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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">ChwGkyWyHFZqzhJfqvVJTmB</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001000385</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200097</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200097</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>S&#237;ndrome Cardiorrenal Tipo 1 em Regi&#227;o de Baixo Desenvolvimento: Compara&#231;&#227;o entre os Crit&#233;rios AKIN e KDIGO, Necessidade de Di&#225;lise e Mortalidade</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Ginivaldo Victor Ribeiro do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Heitor Carlos Domingues de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4645-6348</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo Batista de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual do Piau&#237;</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Teresina</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PI</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual do Piau&#237;, Teresina, PI - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade Integral Diferencial Curso de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Teresina</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PI</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Integral Diferencial Curso de Medicina, Teresina, PI - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Piau&#237;</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Teresina</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PI</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Piau&#237;, Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Teresina, PI - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Pesquisa CARDIOLIMA</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Teresina</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PI</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisa CARDIOLIMA, Teresina, PI - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Carlos Eduardo Batista de Lima &#8226;</bold> Rua General Lages, 1555, Apto. 402; Edif&#237;cio La Concorde. CEP <postal-code>64048-350</postal-code>, F&#225;tima, Teresina, PI - Brasil. E-mail: <email>carlos.lima@ufpi.edu.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Nascimento GVR; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Nascimento GVR, Brito HCD; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Nascimento GVR, Brito HCD, Lima CEB; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Nascimento GVR, Lima CEB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>385</fpage>
      <lpage>391</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A s&#237;ndrome cardiorrenal tipo 1 associa-se a maior mortalidade em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC). No entanto, h&#225; escassez de publica&#231;&#245;es comparando crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos de les&#227;o renal aguda (LRA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Analisar o perfil clinicofuncional de pacientes com IC e fatores associados a ocorr&#234;ncia de les&#227;o renal aguda (LRA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo de coorte retrospectivo, em hospital terci&#225;rio de regi&#227;o com baixo desenvolvimento econ&#244;mico que incluiu pacientes com IC descompensada ou infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) recente, sendo avaliadas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas comparativamente em pacientes com e sem LRA classificada pelos crit&#233;rios <italic>Acute Kidney Network</italic> (AKIN) e <italic>Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes</italic> (KDIGO). N&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica com valor de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Entre 81 pacientes, 61,73% evolu&#237;ram com LRA. A m&#233;dia de creatinina foi 1,79&#177;1,0 mg/dL e de ureia 81,5&#177;46,0 mg/dL, sendo maior no grupo com LRA (p &lt; 0,05). N&#227;o foi evidenciada rela&#231;&#227;o entre altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas e redu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal. A doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica se associou a maior ocorr&#234;ncia de LRA (38% x 3,23% sem LRA, p = 0,001). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a do KDIGO com rela&#231;&#227;o ao crit&#233;rio AKIN. Os pacientes que desenvolveram LRA apresentaram maior mortalidade (32% x 9,8% no grupo sem LRA, p = 0,04, com <italic>odds ratio</italic> (OR) de 8,187 e intervalo de confian&#231;a 1,402-17,190, p = 0,020).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Nessa casu&#237;stica de pacientes com IC, a ocorr&#234;ncia de LRA foi elevada e foi fator de risco independente de mortalidade. As altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas n&#227;o se associaram &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de LRA, e os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos KDIGO e AKIN apresentaram performance similar.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Cardiorrenal/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Renal Cr&#244;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>Les&#227;o Renal Aguda/normas</kwd>
        <kwd>Nefropatias/normas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="22"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A s&#237;ndrome cardiorrenal (SCR) abrange uma diversidade de condi&#231;&#245;es agudas ou cr&#244;nicas, em que a fal&#234;ncia prim&#225;ria de um &#243;rg&#227;o, que pode ser o cora&#231;&#227;o ou os rins, implica na deteriora&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria do outro.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Aproximadamente um ter&#231;o dos pacientes com descompensa&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) tamb&#233;m podem apresentar um comprometimento agudo da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, sendo esta caracterizada a SCR tipo 1.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
      <p>A presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular pode acarretar diversos efeitos negativos sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o renal. Ao mesmo tempo, a insufici&#234;ncia renal pode comprometer significativamente a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Os efeitos diretos e indiretos de cada &#243;rg&#227;o disfuncional podem iniciar e perpetuar mutuamente uma combina&#231;&#227;o de desordens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, o termo les&#227;o renal aguda (LRA) foi revisado, enfatizando-se um processo fisiopatol&#243;gico progressivo que pode ser percept&#237;vel diante de pequenas varia&#231;&#245;es de marcadores de les&#227;o renal, com destaque para a creatinina. Com esse prop&#243;sito, destacam-se dois crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos: <italic>Acute Kidney Network</italic> (AKIN) e <italic>Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes</italic> (KDIGO).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Este &#250;ltimo, que emergiu com a inten&#231;&#227;o de harmonizar defini&#231;&#245;es e crit&#233;rios previamente estabelecidos, tem sido largamente utilizado na investiga&#231;&#227;o de IRA e nos cen&#225;rios de SCR, distinguindo-se tamb&#233;m da terminologia usada: piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Na literatura, s&#227;o poucos os trabalhos nos quais foram avaliados estes crit&#233;rios de LRA na SCR, sobretudo em pa&#237;ses emergentes e em &#225;reas com baixo &#237;ndice de desenvolvimento econ&#244;mico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref></p>
      <p>O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a incid&#234;ncia de SCR &#224; luz da compara&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios AKIN e KDIGO, bem como avaliar os fatores de risco associados ao desenvolvimento dessa condi&#231;&#227;o patol&#243;gica e &#224; necessidade de di&#225;lise, bem como a mortalidade em pacientes com IC descompensada.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Metodologia</title>
      <p>Realizou-se um estudo observacional de coorte retrospectivo em hospital terci&#225;rio, refer&#234;ncia para atendimento de urg&#234;ncia e emerg&#234;ncia, o Hospital de Urg&#234;ncias de Teresina (HUT), tendo como crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o todos os pacientes admitidos com diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de IC descompensada em pacientes com cardiopatia pr&#233;via, ou devido infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) recente e que foram submetidos &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico com evid&#234;ncia de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o inferior a 55 por cento. Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes com idade inferior a 18 anos, transplantados, que realizavam terapia dial&#237;tica cr&#244;nica e aqueles que n&#227;o tiveram, no m&#237;nimo, duas dosagens de creatinina durante o per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Esta pesquisa foi revisada e aprovada conforme as normas &#233;ticas do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica local, sendo aprovado sob o CAAE n<sup>2</sup> 54207914.5.0000.5211. Os dados foram coletados atrav&#233;s da revis&#227;o dos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos e dos registros do servi&#231;o de ecocardiografia de pacientes internados no per&#237;odo de 1 de janeiro a 31 de dezembro de 2014, cujas vari&#225;veis estudadas inclu&#237;ram: data e diagn&#243;stico de admiss&#227;o do paciente, idade, g&#234;nero, comorbidades (hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), diabetes mel (DM), cardiopatia dilatada, doen&#231;a cerebrovascular, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC), e hepatopatia, al&#233;m de caracter&#237;sticas laboratoriais (creatinina, ureia, pot&#225;ssio, bicarbonato, pH), bem como dados evolutivos de melhora cl&#237;nica com alta hospitalar e &#243;bito.</p>
      <p>A defini&#231;&#227;o da LRA foi baseada nas varia&#231;&#245;es de creatinina de acordo com dois diferentes crit&#233;rios. A classifica&#231;&#227;o proposta pela AKIN apresenta como crit&#233;rios o aumento dos valores da creatinina em um intervalo de 48 horas e ainda leva em conta a necessidade de terapia de substitui&#231;&#227;o renal. A altera&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria da creatinina s&#233;rica maior que 0,3 mg/dL ou seu aumento entre 1,5 a 2 vezes com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; primeira medida s&#227;o classificados como les&#227;o em est&#225;gio 1. O aumento na faixa de 2 a 3 vezes com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; primeira dosagem &#233; classificado como est&#225;gio 2. Os pacientes que apresentam aumento maior ou igual a tr&#234;s vezes com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; creatinina inicial, dosagem maior ou igual a 4 mg/dL com aumento abrupto superior a 0,5 mg/dL, ou em in&#237;cio de terapia de substitui&#231;&#227;o renal s&#227;o classificados como est&#225;gio 3.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Segundo a classifica&#231;&#227;o pelo KDIGO, o est&#225;gio 1 requer altera&#231;&#227;o no valor de creatinina maior ou igual a 1,5 do valor basal em um per&#237;odo de sete dias ou de 0,3 mg/dL dentro de um per&#237;odo de 48 horas. O aumento igual ou superior a duas vezes do valor basal &#233; classificado como est&#225;gio 2. O est&#225;gio 3 corresponde ao triplo de eleva&#231;&#227;o de creatinina com rela&#231;&#227;o ao valor basal, ao valor maior ou igual a 4 mg/dL, ou em in&#237;cio de terapia renal substitutiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref></p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas em m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o, de acordo com a normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o obtida por meio do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e comparadas pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para amostras independentes (n&#227;o pareado). As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em propor&#231;&#245;es e comparadas pelo teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson. Para a an&#225;lise multivariada, utilizou-se a Regress&#227;o de Log&#237;stica M&#250;ltipla (RLM) com raz&#227;o de chance ajustada. O crit&#233;rio para inclus&#227;o de vari&#225;veis no modelo log&#237;stico foi a associa&#231;&#227;o ao n&#237;vel de 20% (p &lt; 0,200) na an&#225;lise bivariada. O crit&#233;rio de signific&#226;ncia ou perman&#234;ncia das vari&#225;veis no modelo, por sua vez, foi a associa&#231;&#227;o em n&#237;vel de 5% (p &lt; 0,05). O modelo final de RLM foi ajustado pelo m&#233;todo Enter. O teste de bondade de ajuste (teste de Hosmer e Lemeshow), necess&#225;rio para a RLM, mostrou que o modelo final &#233; adequado para explica&#231;&#227;o da vari&#225;vel resposta. A multicolinearidade das vari&#225;veis explicativas foi verificada pelo teste VIF (Variance Inflation Factor), adotando-se como ponto de corte para o diagn&#243;stico de multicolinearidade um VIF acima de quatro. Contudo, o teste n&#227;o detectou multicolinearidade entre as vari&#225;veis estudadas. Adotou-se o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% para todos os testes estat&#237;sticos. Os dados foram analisados por meio dos <italic>softwares</italic> R-Project, vers&#227;o 3.0.2 e Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS), vers&#227;o 20.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Nesse estudo, foram inclu&#237;dos 81 pacientes admitidos com diagn&#243;stico de IC descompensada e/ou infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) recente. A caracteriza&#231;&#227;o clinicodemogr&#225;fica da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada est&#225; demonstrada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. A m&#233;dia de idade dos pacientes foi de 67,02 &#177; 14,97 anos, 43 deles do sexo masculino (53,09%). O diagn&#243;stico de IC descompensada foi mais frequente em pacientes com cardiopatia pr&#233;via e HAS foi a comorbidade mais prevalente.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o geral de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (isqu&#234;mica ou n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica) avaliados quanto ao desenvolvimento de les&#227;o renal aguda (N = 81).</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="50%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#225;vel</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">N</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Idade (anos)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">67,02 &#177; 14,97</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">M&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>G&#234;nero (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">43 (53,09)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Masculino</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3">
                <bold>Diagn&#243;stico (%)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IAM recente</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">16 (19,75)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IC com cardiopatia pr&#233;via</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">62 (76,55)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IC pr&#233;via e IAM recente</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (3,7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Outro diagn&#243;stico<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (9,88)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3">
                <bold>Comorbidades (%)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">HAS</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">48 (59,26)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">DM</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">26 (32,1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">DRC</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">20 (24,69)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Cerebrovascular</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (8,64)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Hepatopatia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (7,41)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Outro</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">24 (29,63)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DM: diabetes melito; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; DP: desvio-padr&#227;o.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Pacientes com IC descompensada e FEVE &lt; 55% sem cardiopatia pr&#233;via ou IAM recente, al&#233;m de arritmias, edema pulmonar hipertensivo e infec&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi dividida em dois grupos, formados pelos que evolu&#237;ram com LRA (50 pacientes) e sem LRA (31 pacientes). As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, bem como os seus desfechos cl&#237;nicos, s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, laboratoriais, ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e desfechos cl&#237;nicos dos pacientes com LRA e sem LRA de pacientes internados com IC ou IAM (N = 81)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="20%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#225;veis</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Sem LRA (n = 31)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Com LRA (n = 50)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">OR (IC 95%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p &#8211; valor</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5">
                <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade (&#177; DP)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">64,03 &#177; 16,08</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">68,88 &#177; 14,08</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,02 (0,99-1,05)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,172</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="5"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Sexo masculino &#8211; n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">20 (64,52)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">23 (46)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,13 (0,85-5,37)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">0,104</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="5"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">HAS &#8211; n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">15 (48,39)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">33 (66)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,48 (0,20-1,20)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,116</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">DM &#8211; n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (25,81)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">18 (36)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,62 (0,23-1,66)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,339</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">DRC &#8211; n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (3,23)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">19 (38)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">18,4 (2,31-146,10)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">
                <bold>0,001</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Doen&#231;a cerebrovascular - n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (3,23)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (12)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,09 (0,47-35,73)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,337</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Hepatopatia &#8211; n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (9,68)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,60 (0,11-3,16)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,858</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Outro &#8211; n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (22,58)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">17 (34)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8211;</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8211;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="5"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5">
                <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas laboratoriais (&#177; DP)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Ureia (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">46,65 &#177; 25,66</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">81,52 &#177; 46,04</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,03 (1,01-1,05)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">
                <bold>0,001</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,17 &#177; 0,76</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,79 &#177; 0,97</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,02 (1,01-1,04)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">
                <bold>0,002</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Pot&#225;ssio (mEq/L)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,11 &#177; 0,75</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,4 &#177; 1,02</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,76 (1,29-5,91)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,155</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Bicarbonato</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">24,12 &#177; 6,11</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">22,01 &#177; 4,71</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,92 (0,79-1,07)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,355</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">pH</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7,417 &#177; 0,05</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7,374 &#177; 0,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,01 (0,01-74,88)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,069</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="5"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5">
                <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IAM recente &#8211; n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (25,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (16)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,61 (0,22-1,73)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,507</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IC com cardiopatia pr&#233;via &#8211; n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">22 (70,97)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">40 (80)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,83 (0,61-5,51)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,429</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IC pr&#233;via e IAM recente &#8211; n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (3,23)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,999</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="5"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o: % (&#177; DP)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">35,86 &#177; 10,79</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">36,09 &#177; 10,79</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,01 (0,97-1,05)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,598</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="5"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Di&#226;metro de AE: mm (&#177; DP)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">39,51 &#177; 7,45</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">39,51 &#177; 7,45</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,02 (0,96 - 1,08)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,624</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="5"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5">
                <bold>Espessura mioc&#225;rdica &#8211; n (%)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Aumentado</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">16 (51,61)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">21 (42)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,77 (0,31-1,90)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">0,538</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Normal</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">15 (48,39)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">29 (58)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="5"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5">
                <bold>Disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE&#8211; n (%)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Leve</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (3,23)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">0,999</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Moderada/grave</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">30 (96,77)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">48 (96)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,25 (0,18-2,31)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="5"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5">
                <bold>Desfechos cl&#237;nicos &#8211; n (%)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#211;bito</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (9,68)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">16 (32)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,21 (1,16-16,62)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">
                <bold>0,021</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="5"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Di&#225;lise</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8211;</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,437</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>LRA: les&#227;o renal aguda; OR: <italic>odds ratio;</italic> IC 95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DM: diabetes melito; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; pH: potencial hidrogeni&#244;nico; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DP: desvio-padr&#227;o.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Houve semelhan&#231;a entre as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas avaliadas nos dois grupos, por&#233;m o grupo com LRA apresentou predom&#237;nio de pacientes com doen&#231;a renal, bem como n&#237;veis mais elevados de ureia e creatinina.</p>
      <p>Quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas cardiol&#243;gicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, e a sua rela&#231;&#227;o com o desenvolvimento da inj&#250;ria renal, a IC foi o principal diagn&#243;stico de admiss&#227;o entre os pacientes que apresentavam fun&#231;&#227;o renal alterada. N&#227;o foi encontrada rela&#231;&#227;o entre a redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e o desenvolvimento de s&#237;ndrome cardiorrenal.</p>
      <p>Dentro do grupo dos pacientes que n&#227;o evolu&#237;ram com LRA, 9,68% foram a &#243;bito durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. Em contrapartida, nos pacientes com LRA, o percentual encontrado foi de 32%, o que mostra uma associa&#231;&#227;o da LRA a mortalidade, <italic>odds ratio</italic> (OR) de 1,21 (intervalo de confian&#231;a [IC 95%] entre 1,16 e 16,62) e p = 0,021. No que diz respeito a necessidade de interven&#231;&#227;o dial&#237;tica, esta s&#243; esteve presente em 6% dos pacientes que evolu&#237;ram com inj&#250;ria renal, mas sem diferen&#231;a entre os grupos.</p>
      <p>Os dados apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> mostram que 50 pacientes evolu&#237;ram com deteriora&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal em pelo menos um dos crit&#233;rios utilizados para a classifica&#231;&#227;o. O KDIGO foi capaz de detectar a inj&#250;ria renal em 61,73% dos casos. O crit&#233;rio AKIN foi incapaz de detectar a LRA em 14% dos pacientes. Entretanto, n&#227;o foi observado, no presente estudo, a superioridade do crit&#233;rio KDIGO na detec&#231;&#227;o precoce das altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o renal. A an&#225;lise multivariada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>) mostrou que a LRA foi um fator de risco independente para a mortalidade, com OR ajustado 8,187, IC 95% entre 1,402 e 17,190 e p =0,020.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Incid&#234;ncia de LRA de acordo com os crit&#233;rios AKIN e KDIGO em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome cardiorrenal</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="16%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;vel</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">AKIN</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">KDIGO</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">p &#8211; valor</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">N</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">%</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">N</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">%</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Est&#225;gio 1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">35</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">43,21</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">39</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">48,15</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,642</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Est&#225;gio 2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6,17</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,479</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Est&#225;gio 3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6,17</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7,41</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,763</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>AKIN: Acute Kidney Injury Network; KDIGO: Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes; LRA: les&#227;o renal aguda.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Tabela 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>An&#225;lise multivariada de vari&#225;veis relacionadas com &#243;bitos na s&#237;ndrome cardiorrenal.</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="33%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#225;veis</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">OR ajustado (IC 95%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Sexo masculino</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,796 (0,241-2,632)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,708</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade (+ 1 ano)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,010 (0,967-1,055)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,651</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">HAS</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,228 (0,684-7,261)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,184</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">DRC</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6,622 (0,901-48,693)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,063</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Ureia (+1 mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,005 (0,983-1,028)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,660</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Les&#227;o renal aguda</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8,187 (1,402-17,190)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,020</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <p>OR: Odds ratio; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; IC 95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Estima-se que mais de 85% da popula&#231;&#227;o mundial viva em regi&#245;es com baixo e m&#233;dio desenvolvimento, nas quais &#233; comum a baixa publica&#231;&#227;o de pesquisas. Fatores socioecon&#244;micos e ambientais, destacando-se a escassez de alimentos, influenciam a evolu&#231;&#227;o da injuria renal aguda das cardiopatias e da s&#237;ndrome cardiorrenal, conex&#245;es habitualmente ignoradas em muitos estudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> A pesquisa em quest&#227;o foi desenvolvida em hospital terci&#225;rio, principal refer&#234;ncia no atendimento de emerg&#234;ncia de uma popula&#231;&#227;o de aproximadamente 1 milh&#227;o de pessoas, em um estado do Brasil de baixo desenvolvimento econ&#244;mico (22<sup>o</sup> lugar entre 27 unidades da federa&#231;&#227;o no quesito Produto Interno Bruto [PIB]).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref></p>
      <p>No presente estudo, no entanto, identificou-se que as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas foram semelhantes &#224;s de trabalhos encontrados na literatura, constituindo-se de uma popula&#231;&#227;o de idosos predominantemente masculina, como mostrado por Spineti et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> com 58% da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada deste g&#234;nero e m&#233;dia de idade de 63,5 &#177; 13 anos. Liangos et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> demonstrou predomin&#226;ncia de homens, idosos e DM, HAS e DRC as principais comorbidades associadas.</p>
      <p>Trabalhos realizados a partir de pacientes diagnosticados com LRA constataram que as doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, principalmente DM e HAS, apresentaram maior associa&#231;&#227;o ao desenvolvimento de LRA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Entretanto, assim como em nossa pesquisa, o estudo de Caetano et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> n&#227;o verificou a associa&#231;&#227;o do desenvolvimento de SCR a antecedentes de IC, DM ou press&#227;o sist&#243;lica elevada na admiss&#227;o, mas &#224; exist&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a renal pr&#233;via.</p>
      <p>Em um estudo multic&#234;ntrico, foram reunidos dados de 105.388 pacientes com IC agudamente descompensada de 274 hospitais dos EUA. Revelou-se que 30% desses pacientes apresentavam tamb&#233;m DRC, assim como observado por Damman et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> em uma metan&#225;lise em que a preval&#234;ncia de DRC foi de 32%. Em nosso estudo, a LRA esteve presente em 61,7% dos pacientes. Essa condi&#231;&#227;o &#233; cada vez mais frequente em pacientes com IC, podendo ser um agravante no que concerne &#224; intensidade dos sintomas, alterando tanto o curso cl&#237;nico do quadro apresentado como a resposta ao tratamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref>Em alguns estudos, a DRC preexistente em pacientes internados por IC descompensada propiciou a evolu&#231;&#227;o &#224; LRA em todos os casos avaliados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Estudos voltados a avaliar as caracter&#237;sticas laboratoriais mostraram que, na admiss&#227;o, os pacientes sem s&#237;ndrome cardiorrenal (SCR) aguda apresentaram valores de ureia, creatinina e pot&#225;ssio mais elevados quando comparados aos sem inj&#250;ria renal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> Outros trabalhos, al&#233;m de corroborar com esses dados, demonstraram que pequenas eleva&#231;&#245;es nos valores de creatinina est&#227;o significativamente associadas ao aumento da mortalidade em pacientes com LRA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref></p>
      <p>No presente estudo, a maioria dos pacientes admitidos com IC descompensada apresentavam alguma cardiopatia pr&#233;via. Essa caracter&#237;stica n&#227;o foi associada ao desenvolvimento de LRA. Quanto aos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, incluindo a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE), nenhuma caracter&#237;stica anat&#244;mica ou funcional card&#237;aca apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o da SCR. Apesar da LRA ser igualmente prevalente na IC por disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ou diast&#243;lica, a inj&#250;ria renal &#233; geralmente mais grave em pacientes com FEVE reduzida quando comparada aos pacientes com FEVE normal, estando presente em mais de 70% dos casos admitidos em choque cardiog&#234;nico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Resultados semelhantes foram demonstrados em outro estudo, que evidenciou pacientes com IC por disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e FEVE &lt; 40%, presentes em 86% dos casos avaliados com LRA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Caetano et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> atrav&#233;s de um estudo que avaliava os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos dos pacientes, constataram que a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica estava preservada (FEVE &#8805; 50%) em 48,4% dos doentes. Entre os pacientes que desenvolveram LRA, 26 (56,6%) apresentavam comprometimento da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, enquanto um total de 47 (43,1%) pacientes que n&#227;o apresentavam essa altera&#231;&#227;o evoluiu com o comprometimento agudo da fun&#231;&#227;o renal. No mesmo estudo, demonstrou-se que a insufici&#234;ncia mitral de moderada a grave esteve presente em 45,1% dos pacientes sem LRA e em 68,4% dos pacientes que desenvolveram a LRA (p = 0,014). Nesse estudo, a FEVE m&#233;dia foi de aproximadamente 36% e apenas tr&#234;s pacientes apresentaram FEVE &gt; 50%, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a entre os pacientes com e sem LRA.</p>
      <p>Estudos relatam a ocorr&#234;ncia de inj&#250;ria renal na evolu&#231;&#227;o da IC e sua ocorr&#234;ncia tanto em pacientes com FEVE reduzida quanto nos que apresentavam FEVE normal,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> o que refor&#231;a a necessidade de avalia&#231;&#227;o do perfil cardiol&#243;gico e hemodin&#226;mico durante o curso cl&#237;nico da piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal. Estudos realizados por Mullens et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> e Damman et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> avaliaram o perfil hemodin&#226;mico a partir de m&#233;todos invasivos e com terapias intensivas. Dessa forma, sugere-se que a partir da ecocardiografia, que consiste em um m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo, sejam avaliados outros par&#226;metros que podem ser sugestivos de altera&#231;&#245;es ligadas a inj&#250;ria renal, como a avalia&#231;&#227;o da veia cava, haja vista que os mesmos trabalhos demonstraram correla&#231;&#227;o entre o aumento da press&#227;o venosa central e a piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal. O di&#226;metro da veia cava inferior e seu estudo durante a inspira&#231;&#227;o e expira&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o de poss&#237;vel avalia&#231;&#227;o a partir da ecocardiografia. Entretanto, na literatura, ainda s&#227;o escassos os dados relacionados com esses par&#226;metros.</p>
      <p>A necessidade de di&#225;lise ocorreu nesse estudo em 6% dos pacientes, coincidindo com o observado por Li et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> em coorte chinesa com 1.005 pacientes (6,4%), e foi semelhante &#224; observada na metan&#225;lise de Vandenberghe et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> em que a necessidade de terapia renal substitutiva ocorreu em 4,6% nos pacientes com SCR por IC descompensada e em 2,3% na SCR por todas as etiologias. De acordo com Forman et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> em pacientes com IC, &#243;bito intra-hospitalar e maior tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o, as complica&#231;&#245;es ocorrem mais frequentemente em pacientes com LRA. Em nossa pesquisa, observou-se 32% de mortalidade hospitalar em pacientes com LRA, condi&#231;&#227;o em que a an&#225;lise multivariada representou um fator de risco independente para a mortalidade, OR de 8,187 (1,402-17,190) e p =0,020. Hata et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> tamb&#233;m em an&#225;lise retrospectiva de 376 indiv&#237;duos admitidos em UTI por IC descompensada, com LRA em 73% da amostra, apurou que esta complica&#231;&#227;o estava relacionada com elevada mortalidade intra-hospitalar (10,5% <italic>versus</italic> n&#227;o LRA de 1,0%; p &lt; 0,01) e ao tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o prolongado quando comparados ao grupo-controle. Na an&#225;lise multivariada da presente pesquisa, a DRC n&#227;o se mostrou um fator de risco isolado, com OR 6,622 (0,901-48,693) e p =0,063, possivelmente atribu&#237;da a pequena amostra. Damman et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> em metan&#225;lise, encontrou a associa&#231;&#227;o desse fator a mortalidade, OR 2,3 (2,20-2,50) e p &lt; 0,001. Em outro estudo, foi observado uma taxa maior de mortalidade intra-hospitalar dos pacientes que evolu&#237;ram com LRA, principalmente entre os que apresentaram maior deteriora&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal. Em um total de 18 pacientes que foram a &#243;bito, dezessete apresentaram LRA (94,5%), sendo que 76,5% eram classificados como AKIN est&#225;gio 3 e 23,5% AKIN est&#225;gio 2.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Barros et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> em um estudo com 85 pacientes hospitalizados em UTI admitidos com IC descompensada, observaram que 76,5% dos indiv&#237;duos durante o per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o evolu&#237;ram com LRA, sendo mais frequente o est&#225;gio 3 da classifica&#231;&#227;o AKIN (38,8%), enquanto os est&#225;gios 1 e 2 representaram 4,7% e 32,9%, respectivamente. Devemos considerar que, de modo geral, os pacientes internados em UTI apresentam um quadro cl&#237;nico de maior complexidade, apresentando comprometimento de diversas fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#234;micas, incluindo a fun&#231;&#227;o renal. Dessa forma, &#233; poss&#237;vel que est&#225;gios mais elevados nas classifica&#231;&#245;es de LRA sejam encontrados nesse estrato populacional.</p>
      <p>De acordo com estudo comparativo entre os crit&#233;rios RIFLE, AKIN e KDIGO em pacientes no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca, foi demonstrada a superioridade do crit&#233;rio KDIGO com rela&#231;&#227;o aos demais quanto ao seu poder progn&#243;stico nos pacientes.<sup>23</sup></p>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, o crit&#233;rio KDIGO n&#227;o se mostrou estatisticamente superior ao AKIN, achado semelhante ao de Roy et al.,<sup>24</sup> que avaliou 637 pacientes com IC e apurou que os crit&#233;rios AKIN, KDIGO, al&#233;m de um outro crit&#233;rio proposto pela <italic>Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative</italic> na classifica&#231;&#227;o RIFLE (<italic>Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss e End-Stage Kidney</italic>), se mostraram similares. Em uma grande coorte retrospectiva chinesa, que incluiu pacientes com IC, Li et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> demonstraram que o KDIGO foi superior aos crit&#233;rios AKIN e RIFLE. No entanto, a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes que apresentavam est&#225;gios 2 e 3 foram superiores aos encontrados em nosso estudo.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Esta pesquisa apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es, como o fato ter sido realizada em &#250;nico centro, com n&#250;mero pequeno de pacientes. Al&#233;m disso, trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo com limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes a essa modalidade de pesquisa, como a depend&#234;ncia das informa&#231;&#245;es contidas em prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos. Embora tenha atendido aos requisitos espec&#237;ficos para a modelagem e a sele&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis na regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel garantir que outras vari&#225;veis possam ter contribu&#237;do para o resultado apresentado. Da mesma forma, o registro da creatinina n&#227;o foi di&#225;rio em todos os casos, e isso poderia interferir na aferi&#231;&#227;o do est&#225;gio da LRA. Ademais, o n&#250;mero de pacientes em est&#225;gios n&#227;o iniciais de LRA foi baixo, o que pode ter influenciado a performance dos crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos AKIN e KDIGO.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nessa casu&#237;stica de pacientes admitidos em IC descompensada com cardiopatia pr&#233;via ou IAM recente em hospital p&#250;blico terci&#225;rio de regi&#227;o com baixo desenvolvimento econ&#244;mico nacional, a ocorr&#234;ncia de LRA foi elevada e constituiu-se em fator de risco independente da taxa de mortalidade. A DRC constituiu-se em fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de LRA. Na popula&#231;&#227;o analisada, as altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, anat&#244;micas ou funcionais, avaliadas ao ecocardiograma, n&#227;o se associaram &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de LRA. Os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos KDIGO e AKIN apresentaram performance similar nessa amostragem.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Type 1 Cardiorenal Syndrome in Decompensated Heart Failure Patients in a Low-Income Region in Brazil: Incidence of Acute Kidney Injury (AKIN and KDIGO Criteria), Need for Dialysis and Mortality</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Ginivaldo Victor Ribeiro do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Heitor Carlos Domingues de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4645-6348</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo Batista de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Teresina</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PI</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual do Piau&#237;, Teresina, PI - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Teresina</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PI</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Integral Diferencial Curso de Medicina, Teresina, PI - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Teresina</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PI</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Piau&#237;, Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Teresina, PI - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Teresina</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PI</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisa CARDIOLIMA, Teresina, PI - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Carlos Eduardo Batista de Lima &#8226;</bold> Rua General Lages, 1555, Apto. 402; Edif&#237;cio La Concorde. Postal Code <postal-code>64048-350</postal-code>, F&#225;tima, Teresina, PI - Brazil. E-mail: <email>carlos.lima@ufpi.edu.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Nascimento GVR;Acquisition of data and Statistical analysis: Nascimento GVR, Brito HCD;Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript: Nascimento GVR, Brito HCD, Lima CEB;Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Nascimento GVR, Lima CEB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Type 1 cardiorenal syndrome is associated with higher mortality in heart failure patients. However, few studies have compared the diagnostic criteria of acute kidney injury (AKI) in this population.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To assess clinical and functional features and factors associated AKI in patients with heart failure.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method:</title>
          <p>Retrospective, cohort study on patients with decompensated heart failure or recent acute myocardial infarction, conducted in a tertiary hospital in a low-income region of Brazil. Clinical, laboratory and echocardiographic features were compared between patients with and without AKI according to the Acute Kidney Network (AKIN) and Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria. The level of statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Of 81 patients, 61.73% had AKI. Mean creatinine and urea levels were 1.79&#177;1.0 mg/dL and 81.5&#177;46.0 mg/dL, respectively, and higher in the group with AKI (p &lt; 0.05). No evidence of a relationship between cardiac changes and reduced renal function. Chronic renal disease was associated with higher prevalence of AKI. Higher mortality was observed in patients with AKI than in patients without AKI (32.0% vs. 9.8%, p = 0.04, OR 8.187 ad 95% confidence interval 1.402-17.190, p = 0.020).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>In this population of patients with heart failure, AKI was highly prevalent and considered an independent risk factor for mortality. Cardiac changes were not associated with AKI, and the KDIGO and AKIN criteria showed similar performance.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardio-Renal Syndrome/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Renal Insufficiency</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Kidney, Injury/standards(AKIN)</kwd>
        <kwd>Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcome/standards(KDIGO)</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) encompasses various acute and chronic conditions in which dysfunction in one organ (either the heart or kidneys) implicates dysfunction in the other.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Approximately one third of patients with heart failure (HF) decompensation may also develop acute renal function impairment, which is characterized as type 1 CRS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Ventricular dysfunction can cause negative effects on renal function and, meanwhile, renal insufficiency may significantly impair cardiac function. Direct and indirect effects of each dysfunctional organ can initiate and mutually perpetuate a combined set of disorders.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
        <p>In the last decades, the term &#8220;acute kidney injury&#8221; (AKI) has been revised, with emphasis on a progressive pathophysiological process that may be noticeable by the presence of small changes in markers of renal injury, especially creatinine. On this regard, two diagnostic criteria have been proposed, the Acute Kidney Network (AKIN) and the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>The former, developed to harmonize previous definitions and criteria, distinguish from the term &#8220;worsening of renal function&#8221;, and have been widely used in investigations of AKI and CRS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Few studies in the literature have evaluated these AKI and CRS criteria, particularly in emerging countries and low index of economic development.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref></p>
        <p>The aim of the present study was to compare the incidence of CRS using the AKIN and the KDIGO criteria, and to assess risk factors for CRS, need for dialysis, and mortality in patients with decompensated HF.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This was an observational, retrospective, cohort study conducted in a tertiary referral hospital for urgency and emergency care in Teresina, Brazil &#8211; the <italic>Hospital de Urg&#234;ncias de Teresina</italic>. All patients with a history of heart disease admitted with decompensated HF, and patients with recent acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with echocardiographic evidence of reduced ejection fraction (&lt;55%) were included in the study. Patients younger than 18 years, kidney transplanted patients, patients on chronic dialysis and those without at least two creatinine measurements performed during hospitalization were excluded.</p>
        <p>This study was reviewed and approved by the local ethics committee (CAAE n. 54207914.5.0000.5211). Data were obtained by reviewing medical records and echocardiographic findings of patients hospitalized from 01 January to 31 December 2014. The variables studied included admission date and diagnosis, age, sex, comorbidities &#8211;systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), diabetes mellitus (DM), dilated cardiomyopathy, cerebrovascular disease, chronic renal disease (CRD), liver disease &#8211; laboratory parameters (creatinine, urea, potassium, bicarbonate, pH), clinical improvement, hospital discharge and death.</p>
        <p>AKI was defined based on changes in creatinine levels, following the two diagnostic criteria (AKIN and KDIGO). The AKIN proposes a diagnosis of AKI based on change between two creatinine values within a 48-hour period, and need for renal replacement therapy. An absolute increase in serum creatinine greater than 0.3 mg/dL or a 1.5-1.9 times baseline is classified as stage 1 AKI. An increase 2.0&#8211;3.0 times baseline is classified as stage 2 AKI. Patients with increase in serum creatinine 3.0 times baseline or serum creatinine levels equal to or greater than 4.0 mg/dl (abrupt rise of at least 0.5 mg/dL) or initiation of renal replacement therapy are classified as stage 3 AKI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref></p>
        <p>According to the KDIGO criteria, an increase in serum creatine 1.5 times baseline within seven days or an increase by 0.3 mg/dL within 48 hours is classified as stage 1, an increase equal to or greater than 2 times baseline is classified as stage 2, and stage 3 is considered an increase in serum creatinine 3 times baseline (to &#8805;4 mg/dL) or on renal replacement therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation, according to normality of data distribution verified by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and compared using the unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test. Categorical variables were expressed as proportions and compared by Pearson chi-square test. The combined effect of predictive variables on the response variable was assessed using multiple logistic regression models with adjusted odds ratio (OR). The variables that showed a trend for an association (p&lt;0.2) in the bivariate analysis were added in the regression model, and those with statistically significance association (p&lt; 0.05) were maintained in the model. The final multiple logistic regression model was adjusted using the Enter model. The Hosmer&#8211;Lemeshow test, a statistical test for goodness of fit for logistic regression models, showed that the final model was adequate to explain the response variable. The variance inflation factor (VIF) was used to assess multicollinearity among the independent variables, and a VIF cutoff of 4 was adopted to identify multicollinearity. However, the test did not detect multicollinearity among the variables studied. A significance level of 5% was set for all the statistical tests. Data were analyzed using the R-Project software, version 3.0.2, and the Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS), version 20.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 81 patients admitted for compensated HF or recent AMI were included in the study. Clinical and demographic characteristics of patients are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref>. Mean age of patients was 67.02 &#177; 14.97 years, and 43 patients (53.1%) were men. The diagnosis of decompensated HF was more common in patients with previous heart disease, and SAH was the most common comorbidity.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>General characteristics of patients with heart failure (ischemic and non-ischemic) evaluated for the presence of acute kidney injury (n = 81)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Variable</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">N</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Age (years)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">67.02 &#177; 14.97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Mean &#177; SD</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Sex (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">&gt;43 (53.09)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Male</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3">Diagnosis (%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Recent AMI</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">16 (19.75)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">HF with a history of heart disease</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">62 (76.55)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">History of HF and recent AMI</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (3.7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Other diagnoses<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (9.88)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Comorbidities (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">SAH</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">48 (59.26)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">DM</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">26 (32.1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">CRD</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">20 (24.69)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Cerebrovascular disease</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (8.64)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Liver disease</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (7.41)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Others</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">24 (29.63)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>AMI: acute myocardial infarction; HF: heart failure; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; CRD: chronic renal disease; SD: standard deviation.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Patients with decompensated heart failure and left ventricular ejection fraction &lt; 55% without a history of heart disease or recent acute myocardial, arrhythmias, hypertensive pulmonary edema or infections.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The study population was divided into three subgroups, according to the presence or not of AKI. Clinical, laboratory and echocardiographic features of these patients (50 with AKI and 32 without AKI) are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref>. Although no differences in clinical variables were observed between the two groups, most patients with AKI had renal disease and elevated levels of urea and creatinine.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Clinical, laboratory and echocardiographic features, and clinical outcomes of patients with and without acute kidney injury of hospitalized patients with heart failure or acute myocardial infarction (n = 81)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Variables</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Without AKI (n = 31)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">With AKI (n = 50)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">OR (95%CI)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p &#8211; value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Clinical data</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Age (&#177; SD)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">64.03 &#177; 16.08</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">68.88 &#177; 14.08</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.02 (0.99-1.05)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.172</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="5"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Male sex &#8211; n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">20 (64.52)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">23 (46)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.13 (0.85-5.37)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.104</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="5"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">SAH &#8211; n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15 (48.39)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">33 (66)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.48 (0.20-1.20)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.116</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">DM &#8211; n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (25.81)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">18 (36)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.62 (0.23-1.66)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.339</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">CRD &#8211; n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (3.23)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">19 (38)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">18.4 (2.31-146.10)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Cerebrovascular disease - n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (3.23)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (12)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.09 (0.47-35.73)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.337</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Liver disease &#8211; n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (9.68)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.60 (0.11-3.16)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.858</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Others&#8211; n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (22.58)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">17 (34)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8211;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8211;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="5"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="6">Laboratory data (&#177; DP)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Urea (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">46.65 &#177; 25.66</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">81.52 &#177; 46.04</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.03 (1.01-1.05)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.17 &#177; 0.76</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.79 &#177; 0.97</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.02 (1.01-1.04)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>0.002</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Potassium (mEq/L)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.11 &#177; 0.75</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.4 &#177; 1.02</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.76 (1.29-5.91)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.155</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Bicarbonate</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">24.12 &#177; 6.11</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">22.01 &#177; 4.71</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.92 (0.79-1.07)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.355</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">pH</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7.417 &#177; 0.05</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7.374 &#177; 0.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.01 (0.01-74.88)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.069</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="5"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="6">Echocardiographic features</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Recent AMI &#8211; n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (25.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (16)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.61 (0.22-1.73)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.507</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">HF with previous heart disease &#8211; n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">22 (70.97)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">40 (80)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.83 (0.61-5.51)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.429</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">History of HF and recent AMI &#8211; n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (3.23)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.999</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="5"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Ejection fraction: % (&#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">35.86 &#177; 10.79</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">36.09 &#177; 10.79</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.01 (0.97-1.05)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.598</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="5"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Left atrial diameter: mm (&#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">39.51 &#177; 7.45</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">39.51 &#177; 7.45</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.02 (0.96 - 1.08)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.624</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="5"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="6">Myocardial thickness &#8211; n (%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Increased</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">16 (51.61)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">21 (42)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.77 (0.31-1.90)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">0.538</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Normal</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15 (48.39)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">29 (58)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Reference</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="5"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="6">LF systolic dysfunction &#8211; n (%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Mild</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (3.23)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Reference</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">0.999</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Moderate/severe</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">30 (96.77)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">48 (96)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.25 (0.18-2.31)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="5"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="6">Clinical outcomes &#8211; n (%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Death</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (9.68)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">16 (32)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.21 (1.16-16.62)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>0.021</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="5"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Dialysis</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8211;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.437</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>AKI: acute kidney injury; OR: odds ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; HF: heart failure; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; CRD: chronic renal disease; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; LV: left ventricular; SD: standard deviation.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Regarding the association of cardiac and echocardiographic features with development of kidney injury, HF was the main admission diagnosis among patients with altered renal function. No relationship was found between reduced ejection fraction and development of CRS.</p>
        <p>With respect to in-hospital mortality, while a 9.7% rate was found in patients without AKI, 32% of patients with AKI died during hospitalization, indicating an association of AKI with mortality (OR 1.21, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] between 1.16 and 16.62, p = 0.021). The need for dialysis was observed in only 6% of patients with AKI, but without statistically significant difference between the groups.</p>
        <p>Deterioration of renal function was observed in 50 patients according to at least one diagnostic criteria (KDIGO and AKIN). Using the KDIGO criteria, kidney injury was detected in 61.7% of patients, whereas the AKIN was unable to detect AKI in 14% of patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 3</xref>). However, in the present study, the KDIGO criteria was not superior to AKIN in detecting early changes in renal function. Multivariate analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 4</xref>) showed that AKI was an independent risk factor of mortality, with an adjusted OR of 8.187, 95%CI 1.402-17.190, and p=0.020.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Incidence and staging of acute kidney injury according to the diagnostic criteria proposed by the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) and the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) in patients with cardiorenal syndrome</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="16%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">AKI staging</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">AKIN</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">KDIGO</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">p &#8211; value</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">N</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">%</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">N</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Stage 1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">35</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">43.21</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">39</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">48.15</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.642</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Stage 2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6.17</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.479</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Stage 3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6.17</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7.41</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.763</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <p>AKI: acute kidney injury.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Multivariate analysis of variables related to cardiorenal syndrome in hospitalized patients with decompensated heart failure or recent acute myocardial infarction (n=81)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Variables</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Adjusted OR (95%CI)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Male sex</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.796 (0.241-2.632)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.708</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Age (+ 1 year)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.010 (0.967-1.055)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.651</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Systemic arterial hypertension</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.228 (0.684-7.261)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.184</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Chronic renal disease</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6.622 (0.901-48.693)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.063</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Urea (+1 mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.005 (0.983-1.028)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.660</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Acute kidney injury</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8.187 (1.402-17.190)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.020</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>OR: Odds ratio;95%CI: 95% confidence interval.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>It is estimated that more than 85% of the world population live in low/medium income countries, where the development of scientific studies is typically low. Socioeconomic and environmental factors, including food shortage, affect the outcome of AKI in heart diseases and CRS, and such associations are frequently ignored in many studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> The present study was conducted in a tertiary hospital, the main emergency referral center of a population of nearly one million people, in a state of low economic development (ranking 22<sup>nd</sup> of 27 federative units in terms of gross domestic product) in Brazil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref></p>
        <p>However, in the study population, clinical and demographic features were similar to those reported in the literature, with a predominantly male, older patients, as reported by Spineti et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> where 58% of the sample were men, mean age of 63.5 &#177; 13 years. Liangos et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> also shown a predominance of male, older patients, and DM, SAH, and CRD as the main comorbidities.</p>
        <p>Studies on patients diagnosed with AKI have demonstrated that chronic conditions, especially DM and SAH, are more strongly associated with AKI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> However, similar to our study, Caetano et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> did not find an association of CRS with a history of HF, DM, or elevated blood pressure at hospital admission, but with history of kidney disease.</p>
        <p>In a multicenter study, data of 105,388 patients with acutely decompensated HF were collected from 274 hospitals in the USA. The prevalence of CRS in this population was 30%, which was similar to that (32%) reported in the meta-analysis by Damman et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> In our study, AKI was present in 61.7% of patients. This is condition, more and more common in HF patients, can be an aggravating factor for symptom severity, and change not only the clinical course of disease, but also response to treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> In some studies, preexisting CRD in patients admitted for decompensated HF was associated with development of AKI in all cases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Analyses of laboratory data of patients admitted with acute CRS had higher values of urea, creatinine and potassium compared with those without renal injury.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> Other studies not only corroborated these findings, but also showed that small changes in creatinine levels are significantly associated with an increase in mortality in patients with AKI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref></p>
        <p>In the present study, most patients admitted for decompensated HF had a history of heart disease, and this factor was not associated with the development of AKI. Regarding the echocardiographic parameters, including left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), no cardiac structural or functional parameter was associated with the course of CRS. Although AKI is equally prevalent in HF due to systolic dysfunction and diastolic dysfunction, kidney injury is generally more severe in patients with reduced LVEF as compared with those with normal LVEF, and found in more than 70% of patients admitted with cardiogenic shock.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Similar findings were reported in another study that showed that 86% of patients with AKI had HF and LVEF&lt;40%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Caetano et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> in an echocardiographic study of patients with CRS, showed that 48.4% of patients had preserved systolic function (LVEF &#8805; 50%). Among the patients with AKI, 26 (56.6%) had compromised ejection fraction, whereas 47 (43.1%) of patients without AKI had acute renal dysfunction. In the same study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> moderate or severe mitral insufficiency was found in 68.4% and 45.1% of patients with and without AKI, respectively (p=0.014). In addition, mean LVEF was approximately 36% and only three patients had a LVEF &gt; 50%, with no difference between patients with and without AKI.</p>
        <p>Studies have reported the occurrence of AKI in HF in patients with both reduced and preserved LVEF,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> which reinforces the need for evaluating the cardiac and hemodynamic function in patients with worsening renal function. Studies by Mullens et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> and Damman et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> evaluated the hemodynamic profile of patients with cardiovascular disease using invasive methods and intensive therapies. Thus, it is suggested that other parameters, indicative of renal injury, such as changes in the vena cava, could be evaluated by echocardiography, a non-invasive method, since these same studies have reported a correlation between increased central venous pressure and worsening of renal function. Although the assessment of inferior vena cava diameter during inspiration and expiration is possible by echocardiography, few studies have investigated these parameters.</p>
        <p>Need for dialysis was seen in 6% of our patients, which is in accordance with the study by Li et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> with a cohort of 1,005 Chinese patients (6.4%). Also, the meta-analysis by Vandenberghe et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> showed a need for renal replacement therapy in 4.6% of patients with CRS due to decompensated HF and 2.3% of patients with CRS due to other causes. According to Forman et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> in HF patients with longer hospitalizations and in-hospital death, complications are more common in patients with AKI. In our study, we observed a 32% mortality rate in patients with AKI, which represented an independent risk factor for mortality (OR 8.187 [1.402 &#8211; 17.190], p=0.020). Hata et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> in a retrospective analysis of 376 patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with decompensated HF, AKI was detected in 73% of patients and was correlated with high in-hospital mortality (10.5% versus 1.0% in non-AKI patients; p&lt;0.01), and longer hospital stay as compared with the control group. In our study, CRS alone was not considered a risk factor by the multivariate analysis (OR 6.622 [0.901-48.693], p=0.063), possibly because of the small sample size. However, Damman et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> reported in a meta-analysis, a significant association between CRS and mortality (2.3 [2.20-2.50], p &lt; 0.001). In another study, higher in-hospital mortality was found in patients with AKI, especially among those who had greater worsening of renal function. Of 18 patients who died, 17 (94.5%) had AKI, 76.5% AKIN stage 3 and 23.5% AKIN stage 2.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Barros et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> in a study with 85 hospitalized patients admitted to the ICU with decompensated HF, found that 76,5% of patients had AKI, mainly at stage 3 (38.8%) (AKIN criteria), followed by stage 2 (32.9%) and stage 1 (4.7%). We should consider that, in general, critically ill patients in ICUs have impairment of many organs, including renal dysfunction. Therefore, it is possible that patients with AKI at more advanced stages may be found in this population.</p>
        <p>According to a comparative study between RIFLE (Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss and End-Stage Kidney, classification proposed by the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative group), AKIN and KDIGO in patients in the post-operative period of cardiac surgery, the prognostic power of the KDIGO criteria was superior to both AKIN and RIFLE.<sup>23</sup> In our study, however, KDIGO was not superior to AKIN, which was similar to the findings reported by Roy et al.,<sup>24</sup> who evaluated 637 patients and found a similar performance of AKIN, KDIGO and RIFLE. In a large Chinese retrospective, cohort study, that included patients with HF, Li et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> showed that KDIGO was superior to both AKIN and RIFLE, but the proportions of patients with AKI at stages 2 and 3 were higher than in our study.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>This study has some limitations that need to be considered. First, this was a single-center study, involving a small number of patients. Second, there were limitations inherent to the retrospective design of the study, including reliance on medical records. Although all specific requirements for modeling and variable selection of logistic regression were met, the possibility that other variables influenced the results cannot be excluded. Likewise, creatinine measurements were not recorded daily, which may have affected the evaluation of AKI staging. Finally, the small number of patients with AKI at initial stages may have influenced the performance of the AKIN and KDIGO diagnostic criteria.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In this population of patients admitted to a public tertiary hospital of a low-income region, with decompensated HF and a history of heart disease or recent AMI, there was a high occurrence of AKI, which was an independent risk factor for mortality. CRS was a risk factor for AKI. In addition, cardiac structural and functional changes, evaluated by echocardiography, were not associated with the development of AKI. The KDIGO and AKIN diagnostic criteria showed similar performance in this population.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn3">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
