Insomnia and symptoms of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) stand out, which are sleep conditions possibly associated with neurophysiological<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> and psychogenic<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> changes.</p>
        <p>There is consistent evidence pointing to the relationship between dysregulation of the sleep-wake cycle and cognitive functions with brain inflammatory processes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> as well as a deficit in circulatory automatism,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> resulting in cardiac overload. Complaints related to sleep are very common in patients with cardiac, neurological and psychological morbidities. The main ones, insomnia and EDS, are milder clinical manifestations and may appear previously or in the initial stages of more debilitating sleep disorders, such as obstructive sleep apnea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Recent studies in Brazil revealed an association between cardiovascular risk, insomnia and EDS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In other contexts, Lee et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> showed, in a cohort of coronary patients, that the presence of EDS was a predictive factor for future cardiovascular events when other intervening factors were controlled.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> However, it is difficult to know whether EDS appeared before or after coronary disease.</p>
        <p>Insomnia is also related to cardiovascular events. Like EDS, it has shown to be a potential risk factor for cerebrovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Findings indicate that insomnia is associated with general mortality in men only, although it differs according to the contexts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In addition to these clinical conditions, either in an associated or independent manner, several parameters related to sleep may influence the occurrence of death and cardiovascular events, such as sleep efficiency, sleep duration, use of sleeping medications and involuntary body movements.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> There is also the interaction with non-modifiable factors, such as gender and modifiable factors such as behavioral, lifestyle and emotional characteristics. Moreover, there are also social factors, such as level of schooling and social strata, which suggest a relationship with changes in the biological sleep rhythm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>However, the evidence of these relationships in the Brazilian population is incipient, mainly in biologically and socially vulnerable subgroups, such as the elderly, whose proportion in the population has grown steadily even in regions with greater underdevelopment characteristics, as in the northeast region.</p>
        <p>Thus, this article aims to investigate how the presence of insomnia and / or EDS complaints, as well as the parameters of sleep quality and depressive symptoms influence mortality and cardiovascular events in elderly community members in the long-term. We hypothesize that the presence of these dyssomnias, alone or in conjunction with depressive symptoms, modulate the likelihood of death and cardiovascular events in the elderly.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Method</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Design</title>
          <p>A prospective cohort study was performed. The base population for the research consists of elderly individuals living in the urban area of the city of Campina Grande, state of Para&#237;ba, Brazil. The sample consisted of elderly participants from a cross-sectional survey carried out in 2009, developed by Lopes, Dantas and Medeiros,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> in the same city and which was considered the first wave of data collection with 160 participants, designed for a study on the prevalence of EDS and insomnia. The second wave of data collection took place in 2017 to estimate the occurrence of death outcomes and cardiovascular events.</p>
          <p>The sample size to estimate the risk of death in the exposure group (with EDS and/or insomnia), in relation to the group without exposure, considered an estimated outcome of 10% in the group without exposure and 30% in the group under exposure,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> together with a 95% confidence interval to minimize type I error and 80% test power to minimize the occurrence of type II error. Thus, a minimum of 48 participants in each group was necessary for the follow-up to be able to adequately estimate the outcomes. In any case, 114 elderly people were identified in the first wave as belonging to the exposed group.</p>
          <p>It is justified to consider EDS and insomnia exposure together due to the frequent concomitant occurrence of both in the investigated sample, in addition to being symbiotic events in the elderly.</p>
          <p>The sample included individuals of both genders over the age of 60, screened in the first wave in 2009 and available to participate in the study. Individuals unable to answer questions and to be physically assessed were excluded from the sample.</p>
          <p>The choice of participants in the first wave was randomly carried out in the 49 neighborhoods of the urban perimeter established by the city of Campina Grande-PB. The streets, selected by drawing lots, were crossed from one end to the other, on both sides, skipping nine households from the corner chosen as the starting point, according to the method used by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE, <italic>Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica</italic> ) for randomization in this municipality. This alternation was given by the ratio between the total number of households in the neighborhood and the number of elderly people to be visited in that neighborhood. If there were no elderly persons in the selected household, the nearest one was enrolled. When there was more than one elderly person in the household, data collection was carried out with all of them.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Variables and Data Collection Instruments</title>
          <p>The participants completed, in the first wave, the socio-demographic form containing data on gender (male or female), age (in years), level of schooling (illiterate, elementary school, high school, higher education), marital status (with or without a partner). In addition, some information about the presence of chronic health conditions, such as hypertension and diabetes, was investigated for the purpose of confounder control, as they are the most prevalent chronic diseases in the elderly. The diagnosis of hypertension and / or diabetes was dichotomously identified in the medical records of the health units, as well as the inclusion in the Hiperdia program. All variables of the first wave were independent variables in the cohort.</p>
          <p>To assess the presence of excessive daytime sleepiness, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) or Fatigue Scale<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> was used. Those with a score &gt; 10 on the ESS scale were identified with EDS; scores between 11 and 16 were considered mild cases, and above the last score were considered severe cases. Complaints of insomnia were subjectively assessed based on the answers to the questions regarding the difficulty of initiating sleep, staying asleep and difficulty returning to sleep for no apparent reason.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Thus, a composite indicator was created that assessed the presence of EDS and/or insomnia called sleep disorder indicator.</p>
          <p>Sleep latency was determined based on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) domains. The PSQI assesses sleep quality in seven domains: subjective quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep efficiency, sleep disorders, use of sleeping medication and dysfunction during the day. The score ranges from 0 to 20, with individuals with a score greater than 5 being considered having poor sleep quality. Snoring was estimated by the Stanford Snoring Scale.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The body mass index (BMI) was measured in all participants, based on the individual&#8217;s height and mass. Weight was obtained using a GEOM&#8482; scale, model B8030, with a capacity of 150 kg and sensitivity of 100 g. Height was measured using a Wiso&#174; adult compact measure tape stadiometer graded in centimeters. If the participant was unable to walk to the scale or adopt the orthostatic posture to have the height measured, they were excluded from the study. In addition, abdominal circumference (AC) data were collected using an inelastic measuring tape, divided into low and high cardiovascular risk participants, with the following references as the cutoff point: &lt;84 cm for women and &lt;104 cm for men.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> A dichotomous nutritional index was constructed as adequate (BMI &lt;27 kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> and/or low cardiovascular risk) and inadequate (BMI &#8805;27 kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> and/or high cardiovascular risk).</p>
          <p>To assess the existence of depressive symptoms in the elderly, the Sheikh and Yesavage<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Geriatric Depression Scale was used, where scores from 0 to 10 are equivalent to normal status, 11 to 20 refer to mild depressive conditions and 21 to 30 points indicate possible moderate/severe depression.</p>
          <p>The researchers were adequately trained to use the data collection instruments reliably before applying the socioeconomic questionnaire, collecting anthropometry data, applying the Geriatric Depression Scale, Epworth Sleepiness Scale and the PSQI.</p>
          <p>The second wave of the survey was carried out in 2017. The researchers used the telephone contact strategy initially, followed by home visits, visits to the Basic Health Unit and contact with key informants, such as neighbors and relatives to locate participants and outcomes. After the participants were located, in order to estimate the outcomes, the participant&#8217;s vital state (alive or dead) and the occurrence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disorders were verified. The events of acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, valvulopathies, transient ischemic attack, ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, among others, were self-reported by the participants or their family members and confirmed from/added to the medical records in the health units and or death certificates. for those already deceased.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data analysis</title>
          <p>The inferential analysis was performed with death as the primary outcome and cardio-cerebrovascular events as the secondary one, controlling the effect of covariates such as hypertension and diabetes. The relative risk for the independent variables of the EDS/insomnia group was estimated, as well as depressive symptoms, sleep quality parameters and obesity using the Generalized Linear Modeling with a model based on Poisson distribution and the linear logarithmic function. In this inferential situation, a 5% significance level was adopted to minimize type I error. The free software R was used to carry out the analysis of descriptive and inferential data.</p>
          <p>The research was submitted to the Research Ethics Committee of Hospital Universit&#225;rio Onofre Lopes, in compliance with Resolution 466/2012 of the National Health Council, obtaining the approval number 2,048,708.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The 160 elderly participants were aged between 60-98 years, with a mean age of 72.16 &#177; 7.84 years; 112 (71.2%) were women and 135 (84.4%) had complete elementary school as their highest level of schooling. The average follow-up time was 5.3 years. There were only four follow-up losses.</p>
        <p>In this sample, 118 individuals (73.75%: 66.93-80.56) had normal results regarding EDS; 30 (18.75%: 12.70-24.79) had a mild degree of EDS and 12 (7.50 %: 3.41-11.58) had the severe form of EDS. Insomnia was present in 98 (54.9%) of the elderly, 65 (43.0%) of which at the moderate / severe stage. The outcome death was recorded for 40 elderly people (25.97%: 19.04-32.89) and the outcome cardiovascular events occurred in 48 of them (30.76%: 23.52-38.01). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> describes the distribution of the other independent variables as well as the predictive modeling.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Descriptive analysis, unadjusted and adjusted model for the risk of death in the elderly in the municipality of Campina Grande, Para&#237;ba, Brazil, 2009-2017</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="5">Risk of death</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Unadjusted Model</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Adjusted Model</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>n (%)</th>
                  <th>RR</th>
                  <th>95%IC</th>
                  <th>RR</th>
                  <th>95% IC</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Gender</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (28.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.69</td>
                  <td align="center">1.01-2.87</td>
                  <td align="center">1.73</td>
                  <td align="center">0.92-3.28</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">112 (71.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Marital Status</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>With partner</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (23.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.59</td>
                  <td align="center">0.91-2.77</td>
                  <td align="center">1.50</td>
                  <td align="center">0.86-2.62</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Without partner</td>
                  <td align="center">119 (76.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Depression</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">66 (42.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.66</td>
                  <td align="center">0.97-2.84</td>
                  <td align="center">2.39</td>
                  <td align="center">1.52-4.56</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">90 (57.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Nutritional Index</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Inappropriate</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (23.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.76</td>
                  <td align="center">0.42-1.38</td>
                  <td align="center">1.12</td>
                  <td align="center">0.58-2.18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Adequate</td>
                  <td align="center">120 (76.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hypertension/Diabetes</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">114 (73.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.86</td>
                  <td align="center">0.48-1.53</td>
                  <td align="center">0.84</td>
                  <td align="center">0.46-1.51</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (26.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sleep Disorder Indicator</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insomnia /EDS</td>
                  <td align="center">114 (81.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.91</td>
                  <td align="center">0.40-2.07</td>
                  <td align="center">0.62</td>
                  <td align="center">0.33-1.16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Normal</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (28.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PSQI</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Good</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (45.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.78</td>
                  <td align="center">0.43-1.41</td>
                  <td align="center">0.62</td>
                  <td align="center">0.33-1.16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bad</td>
                  <td align="center">73 (54.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>95%CI: 95% confidence interval; RR: relative risk; EDS: excessive daytime sleepiness; PSQI: Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The Poisson modeling revealed, after adjustment, that among the studied independent variables, only the presence of depressive symptoms is considered a risk factor for death in elderly community members. Elderly people with depression were 2.39 times (95%CI: 1.52-4.56) more likely to die than those without depressive symptoms. On the other hand, the composite indicators of nutritional status, sleep disorders, sleep quality and even the presence of hypertension/diabetes were not able to demonstrate any influence on mortality during the eight-year follow-up of the study ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Adjusted model segregated in specific sleep morbidities for the risk of death in the elderly in the city of Campina Grande, Para&#237;ba, Brazil, 2009-2017</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="3">Risk of death</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">Adjusted Model</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>n (%)</th>
                  <th>RR</th>
                  <th>95% CI</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Gender</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (28.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.88</td>
                  <td align="center">1.01-3.50</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">112 (71.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Marital Status</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>With partner</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (23.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.10</td>
                  <td align="center">1.20-3.68</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Without partner</td>
                  <td align="center">119 (76.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Depression</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">66 (42.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.04</td>
                  <td align="center">1.06-389</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">90 (57.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hypertension/Diabetes</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">114 (73.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.19</td>
                  <td align="center">0.54-2.60</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (26.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Nutritional Index</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Inappropriate</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (23.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.27</td>
                  <td align="center">0.59-2.71</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Adequate</td>
                  <td align="center">120 (76.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sleep Latency</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>60 min or more</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (16.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.68</td>
                  <td align="center">0.74-3.81</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>31-60 min</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (14.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.54</td>
                  <td align="center">1.26-9.94</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>16-30 min</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (22.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.23</td>
                  <td align="center">1.12-4.47</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Less than 15 min</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (47.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Severity of Insomnia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Moderate/Severe</td>
                  <td align="center">65 (43.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.94</td>
                  <td align="center">0.29-2.96</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mild</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (21.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.30</td>
                  <td align="center">1.08-4.89</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Without insomnia</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (35.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Snoring severity</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Excessive</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (26.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.69</td>
                  <td align="center">0.31-1.53</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mild</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (37.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.24</td>
                  <td align="center">0,58-2,65</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Without Snoring</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (36.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>EDS</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Moderate/Severe</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (7.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.08</td>
                  <td align="center">0.43-2.68</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mild</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (18.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.60</td>
                  <td align="center">0.24-1.53</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Without EDS</td>
                  <td align="center">115 (73.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>95%CI: 95% confidence interval; RR: relative risk; EDS: excessive daytime sleepiness.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>When analyzing the variables that make up the composite indicators included in the previous model, a new distribution for the death outcome was identified ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ). Having depressive symptoms remained a risk factor for death. However, it is clear that the prediction of death is higher in males, 88% more than in women (RR = 1.88; 1.01-3.50), and also in the elderly with a partner (RR=2.10; 1.20-3.68). Similarly, sleep latency indicators between 16-30 minutes (RR=2.23; 1.12-4.47) and between 31-60 minutes (RR=3.54; 1.26-9.94) predict more deaths than those who fall asleep in up to 15 minutes. Having mild insomnia was also considered a predictor of death in this sample, and those with a mild degree have 2.30 (95%CI: 1.08-4.89) more chances of dying.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Predictive model for the risk of cardio-cerebrovascular event in the elderly in the city of Campina Grande, Para&#237;ba, Brazil, 2009-2017</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Variables</th>
                  <th colspan="4">Risk of CC</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">Unadjusted Model</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Adjusted Model</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>RR</th>
                  <th>95% CI</th>
                  <th>RR</th>
                  <th>95% CI</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Gender</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">1.19</td>
                  <td align="center">0.72-1.98</td>
                  <td align="center">1.23</td>
                  <td align="center">0.69-2.21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Marital Status</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>With partner</td>
                  <td align="center">0.98</td>
                  <td align="center">0.55-1.72</td>
                  <td align="center">1,03</td>
                  <td align="center">0.58-1.82</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Without partner</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Depression</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">1.14</td>
                  <td align="center">0.71-1.83</td>
                  <td align="center">1,29</td>
                  <td align="center">0.78-2.15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Nutritional Index</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Inappropriate</td>
                  <td align="center">0.64</td>
                  <td align="center">0.33-1.25</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94</td>
                  <td align="center">0.55-1.62</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Adequate</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hypertension /Diabetes</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">4.43</td>
                  <td align="center">1.69-11.64</td>
                  <td align="center">5,72</td>
                  <td align="center">1.87-17.46</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sleep Disorder Indicator</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">0.72</td>
                  <td align="center">0.32-1.63</td>
                  <td align="center">0,66</td>
                  <td align="center">0.31-1.38</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PSQI</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Good</td>
                  <td align="center">1.27</td>
                  <td align="center">0.76-2.10</td>
                  <td align="center">1,36</td>
                  <td align="center">0.82-2.27</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bad</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>CC: Cardio-Cerebrovascular Events; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval; RR: relative risk; EDS: excessive daytime sleepiness; PSQI: Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>For the outcome of a cardio-cerebrovascular event in the eight-year follow-up, the only independent variable that showed a predictive capacity for this outcome was the hypertension / diabetes indicator. Hypertensive and / or diabetic elderly people were almost six times more likely (RR=5.72; 95%CI: 1.87-17.46) to have cerebral cardiovascular disorders than normotensive elderly individuals and those with normal glycemic metabolism. The composite and segregated indicators of nutritional status, sleep disturbance and sleep quality did not reveal any effect in the analyzed period ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Predictive model segregated in specific sleep morbidities for the risk of cardio-cerebrovascular events in the elderly in the city of Campina Grande, Para&#237;ba, Brazil, 2009-2017</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Variables</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Risk of CC</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">Adjusted Model</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>RR</th>
                  <th>95%CI</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Gender</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">1.38</td>
                  <td align="center">0.59-3.21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Marital Status</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>With partner</td>
                  <td align="center">1.32</td>
                  <td align="center">0.62-2.82</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Without partner</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Depression</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">1.32</td>
                  <td align="center">0.67-2.59</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hypertension/Diabetes</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">8.30</td>
                  <td align="center">1.98-34.82</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Nutritional Index</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Inappropriate</td>
                  <td align="center">1.18</td>
                  <td align="center">0.58-2.41</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Adequate</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sleep Latency</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>60 min or more</td>
                  <td align="center">1.03</td>
                  <td align="center">0.40-2.62</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>31-60 min</td>
                  <td align="center">1.34</td>
                  <td align="center">0.50-3.55</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>16-30 min</td>
                  <td align="center">1.09</td>
                  <td align="center">0.45-2.59</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Less than 15 min</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Severity of Insomnia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Moderate/Severe</td>
                  <td align="center">1.35</td>
                  <td align="center">0.55-3.33</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mild</td>
                  <td align="center">2.14</td>
                  <td align="center">0.84-5.42</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Without insomnia</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Snoring severity</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Excessive</td>
                  <td align="center">0.99</td>
                  <td align="center">0.41-2.41</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mild</td>
                  <td align="center">0.96</td>
                  <td align="center">0.44-2.07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Without Snoring</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>EDS</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Moderate/Severe</td>
                  <td align="center">0.79</td>
                  <td align="center">0.26-2.43</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mild</td>
                  <td align="center">0.74</td>
                  <td align="center">0.28-1.97</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Without EDS</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>
                  <italic>CC: Cardio-Cerebrovascular Events; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval; RR: relative risk; EDS: excessive daytime sleepiness.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>It is evident in the present study that the assessed outcomes of death and cardiovascular events are predicted by different exposures. The death of elderly community members is strongly influenced by the occurrence of depressive symptoms, with death being more common in men and in individuals living with a partner. Among the sleep characteristics, the high latency to initiate sleep and the severity of insomnia stand out as risk factors for death in the elderly. On the other hand, only hypertensive and/or diabetic elderly people showed a higher risk of developing cardiovascular outcomes.</p>
        <p>Several studies have clarified the higher risk of death among men, mainly due to chronic conditions such as cardiovascular diseases in the elderly.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Marital status is also identified as a condition related to health vulnerability, since individuals without partners usually have less social support and greater predisposition to harmful health events, such as death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> However, our findings suggest that elderly people with a partner are more vulnerable to death. The suggested explanatory hypothesis is based on the characteristics of the studied population, where the possibility of interaction between low socioeconomic conditions and low social support overburdening the spouses with reciprocal or vulnerable care. Data from the National Health Survey also point to a greater occurrence of a decline in sleep repair in individuals with a partner in Brazil.</p>
        <p>It was shown that depressive symptoms in the elderly are risk factors for death. Depressive symptoms predicted death events for all causes, showing an interaction with the male gender.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> It was also identified that depressive symptoms are predictive of mortality from cardiac ischemia in a cohort of the general population in England,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> which corroborates evidence that indicates depression as the main chronic morbidity that currently affects the elderly<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> and that may have a direct effect or interaction with other pathological mechanisms.</p>
        <p>Depressive conditions are usually related to sleep disorders. Lima at al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> reported that elderly women with fewer hours of sleep had worse mental health indicators regarding the emotional aspects in a population study in Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Symptoms of insomnia and drowsiness are predictive of depression. It is possible that these conditions establish a feedback cycle that culminates in the death outcome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Depression as a predictor of death in the elderly is related to the worsening of chronic comorbidities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Depression in the elderly, when associated with chronic morbidities, makes it difficult to manage other conditions, such as diabetes and hypertension, for example, especially regarding adherence to treatment and self-care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Additionally, it also changes both pain<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> and general health status<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> perception, creating clinical manifestations that are oversized in relation to the real pathophysiological problem.</p>
        <p>Our findings point to an exposure to the risk of death produced by increased sleep latency and the severity of insomnia in the elderly. Similarly, Lallukka et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> revealed that in Norway and Finland, insomnia increases the likelihood of death in men,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> as well as observed in the United States,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> mainly due to their difficulty in initiating sleep. Insomnia is strongly associated with other factors that predict death, such as reduced or elevated sleep duration<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> and depression in the elderly. On the other hand, Chen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> identified independence between insomnia and death events in elderly Asian people in nine years of follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Such discrepancies may be due to contextual differences or insufficient time of follow-up for the outcome to occur.</p>
        <p>Unlike other studies, the composite indicator of excessive daytime sleepiness and insomnia complaints, as well as its single indicators, are not predictive factors for cardiovascular events. However, Wu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> showed in a cohort from Taiwan that insomnia increases the risk of cerebrovascular event, especially in young adults compared to the elderly. Cardiac events were also predicted by the presence of insomnia symptoms in other epidemiological findings.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As for the outcome of cardiovascular events, our data do not indicate sleep or emotional conditions as risk factors. The only identified health conditions that were risk predictors were hypertension and / or diabetes in the elderly in the analyzed period. The scientific literature had already shown, with enough support, the deleterious effects that systemic arterial hypertension and diabetes have on the contemporary society, being a robust risk factor or component for ischemic<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> and hemorrhagic cerebrovascular events, cardiac ischemia and metabolic syndrome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Some points deserve to be highlighted when interpreting our findings. Despite the methodological rigor in the follow-up planning, important social variables such as income, social support network or social status were not controlled, which would well reflect the contextual aspects involved in exposures and outcomes. The low level of schooling in the studied population did not allow the observation of good variability regarding this characteristic and, therefore, greater inferences about its effects. The lack of good health knowledge and/or access to health services in the sample prevented a more accurate identification of possible subclinical cardiovascular events, which were identified by self-report. The lack of a diagnostic test for sleep apnea made it impossible to control the effect of this health condition on its likely interaction with sleep characteristics. Finally, the adjustment of covariates was limited by the sample size.</p>
        <p>However, important information was obtained for the assessed elderly population, located on the peripheries of large urban centers in Brazil, in a region with peculiar sociodemographic and economic characteristics, and with few follow-up studies for vulnerable subpopulations. Thus, the identification of the independent effects that sleep and depressive symptoms have on mortality in the elderly are of considerable importance for health policies aimed at the elderly, especially for public and clinical planning. This information will be useful to support decision-making regarding the organization of care for the elderly, mainly to mitigate the predisposing vulnerabilities related to their functional capacity and survival.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>We identified in the assessed sample independent effects that depressive symptoms, sleep latency and insomnia severity have on the mortality of elderly people. Such conditions are characterized by their modifiable capacity and, therefore, the possibility of minimizing the probability of death if they are counteracted by appropriate management and at the adequate level of care. There are also the effects related to the issue of the male gender being more prone to death. This refers to the need of sectoral strategies related to both health services access and work conditions, as well as social assistance to resolve inequities.</p>
        <p>As for the cardio-cerebrovascular events, only the presence of hypertension and/or diabetes increased their risk in elderly community members. Although they are well-known risk factors, there are gaps in the appropriate management of these conditions when it comes to adherence to treatment and access to health services and goods, which are influenced by social issues related to income, level of schooling and gender, aiming to achieve better results in public health.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Johnnatas Mikael Lopes, from Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de Coletiva da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold>: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
