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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">GLgsWDLbL9rPmG5ZGHWg6vj</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021005009203</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001100437</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200161</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200161</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>N&#237;veis de Tiol S&#233;rico e Homeostase Tiol/Dissulfeto em Pacientes com Doen&#231;a Valvar Mitral Reumatismal e em Sujeitos Saud&#225;veis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Korkmaz</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Do&#287;anay</surname>
            <given-names>Birsen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Basyigit</surname>
            <given-names>Funda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5520-7103</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;&#246;teli</surname>
            <given-names>Cem</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yildiz</surname>
            <given-names>Abdulkadir</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gursoy</surname>
            <given-names>Tugba</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guray</surname>
            <given-names>Umit</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Elalmis</surname>
            <given-names>Ozgul Ucar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Ministry of Health Ankara City Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ankara</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Ministry of Health Ankara City Hospital - Department of Cardiology, Ankara - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Ozel Anadolu Hastanesi</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Kastamonu</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Ozel Anadolu Hastanesi - Cardiology Clinic,Kastamonu - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Cem &#199;&#246;teli &#8226; Ankara City Hospital - Department of Cardiology Cankaya/Ankara 06800 Turquia E-mail: <email>cemcoteli@hacettepe.edu.tr</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Korkmaz A, Gursoy T; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Do&#287;anay B, Yildiz A; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Do&#287;anay B; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Korkmaz A, Yildiz A; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: &#199;&#246;teli C; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Basyigit F, &#199;&#246;teli C, Guray U, Elalmis OU.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>437</fpage>
      <lpage>443</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A doen&#231;a valvar mitral reumatismal (DVMR) &#233; a apresenta&#231;&#227;o mais comum das doen&#231;as card&#237;acas reum&#225;ticas (DCR). Os processos de inflama&#231;&#227;o e fibrose tamb&#233;m t&#234;m pap&#233;is significativos em sua patog&#234;nese. Estudos recentes demonstram que os ti&#243;is e o tiol-dissulfeto s&#227;o marcadores de stress oxidativo in&#233;ditos e promissores.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar diferen&#231;as entre os n&#237;veis de tiol s&#233;rico e de tiol-dissulfeto em pacientes com DVMR e no grupo de controle.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Noventa e dois pacientes com DVMR foram cadastrados no estudo. Cinquenta e quatro sujeitos saud&#225;veis, e com correspond&#234;ncia de sexo e idade em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo de estudo, tamb&#233;m foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo como um grupo de controle. Foram investigados os n&#237;veis de tiol nos pacientes com DVMR e o grupo de controle. Os p-valores menores que 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Os pacientes com DVMR apresentaram press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar (PSAP) e n&#237;veis de di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) mais altos que os do grupo de controle. Os n&#237;veis de tiol nativo (407&#177;83 &#956;mol/L vs. 297&#177;65 &#956;mol/L, p&lt;0,001) e tiol total (442&#177;82 &#956;mol/L vs. 329&#177;65 &#956;mol/L, p&lt;0,001) s&#227;o mais altos no grupo de controle. N&#237;veis de dissulfeto (16,7&#177;4,9 &#956;mol/L vs. 14,8&#177;3,7 &#956;mol/L, p=0,011) s&#227;o mais altos no grupo de pacientes com DVMR. Foi identificada uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre as raz&#245;es dissulfeto/tiol nativo e dissulfeto/tiol total com PSAP, di&#226;metro de AE, e gravidade da EMi. A raz&#227;o dissulfeto/tiol total &#233; significativamente mais alta em pacientes com EMi grave que em pacientes com EMi leve a moderada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> At&#233; onde se sabe, este &#233; o &#250;nico estudo que avaliou a homeostase tiol/dissulfeto como um preditor in&#233;dito, que est&#225; relacionado de forma mais pr&#243;xima &#224; DVMR e &#224; gravidade da EMi.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Reum&#225;ticas</kwd>
        <kwd>Estenose da Valva Mitral</kwd>
        <kwd>Homeostase</kwd>
        <kwd>Tiol/Dissulfeto</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Estresse Oxidativo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="32"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a card&#237;aca reum&#225;tica (DCR) &#233; a doen&#231;a cardiovascular mais amplamente observada em crian&#231;as e adolescentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A doen&#231;a valvar mitral reumatismal (DVMR) &#233; a apresenta&#231;&#227;o mais comum das DCR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O estudo em 2015 relatou que o n&#250;mero estimado de pacientes com DCR era de 33,4 milh&#245;es globalmente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> No estudo PROVAR, os autores fizeram a triagem de 5996 alunos com mediana de idade de 11,9 (faixa de 9,0 a 15,0), com ecocardiograma. Os autores relataram que a preval&#234;ncia de DCR era de 42/1000 em crian&#231;as brasileiras.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A doen&#231;a card&#237;aca reum&#225;tica ocorre ap&#243;s uma rea&#231;&#227;o autoimune, que &#233; desencadeada por uma infec&#231;&#227;o estreptoc&#243;cica do trato respirat&#243;rio superior n&#227;o tratada. Esse processo causa les&#227;o valvar grave em sujeitos geneticamente suscet&#237;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Apesar de a fisiopatologia das DCR ser desconhecida, h&#225; hip&#243;teses de que v&#225;rias rea&#231;&#245;es inflamat&#243;rias e autoimunes, stress oxidativo, genes do sistema imune, e polimorfismos estejam relacionados &#224;s DCR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os ti&#243;is s&#227;o agentes antioxidantes cruciais na fisiologia humana. As concentra&#231;&#245;es de tiol s&#227;o mais baixas em plasma. Isso acontece porque os ti&#243;is s&#227;o compostos majoritariamente por albumina de plasma humano com ti&#243;is de baixo peso molecular, incluindo a ciste&#237;na (Cys), a homociste&#237;na, a glutationa, a cisteinil glicina, e a &#947;-glutamilciste&#237;na.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Os processos oxidativos podem transformar os ti&#243;is em v&#225;rias mol&#233;culas diferentes. O tiol-dissulfeto &#233; um dos produtos das rea&#231;&#245;es oxidativas em que os ti&#243;is est&#227;o envolvidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A oxida&#231;&#227;o dos res&#237;duos de Cys podem gerar a produ&#231;&#227;o revers&#237;vel de v&#225;rios dissulfetos, tais como ti&#243;is de massa molecular baixa e mol&#233;culas de tiol proteico. Al&#233;m disso, os res&#237;duos de dissulfeto poderiam ser convertidos em grupos de tiol para manter a homeostase tiol/dissulfeto est&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Portanto, os ti&#243;is representam uma parte crucial da quantidade total de antioxidantes e t&#234;m um papel significativo no mecanismo antioxidante para esp&#233;cies reativas oxidativas (ERO).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os estudos atuais demonstraram que a raz&#227;o tiol-dissulfeto tinha um valor significativo como marcador de stress oxidativo promissor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Embora a import&#226;ncia do metabolismo de ti&#243;is tenha sido avaliada para procedimentos e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares diferentes, tais como o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou cirurgia para ponte arterial, sua express&#227;o em DCR n&#227;o &#233; conhecida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Neste estudo, devido ao componente fisiopatol&#243;gico da DVR, buscamos avaliar os n&#237;veis de tiol em pacientes com DVMR e em sujeitos saud&#225;veis.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Noventa e dois pacientes com DVMR que foram atendidos em nossa cl&#237;nica entre abril de 2018 e dezembro de 2019 foram cadastrados no estudo. Cinquenta e quatro sujeitos saud&#225;veis, e com correspond&#234;ncia em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo de estudo, tamb&#233;m foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo como um grupo de controle. Foram considerados sexo, idade, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), comorbidades, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, e tabagismo para o pareamento dos grupos.</p>
      <p>O termo de consentimento informado escrito foi obtido de todos os participantes. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram pacientes com s&#237;ndrome de Marfan, v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide, patologias de v&#225;lvula mitral n&#227;o reum&#225;ticas, ou cirurgia aberta pr&#233;via. Al&#233;m disso, pacientes com doen&#231;as hep&#225;ticas, tireoidianas e renais, doen&#231;as hematol&#243;gicas, doen&#231;as do tecido conjuntivo ou inflamat&#243;rias, qualquer hist&#243;rico de c&#226;ncer, e infec&#231;&#227;o aguda ou cr&#244;nica tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo.</p>
      <p>Os dados relevantes demogr&#225;ficos, antropom&#233;tricos e de hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico foram registrados. Informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, tais como os fatores de risco coronarianos de Framingham (hipertens&#227;o (HT), diabetes mellitus (DM), tabagismo, hiperlipidemia, e hist&#243;rico familiar de doen&#231;a coronariana), tamb&#233;m foram coletadas.</p>
      <p>O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico bidimensional com Doppler colorido foi utilizado em todos os pacientes, utilizando-se ultrassom com transdutores de 2,5-MHz (Toshiba SSH160A). Foi utilizado o ecocardiograma modo M para medi&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro atrial esquerdo, e os m&#233;todos de planimetria e meia-press&#227;o foram utilizados para acessar a &#225;rea da v&#225;lvula mitral. O gradiente transmitral foi definido com um Doppler de onda cont&#237;nua em um corte apical de quatro c&#226;maras. O Doppler colorido foi realizado para detectar a presen&#231;a e a gravidade da regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral (RM). A press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar foi medida por estudos de Doppler de onda cont&#237;nua, utilizando-se a equa&#231;&#227;o de Bernoulli. Os crit&#233;rios para diagn&#243;stico de DVMR incluem &#225;rea da v&#225;lvula mitral &#8804; 2,5 cm<sup>2</sup>, a presen&#231;a de espessamento de folhetos, fus&#227;o comissural, e altera&#231;&#227;o na &#225;rea subvalvar, detectada por ecocardiograma.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Foram coletadas amostras sangu&#237;neas da veia antecubital durante a admiss&#227;o no hospital. As amostras sangu&#237;neas dos grupos de pacientes e controle foram coletadas pela manh&#227;, ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de jejum de 12 horas. Todas as amostras de sangue foram coletadas em tubos que n&#227;o continham aditivos. Foi obtido soro ap&#243;s a centrifuga&#231;&#227;o a 1500 g por 10 minutos, que foi armazenado a -80&#176;C at&#233; a an&#225;lise.</p>
      <p>A homeostase tiol/dissulfeto foi realizada pelo procedimento determinado por Erel et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Em seguida, grupos de tiol funcional livre foram obtidos com a redu&#231;&#227;o de liga&#231;&#245;es de dissulfeto. O boro-hidreto de s&#243;dio foi aplicado como redutor, e o redutor n&#227;o utilizado foi retirado por formalde&#237;do. Depois da rea&#231;&#227;o com o &#225;cido 5,5&#8217;-ditio-bis-(2-nitrobenz&#243;ico), todos os grupos de tiol, tanto os nativos quanto os reduzidos, foram definidos. A quantidade de dissulfeto din&#226;mico (&#8722;S-S) foi confirmada por metade da diferen&#231;a entre ti&#243;is nativos e totais. Depois de avaliar a magnitude do tiol nativo (&#8722;SH) e do dissulfeto (&#8722;S-S), a raz&#227;o dissulfeto/tiol nativo (&#8722;S-S&#8722;/&#8722;SH) foi calculada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A normalidade dos dados foi analisada utilizando-se o teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov. As vari&#225;veis quantitativas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o. As vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal foram apresentadas como mediana (faixa interquartil), e dados categ&#243;ricos, como n&#250;mero e porcentagem. O teste t com amostras independentes foi utilizado para comparar os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos dados cont&#237;nuos com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, enquanto o teste U de Mann-Whitney foi realizado para vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal. Os dados categ&#243;ricos foram analisados usando o teste Qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher. As rela&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e num&#233;ricas foram analisadas pela an&#225;lise da correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman. As diferen&#231;as foram consideradas significativas no n&#237;vel de p &lt;0,05 de dois lados. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando-se o programa Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) para Windows vers&#227;o 22 (IBM SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Um total de 146 sujeitos, dos quais 92 apresentavam DVMR, e 54 n&#227;o, foi inclu&#237;do no estudo. Os dados demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais dos grupos estudados s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> . No grupo de pacientes com DVMR, um total de 22 (24%) eram do sexo masculino e 70 (76%) eram do sexo feminino, enquanto 15 (28%) pacientes eram do sexo masculino e 39 (72%) eram do sexo feminino no grupo de controle. A idade m&#233;dia era de 48&#177;10 anos e 46,7&#177;11,2 anos nos grupos de pacientes com DVMR e de controle, respectivamente. N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as entre os grupos em termos de idade, sexo, IMC, HT, DM, tabagismo e outros par&#226;metros laboratoriais. Como esperado, os pacientes com DVMR apresentaram press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar (PSAP) e n&#237;veis de di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) mais altos que os do grupo de controle.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, demogr&#225;ficas de laboratoriais na linha de base dos pacientes com doen&#231;a valvar mitral reumatismal</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="3" scope="col" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th scope="col">Controle (n:54)</th>
                <th scope="col">DVMR (n:92)</th>
                <th scope="col">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">Idade (Mediana, FIQ1- FIQ3)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (39,3 - 54,5)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (42 - 55,8)</td>
                <td>0,304 <sup>m</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Sexo (n,%)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">15 (28%)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (24%)</td>
                <td rowspan="2">0,604 <sup>X<sup>2</sup></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">39 (72%)</td>
                <td align="center">70 (76%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">DM (n,%)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">48 (89%)</td>
                <td align="center">88 (96%)</td>
                <td rowspan="2">0,133 <sup>X<sup>2</sup></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">6 (11%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">HT (n,%)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">46 (85%)</td>
                <td align="center">79 (86%)</td>
                <td rowspan="2">0,492 <sup>X<sup>2</sup></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">8 (15%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (14%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Tabagismo, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">40 (74%)</td>
                <td align="center">58 (63%)</td>
                <td rowspan="2">0,134 <sup>X<sup>2</sup></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">14 (26%)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (37%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">IMC (Mediana, FIQ1- FIQ3)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (22 - 25,8)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (21,9 - 25)</td>
                <td align="center">0,139 <sup>m</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">Glicemia (mg/dL) (Mediana, FIQ1- FIQ3)</td>
                <td align="center">94 (88,5 - 102)</td>
                <td align="center">90 (21,9 - 25)</td>
                <td align="center">0,054 <sup>m</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">Creatinina s&#233;rica (mg/dL) (Mediana, FIQ1- FIQ3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,8 (0,6 - 0,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,7 (0,6 - 0,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,128 <sup>m</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">Hemoglobina (g/dL) (Mediana, FIQ1- FIQ3)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (13 - 14)</td>
                <td align="center">13,8 (12 - 14)</td>
                <td align="center">0,509 <sup>m</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">Contagem WBC (x1000/mm3) (Mediana, FIQ1- FIQ3)</td>
                <td align="center">6,4 (5,9 - 7,3)</td>
                <td align="center">6,2 (6 - 7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,423 <sup>m</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">Contagem de plaquetas (x1000/mm3) (Mediana, FIQ1- FIQ3)</td>
                <td align="center">300 (254,5 - 348,8)</td>
                <td align="center">301 (277 - 313)</td>
                <td align="center">0,766 <sup>m</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">Colesterol total (mg/dL) (Mediana, FIQ1- FIQ3)</td>
                <td align="center">215 (195,3 - 235)</td>
                <td align="center">197 (195 - 225)</td>
                <td align="center">0,075 <sup>m</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">LDL, (mg/dL) (Mediana, FIQ1- FIQ3)</td>
                <td align="center">120 (103,3 - 125)</td>
                <td align="center">114 (100 - 121)</td>
                <td align="center">0,086 <sup>m</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">HDL, (mg/dL) (Mediana, FIQ1- FIQ3)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (45 - 55,8)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (45,8 - 72)</td>
                <td align="center">0,113 <sup>m</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">Triglic&#233;rides (mg/dL) (Mediana, FIQ1- FIQ3)</td>
                <td align="center">150 (90,8 - 185)</td>
                <td align="center">148 (64 - 150)</td>
                <td align="center">0,282 <sup>m</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">FEVE (Mediana, FIQ1- FIQ3)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (60 - 66)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (62,8 - 66)</td>
                <td align="center">0,155 <sup>m</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">AE, (mm) (Mediana, FIQ1- FIQ3)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (35 - 37)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (38 - 47)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001 <sup>m</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">PSAP (mmHg) (Mediana, FIQ1- FIQ3)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (18 - 20)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (27,8 &#8211; 39,3)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001 <sup>m</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">RM Mo/G</td>
                <td>Ausente</td>
                <td align="center">54 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (65%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Presente</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (35%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">EMi Grave</td>
                <td>Ausente</td>
                <td align="center">54 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">77 (84%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Presente</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (16%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">Hist&#243;rico de VMPB</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (16%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">TV cir&#250;rgica</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">AVM</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">2,2 &#177; 1,3</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">DVAR</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (51%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>IMC: &#205;ndice de massa corporal; DM: diabetes mellitus; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; HT: hipertens&#227;o; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda; DVMR: doen&#231;a valvar mitral reumatismal; PSAP: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar; WBC: leuc&#243;citos; RM Mo/G: Regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral moderada ou grave; VMPB: valvoplastia mitral percut&#226;nea por bal&#227;o; TV: troca valvar; AVM: &#225;rea valvar mitral; DVAR: doen&#231;a valvar a&#243;rtica reum&#225;tica (estenose ou regurgita&#231;&#227;o). <sup>m</sup> Teste U de Mann-Whitney, <sup>X<sup>2</sup></sup> Teste Qui-quadrado (&#967;2).</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Os n&#237;veis de tiol nativo (407&#177;83 &#956;mol/L vs. 297&#177;65 &#956;mol/L, p&lt;0,001) e tiol total (442&#177;82 &#956;mol/L vs. 329&#177;65 &#956;mol/L, p&lt;0,001) s&#227;o mais altos no grupo de controle. Os n&#237;veis de dissulfeto (16,7&#177;4,9 &#956;mol/L vs. 14,8&#177;3,7 &#956;mol/L, p=0,011) s&#227;o elevados no grupo de pacientes com DVMR. As raz&#245;es dissulfeto/tiol total e as raz&#245;es dissulfeto/tiol nativo m&#233;dias s&#227;o mais altas no grupo de pacientes com DVMR, enquanto as raz&#245;es tiol nativo/dissulfeto e as raz&#245;es tiol total/dissulfeto s&#227;o mais altas no grupo de controle. Os n&#237;veis de tiol nativo, tiol total, dissulfeto, raz&#227;o dissulfeto/ti&#243;is e raz&#227;o ti&#243;is/dissulfeto entre pacientes com ou sem DVMR s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; N&#237;vel de tiol nativo, tiol total, dissulfeto, raz&#227;o dissulfeto/ti&#243;is e raz&#227;o ti&#243;is/dissulfeto entre pacientes com ou sem doen&#231;a valvar mitral reumatismal</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Controle (n:54)</th>
                <th>DVMR (n:92)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Tiol total, (mmol/L) (M&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">442&#177;82</td>
                <td align="center">329&#177;65</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001 <sup>t</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tiol nativo, (mmol/L) (M&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">407&#177;83</td>
                <td align="center">298&#177; 65</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001 <sup>t</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dissulfeto, (mmol/L) (Mediana, FIQ1- FIQ3)</td>
                <td align="center">15,1 (13,4 &#8211; 17,6)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (14,8 - 19,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,011 <sup>m</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dissulfeto/tiol total, %x100 (Mediana, FIQ1- FIQ3)</td>
                <td align="center">3,4 (2,8 - 4)</td>
                <td align="center">5,4 (4,3 - 6,6)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001 <sup>m</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dissulfeto/tiol nativo, %x100 (Mediana, FIQ1- FIQ3)</td>
                <td align="center">3,7 (3 - 4,4)</td>
                <td align="center">5,8 (4,7 &#8211; 7,4)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001 <sup>m</sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>DVMR: doen&#231;a valvar mitral reumatismal; <sup>m</sup> Teste U de Mann-Whitney; <sup>t</sup> Teste t de Student.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o mostrou que houve correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre os n&#237;veis de dissulfeto e a gravidade da estenose mitral (&#225;rea da v&#225;lvula mitral &lt;1,5 cm<sup>2</sup>); entre a raz&#227;o dissulfeto/tiol total e nativo com PSAP, di&#226;metro de AE, e gravidade da estenose mitral. Al&#233;m disso, houve correla&#231;&#245;es negativas entre o tiol nativo e o tiol total com PSAP, di&#226;metro de AE, e gravidade da estenose mitral. A an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o entre os par&#226;metros de tiol e dissulfeto com achados de ecocardiogramas est&#225; listada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise da correla&#231;&#227;o entre par&#226;metros de tiol e de dissulfeto com achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" scope="col" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th scope="col">PSAP</th>
                <th scope="col">EMi Grave</th>
                <th scope="col">AE</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Tiol nativo</td>
                <td>R&#244; de Spearman</td>
                <td>-0,598</td>
                <td>-0,319</td>
                <td>-0,532</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">p</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Tiol total</td>
                <td align="center">R&#244; de Spearman</td>
                <td align="center">-0,596</td>
                <td align="center">-0,300</td>
                <td align="center">-0,549</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">p</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Dissulfeto</td>
                <td align="center">R&#244; de Spearman</td>
                <td align="center">0,135</td>
                <td align="center">0,188</td>
                <td align="center">0,107</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">p</td>
                <td align="center">0,106</td>
                <td align="center">0,023</td>
                <td align="center">0,201</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Dissulfeto/tiol nativo</td>
                <td align="center">R&#244; de Spearman</td>
                <td align="center">0,469</td>
                <td align="center">0,331</td>
                <td align="center">0,403</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">p</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Dissulfeto/tiol total</td>
                <td align="center">R&#244; de Spearman</td>
                <td align="center">0,473</td>
                <td align="center">0,333</td>
                <td align="center">0,405</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">p</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; EMi: estenose da v&#225;lvula mitral; PSAP: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>O n&#237;vel de tiol nativo, tiol total, dissulfeto, raz&#227;o dissulfeto/ti&#243;is e raz&#227;o ti&#243;is/dissulfeto entre pacientes com ou sem estenose mitral reum&#225;tica grave (EMRG) est&#225; listado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> . N&#227;o houve uma diferen&#231;a significativa em tiol nativo, tiol total, e dissulfeto entre os pacientes que tinham EMi leve a moderada e EMi grave ou hist&#243;rico de valvoplastia mitral percut&#226;nea. Entretanto, as raz&#245;es de dissulfeto/tiol total e dissulfeto/tiol nativo foram significativamente mais altas em pacientes com EMi grave ou hist&#243;rico de valvoplastia mitral percut&#226;nea. Por outro lado, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas nos n&#237;veis de tiol nativo, tiol total, dissulfeto, e nas raz&#245;es dissulfeto/tiol total e dissulfeto/tiol nativo de acordo com a gravidade de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral do paciente.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; N&#237;vel de tiol nativo, tiol total, dissulfeto, raz&#227;o dissulfeto/ti&#243;is e raz&#227;o ti&#243;is/dissulfeto entre pacientes com ou sem estenose mitral reum&#225;tica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>EMi leve - moderada (n:62)</th>
                <th>EMi grave ou Hist&#243;rico de VMPB (n:30)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Tiol total, (mmol/L) (M&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">335&#177;66</td>
                <td align="center">317&#177;62</td>
                <td align="center">0,125 <sup>t</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tiol nativo, (mmol/L) (M&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">304&#177;67</td>
                <td align="center">282&#177;59</td>
                <td align="center">0,215 <sup>t</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dissulfeto, (mmol/L) (M&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">17&#177;5</td>
                <td align="center">19&#177;7</td>
                <td align="center">0,093 <sup>t</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dissulfeto/tiol total, %x100 (M&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">5,2&#177;1,7</td>
                <td align="center">6,1&#177;2,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,045 <sup>t</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dissulfeto/tiol nativo, %x100 (M&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">5,8&#177;2,1</td>
                <td align="center">7,1&#177;3,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,048 <sup>t</sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>
                <italic>EMi: Estenose mitral; VMPB: valvoplastia mitral percut&#226;nea por bal&#227;o; <sup>m</sup> Teste U de Mann-Whitney; <sup>t</sup> Teste t de Student.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os n&#237;veis de tiol plasm&#225;tico foram significativamente mais baixos em pacientes com DVMR em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de controle. Os n&#237;veis de dissulfeto e a raz&#227;o dissulfeto/ti&#243;is foram maiores em pacientes com DVMR. At&#233; onde se sabe, este &#233; o &#250;nico estudo que avaliou a homeostase tiol/dissulfeto como um novo preditor, que est&#225; relacionado de forma mais pr&#243;xima &#224; DVMR e &#224; gravidade da EMi.</p>
      <p>A doen&#231;a card&#237;aca reum&#225;tica e a DVMR s&#227;o as complica&#231;&#245;es graves da febre reum&#225;tica aguda e causa les&#245;es valvares cr&#244;nicas, levando a morbidade e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A DCR &#233; respons&#225;vel por uma parte crucial da carga de sa&#250;de em muitos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> A DVMR tem um mecanismo complexo em que o principal &#233; a inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica e as rea&#231;&#245;es autoimunes.</p>
      <p>Estudos anteriores apresentaram evid&#234;ncias convincentes de que houve uma inflama&#231;&#227;o progressiva na DCR, e essa inflama&#231;&#227;o persistente j&#225; causou danos ao tecido valvar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> V&#225;rios estudos avaliaram marcadores de inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica em pacientes com DCR. Alguns desses estudos demonstram que n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos mais elevados de PCR ultrassens&#237;vel e Pentraxina-3, em compara&#231;&#227;o com sujeitos saud&#225;veis, poderiam ser considerados marcadores de inflama&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com DVMR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Em uma pesquisa recente, a raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito (NLR) era significativamente mais alta em pacientes com DVMR grave que em pacientes com DVMR leve a moderada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos recentes demonstraram a possibilidade de intera&#231;&#245;es entre as interleucinas e a inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica, inclusive com o desenvolvimento de DCR. Davutoglu et al. e Bilik et al. demonstraram que pacientes com DVMR tinham n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos mais elevados de fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNFa), IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, e IL-17, IL-23 como preditores de inflama&#231;&#227;o progressiva e resposta autoimune que sujeitos saud&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Em estudos anteriores, marcadores de stress oxidativo no tecido e no plasma foram investigados em pacientes com DCR. Ele determinou que os n&#237;veis de produtos proteicos de oxida&#231;&#227;o avan&#231;ada eram mais altos em pacientes com DCR que no grupo de controle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, nosso estudo foi o primeiro a avaliar o papel da raz&#227;o tiol-dissulfeto e marcadores de stress oxidativo in&#233;ditos em pacientes com DCR.</p>
      <p>O stress oxidativo (SO) &#233; o desequil&#237;brio entre esp&#233;cies reativas do oxig&#234;nio (ERO) e subst&#226;ncias antioxidantes, e ele pode ser t&#243;xico &#224;s c&#233;lulas levando &#224; peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica da membrana e les&#227;o &#224; membrana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Os ti&#243;is s&#227;o antioxidantes significativos e desempenham um papel importante na elimina&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o enzim&#225;tica de ERO.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Embora as oxida&#231;&#245;es de ti&#243;is proteicos tenha sido considerada uma rea&#231;&#227;o colateral indesej&#225;vel do stress oxidativo, a identifica&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas redox reguladas mostrou que modifica&#231;&#245;es revers&#237;veis do tiol foram importantes para ajustar sua atividade &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es de redox prevalentes no ambiente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> A defini&#231;&#227;o da import&#226;ncia funcional de modifica&#231;&#245;es de tiol continua a ser um desafio significativo no campo e ainda exige que estudos bioqu&#237;micos sejam feitos em casos e doen&#231;as diferentes.</p>
      <p>Recentemente, a signific&#226;ncia da homeostase dissulfeto/tiol foi demonstrada em v&#225;rios estudos. Um destes, realizado por Kundi et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> demonstrou que a raz&#227;o dissulfeto/tiol aumentava no IAM, e os autores conclu&#237;ram que esse valor poderia ser usado como preditor para a detec&#231;&#227;o de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica aguda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Em outro estudo, Topuz et al. demonstraram que a homeostase tiol/dissulfeto pode se alterar durante o tromboembolismo pulmonar agudo. Al&#233;m disso, ela pode estar relacionada a medi&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas comprometidas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> V&#225;rios estudos relatam que a redu&#231;&#227;o das concentra&#231;&#245;es de tiol e da raz&#227;o tiol/dissulfeto pode ser um fator crucial no desenvolvimento da aterosclerose, da ectasia da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria (EAC), e da toxicidade card&#237;aca induzida por quimioterapia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Resumidamente, os autores conclu&#237;ram que o stress oxidativo pode envolver o fator principal de patog&#234;nese. Em nosso estudo, os n&#237;veis de tiol e a raz&#227;o tiol/dissulfeto est&#227;o relacionados &#224; DVMR e &#224; gravidade do envolvimento mitral reum&#225;tico, confirmando a hip&#243;tese de que a v&#225;lvula reum&#225;tica seja a causa do stress oxidativo al&#233;m da inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica.</p>
      <p>At&#233; onde se sabe, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a homeostase tiol/dissulfeto e seus impactos na DCR, e a intensidade do dano &#224; v&#225;lvula em pacientes com DVMR. Nossos achados mostram que a homeostase tiol/dissulfeto poderia ter um papel essencial na fisiopatologia da les&#227;o &#224; v&#225;lvula reum&#225;tica. Informa&#231;&#245;es definitivas sobre o assunto poderiam ser conseguidas por meio de estudos de tecido in vitro e in vivo.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Este estudo tem v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiramente, uma amostra relativamente pequena restringiu a possibilidade de generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos achados de nossa pesquisa. A falta de dados de monitoramento e altera&#231;&#245;es em s&#233;rie de ti&#243;is, e a aus&#234;ncia de medi&#231;&#245;es simult&#226;neas de outros mediadores inflamat&#243;rios e autoimunes in&#233;ditos s&#227;o outras limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo. Os valores de tiol/dissulfeto n&#227;o s&#227;o compar&#225;veis a outros marcadores enzim&#225;ticos e n&#227;o enzim&#225;ticos de stress oxidativo. Finalmente, o estudo poderia ser melhorado, acrescentando-se o polimorfismo gen&#233;tico a pacientes com DVMR.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>O presente estudo &#233; o primeiro a demonstrar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de tiol e a homeostase de tiol/dissulfeto em pacientes com DVMR. Nossos achados demonstraram seu poss&#237;vel papel na gravidade do dano &#224; v&#225;lvula na fisiopatologia da DVMR.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Serum Thiol Levels and Thiol/Disulfide Homeostasis in Patients with Rheumatic Mitral Valve Disease and Healthy Subjects</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Korkmaz</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Do&#287;anay</surname>
            <given-names>Birsen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Basyigit</surname>
            <given-names>Funda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5520-7103</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;&#246;teli</surname>
            <given-names>Cem</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yildiz</surname>
            <given-names>Abdulkadir</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gursoy</surname>
            <given-names>Tugba</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guray</surname>
            <given-names>Umit</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Elalmis</surname>
            <given-names>Ozgul Ucar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Ministry of Health Ankara City Hospital - Department of Cardiology, Ankara - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Ozel Anadolu Hastanesi - Cardiology Clinic, Kastamonu - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Cem &#199;&#246;teli &#8226; Ankara City Hospital - Department of Cardiology Cankaya/ Ankara 06800 Turkey E-mail: cemcoteli@hacettepe.edu.tr</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Korkmaz A, Gursoy T; Acquisition of data: Do&#287;anay B, Yildiz A; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Do&#287;anay B; Statistical analysis: Korkmaz A, Yildiz A; Writing of the manuscript: &#199;&#246;teli C; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Basyigit F, &#199;&#246;teli C, Guray U, Elalmis OU.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Rheumatic mitral valve disease (RMVD) is the most common presentation of rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Inflammation and fibrosis processes also play significant roles in its pathogenesis. Recent studies showed that thiols and thiol-disulfide are promising novel oxidative stress markers.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>The present study aimed to evaluate differences in the serum thiol and thiol-disulfide levels in patients with RMVD and the control group.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Ninety-two patients with RMVD were enrolled in the study. Fifty-four healthy subjects, age, and gender-matched with the study group, were also included in the study as a control group. This study investigated thiol levels in patients with RMVD and the control group. P-values lower than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>The patients with RMVD presented higher systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP) and left atrial (LA) diameter levels than the control group. Native thiol (407&#177;83 &#956;mol/L vs. 297&#177;65 &#956;mol/L, p&lt;0.001) and total thiol (442&#177;82 &#956;mol/L vs. 329&#177;65 &#956;mol/L, p&lt;0.001) levels were higher in the control group. Disulfide (16.7&#177;4.9 &#956;mol/L vs. 14.8&#177;3.7 &#956;mol/L, p=0.011) levels were higher in the group of patients with RMVD. A positive correlation was found between disulfide/native and disulfide/total thiols ratio with SPAP, LA diameter, and MS severity. Disulfide/total thiols ratio was significantly higher in patients with severe MS than with mild to moderate MS patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>To the best of our knowledge, this is the only study of its kind that has evaluated thiol/disulfide homeostasis as a novel predictor, which was more closely related to RMVD and the severity of MS.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Rheumatic Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Mitral Valve Stenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Homeostasis</kwd>
        <kwd>Tiol/Dissulfide</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxidative Stress</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is a widely observed cardiovascular disease in children and adolescents.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Rheumatic mitral valve disease (RMVD) is the most common presentation of RHD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A study in 2015 reported that the estimated number of RHD patients was 33.4 million worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In the PROVAR study, the authors screened 5,996 students, whose median age was 11.9 (range 9.0 to 15.0), with echocardiography. The authors reported that RHD prevalence was 42/1,000 in Brazilian children.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Rheumatic heart disease occurs after an autoimmune reaction, which is triggered by an untreated streptococcal upper respiratory tract infection. This process causes severe valvular injury in genetically susceptible subjects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Despite the unknown pathophysiology of RHD, there are hypotheses that several autoimmune and inflammatory reactions, oxidative stress, immune system genes, and polymorphisms are related to RHD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Thiols are crucial antioxidant agents in human physiology. Thiol concentrations are lower in plasma. This occurs because thiols mostly consist of human plasma albumin with low-molecular-weight thiols, including cysteine (Cys), homocysteine, glutathione, cysteinyl glycine, and &#947;-glutamyl-cysteine.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The oxidative processes can transform thiols into many different molecules. The thiol-disulfide is one of the products of the oxidative reactions in which thiols are involved.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> The oxidation of Cys residues may produce a reversible production of various disulfides, such as low-molecular-mass thiols and protein thiol molecules. Furthermore, disulfide residues can be converted into thiol groups to keep the thiol/disulfide homeostasis stable.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Therefore, thiols consist of a crucial part of the total amount of antioxidants and play a significant role in the antioxidant mechanism for radical oxygen species (ROS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The current studies demonstrated that the thiol-disulfide ratio had significant value as a promising oxidative stress marker.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Although the importance of thiol metabolism was evaluated in different cardiovascular diseases and procedures, such as myocardial infarction or coronary artery bypass surgery, its expression in RHD is unknown.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> This study, due to the pathophysiological component of RVD, aimed to evaluate the thiol levels in RMVD patients and healthy subjects.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>Ninety-two patients with RMVD who were admitted to our cardiology clinic between April 2018 and December 2019 were enrolled in the study. Fifty-four healthy subjects, matched to patients, were also included in the study as a control group. Gender, age, body mass index (BMI), comorbidities, left ventricle ejection fraction, and smoking status were considered for the pairing of the groups.</p>
        <p>Written informed consent was obtained for all participants. The exclusion criteria were patients with Marfan syndrome, bicuspid aortic valve, non-rheumatic mitral valve pathologies, or prior open-heart surgery. Furthermore, patients with liver, thyroid, and kidney diseases, blood disorders, connective tissue or inflammatory disease, any history of cancer, and acute or chronic infection were also excluded from the study.</p>
        <p>The relevant demographic, anthropometric, and medical history data were recorded. Clinical information, such as Framingham&#8217;s coronary risk factors (hypertension (HT), diabetes mellitus (DM), smoking, hyperlipidemia, and family history of coronary disease history), were also collected.</p>
        <p>Transthoracic two-dimensional and color flow Doppler echocardiography was used in all patients using ultrasound with 2.5-MHz transducers (Toshiba SSH160A). The M-mode echocardiography was used to measure the left atrial diameter, and the planimetric and pressure half time methods to assess the mitral valve area. The transmitral gradient was defined with a continuous wave Doppler in an apical four-chamber view. Colour-flow Doppler was performed to observe the presence and severity of mitral regurgitation (MR). Pulmonary artery systolic pressure was measured by continuous-wave Doppler studies using the Bernoulli equation. The criteria for the diagnosis of RMVD included the mitral valve area &#8804; 2.5 cm<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> , the presence of leaflet thickening, commissural fusion, and changing in the subvalvular area, detected by an echocardiogram.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Blood samples were drawn from the antecubital vein during hospital admission. The blood samples of the patients and control groups were taken in the morning after a 12-hour fasting period. All blood samples were collected into tubes containing no additives. Serum was obtained after centrifugation at 1,500 g for 10 minutes and stored at -80<sup>0</sup>C until analysis.</p>
        <p>Thiol/disulfide homeostasis was conducted by the procedure determined by Erel et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Subsequently, free functional thiol groups were obtained with the reduction of disulfide bonds. Sodium borohydride was applied as a reductant, and unused reductant was removed by formaldehyde. After 5, 5&#8242;-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic) acid reaction, all thiol groups, both native and reduced, were defined. Dynamic disulfide quantity (&#8722;S-S) was confirmed by half of the difference between the native and total thiols. After evaluating the magnitude of native thiol (&#8722;SH) and disulfide (&#8722;S-S), the disulfide/native thiol (&#8722;S-S&#8722;/&#8722;SH) ratio was calculated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>The normality of data was analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Quantitative variables with normal distribution were presented as mean and standard deviation. The variables with non-normal distribution were presented as median (interquartile range), and categorical data as number and percentage. Independent samples t-test was used to compare groups for continuous data with normal distribution, whereas the Mann-Whitney U test was performed for variables with non-normal distribution. Categorical data were analyzed using the Chi-square or Fisher&#8217;s Exact tests. The relations among the numerical and categorical variables were analyzed with Spearman correlation analysis. Differences were accepted as significant at the two-sided p&lt;0.05 level. All statistical analysis was carried out using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences program (SPSS) for Windows version 22 (IBM SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 146 subjects, of which 92 had RMVD and 54 did not, were included in the study. The demographic, clinical, and laboratory data of the study groups are displayed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> . In patients with RMVD, a total of 22 (24%) were male and 70 (76%) were female, whereas 15 (28%) patients were male and 39 (72%) were female in the control group. The mean age was 48&#177;10 years and 46.7&#177;11.2 years in the patients with RMVD and control groups, respectively. No differences were found between the groups in terms of age, gender, BMI, HT, DM, smoking, and other laboratory parameters. As expected, the patients with RMVD had higher systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP) and left atrial (LA) diameter levels than in the control group.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Baseline Clinical, Demographic, and Laboratory Characteristics of The Patients with and without Rheumatic Mitral Valve Disease</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="17%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="3" scope="col" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th scope="col">Control (n:54)</th>
                  <th scope="col">RMVD (n:92)</th>
                  <th scope="col">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="3">Age (Median,IQR1-IQR3)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (39.3 - 54.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (42 - 55.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.304<sup>m</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">Sex (n,%)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">Male</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (28%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (24%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.604<sup>X&#178;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">Female</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (72%)</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (76%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">DM (n,%)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">No</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (89%)</td>
                  <td align="center">88 (96%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.133<sup>X&#178;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (11%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">HT (n,%)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">No</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (85%)</td>
                  <td align="center">79 (86%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.492<sup>X&#178;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (15%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (14%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">Smoking (n,%)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">No</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (74%)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (63%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.134<sup>X&#178;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (26%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (37%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">BMI (Median,IQR1-IQR3)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (22 - 25.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (21.9 - 25)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.139<sup>m</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">Glucose (mg/dL) (Median,IQR1-IQR3)</td>
                  <td align="center">94 (88.5 - 102)</td>
                  <td align="center">90 (21.9 - 25)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.054<sup>m</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">Serum creatinine (mg/dL) (Median,IQR1-IQR3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.8 (0.6 - 0.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.7 (0.6 - 0.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.128<sup>m</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">Hemoglobin(g/L) (Median,IQR1-IQR3)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (13 - 14)</td>
                  <td align="center">13.8 (12 - 14)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.509<sup>m</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">WBC count (x1000/mm3) (Median,IQR1-IQR3)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.4 (5.9 - 7.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.2 (6 - 7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.423<sup>m</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">Platelet count (x1000/mm3) (Median,IQR1-IQR3)</td>
                  <td align="center">300 (254.5 - 348.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">301 (277 - 313)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.766<sup>m</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">Total cholesterol (mg/dL) (Median,IQR1-IQR3)</td>
                  <td align="center">215 (195.3 - 235)</td>
                  <td align="center">197 (195 - 225)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.075<sup>m</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">LDL, (mg/dL) (Median,IQR1-IQR3)</td>
                  <td align="center">120 (103.3 - 125)</td>
                  <td align="center">114 (100 - 121)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.086<sup>m</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">HDL, (mg/dL) (Median,IQR1-IQR3)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (45 - 55.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (45.8 - 72)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.113<sup>m</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">Triglycerides (mg/dL) (Median,IQR1-IQR3)</td>
                  <td align="center">150 (90.8 - 185)</td>
                  <td align="center">148 (64 - 150)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.282<sup>m</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">LVEF,(%) (Median,IQR1-IQR3)</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (60 - 66)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (62.8 - 66)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.155<sup>m</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">LA, (mm) (Median,IQR1-IQR3)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (35 - 37)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (38 - 47)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001<sup>m</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">SPAP, (mmHg) (Median,IQR1-IQR3)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (18 - 20)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (27.8 &#8211; 39.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001<sup>m</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">Mo/S MR</td>
                  <td>Absent</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (65%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Present</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (35%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">Severe MS</td>
                  <td>Absent</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">77 (84%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Present</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (16%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">P-MBVP History</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (16%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">Surgical VR</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">MVA</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">2.2 &#177; 1.3</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">RAVD</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (51%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>BMI: body mass index; DM: diabetes mellitus; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; HT: hypertension; LA: left atrium; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; RMVD: rheumatic mitral valve disease; SPAB: systolic pulmonary artery pressure; WBC: white blood cell; Mo/S MR: moderate or severe mitral regurgitation; P-MBVP: prcutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty; VR: valve replacement; MVA: mitral valve area; RAVD: rheumatic aortic valve disease (Stenosis or Regurgitation).<sup>m</sup>Mann-Whitney U Test,<sup>X<sup>2</sup></sup>Chi Square (&#967;2) Test</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Native thiol (407&#177;83 &#956;mol/L vs. 297&#177;65 &#956;mol/L, p&lt;0.001) and total thiol (442&#177;82 &#956;mol/L vs. 329&#177;65 &#956;mol/L, p&lt;0.001) levels were higher in the control group. Disulfide (16.7&#177;4.9 &#956;mol/L vs. 14.8&#177;3.7 &#956;mol/L, p=0.011) levels were elevated in patients with RMVD group. The mean disulfide/total thiol ratios and disulfide/native thiol ratios were higher in patients with RMVD group, while native thiol/disulfide ratios, and total thiol/disulfide ratios were higher in the control group. The levels of native thiol, total thiol, disulfide, disulfide/thiols, and thiols/disulfide ratio between the patients with and without RMVD are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; The Level of Native Thiol, Total Thiol, Disulfide, Disulfide/Thiols, and Thiols/Disulfide Ratio Between the Patients with and without Rheumatic Mitral Valve Disease</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Control (n:54)</th>
                  <th>RMVD (n:92)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total Thiol, (mmol/L) (Mean &#177; SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">442&#177;82</td>
                  <td align="center">329&#177;65</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001<sup>t</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Native Thiol, (mmol/L) (Mean &#177; SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">407&#177;83</td>
                  <td align="center">298&#177; 65</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001<sup>t</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Disulfide, (mmol/L) (Median,IQR1-IQR3)</td>
                  <td align="center">15.1 (13.4 - 17.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (14.8 - 19.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.011<sup>m</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Disulfide/Total Thiol, %x100 (Median,IQR1-IQR3)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.4 (2.8 - 4)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.4 (4.3 - 6.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001<sup>m</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Disulfide/Native Thiol, %x100 (Median,IQR1-IQR3)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.7 (3 - 4.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.8 (4.7 - 7.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001<sup>m</sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>RMVD: Rheumatic mitral valve disease;<sup>m</sup>Mann-Whitney U Test;<sup>t</sup>t -test</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Correlation analysis showed that there were positive correlations between disulfide levels and mitral stenosis severity (mitral valve area &lt;1.5 cm<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> ); between the disulfide/total and the native/thiol ratio with SPAP, LA diameter, and mitral stenosis severity. Furthermore, there were negative correlations between native thiol and total thiol with SPAP, LA diameter, and mitral stenosis severity. Correlation analysis of thiol and disulfide parameters with echocardiographic findings is listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Correlation Analysis of Thiol and Disulfide Parameters with Echocardiographic Findings</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="2" scope="col" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th scope="col">SPAB</th>
                  <th scope="col">Severe MS</th>
                  <th scope="col">LA</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">Native thiol</td>
                  <td>Spearman&#8217;s Rho</td>
                  <td align="center">-.598</td>
                  <td align="center">-.319</td>
                  <td align="center">-.532</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">P</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Total thiol</td>
                  <td align="center">Spearman&#8217;s Rho</td>
                  <td align="center">-.596</td>
                  <td align="center">-.300</td>
                  <td align="center">-.549</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">P</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Disulfide</td>
                  <td align="center">Spearman&#8217;s Rho</td>
                  <td align="center">.135</td>
                  <td align="center">.188</td>
                  <td align="center">.107</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">P</td>
                  <td align="center">0.106</td>
                  <td align="center">0.023</td>
                  <td align="center">0.201</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Disulfide / Native thiol</td>
                  <td align="center">Spearman&#8217;s Rho</td>
                  <td align="center">.469</td>
                  <td align="center">.331</td>
                  <td align="center">.403</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">P</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Disulfide / Total thiol</td>
                  <td align="center">Spearman&#8217;s Rho</td>
                  <td align="center">.473</td>
                  <td align="center">.333</td>
                  <td align="center">.405</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">P</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>LA: Left atrium; MS: mitral valve stenosis; SPAB: Systolic pulmonary artery pressure</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The level of native thiol, total thiol, disulfide, disulfide/thiols, and thiols/disulfide ratio between the patients with and without severe rheumatic mitral valve stenosis (RMVS) is listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> . No significant difference was observed in native thiol, total thiol, and disulfide between the patients who had mild to moderate MS and severe MS or percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty history. However, disulfide/total and disulfide/native thiols ratios were significantly higher in patients with severe MS or percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty history. On the other hand, any significant difference in native thiol, total thiol, disulfide levels, and disulfide/total and disulfide/native thiols ratios was not observed according to the patients&#8217; severity of mitral regurgitation.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; The Level of Native Thiol, Total Thiol, Disulfide, Disulfide/Thiols and Thiols/Disulfide Ratio Between the Patients with and without Severe Rheumatic Mitral Valve Stenosis</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Mild-Moderate MS (n:62)</th>
                  <th>Severe MS or P-MBVP History (n:30)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total Thiol, (mmol/L) (Mean &#177; SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">335&#177;66</td>
                  <td align="center">317&#177;62</td>
                  <td align="center">0.125<sup>t</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Native Thiol, (mmol/L) (Mean &#177; SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">304&#177;67</td>
                  <td align="center">282&#177;59</td>
                  <td align="center">0.215<sup>t</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Disulfide, (mmol/L) (Mean &#177; SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">17&#177;5</td>
                  <td align="center">19&#177;7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.093<sup>t</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Disulfide/Total Thiol, %x100 (Mean &#177; SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.2&#177;1.7</td>
                  <td align="center">6.1&#177;2.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.045<sup>t</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Disulfide/Native Thiol, %x100 (Mean &#177; SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.8&#177;2.1</td>
                  <td align="center">7.1&#177;3.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.048<sup>t</sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>
                  <italic>MS: Mitral Stenosis; P-MBVP: Percutaneous Mitral Balloon Valvuloplasty;<sup>m</sup>Mann-Whitney U Test;<sup>t</sup>t -test</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Plasma thiol levels were significantly lower in patients with RMVD, when compared to the control group. Disulfide levels and the disulfide/thiols ratio were higher in patients with RMVD. To th best of our knowledge, this is the only study that has evaluated thiol/disulfide homeostasis as a new predictor, which was more closely related to RMVD and the severity of MS.</p>
        <p>RHD and RMVD are the severe complications of acute rheumatic fever and lead to chronic valvular lesions causing the morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> RHD holds a crucial part of the health burden in many developing countries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> RMVD has a complex mechanism, the main ones of which are chronic inflammation and autoimmune reactions.</p>
        <p>The previous studies have reported convincing evidence that there has been a progressive inflammation in RHD, and this persistent inflammation has led to damage to the valvular tissue.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Several studies assessed chronic inflammation markers in RHD patients. Some of these studies showed that elevated serum levels of hsCRP and Pentraxin-3 could be considered as markers of inflammation in RMVD patients than in healthy subjects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> In a recent survey, the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was significantly higher in patients with severe RMVD than in patients with mild to moderate RMVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Recent studies have shown that there were possible interactions between interleukins and chronic inflammation, including RHD development. Davutoglu et al. and Bilik et al. demonstrated that patients with RMVD had elevated plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFa), IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-17, IL-23 as predictors of progressive inflammation and autoimmune response than in healthy subjects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> In previous studies, plasma and tissue oxidative stress markers were investigated in patients with RHD. They determined that levels of advanced oxidation protein products were higher in RHD patients than in controls.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Furthermore, our study was the first to assess novel oxidative stress markers thiol-disulfide ratio role in patients with RHD.</p>
        <p>Oxidative stress (OS) is the imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant substances; it may be toxic to cells by leading to membrane lipid peroxidation and membrane injury.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Thiols are significant antioxidants and play a substantial role in the non-enzymatic elimination of ROS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Although protein thiol oxidations have been considered undesirable side reactions of oxidative stress, the identification of redox-regulated proteins showed that reversible thiol modifications were important to adjust their activity to the prevailing redox conditions of the environment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Defining the functional importance of thiol modifications remains a significant challenge in the field, and still requires biochemical studies in different cases and diseases.</p>
        <p>Recently, the significance of disulfide/thiol homeostasis has been demonstrated by various studies. One of these studies, by Kundi et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> showed that the disulfide/thiol ratio elevated in AMI, and the authors concluded that this value could be used as a predictor for the detection of acute myocardial injury.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> In another study, Topuz et al. demonstrated that thiol/disulfide homeostasis might change during acute pulmonary thromboembolism. Moreover, this might be related to impaired hemodynamic measurements.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Several studies reported that decreased thiol concentrations and thiol/disulfide ratio might be a crucial factor in the development of atherosclerosis, coronary artery ectasia (CAE), and chemotherapy-induced cardiac toxicity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Briefly, the authors concluded that oxidative stress may well involve the main factor of pathogenesis. In our study, thiol levels and the thiol/disulfide ratio are related to RMVD and the severity of rheumatic mitral valve involvement, confirming the hypothesis that the rheumatic valve is the cause of oxidative stress in addition to chronic inflammation.</p>
        <p>To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the relationship between thiol/disulfide homeostasis and its impacts on RHD, as well as the intensity of valve damage in patients with RMVD. Our findings showed that thiol/disulfide homeostasis could play an essential role in the pathophysiology of rheumatic valve damage. Definitive information about the topic could be provided with in-vivo and in-vitro tissue studies.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>The present study has several limitations. First, a relatively small sample size restricted the generalizability of the findings of our research. The lack of follow-up data and serial changes in thiols, and the absence of simultaneous measurement of another novel autoimmune and inflammatory mediators are other limitations. Thiol/disulfide values did not compare with other enzymatic and non-enzymatic oxidative stress markers. Finally, the study could be enhanced by adding genetic polymorphisms in patients with RMVD.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>The present study is the first to show the association between thiol levels and thiol/disulfide homeostasis in patients with RMVD. Our findings demonstrated its possible role in the severity of valve damage and in the pathophysiology of RMVD.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Ankara Numune TRH Clinical Research Ethic Committee under the protocol number E-16-1096. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
