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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">8pLMMb7ZWsssJCjcBHZKNty</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001100444</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210693</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210693</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Homeostase do Tiol na Doen&#231;a Card&#237;aca Reum&#225;tica: Biomarcador ou Fator de Risco?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1165-6569</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Valadares</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Cec&#237;lia de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6524-9614</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Roney Orismar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Doen&#231;as Valvares</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Doen&#231;as Valvares - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Roney Orismar Sampaio</bold> &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Rua Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 255. CEP <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>sampaioroney@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>444</fpage>
      <lpage>445</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Febre Reum&#225;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Homeostase</kwd>
        <kwd>Sulfidrila</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarcadores</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>As les&#245;es da febre reum&#225;tica e da doen&#231;a card&#237;aca reum&#225;tica (DCR) resultam de uma complexa rede de v&#225;rios genes e prote&#237;nas que controlam respostas imunes inatas e adapt&#225;veis ap&#243;s uma faringotonsilite por Streptococcus pyogenes. O processo inflamat&#243;rio subsequente leva ao desenvolvimento de les&#245;es card&#237;acas com alta produ&#231;&#227;o de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias conduzindo &#224; calcifica&#231;&#227;o e &#224; fibrose valvar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> No entanto, as vias celulares al&#233;m desses fen&#244;menos imunoregulados n&#227;o foram totalmente elucidadas.</p>
    <p>O estresse oxidativo &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o biol&#243;gica marcada por um desequil&#237;brio entre a produ&#231;&#227;o de esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio e sua redu&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Os dist&#250;rbios nesse equil&#237;brio redox podem causar a superprodu&#231;&#227;o de per&#243;xidos e radicais livres que danificam todos os componentes celulares, incluindo prote&#237;nas, lip&#237;dios e DNA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
    <p>O estresse oxidativo excessivo tamb&#233;m desempenha um papel importante na patog&#234;nese de doen&#231;as autoimunes, aumentando a inflama&#231;&#227;o e modificando a toler&#226;ncia imunol&#243;gica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> H&#225; uma complexa rela&#231;&#227;o rec&#237;proca entre estresse oxidativo, apoptose e autofagia. Isso &#233; especialmente relevante no contexto das doen&#231;as autoimunes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> O papel do estresse oxidativo na DCR ainda &#233; desconhecido.</p>
    <p>O tiol ou sulfidrilo (&#8211;SH) &#233; uma forma altamente ativa e vers&#225;til de enxofre reduzido em biomol&#233;culas. Est&#225; presente em amino&#225;cidos como a ciste&#237;na (Cis), em pept&#237;deos e prote&#237;nas e &#233; particularmente sens&#237;vel &#224;s rea&#231;&#245;es redox.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Eles podem atuar como um sensor redox crucial, bem como um interruptor capaz de modificar a fun&#231;&#227;o proteica e a interatividade p&#243;s-traducional. O tiol proteoma e tiol-oxidorredutases s&#227;o &#225;reas emergentes de investiga&#231;&#227;o. As altera&#231;&#245;es no estado de tiol-dissulfeto redox t&#234;m sido estudadas em diferentes doen&#231;as, como c&#226;ncer, neurodegenerativa e cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref></p>
    <p>Os processos oxidativos podem converter os ti&#243;is em muitas mol&#233;culas diferentes. O tiol-dissulfeto &#233; um dos produtos de rea&#231;&#245;es oxidativas nas quais os ti&#243;is est&#227;o envolvidos. Estudos atuais demonstraram que a raz&#227;o tiol-dissulfeto pode ser de valor significativo como um promissor marcador de estresse oxidativo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref></p>
    <p>O estudo do n&#237;vel dos ti&#243;is s&#233;ricos e da homeostase tiol-dissulfeto analisou os n&#237;veis de tiol em pacientes com DCR e indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis. Os autores mostraram uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre os n&#237;veis de dissulfeto e a gravidade da estenose mitral, bem como entre a rela&#231;&#227;o dissulfeto/tiol total e nativa com a press&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar, o di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo e a gravidade da estenose mitral. Os autores concluem que os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de ti&#243;is foram significativamente mais baixos em pacientes com doen&#231;a valvar mitral (DVM) em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle. Os n&#237;veis de dissulfeto e a raz&#227;o dissulfeto/tiol foram maiores em pacientes com DVM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref></p>
    <p>Dada a complexidade e m&#250;ltiplos compartimentos de toda a organiza&#231;&#227;o corporal, o termo &#8220;estresse oxidativo org&#226;nico&#8221; pode ser inapropriado. Al&#233;m disso, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre as mudan&#231;as de tiol redox est&#225; provavelmente associada a fatores sist&#234;micos, como disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, devido &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o relacionada ao lip&#237;dio, diabetes, tend&#234;ncia tromb&#243;tica sist&#234;mica e outros fatores desconhecidos. Nesse sentido, a quest&#227;o &#233; se as mudan&#231;as oxidativas plasm&#225;ticas refletem um biomarcador do pr&#243;prio processo de doen&#231;a localizada em vez de um fator de risco para doen&#231;as vasculares e card&#237;acas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref></p>
    <p>De qualquer forma, o estudo destacou uma nova &#225;rea de investiga&#231;&#227;o dos pools de ti&#243;is plasm&#225;ticos em DCR, trazendo informa&#231;&#245;es relevantes na fisiopatologia, est&#225;gio da doen&#231;a e at&#233; progn&#243;stico. Mais estudos em valvopatia s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para elucidar o mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico neste &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo. Posteriormente, pode ser poss&#237;vel correlacion&#225;-los com os achados no plasma para finalmente obter biomarcadores espec&#237;ficos.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: N&#237;veis de Tiol S&#233;rico e Homeostase Tiol/Dissulfeto em Pacientes com Doen&#231;a Valvar Mitral Reumatismal e em Sujeitos Saud&#225;veis</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>PVS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Laurindo</surname>
              <given-names>FRM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Implications of plasma thiol redox in disease</article-title>
          <source>Clinical Science</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>132</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1257</fpage>
          <lpage>1280</lpage>
          <comment>
            <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20180157">https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20180157</ext-link>
          </comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>10. Oliveira PVS, Laurindo FRM. Implications of plasma thiol redox in disease. Clinical Science.2018;132(12):1257-80. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20180157">https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20180157</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Thiol Homeostasis in Rheumatic Heart Disease: Biomarker or Risk Factor?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1165-6569</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Valadares</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Cec&#237;lia de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6524-9614</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Roney Orismar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Doen&#231;as Valvares - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Roney Orismar Sampaio</bold> &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Faculdade de Medicina Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Rua Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 255. Postal Code <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>sampaioroney@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Rheumatic Fever</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Homeostasis</kwd>
        <kwd>Sulphydril</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarkers</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease (RHD) lesions result from a complex network of several genes and proteins that control innate and adaptive immune responses following a Streptococcus pyogenes pharyngo-tonsillitis. The succeeding inflammatory process leads to the development of cardiac lesions with high production of inflammatory cytokines leading to calcification and valvular fibrosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> However, the cellular pathways beyond these immunoregulated phenomena have not been fully elucidated.</p>
      <p>Oxidative stress is a biological condition marked by an imbalance between reactive oxygen species production and its reduction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Disturbances in this redox balance can cause the overproduction of peroxides and free radicals that damage all cellular components, including proteins, lipids and DNA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Excessive oxidative stress also plays an important role in autoimmune diseases pathogenesis, increasing inflammation and modifying the immune tolerance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> There is a complex reciprocal relationship between oxidative stress, apoptosis and autophagy. This is especially relevant in the context of autoimmune disorders.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> The role of oxidative stress in RHD is still unknown.</p>
      <p>Thiol or sulphydryl (&#8211;SH) is a highly active and versatile form of reduced sulfur in biomolecules. It is present in amino acids such as cysteine (Cys) in peptides and proteins and is particularly sensitive to redox reactions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> They may act as a crucial redox sensor as well as a switch able to modify protein function and interactivity post-translationally. The thiol proteome and thiol-oxidoreductases are emerging areas of investigation. Changes in thiol-disulfide redox state have been studied in different diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Oxidative processes can convert thiols into many different molecules. Thiol-disulfide is one of the products of oxidative reactions in which thiols are involved. Current studies demonstrated that the thiol-disulfide ratio might be of significant value as a promising oxidative stress marker.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref></p>
      <p>The study of serum thiols level and thiol-disulfide homeostasis accessed thiol levels in patients with RHD and healthy subjects. The authors showed a positive correlation between disulfide levels and the severity of mitral stenosis as well as between total and native disulfide/thiol ratio with pulmonary artery pressure, left atrium diameter, and mitral stenosis severity. The authors conclude that plasma thiol levels were significantly lower in patients with mitral valve disease (MVD) compared to the control group. Disulfide levels and the disulfide/thiol ratio were higher in patients with MVD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Given the complexity and multiple compartments of whole body organization, the term &#8220;organismal oxidative stress&#8221; can be inappropriate. Furthermore, the association between thiol redox shifts is likely associated with systemic factors, such as endothelial dysfunction, due to lipid-related inflammation, diabetes, systemic thrombotic tendency, and other unknown factors. In this regard, the question is if plasma oxidative shifts reflect a biomarker of the localized disease process itself rather than a risk factor for vascular and heart disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref></p>
      <p>In any case, the study highlighted a new investigation area of plasma thiols pools in RHD, bringing relevant information in the pathophysiology, disease stage and even prognosis. Further studies in valvular heart disease are needed to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanism in this target organ. Subsequently, it may be possible to correlate them with findings in plasma to obtain specific biomarkers finally.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Serum Thiol Levels and Thiol/Disulfide Homeostasis in Patients with Rheumatic Mitral Valve Disease and Healthy Subjects</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
