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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" article-type="letter" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">NPt8TvXbJqmFkYGSZWXj6zd</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001000407</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200999</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200999</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Achado Incomum de Rara e Exuberante Xantomatose em Caso de Hiperlipidemia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4750-273X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Manfredini</surname>
            <given-names>Enrico</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2527-8717</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Jorge</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Santa Casa de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Santa Casa de S&#227;o Paulo (FCMSCSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Irmandade da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Irmandade da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de S&#227;o Paulo - Departamento de Medicina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Renato Jorge Alves &#8226;</bold> Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Santa Casa de S&#227;o Paulo (FCMSCSP) - Rua Dr. Ces&#225;rio Mota J&#250;nior, 112. CEP <postal-code>01221-020</postal-code>, Santa Cecilia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>renatoalves178@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Manfredini E, Alves RJ.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>407</fpage>
      <lpage>410</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Hiperlipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Dislipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Xantomatose</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipolipemiantes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="18"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Hiperlipidemias podem aumentar a morbimortalidade. Foram classificadas por Fredrickson em fen&#243;tipos: I, IIa, IIb, III, IV e V.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Nas mistas, h&#225; hipercolesterolemia e hipertrigliceridemia, fen&#243;tipos IIb e III, com colesterolemia e trigliceridemia de 250 a 300 mg/dL no fen&#243;tipo IIb, e 500 a 600 mg/dL ou mais, no III, respectivamente. &#201; incomum o aparecimento de pancreatite em ambos, bem como xantomatose no IIb. Xantomas e complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares s&#227;o mais frequentes no fen&#243;tipo III.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Apresentamos um caso de hiperlipidemia com relevantes altera&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas, pancreatite e exuberante xantomatose.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Relato do Caso</title>
      <p>Masculino, 48 anos de idade, natural de Manaus, comerciante, com hist&#243;rico de pancreatite hemorr&#225;gica (2004), hipertens&#227;o arterial e diabetes tipo 2 desde 2006, retinopatia hipertensiva grau 3 e retinopatia diab&#233;tica proliferativa grave. Negava tanto hist&#243;rico familiar de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares ou dislipidemias quanto consanguinidade na fam&#237;lia. Usava enalapril 10 mg/dia, dapagliflozina 5 mg/dia, metformina 1.000 mg/dia, gliclazida 120 mg/dia e insulina NPH 16UI/dia. Negava uso pr&#233;vio de estatina, apenas fibrato irregularmente.</p>
      <p>Assintom&#225;tico e anict&#233;rico. Peso: 89 kg, altura: 172 cm, IMC: 30,1 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, press&#227;o arterial: 120/90 mmHg, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca: 80 bpm. Pulm&#245;es limpos, bulhas r&#237;tmicas normofon&#233;ticas, sopro protossist&#243;lico em &#225;rea a&#243;rtica 2/6+, sem sopros carot&#237;deos. Pulsos distais regulares e sem altera&#231;&#245;es. Abdome globoso, com cicatriz xifoumbilical. Membros inferiores sem edema.</p>
      <p>Destacava-se a presen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplas e extensas les&#245;es nodulares, indolores, em cotovelos, articula&#231;&#245;es metacarpofal&#226;ngicas e interfal&#226;ngicas bilateralmente, joelhos e tornozelos, compat&#237;veis com xantomas tuberosos e tendinosos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). N&#227;o apresentava xantoma estriado palmar.</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Xantomatose pr&#233;via. A) Cotovelo direito. B) Cotovelo esquerdo. C) Segunda articula&#231;&#227;o metacarpofal&#226;ngica esquerda. D) Terceira articula&#231;&#227;o interfal&#226;ngica proximal direita. E) Joelho direito. ) Ambos os tend&#245;es de Aquiles. Fonte: imagens obtidas pelos autores durante consulta de rotina.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-02-0407-00999-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Foi realizada eletroforese de lipoprote&#237;nas: fra&#231;&#227;o alfa 6,2%, beta e pr&#233;-beta 93,8%, compat&#237;vel com fen&#243;tipo IIb.</p>
      <p>Devido ao quadro da hiperlipidemia, optou-se pela introdu&#231;&#227;o de atorvastatina 40, ap&#243;s 6 meses, 80 mg/dia e ciprofibrato 100 mg/dia, associados a modifica&#231;&#245;es do estilo de vida e dietoterapia. Ap&#243;s essa terap&#234;utica, houve regress&#227;o significativa das les&#245;es xantomatosas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>) e da hiperlipidemia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Regress&#227;o dos xantomas. A e B) Articula&#231;&#245;es interfal&#226;ngicas e metacarpofal&#226;ngicas. C) Cotovelo direito. D. Regi&#227;o do tend&#227;o de Aquiles direito. Fonte: imagens obtidas pelos autores durante consulta de rotina.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-02-0407-00999-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Exames laboratoriais</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="33%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Exames laboratoriais</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Anterior ao tratamento</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Ap&#243;s tratamento</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Triglic&#233;rides</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2.407 mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">291 mg/dL</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Colesterol total</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">513 mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">144 mg/dL</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">HDL-c</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">40 mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">36 mg/dL</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">LDL-c</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">NC</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">50 mg/dL</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Glicemia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">234 mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">137 mg/dL</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Hemoglobina glicada</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">10%</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7,1%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">TGO</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">12 U/L</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">13 U/L</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">TGP</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">21 U/L</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7 U/L</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">TSH</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,27 mU/L</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,62 mU/L</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">CPK</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">VI</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">74 U/L</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Creatinina</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,7 mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">VI</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#193;cido &#250;rico</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">VI</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6,4 mg/dL</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; NC: n&#227;o calculado pela F&#243;rmula de Friedewald; VI: valor indispon&#237;vel; TGO: aspartato aminotransferase; TGP: alanina aminotransferase; TSH: horm&#244;nio estimulante da tireoide; CPK: creatinofosfoquinase. Fonte: revis&#227;o de prontu&#225;rio pelos autores.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Trata-se de achado incomum de xantomatose difusa em paciente com fen&#243;tipo IIb, que costuma migrar para IIa e IV na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
      <p>Essa xantomatose &#233; raramente vista no fen&#243;tipo IIb, principalmente a forma tuberosa em tend&#227;o de Aquiles, mais encontrada em hipercolesterolemia familiar (HF).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> O ecocardiograma evidenciou calcifica&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica, achado tamb&#233;m em casos graves de HFou de eleva&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica de lipoprote&#237;na(a) (Lp[a]).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> No entanto, uma resposta muito satisfat&#243;ria &#224; terapia com estatina, como ocorreu nesse caso, n&#227;o seria comum na HF, principalmente na forma homozig&#243;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
      <p>A hipertrigliceridemia acentuada indicaria fen&#243;tipo IV ou V; contudo, a eletroforese de lipoprote&#237;nas mostrou eleva&#231;&#245;es das fra&#231;&#245;es beta e pr&#233;-beta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Entretanto, hipertrigliceridemia &gt;1.500 mg/dL com xantomas tuberosos e tendinosos seria compat&#237;vel com dislipidemia mista.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref></p>
      <p>No fen&#243;tipo III, al&#233;m de xantomatose tuberosa e eruptiva, haveria xantomatose palmar e doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica precoce.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Ainda, as concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de colesterol e triglic&#233;rides seriam muito elevadas, mas quase similares. Entretanto, pelo fato de os dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos terem contribu&#237;do para o agravamento do quadro cl&#237;nico e os xantomas se assemelharem &#224; xantomatose tuberoeruptiva, disbetalipoproteinemia (tipo III) associada a defeitos gen&#233;ticos, como HF ou eleva&#231;&#227;o de Lp(a), seria a hip&#243;tese apropriada a ser considerada.</p>
      <p>Outras hip&#243;teses exclu&#237;das seriam: xantomatose cerebrotendinosa &#8211; n&#227;o h&#225; altera&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> e sitosterolemia, devido &#224; resposta satisfat&#243;ria com estatina,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> embora pudesse ser exclu&#237;da por genotipagem.</p>
      <p>&#201; relevante relatar a ocorr&#234;ncia de pancreatite aguda em 2004, com consequente diabetes, mais frequente no fen&#243;tipo I que no V.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> Nesse caso, o diagn&#243;stico de diabetes se deu ap&#243;s o relato de pancreatite, sugerindo hipertrigliceridemia relevante, por causa gen&#233;tica ou ambiental, pois o paciente n&#227;o era totalmente aderente ao uso de fibrato.</p>
      <p>Nem sempre o fen&#243;tipo das dislipidemias mostra-se claro, mesmo com exames complementares, dificultando o diagn&#243;stico precoce e a conduta apropriada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref></p>
      <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o de estatina (alta pot&#234;ncia) e ciprofibrato alcan&#231;ou o objetivo esperado, haja vista os resultados laboratoriais e a cicatriza&#231;&#227;o dos xantomas. Caso n&#227;o fossem alcan&#231;adas as metas de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-c), a associa&#231;&#227;o de estatina com inibidores de pr&#243;-prote&#237;na convertase subtilisina/kexina tipo 9 (PCSK9) ou ezetimiba seria uma op&#231;&#227;o, assim como &#244;mega-3, em conjunto com fibrato, para redu&#231;&#227;o da hipertrigliceridemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Como limita&#231;&#245;es, ressaltamos que, por indisponibilidade na institui&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o foram realizados: angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias, para melhor estratificar o risco cardiovascular,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> apesar de o paciente ser de alto risco,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> e testes gen&#233;ticos, para avaliar poss&#237;veis muta&#231;&#245;es em lipase lipoproteica e apolipoprote&#237;na E. Apesar disso, a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e laboratorial, aliada &#224; experi&#234;ncia do servi&#231;o, foi fundamental para o resultado satisfat&#243;rio, evitando-se manifesta&#231;&#227;o de desfecho aterosclerot&#237;co ou de nova pancreatite. Embora cada vez mais presente, a genotipagem ainda n&#227;o est&#225; amplamente dispon&#237;vel em muitos pa&#237;ses e servi&#231;os.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Mesmo com as dificuldades inerentes &#224; investiga&#231;&#227;o laboratorial, a <italic>expertise</italic> em detectar e tratar adequadamente caso raro e grave de dislipidemia foi fundamental para a melhora laboratorial e a preven&#231;&#227;o de resultados cl&#237;nicos potencialmente fatais.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de S&#227;o Paulo sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE: 23019019.3.0000.5479. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
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            </name>
            <etal/>
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            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Jorge</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Santa Casa de S&#227;o Paulo (FCMSCSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil.</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Irmandade da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de S&#227;o Paulo - Departamento de Medicina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Renato Jorge Alves &#8226;</bold> Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Santa Casa de S&#227;o Paulo (FCMSCSP) - Rua Dr. Ces&#225;rio Mota J&#250;nior, 112. Postal Code <postal-code>01221-020</postal-code>, Santa Cecilia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>renatoalves178@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Manfredini E, Alves RJ.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Hyperlipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Dyslipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Xanthomatosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypolipidemic Agents</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Hyperlipidemia can increase morbidity and mortality. This condition has been classified by Fredrickson into the following phenotypes: I, IIa, IIb, III, IV and V.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>&#8211;</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> In the mixed ones, the following conditions are present: hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia, phenotypes IIb and III, with cholesterolemia and triglyceridemia of 250 to 300 mg/dL in phenotype IIb, and 500 to 600 mg/dL or more, in III, respectively. Pancreatitis is uncommon in both, as well as xanthomatosis in IIb. Xanthomas and cardiovascular complications are more frequent in phenotype III.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref></p>
        <p>We present a case of hyperlipidemia with relevant lipid abnormalities, pancreatitis and exuberant xanthomatosis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case Report</title>
        <p>Male, 48 years old, born in Manaus, retailer, with a history of hemorrhagic pancreatitis (2004), arterial hypertension and type 2 diabetes since 2006, grade 3 hypertensive retinopathy and severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Denied family history of cardiovascular disease or dyslipidemia and denied consanguinity in the family. Used enalapril 10 mg/day, dapagliflozin 5 mg/day, metformin 1000 mg/day, gliclazide 120 mg/day and NPH insulin 16 UI/day. Denied previous use of statin, only fibrate irregularly.</p>
        <p>Asymptomatic and anicteric. Weight: 89 Kg, height: 172 cm, BMI: 30.1 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, blood pressure: 120/90 mmHg, heart rate: 80 bpm. Clean lungs, normophonetic rhythmic heart sounds, protosystolic murmur in aortic area 2/6+, no carotid murmurs. Regular and unaltered distal pulses. Distended abdomen with umbilical scar. Lower limbs with no edema.</p>
        <p>Presence of multiple extensive painless nodular lesions in the elbows, bilateral metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints, knees and ankles, compatible with tuberous and tendinous xanthomas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref>). No striated palmar xanthoma.</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Previous xanthomatosis: A) Right elbow; B) Left elbow; C) Second joint left metacarpophalangeal; D) Third right proximal interphalangeal joint; E) Right knee; F) Both Achilles tendons. Source: images taken by the authors at a routine appointment.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-02-0407-00999-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Lipoprotein electrophoresis was performed: alpha fraction 6.2%, beta and pre-beta 93.8%, compatible with phenotype IIb.</p>
        <p>Due to hyperlipidemia, it was decided to introduce atorvastatin 40, after 6 months, 80 mg/day, and ciprofibrate 100 mg/day, associated with lifestyle modifications and diet therapy. After this therapy, there was a significant regression of xanthomatous lesions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>) and hyperlipidemia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Regression of xanthomas: A and B) Interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints; C) Right elbow; D) Right Achilles tendon region. Source: images taken by the authors at a routine appointment.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-02-0407-00999-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Laboratory tests</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Laboratory tests</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Before treatment</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">After treatment</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Triglycerides</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2407 mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">291 mg/dL</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Total cholesterol</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">513 mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">144 mg/dL</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">HDL-c</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">40 mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">36 mg/dL</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LDL-c</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NC</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">50 mg/dL</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Glucose</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">234 mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">137 mg/dL</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Glycated hemoglobin</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7,1%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">GOT</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12 U/L</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13 U/L</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">ALT</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">21 U/L</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7 U/L</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">TSH</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.27 mU/L</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.62 mU/L</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">CPK</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">VI</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">74 U/L</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Creatinine</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.7 mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">VI</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Uric acid</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">VI</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6.4 mg/dL</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>HDL: High-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; NC: not calculated by Friedewald&#8217;s Formula; VI: unavailable; GOT: glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase; ALT: alanine transaminase; TSH: thyroid stimulating hormone; CPK: creatine phosphokinase. Source: review of medical records by the authors.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This is an uncommon finding of diffuse xanthomatosis in a patient with the IIb phenotype, which usually migrates to IIa and IV in clinical practice.</p>
        <p>This xanthomatosis is rarely seen in the IIb phenotype, especially the tuberous form in the Achilles tendon, more commonly found in familial hypercholesterolemia (FH).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Echocardiogram showed calcification of the aortic valve, also found in severe cases of FH or lipoprotein plasma elevation(a) &#8211; Lp(a).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> However, a very satisfactory response to statin therapy, as occurred in this case, would not be common in FH, especially in the homozygous form.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Marked hypertriglyceridemia would indicate phenotype IV or V; however, lipoprotein electrophoresis showed elevations in beta and pre-beta fractions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> However, hypertriglyceridemia &gt;1500 mg/dL with tuberous and tendinous xanthomas would be compatible with mixed dyslipidemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref></p>
        <p>In phenotype III, in addition to tuberous and eruptive xanthomatosis, there would be palmar xanthomatosis and early atherosclerotic disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Furthermore, plasma concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides would be very high, but almost similar. However, because the metabolic disorders have contributed to worsening of the condition and the xanthomas resemble tuberoeruptive xanthomatosis, dysbetalipoproteinemia (type III) associated with genetic defects such as FH or Lp(a) elevation, it would be the appropriate hypothesis to be considered.</p>
        <p>Other ruled out hypotheses would be: cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis, no neurological alterations,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> and sitosterolemia, due to a satisfactory response with statin,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> although it could be ruled out by genotyping.</p>
        <p>It is relevant to report the occurrence of acute pancreatitis in 2004, with consequent diabetes, more frequent in phenotype I than in V.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref>In this case, diagnosis of diabetes occurred after report of pancreatitis, suggesting relevant hypertriglyceridemia, due to genetic or environmental causes, as the patient was not fully following the fibrate therapy.</p>
        <p>The dyslipidemia phenotype is not always clear, even with complementary tests, making difficult to deliver early diagnosis and conduct appropriate management.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Association of statin (high potency) and ciprofibrate achieved the expected objective, as seen in the laboratory results and the healing of xanthomas. If low-density lipoprotein (LDL-c) targets were not met, the association of statin with proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors or ezetimibe would be an option, as would omega-3 with fibrate to reduce hypertriglyceridemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
        <p>As limitations, due to unavailability in the institution, we did not perform: coronary angiotomography to better stratify cardiovascular risk,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> although the patient is at high risk,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> and genetic tests to assess possible mutations in lipoprotein lipase and apolipoprotein E. Despite this, clinical and laboratory evaluation combined with the experience of the service were essential for a satisfactory result, avoiding an atherosclerotic outcome or a new pancreatitis. Although increasingly present, genotyping is not widely available in many countries and services.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Despite the difficulties found in laboratory investigation, expertise in detecting and adequately treating a rare and severe case of dyslipidemia was essential for laboratory improvement and to prevent potentially fatal clinical outcomes.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de S&#227;o Paulo under the protocol number CAAE: 23019019.3.0000.5479. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
