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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">qNZWLWBLw7s8RP5WYZ5T9sk</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001000416</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200885</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200885</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Comunica&#231;&#227;o Breve</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preval&#234;ncia de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica e Diabetes Mellitus em Indiv&#237;duos com COVID-19: Um Estudo Retrospectivo de &#211;bitos em Pernambuco, Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baggio</surname>
            <given-names>Jussara Almeida de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leal</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Cavalcanti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>T&#226;nia Rita Moreno de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Regicley Vieira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Armstrong</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9601-6995</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carmo</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Feliciano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7995-1893</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Dornels Freire de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Alagoas</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Curso de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Alagoas - Curso de Medicina, Macei&#243;, AL - Brasil.</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Vale do S&#227;o Francisco</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Petrolina</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Vale do S&#227;o Francisco &#8211; Medicina, Petrolina, PE &#8211; Brasil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Carlos Dornels Freire de Souza &#8226;</bold> Universidade Federal de Alagoas - Campus Arapiraca - Medicina Av. Manoel Severino Barbosa, s/n. CEP <postal-code>57309-005</postal-code>, Arapiraca, AL &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>carlos.freire@arapiraca.ufal.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Santos LG, Baggio JAO, Leal TC, Costa FA, Fernandes TRMO, Silva RV, Armstrong A, Carmo RF, Souza CDF</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>416</fpage>
      <lpage>422</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) e diabetes mellitus (DM) s&#227;o dois dos principais fatores de risco para a mortalidade por COVID-19.</p>
        <p>Descrever a preval&#234;ncia e o perfil cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gico de &#243;bito por COVID-19 ocorridos em Pernambuco, Brasil, entre 12 de mar&#231;o e 14 de maio de 2020 entre pacientes que possu&#237;am hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e/ou diabetes mellitus como doen&#231;as pr&#233;vias.</p>
        <p>Estudo observacional transversal. Foram analisadas as seguintes vari&#225;veis: munic&#237;pio de proced&#234;ncia, sexo, faixa et&#225;ria, tempo entre o in&#237;cio dos sinais/sintomas e o &#243;bito, sinais/sintomas, tipo de comorbidades e h&#225;bitos de vida. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas por meio de frequ&#234;ncias e vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas por meio de medidas de tend&#234;ncia central e de dispers&#227;o. Os testes de Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis foram utilizados.</p>
        <p>Dos 1.276 registros inclu&#237;dos no estudo, 410 apresentavam HAS e/ou DM. A preval&#234;ncia de HAS foi 26,5% (n=338) e de DM foi 19,7% (n=252). Dos registros, 158 (12,4%) eram de pacientes que possu&#237;am somente HAS, 72 (5,6%) somente DM e 180 (14,1%) apresentavam HAS e DM. Dos indiv&#237;duos com HAS, 53,3% apresentavam DM e 71,4% dos diab&#233;ticos apresentam HAS. A mediana (em dias) do tempo entre o in&#237;cio dos sinais/sintomas e o desfecho &#243;bito foi 8,0 (IIQ 9,0), sem diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos de comorbidades (p=0,633), sexo (p=0,364) e faixa et&#225;ria (p=0,111). Observou-se maior preval&#234;ncia de DM e HAS na popula&#231;&#227;o masculina (DM &#8212; 61,3% eram homens e 38,9% mulheres; HAS &#8212; 53,2% eram homens e 46,8% mulheres). Os sinais/sintomas mais frequentes foram dispneia (74,1%; n=304), tosse (72,2%; n=296), febre (68,5%; n=281) e satura&#231;&#227;o de O2&lt;95% (66,1%; n=271). Dos hipertensos, 73,3% (n=100) apresentavam outras comorbidades/fatores de risco associados, e 54,2% (n=39) dos diab&#233;ticos apresentavam outras comorbidades/fatores de risco associados. Destacaramse as cardiopatias (19,5%; n=80), obesidade (8,3%; n=34), doen&#231;a respirat&#243;ria pr&#233;via (7,3%; n=30) e nefropatia (7,8%; n=32). A preval&#234;ncia de tabagismo foi 8,8% (n=36) e de etilismo alcan&#231;ou 3,4% (n=14).</p>
        <p>O estudo mostrou que a preval&#234;ncia de HAS foi superior &#224; preval&#234;ncia de DM nos indiv&#237;duos que foram a &#243;bito por COVID-19. Em idosos, a preval&#234;ncia foi superior &#224; observada em indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o idosos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Coronav&#237;rus-19</kwd>
        <kwd>SARS-CoV-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Pandemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco/preven&#231;&#227;o e controle</kwd>
        <kwd>Idoso</kwd>
        <kwd>Preval&#234;ncia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="31"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em dezembro de 2019, as entidades sanit&#225;rias da prov&#237;ncia de Hubei, na Rep&#250;blica popular da China, identificaram e relataram &#224; Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS) um surto de uma pneumonia com agente etiol&#243;gico at&#233; ent&#227;o desconhecido.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> No in&#237;cio de janeiro, o v&#237;rus SARS-CoV-2 (<italic>Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronav&#237;rus 2</italic>) foi identificado e a doen&#231;a foi denominada COVID-19 (<italic>Coronavirus Disease 2019</italic>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Em 4 de agosto de 2020, a doen&#231;a j&#225; havia infectado um total de 18.316.072 pessoas e causado a morte de 694.715. EUA, Brasil e &#205;ndia ocupam as primeiras posi&#231;&#245;es em n&#250;mero de doentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> No Brasil, o primeiro caso foi confirmado no dia 26 de fevereiro na cidade de S&#227;o Paulo. Entre essa data e 4 de agosto de 2020, o pa&#237;s somou 2.750.249 infectados e 94.665 &#243;bitos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Devido ao impacto global causado pela pandemia, existe uma urg&#234;ncia na produ&#231;&#227;o de conhecimento acerca do novo coronav&#237;rus. A caracteriza&#231;&#227;o das pessoas infectadas &#233; essencial para o planejamento do combate &#224; doen&#231;a e da retomada econ&#244;mica. Desde o come&#231;o da pandemia, diversos estudos foram publicados com esse intuito, e mostraram que a doen&#231;a afeta de forma mais grave principalmente pessoas idosas com presen&#231;a de comorbidades.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) e o diabetes mellitus (DM) s&#227;o as comorbidades mais frequentes nas pessoas que foram a &#243;bito e sua fisiopatologia parece favorecer o desenvolvimento de quadros mais graves.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Com a doen&#231;a ainda em expans&#227;o em territ&#243;rio brasileiro, &#233; importante entender as caracter&#237;sticas das pessoas infectadas no pa&#237;s e tamb&#233;m em diferentes estados, devido ao tamanho continental e as diferen&#231;as socioecon&#244;micas presentes no Brasil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> O estado de Pernambuco foi particularmente afetado, com registro de 98.833 casos e 6.717 &#243;bitos em 4 de agosto de 2020.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Dessa forma, o presente estudo teve como principal objetivo descrever a preval&#234;ncia e o perfil cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gico de &#243;bitos por COVID-19 ocorridos em Pernambuco entre 12 de mar&#231;o e 14 de maio de 2020, entre pacientes que possu&#237;am hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e/ou diabetes mellitus como doen&#231;as pr&#233;vias.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Trata-se de um estudo observacional transversal, envolvendo todos os &#243;bitos por COVID-19 notificados em Pernambuco entre 12 de mar&#231;o e 14 de maio de 2020, entre pacientes que possu&#237;am HAS e DM como doen&#231;a de base. No estudo, foram analisadas as seguintes vari&#225;veis: sexo, faixa et&#225;ria, tempo entre o in&#237;cio dos primeiros sintomas e o &#243;bito, sinais/sintomas, a quantidade e o tipo de comorbidades associadas, al&#233;m da HAS e do DM e h&#225;bitos de vida (tabagismo e etilismo). Os dados foram obtidos da p&#225;gina eletr&#244;nica de monitoramento da COVID-19 do estado de Pernambuco (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://dados.seplag.pe.gov.br/apps/corona.html">https://dados.seplag.pe.gov.br/apps/corona.html</ext-link>) em 15 de maio de 2020. Ap&#243;s a coleta, o banco de dados passou por ajustes das vari&#225;veis, que consistiu na adequa&#231;&#227;o dos sinais/sintomas e comorbidades e exclus&#227;o de registros inconsistentes.</p>
      <p>Para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, inicialmente, as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas por meio de frequ&#234;ncias (absolutas e relativas) e as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas por meio de medidas de tend&#234;ncia central e de dispers&#227;o. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o do tempo de in&#237;cio dos sintomas e o &#243;bito entre os sexos feminino e masculino, utilizou-se o teste de Mann-Whitney, e entre as faixas et&#225;rias e grupo de comorbidades, utilizou-se o teste de Kruskal-Wallis com a aplica&#231;&#227;o posterior de teste <italic>post-hoc</italic>. Considerou-se intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% e signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
      <p>As an&#225;lises foram realizadas com o aux&#237;lio do <italic>software</italic> SPSS vers&#227;o 24.0 (IBM Corporation). Por utilizar dados de dom&#237;nio p&#250;blico, nos quais n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel a identifica&#231;&#227;o dos indiv&#237;duos, este estudo dispensou a aprova&#231;&#227;o pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>At&#233; o dia 14 de maio, constavam 1461 &#243;bitos no banco de dados analisado do estado de Pernambuco. Desses casos, foram exclu&#237;dos 185 pela baixa qualidade dos dados (aus&#234;ncia e/ou inconsist&#234;ncia entre as vari&#225;veis), restando 1.276 &#243;bitos. Desses registros, 338 (26,48%) apresentavam HAS e 252 (19,74%) apresentavam DM como doen&#231;as de base: 158 (12,4%) possu&#237;am apenas HAS, 72 (5,6%) apenas DM e 180 (14,1%) HAS+DM. Dos indiv&#237;duos com HAS, 53,3% apresentavam DM e 71,4% dos diab&#233;ticos apresentavam HAS.</p>
      <p>Os &#243;bitos por COVID-19 tendo a HAS como doen&#231;a de base foram registrados em 56 munic&#237;pios, com destaque para Recife (n=141), Jaboat&#227;o dos Guararapes (n=27), Paulista (n=27) e Olinda (n=17), totalizando 62,72% (n=212) dos &#243;bitos do estado. J&#225; os &#243;bitos por COVID-19 tendo o DM como doen&#231;a de base foram registrados em 49 munic&#237;pios, com destaque para Recife (n=104), Jaboat&#227;o dos Guararapes (n=21), Olinda (n=13), Cabo de Santo Agostinho (n=12) e Paulista (n=12), na regi&#227;o metropolitana do Recife. Esses quatro munic&#237;pios somaram 64,28% (n=162) dos &#243;bitos.</p>
      <p>A mediana (em dias) do tempo entre o in&#237;cio dos sinais/sintomas e o desfecho &#243;bito foi 8,0 (IIQ 9,0), sem diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos de comorbidades (p=0,633), sexo (p=0,364), faixa et&#225;ria (p=0,111) e na compara&#231;&#227;o entre idosos e n&#227;o idosos (p=0,257) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). Quanto ao perfil cl&#237;nico e epidemiol&#243;gico, observou-se distribui&#231;&#227;o homog&#234;nea entre os sexos no grupo geral (n=410). No entanto, a an&#225;lise desagregada mostrou maior preval&#234;ncia de DM e HAS na popula&#231;&#227;o masculina (DM &#8212; 61,3% eram homens e 38,9% mulheres; HAS &#8212; 53,2% eram homens e 46,8% mulheres). Por outro lado, ao considerar apenas indiv&#237;duos com as duas comorbidades, observou-se predom&#237;nio de mulheres (53,3%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Boxplot do tempo entre o in&#237;cio dos primeiros sintomas e &#243;bito por COVID-19 em indiv&#237;duos com hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e/ou diabetes mellitus. Pernambuco, Brasil.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-02-0416-00885-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e epidemiol&#243;gica dos &#243;bitos por COVID-19 entre pacientes que apresentavam hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e/ou diabetes mellitus como doen&#231;a pr&#233;via. Pernambuco, Brasil</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="11%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#225;vel</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">HAS (n=158)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">DM (n=72)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">HAS + DM (n=180)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Total (n=410)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Sexo</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">n</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">%</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">n</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">%</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">n</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">%</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">n</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">%</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Feminino</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">74</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">46,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">28</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">38,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">96</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">53,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">198</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">48,3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Masculino</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">84</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">53,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">44</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">61,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">84</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">46,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">212</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">51,7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="9">
                <bold>Idade</bold>
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">1</xref>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">20&#8211;29</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">30&#8211;39</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">40&#8211;49</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">10</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">23</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5,6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">50&#8211;59</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">24</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">15,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">22</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">30,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">31</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">17,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">77</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">18,8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">60&#8211;69</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">40</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">25,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">13</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">18,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">41</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">22,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">94</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">22,9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">70&#8211;79</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">38</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">24,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">22</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">30,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">55</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">30,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">115</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">28,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">80+</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">44</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">27,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">11,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">40</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">22,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">92</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">22,4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="9">
                <bold>Sinais/sintomas</bold>
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">2</xref>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Dispneia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">111</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">70,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">54</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">75,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">139</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">77,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">304</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">74,1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Tosse</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">117</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">74,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">51</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">70,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">128</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">71,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">296</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">72,2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Febre</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">110</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">69,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">46</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">63,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">125</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">69,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">281</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">68,5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Satura&#231;&#227;o &lt;95%</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">99</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">62,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">57</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">79,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">115</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">63,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">271</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">66,1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Dor de Garganta</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">13</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">12</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">16,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">17</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">9,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">42</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">10,2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Diarreia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">11</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">21</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5,1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">V&#244;mito</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">15</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Mialgia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">13</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Astenia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">11</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="9">
                <bold>N&#186; Comorbidades al&#233;m da comorbidade de base</bold>
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">3</xref>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Uma comorbidade</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">58</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">36,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">33</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">45,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">91</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">22,2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Duas comorbidades</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">68</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">43,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">28</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">38,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">82</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">45,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">178</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">43,4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Tr&#234;s ou mais</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">32</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">20,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">11</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">15,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">98</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">54,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">141</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">34,4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="9">
                <bold>Comorbidades</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Cardiopatia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">25</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">15,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">19</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">26,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">36</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">20,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">80</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">19,5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Obesidade</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">14</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">15</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">34</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8,3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Doen&#231;a respirat&#243;ria pr&#233;via</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">16</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">10,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">11</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">30</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7,3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nefropatia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">14</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">15</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">32</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7,8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Doen&#231;a neurol&#243;gica pr&#233;via</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">13</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">27</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6,6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">C&#226;ncer</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">12</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="9">
                <bold>H&#225;bitos de vida</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Tabagismo atual</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">12</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">23</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5,6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Tabagismo pregresso</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">13</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Etilismo atual</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">11</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Etilismo pregresso</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,7</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>1</label>
            <p>Sem registros em indiv&#237;duos com idade inferior a 20 anos.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>2</label>
            <p>Sinais/sintomas e comorbidades com frequ&#234;ncia &lt;2,0% foram suprimidos.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>3</label>
            <p>Comorbidades de base s&#227;o HAS e DM. HAS: Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DM: Diabetes mellitus.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Destacou-se ainda a propor&#231;&#227;o de idosos na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada (73,4% possu&#237;am 60 anos ou mais; n=301). Desses, 85,7% (n=258) apresentavam HAS, 59,5% (n=179) apresentavam DM e 45,2% (n=136) apresentavam as duas comorbidades. Os sinais/sintomas mais frequentes foram dispneia (74,1%; n=304), tosse (72,2%; n=296), febre (68,5%; n=281) e satura&#231;&#227;o de O2&lt;95% (66,1%; n=271) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>No que concerne &#224;s comorbidades/fatores de risco associados, observou-se que 73,3% (n=100) dos hipertensos e 54,2% (n=39) dos diab&#233;ticos apresentavam outras comorbidades/fatores de risco associados. No grupo com HAS+DM, esse percentual foi de 54,4% (n=141). Dentre as comorbidades mais comuns, destacaram-se: cardiopatias (19,5%/n=80), obesidade (8,3%; n=34), doen&#231;a respirat&#243;ria pr&#233;via (7,3%; n=30) e nefropatia (7,8%; n=32). A preval&#234;ncia de tabagismo (atual ou pregresso) alcan&#231;ou 8,8% (n=36) e o etilismo (atual ou pregresso) alcan&#231;ou 3,4% (n=14) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A concentra&#231;&#227;o dos &#243;bitos descritos no presente estudo se concentra em munic&#237;pios de maior porte (Recife e Jaboat&#227;o dos Guararapes) e pode relacionar-se ao n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos expostos e &#224; circula&#231;&#227;o de pessoas, j&#225; que essas s&#227;o as duas cidades mais populosas do estado. Soma-se a este fato a composi&#231;&#227;o et&#225;ria da popula&#231;&#227;o e da elevada preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, a dissemina&#231;&#227;o da COVID-19 em Pernambuco parece seguir o padr&#227;o de outros pa&#237;ses: a partir de grandes centros urbanos, se dissemina para cidades m&#233;dias e pequenas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref></p>
      <p>No que se refere &#224; faixa et&#225;ria, nota-se que a maior parte dos &#243;bitos ocorreu em pessoas acima de 60 anos, principalmente na faixa et&#225;ria de 70 a 79 anos, similar ao que tem sido observado em outros pa&#237;ses previamente afetados pela pandemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> O perfil de comorbidades da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira tamb&#233;m &#233; um fator a ser levado em considera&#231;&#227;o. A preval&#234;ncia de DM &#233; de 9,4% na popula&#231;&#227;o geral e se torna ainda mais significante com o aumento da idade, cuja preval&#234;ncia &#233; de 22,6% na popula&#231;&#227;o maior de 60 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> J&#225; a preval&#234;ncia de HAS &#233; de cerca de 24,0%, alcan&#231;ando 60,9% na popula&#231;&#227;o idosa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> Indiv&#237;duos com HAS e DM pr&#233;vio apresentam maior probabilidade de desenvolverem quadros mais graves da COVID-19, por vezes fatais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m da idade, o sexo &#233; outra caracter&#237;stica relevante. Em revis&#227;o realizada por Li et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> na China, cerca de 60% dos infectados pelo SARS-CoV-2 eram homens. Resultados semelhantes foram apresentados por Zhou et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> tanto nos sobreviventes (59% eram homens) quanto nos indiv&#237;duos que foram a &#243;bito (70% homens), percentual superior ao observado em nosso estudo. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre o sexo e a COVID-19 ainda n&#227;o est&#225; elucidada, por&#233;m o pior desfecho no sexo masculino pode estar relacionado ao maior n&#250;mero de comorbidades presentes nos homens ou uma resposta do sistema imune diferente da observada na popula&#231;&#227;o feminina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref></p>
      <p>O tempo entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e o &#243;bito foi menor do que o descrito previamente na literatura (18,5 dias).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> No Brasil, a presen&#231;a de comorbidades cardiovasculares pode reduzir o tempo de vida em at&#233; quatro dias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> Entretanto, o resultado do nosso estudo pode estar subestimado, pois &#233; necess&#225;rio considerar uma poss&#237;vel dificuldade em reconhecer os primeiros sintomas, sobretudo nos indiv&#237;duos com condi&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas prec&#225;rias e com n&#237;vel educacional baixo. Al&#233;m disso, o vi&#233;s de mem&#243;ria &#233; uma limita&#231;&#227;o dessa vari&#225;vel.</p>
      <p>Em Pernambuco, 43,9% dos &#243;bitos investigados apresentavam HAS e DM simultaneamente. Em investiga&#231;&#227;o realizada na cidade de Nova York envolvendo pacientes hospitalizados, as comorbidades mais frequentes foram HAS (56,6%), obesidade (41,7%) e DM (33,8%), respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Essas comorbidades tamb&#233;m foram descritas como as mais frequentes em diferentes investiga&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> A preval&#234;ncia dessas doen&#231;as tem variado entre os pa&#237;ses: na China, por exemplo, a presen&#231;a dessas doen&#231;as &#233; inferior &#224; observada em pa&#237;ses como It&#225;lia e EUA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref></p>
      <p>At&#233; o momento, sabe-se que o v&#237;rus SARS-CoV-2 liga-se &#224; enzima conversora de angiotensina 2 (ECA-2), diminuindo a atividade desse tipo de receptor e levando a aumento da permeabilidade vascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> Este receptor tem uma express&#227;o maior nos pulm&#245;es e no cora&#231;&#227;o, sendo fundamental para o funcionamento desses sistemas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> Em pacientes com HAS e DM, existe um aumento desse tipo de receptor em compara&#231;&#227;o com a popula&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel, o que pode levar ao desenvolvimento de quadros mais severos da doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> Al&#233;m do mais, o SARS-CoV-2 promove les&#227;o endotelial principalmente nos capilares pulmonares, promovendo um estado pr&#243;-coagula&#231;&#227;o, estado vascular inflamat&#243;rio e de infiltrado celular, o que pode justificar quadros mais graves em pacientes com DM e obesos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Adicionalmente, os indiv&#237;duos com DM parecem apresentar uma resposta ao SARS-CoV-2 com grandes volumes por interferon (IFN) e resposta tardia de Th1/Th17, contribuindo para uma resposta inflamat&#243;ria mais intensa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> Um recente estudo <italic>in vitro</italic> demonstrou que a concentra&#231;&#227;o de glicose em mon&#243;citos estava relacionada a um aumento da replica&#231;&#227;o viral e produ&#231;&#227;o de citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref></p>
      <p>O somat&#243;rio de diferentes comorbidades em um mesmo indiv&#237;duo pode resultar em amplifica&#231;&#227;o da resposta inflamat&#243;ria e favorecer a r&#225;pida progress&#227;o e/ou agravamento do quadro cl&#237;nico, reduzindo a sobrevida dos pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> Nessa an&#225;lise, as comorbidades mais prevalentes associadas ao DM e &#224; HAS foram cardiopatia n&#227;o especificada e obesidade. Essas comorbidades tamb&#233;m foram observadas em estudo conduzido em Nova York, no qual 18,0% dos indiv&#237;duos possu&#237;am cardiopatia e 41,7%, obesidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Atualmente, a alta preval&#234;ncia de obesidade tem sido um grave problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica na maioria dos pa&#237;ses, inclusive no Brasil.</p>
      <p>Os h&#225;bitos de vida, tais como tabagismo e etilismo, tamb&#233;m podem agravar ainda mais esse risco quando relacionado &#224; COVID-19. Indiv&#237;duos fumantes, quando infectados, apresentam 3,5 vezes mais chance de desenvolver formas mais agressivas da doen&#231;a do que n&#227;o fumantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> Por conseguinte, a pr&#225;tica aumenta o risco de les&#227;o pulmonar culminando em bronquiolite respirat&#243;ria cr&#244;nica, diversos tipos de pneumonia, c&#226;nceres e enfisema pulmonar,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref> que individualmente s&#227;o fatores de risco para o SARS-CoV-2 e, em conjunto, diminuem a fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, aumentando a susceptibilidade ao v&#237;rus.</p>
      <p>Sobre o consumo de bebidas alco&#243;licas, entende-se que, quando realizado de forma cr&#244;nica, resulta em aumento das respostas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias e redu&#231;&#227;o das defesas anti-inflamat&#243;rias intermediadas pelas citocinas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> Associado a isso, o sistema imunol&#243;gico como um todo &#233; prejudicado com a pr&#225;tica do etilismo por reduzir a capacidade de combater agentes infecciosos atrav&#233;s da imunidade inata e adaptativa, expondo de forma mais agressiva os contaminados pelo SARS-CoV-2.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Ainda n&#227;o se conhece os efeitos acumulados das comorbidades no agravamento e mortalidade pela COVID-19. &#201; prov&#225;vel que o somat&#243;rio de comorbidades possa atuar em conjunto para facilitar tanto a entrada celular do SARS-CoV-2 mediada pela ACE-2 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> nas c&#233;lulas quanto favorecer respostas inflamat&#243;rias mais agressivas. Estudos sobre esses aspectos s&#227;o fortemente recomendados.</p>
      <p>Mesmo com todos os cuidados metodol&#243;gicos adotados, este estudo possui limita&#231;&#245;es: i. A base utilizada &#233; de dom&#237;nio p&#250;blico e foi constru&#237;da a partir das fichas de notifica&#231;&#227;o da COVID-19, sem a adequada padroniza&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis e a aus&#234;ncia de detalhamento das informa&#231;&#245;es (n&#237;veis glic&#234;micos, est&#225;gio da obesidade, controle press&#243;rico, dentre outros); ii. Ao longo da pandemia, diferentes formul&#225;rios de notifica&#231;&#227;o foram sendo implementados, com exclus&#227;o e/ou adi&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis; e iii. Por se tratar de uma doen&#231;a nova, sem clareza do rol de sinais/sintomas, &#233; prov&#225;vel que os menos comuns n&#227;o tenham sido identificados pelos pacientes e registrados, sobretudo no in&#237;cio da pandemia.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A preval&#234;ncia de HAS foi superior &#224; preval&#234;ncia de DM nos indiv&#237;duos que foram a &#243;bito por COVID-19. Em idosos, a preval&#234;ncia foi superior &#224; observada em indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o idosos. Al&#233;m disso, verificou-se importante ac&#250;mulo de comorbidades e fatores de risco. O perfil cl&#237;nico e epidemiol&#243;gico foi caracterizado por idosos, sinais/sintomas indicativos de comprometimento respirat&#243;rio e predom&#237;nio de mais de uma comorbidade. N&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;a entre o tempo do in&#237;cio dos primeiros sintomas e o &#243;bito na an&#225;lise segundo sexo e faixa et&#225;ria.</p>
      <p>Recomendamos estudos que possam estimar o risco de gravidade de acordo com o n&#250;mero e o tipo de comorbidades preexistentes.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;sgradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Brief Communication</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prevalence of Systemic Arterial Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus in Individuals with COVID-19: A Retrospective Study of Deaths in Pernambuco, Brazil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baggio</surname>
            <given-names>Jussara Almeida de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leal</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Cavalcanti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>T&#226;nia Rita Moreno de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Regicley Vieira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Armstrong</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9601-6995</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carmo</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Feliciano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7995-1893</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Dornels Freire de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Alagoas - Curso de Medicina, Macei&#243;, AL - Brazil.</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Petrolina</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Vale do S&#227;o Francisco &#8211; Medicina, Petrolina, PE &#8211; Brazil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Carlos Dornels Freire de Souzaa &#8226;</bold> Universidade Federal de Alagoas - Campus Arapiraca - Medicina Av. Manoel Severino Barbosa, s/n. Postal Code <postal-code>57309-005</postal-code>, Arapiraca, AL &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>carlos.freire@arapiraca.ufal.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research; Acquisition of data; Analysis and interpretation of the data; Statistical analysis; Obtaining financing; Writing of the manuscript; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Santos LG, Baggio JAO, Leal TC, Costa FA, Fernandes TRMO, Silva RV, Armstrong A, Carmo RF, Souza CDF</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Coronavirus-19</kwd>
        <kwd>SARS-CoV-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Pandemics</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors/prevention and control</kwd>
        <kwd>Aged</kwd>
        <kwd>Prevalence</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>In December 2019, health authorities in Hubei province, in the People&#8217;s Republic of China, identified and reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) an outbreak of pneumonia with an unknown etiological agent.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> In early January, the SARS-CoV-2 virus (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) was identified and the disease was called COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
        <p>On August 4, 2020, the disease has infected 18,316,072 people and caused the death of 694,715. The USA, Brazil and India occupy the first positions in number of infected people.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> In Brazil, the first case was confirmed on February 26<sup>th</sup> in the city of S&#227;o Paulo. Between the first case and August 4, 2020, the country had 2,750,249 people infected and 94,665 deaths.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Due to the global impact caused by the pandemic, there is an urgent need to produce knowledge about the new coronavirus. The characterization of infected people is essential for tackling the disease and for economic recovery. Since the beginning of the pandemic, several studies have been published for this purpose, and have shown that the disease affects more severely elderly people with comorbidities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) and diabetes mellitus (DM) are the most frequent comorbidities in people who have died, and their pathophysiology seems to favor the development of more severe conditions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref></p>
        <p>COVID-19 is still expanding in Brazil and, because of that, it is important to understand the characteristics of infected people in the country and also in different states, due to Brazil&#8217;s continental size and socioeconomic differences.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> The state of Pernambuco was particularly affected, with a record of 98,833 cases and 6,717 deaths by August 4, 2020.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref></p>
        <p>This study aimed to describe the prevalence and the clinical and epidemiological profile of deaths from COVID-19 in Pernambuco between March 12 and May 14, 2020, among people that had SAH and/or DM as previous diseases.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This is a cross-sectional observational study involving all deaths from COVID-19 reported in Pernambuco, between March 12 and May 14, 2020, of people that had SAH and DM as previous diseases. We analyzed the following variables: sex, age group, time between the onset of the first symptoms and death, signs/symptoms, the number and type of associated comorbidities, in addition to SAH and DM and lifestyle habits (smoking and alcoholism). The data were obtained from the monitoring page of COVID-19 in the state of Pernambuco (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://dados.seplag.pe.gov.br/apps/corona.html">https://dados.seplag.pe.gov.br/apps/corona.html</ext-link>) on May 15, 2020. After data collection, we made some adjustments in the database, which consisted of adjustment of signs/symptoms and comorbidities and exclusion of inconsistent records. For statistical analysis, categorical variables were initially described by frequencies (absolute and relative) and continuous variables by measures of central tendency and dispersion. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the time between symptom onset and death between females and males and the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the age groups and comorbidities with the subsequent application of a post-hoc test. We adopted a confidence interval of 95% and a significance level of 5%. The analyses were performed with SPSS software version 24.0 (IBM Corporation). This study used public domain data, in which it is not possible to identify individuals. For this reason, approval by the Research Ethics Committee was not necessary.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Until May 14, there were 1,461 deaths in the state of Pernambuco according to the database analyzed. We excluded 185 cases due to low-quality data (absence and/or inconsistency among the variables), resulting in 1,276 deaths. According to the records, 338 (26.48%) had SAH and 252 (19.74%) had DM as previous diseases: 158 (12.4%) had only SAH, 72 (5.6%) only DM and 180 (14.1%) had SAH + DM. 53.3% of the individuals with SAH had DM and 71.4% of diabetics had SAH.</p>
        <p>SAH people died from COVID-19 in 56 cities, including Recife (n=141), Jaboat&#227;o dos Guararapes (n=27), Paulista (n=27) and Olinda (n=17), totaling 62.72% (n=212) of deaths in the state. People with DM died from COVID-19 in 49 cities, including Recife (n=104), Jaboat&#227;o dos Guararapes (n=21), Olinda (n=13), Cabo de Santo Agostinho (n=12) and Paulista (n=12), in the metropolitan region of Recife. These four cities accounted for 64.28% (n=162) of all deaths.</p>
        <p>The median (in days) time between the onset of signs/symptoms and death was 8.0 (IIQ 9.0), with no significant difference between groups of comorbidities (p=0.633), sex (p=0.364), age group (p=0.111) and in the comparison between elderly and non-elderly individuals (p=0.257) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>). The clinical epidemiological profile showed a homogeneous distribution between sexes in the general group (n=410). However, the disaggregated analysis showed a higher prevalence of DM and SAH in the male population (DM &#8212; 61.3% were men and 38.9% women; SAH &#8212; 53.2% were men and 46.8%, women). On the other hand, considering only individuals with both comorbidities, there was a predominance of women (53.3%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Boxplot from the onset of first symptoms and death of individuals with COVID-19 and systemic arterial hypertension and/or diabetes in Pernambuco, Brazil. SAH: Systemic arterial hypertension; DM: Diabetes mellitus.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-02-0416-00885-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Clinical epidemiological characterization of deaths from COVID-19 with systemic arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus as previous diseases, in Pernambuco, Brazil.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="11%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Variable</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">SAH (n=158)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">DM (n=72)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">SAH + DM (n=180)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Total (n= 410)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Sex</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">n</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">%</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">n</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">%</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">n</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">%</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">n</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Female</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">74</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">46,8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">38.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">96</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">53.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">198</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">48.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Male</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">84</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">53.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">44</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">61.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">84</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">46.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">212</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">51.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="9">
                  <bold>Age</bold>
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">1</xref>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">20&#8211;29</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">30&#8211;39</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">40&#8211;49</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">23</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">50&#8211;59</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">24</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">22</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">30.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">31</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">17.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">77</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">18.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">60&#8211;69</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">40</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">25.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">18.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">41</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">22.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">94</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">22.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">70&#8211;79</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">38</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">24.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">22</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">30.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">55</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">30.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">115</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">80+</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">44</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">27.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">40</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">22.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">92</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">22.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="9">
                  <bold>Signs/symptoms</bold>
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">2</xref>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Dyspnea</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">111</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">70.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">54</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">75.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">139</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">77.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">304</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">74.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Cough</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">117</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">74.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">51</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">70.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">128</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">71.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">296</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">72.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Fever</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">110</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">69.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">46</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">63.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">125</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">69.4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">281</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">68.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">O2 saturation &lt;95%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">99</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">62.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">57</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">79.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">115</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">63.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">271</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">66.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sore throat</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">16.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">17</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9.4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">42</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Diarrhea</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">21</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Vomit</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Myalgia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Asthenia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="9">
                  <bold>Number of Comorbidities behind SAH and DM</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">One comorbidity</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">58</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">36.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">33</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">45.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">91</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">22.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Two comorbidities</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">68</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">43.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">38.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">82</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">45.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">178</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">43.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Three or more</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">32</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">20.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">98</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">54.4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">141</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">34.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="9">
                  <bold>Comorbidities</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Cardiopathy</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">25</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">19</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">26.4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">36</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">20.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">80</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">19.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Obesity</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">34</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Previous respiratory disease</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">16</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">30</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Nephropathy</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">32</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Previous neurological disease</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">27</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Cancer</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="9">
                  <bold>Lifestyle Habits</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Current smoking</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">23</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Previous smoking</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Current alcohol consumption</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Previous alcohol consumption</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.7</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>1</label>
              <p>No records of individuals under 20.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>2</label>
              <p>Signs/symptoms and comorbidities with frequency &lt;2.0% were suppressed. SAH: Systemic arterial hypertension; DM: Diabetes mellitus.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The proportion of elderly people in the studied population also stood out (73.4% were 60 years old or older; n=301). Of these, 85.7% (n=258) had SAH, 59.5% (n=179) DM and 45.2% (n=136) had the two comorbidities. The most frequent signs/symptoms were dyspnea (74.1%; n=304), cough (72.2%; n=296), fever (68.5%; n=281) and O<sub>2</sub> saturation &lt;95% (66.1%; n=271) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>Regarding comorbidities/associated risk factors, it was observed that 73.3% (n=100) of hypertensive patients and 54.2% (n=39) of diabetics had other comorbidities/associated risk factors. In the group with SAH + DM, this percentage was 54.4% (n=141). The most frequent comorbidities were: heart disease (19.5%/n=80), obesity (8.3%; n=34), previous respiratory disease (7.3%; n=30) and nephropathy (7.8%; n=32). The prevalence of smoking (current or previous) was 8.8% (n=36) and alcoholism (current or previous), 3.4% (n=14) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The majority of deaths described in the present study is concentrated in larger cities (Recife and Jaboat&#227;o dos Guararapes) and may be related to the number of individuals exposed to SARS-CoV-2 virus and the high number of people moving around, since these are the two most populous cities in the state. Added to this, the deaths can also be explained by age composition and the high prevalence of chronic non-communicable diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> The dissemination of COVID-19 in Pernambuco seems to follow the pattern of other countries: from large urban centers, it spreads to medium and small cities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref></p>
        <p>The deaths occurred mainly among people older than 60, especially from 70 to 79, which is similar to other countries previously affected by the pandemic.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> The profile of comorbidities in the Brazilian population is also a factor to be taken into account. The prevalence of DM is 9.4% in the general population and is even more significant with increasing age, whose prevalence is 22.6% in the population older than 60.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> The prevalence of SAH is around 24.0%, and 60.9% in the elderly population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> Individuals with SAH and DM are more likely to develop severe cases of COVID-19 and sometimes it is fatal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref></p>
        <p>In addition to age, sex is another relevant feature. In a review by Li et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> in China, about 60% of people infected with SARS-CoV-2 were men. Similar results were presented by Zhou et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> both in survivors (59% were men) and in individuals who died (70% men), a higher percentage of men. The relationship between sex and COVID-19 is still unclear, but the worst outcome in males may be related to the greater number of comorbidities present in men or an immune system response different from that observed in the female population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref></p>
        <p>The time between the onset of symptoms and death was shorter than that previously described in the literature (18.5 days).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> In Brazil, the presence of cardiovascular comorbidities can reduce lifespan by up to four days.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> However, the findings of our study may be underestimated, as it is necessary to consider a potential difficulty in recognizing the first symptoms, especially in individuals with precarious socioeconomic conditions and low educational level. In addition, memory bias is a limitation of this variable.</p>
        <p>In Pernambuco, 43.9% of the deceased individuals investigated had SAH and DM simultaneously. In a study carried out in New York City involving hospitalized patients, the most frequent comorbidities were SAH (56.6%), obesity (41.7%) and DM (33.8%), respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> These comorbidities have also been described as the most frequent ones in different investigations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> The prevalence of these diseases varied between countries: in China, for example, the presence of these diseases is lower than that observed in countries like Italy and the USA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref></p>
        <p>So far, it is known that the SARS-CoV-2 virus binds to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2), decreasing the activity of this type of receptor, increasing vascular permeability.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> This receptor has a greater expression in the lungs and heart, being fundamental for the functioning of these systems.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> In patients with SAH and DM, there is an increase in this type of receptor compared to the healthy population, which may lead to the development of more severe diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 promotes endothelial damage mainly in the pulmonary capillaries, promoting a pro-coagulation state, inflammatory vascular state and cell infiltrate, which may justify more severe conditions in patients with DM and obese people.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Additionally, individuals with DM appear to have a response to SARS-CoV-2 with large volumes of interferon (IFN) and a late Th1/Th17 response contributing to a more intense inflammatory response.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> A recent in vitro study demonstrated that the concentration of glucose in monocytes was related to increased viral replication and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref></p>
        <p>The sum of different comorbidities in the same individual may result in amplification of inflammatory response and favor the rapid progression and/or worsening of the clinical condition, reducing patient survival.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> In this analysis, the most prevalent comorbidities associated with DM and SAH were unspecified heart disease and obesity. These comorbidities were also observed in the New York study, in which 18.0% of the individuals had heart disease and 41.7% were obese.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Currently, the high prevalence of obesity has been a serious public health problem in most countries, including Brazil.</p>
        <p>Lifestyle habits, such as smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, may also aggravate COVID-19. When infected, smokers are 3.5 times more likely to develop aggressive forms of the disease than non-smokers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> Therefore, smoking increases the risk of lung injury culminating in chronic respiratory bronchiolitis, various types of pneumonia, cancer and pulmonary emphysema,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref> which, individually, are risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 and, together, decrease lung function, increasing virus susceptibility.</p>
        <p>Chronic consumption of alcoholic beverages results in increased pro-inflammatory response and reduced anti-inflammatory defenses mediated by cytokines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> Associated to this, the immune system is impaired because it reduces the ability to fight against infectious agents through innate and adaptive immunity, exposing those infected by SARS-CoV-2 to a more aggressive forms of the disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref></p>
        <p>The cumulative effects of comorbidities on aggravation and mortality by COVID-19 is unknown. It is possible that the sum of comorbidities may act together to facilitate both the cellular entry of SARS-CoV-2 mediated by ACE-2<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> into the cells and favor more aggressive inflammatory responses. Studies on this aspect are strongly recommended.</p>
        <p>Even with all the methodological precautions adopted, this study has limitations: i. The database used is in the public domain and was built from the COVID-19 notification forms, without adequate standardization of variables and lack of detailed information (glycemic levels, obesity stage, pressure control, among others); ii. Throughout the pandemic, different notification forms were implemented, excluding and/or adding variables; and iii. As it is a new disease, without a clear list of signs/symptoms, it is likely that the less common ones were not identified by patients and registered, especially at the beginning of the pandemic.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The prevalence of SAH was higher than the prevalence of DM in individuals who died from COVID-19. In the elderly, the prevalence was higher than that observed in non-elderly individuals. In addition, there was an important accumulation of comorbidities and risk factors. The clinical epidemiological profile was characterized by elderly people, signs/symptoms indicative of respiratory impairment and predominance of more than one comorbidity. There was no difference between the time of onset of the first symptoms and death in the analysis according to sex and age group.</p>
        <p>We recommend studies that can estimate the risk of severity according to the number and type of pre-existing comorbidities.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
