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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">4WHsTGnZDWhxQTC4jDbSR9N</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001000378</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Hipertens&#227;o Arterial e &#193;cido &#218;rico S&#233;rico em Idosos - Estudo SEPHAR III</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7476-6584</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Buzas</surname>
            <given-names>Roxana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8781-4178</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ivan</surname>
            <given-names>Vlad-Sabin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gheorghe-Fronea</surname>
            <given-names>Oana-Florentina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morgovan</surname>
            <given-names>Adina Flavia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ardelean</surname>
            <given-names>Melania</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8072-4911</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Albulescu</surname>
            <given-names>Nicolae</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dorobantu</surname>
            <given-names>Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lighezan</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Florin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">University of Medicine and Pharmacy Victor Babes Timisoara</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Internal Medicine</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Timisoara</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="RO">Rom&#234;nia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">University of Medicine and Pharmacy Victor Babes Timisoara - Department of Internal Medicine, Timisoara &#8211; Rom&#234;nia.</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">University of Medicine and Pharmacy</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardio-Thoracic Pathology Department</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bucuresti</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="RO">Rom&#234;nia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy - Cardio-Thoracic Pathology Department, Bucuresti &#8211; Rom&#234;nia.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Vlad-Sabin Ivan &#8226;</bold> Universitatea de Medicin&#259; &#351;i Farmacie Victor Babes din Timi&#351;oara - P-ta Eftimie Murgu nr 1 Timisoara <postal-code>300041</postal-code> &#8211; Rom&#234;nia. E-mail: <email>vlad_sabin_ivan@yahoo.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Buzas R, Vlad-Sabin I; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Morgovan AF, Ardelean M, Albulescu N; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Buzas R, Vlad-Sabin I; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Gheorghe-Fronea OF, Dorobantu M, Lighezan DF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>378</fpage>
      <lpage>384</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A hiperuricemia &#233; um achado frequente em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o arterial e h&#225; evid&#234;ncias cada vez maiores de que essa entidade seja tamb&#233;m um fator de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>No contexto da popula&#231;&#227;o em processo de envelhecimento, este estudo tem o objetivo de avaliar n&#237;veis de &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico e a preval&#234;ncia e o controle da hipertens&#227;o arterial em um subgrupo da popula&#231;&#227;o de adultos romenos (&gt;65 anos), em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; influ&#234;ncia da idade nesses par&#226;metros.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>A amostra do estudo consiste em 1920 adultos inclu&#237;dos na pesquisa SEPHAR III, dos quais 447 eram pacientes idosos (&gt;65 anos de idade). Durante as duas visitas do estudo, tr&#234;s aferi&#231;&#245;es de press&#227;o arterial (PA) foram realizadas em intervalos de 1 minuto, e foram realizadas medi&#231;&#245;es de n&#237;veis de &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico, fun&#231;&#227;o renal por taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular, press&#227;o arterial e espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia. A hipertens&#227;o e os controles foram definidos de acordo com as diretrizes atuais. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia foi determinada pela avalia&#231;&#227;o por ultrassom Doppler modo B. Um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia p &lt; 0,05 foi adotado para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Pacientes adultos tinham n&#237;veis de &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico significativamente mais baixos, se comparados a pacientes idosos, independentemente dos n&#237;veis de taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular. Pacientes adultos tinham n&#237;veis de espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia, comparados a pacientes idosos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>De forma semelhante &#224;s pesquisas anteriores, neste estudo, a idade representou um dos fatores contribuintes ao n&#237;vel aumentado de &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico. Tamb&#233;m foi obtido um aumento da preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial com a idade, com um mau controle da press&#227;o arterial.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>&#193;cido &#218;rico</kwd>
        <kwd>Hiperuricemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Filtra&#231;&#227;o Glomerular</kwd>
        <kwd>Efeito-Idade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="18"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A expectativa de vida continua a aumentar em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos em todo o mundo, levando a um constante aumento da representa&#231;&#227;o de adultos mais velhos (pessoas com mais de 65 anos de idade) dentro da popula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref></p>
      <p>De acordo com o oitavo relat&#243;rio do <italic>Joint National Committee</italic> (JNC 8), aproximadamente 970 milh&#245;es de pessoas em todo o mundo t&#234;m press&#227;o arterial alta. Estima-se que, at&#233; 2025, 1,56 bilh&#245;es de adultos estar&#227;o convivendo com a hipertens&#227;o arterial (HT). A etiologia da HT essencial ainda &#233; desconhecida, e sua patog&#234;nese inclui v&#225;rios fatores gen&#233;ticos e ambientais. Mais de dois ter&#231;os dos indiv&#237;duos com idade superior a 65 anos sofrem de HT, de acordo com o s&#233;timo relat&#243;rio do <italic>Joint National Committee</italic> (JNC-7).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> V&#225;rios estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos indicam que a incid&#234;ncia de HT e das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares associadas &#233; mais alta na popula&#231;&#227;o mais velha que na popula&#231;&#227;o jovem.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Um estudo de sua preval&#234;ncia e controle entre adultos nos Estados Unidos no per&#237;odo de 1999 a 2004 demonstrou que a preval&#234;ncia de HT mais que dobrou entre os idosos, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos jovens. Mesmo que a cren&#231;a geral seja de que a HT &#233; um dist&#250;rbio do envelhecimento, nos &#250;ltimos anos, a popula&#231;&#227;o de meia idade parece ter tido um aumento na incid&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial.</p>
      <p>Por outro lado, a hiperuricemia &#233; mais comum, e h&#225; v&#225;rios estudos mostrando que os n&#237;veis de &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico est&#227;o associados a um aumento na preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o (HT) que tamb&#233;m contribui para falta do controle ideal de press&#227;o arterial (PA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>.</p>
      <p>O SEPHAR (<italic>Study for the Evaluation of Prevalence of Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk in Romania</italic> - Estudo para a Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Preval&#234;ncia da Hipertens&#227;o e do Risco Cardiovascular na Rom&#234;nia) &#233; um projeto que tem o objetivo de avaliar a preval&#234;ncia da HT e outros fatores relacionados, incluindo o &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico. At&#233; hoje houve tr&#234;s estudos SEPHAR separados com intervalo de v&#225;rios anos, sendo que o SEPHAR II, realizado em 2012, foi o primeiro a avaliar os n&#237;veis de &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico, que tamb&#233;m correlacionaram os n&#237;veis de AUS com a espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia, a fun&#231;&#227;o renal, e o risco cardiovascular. Continuando com o SEPHAR III em 2016 que ofereceram dados adicionais sobre os n&#237;veis de AUS e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a preval&#234;ncia de HT na Rom&#234;nia, v&#225;rios outros &#237;ndices foram usados, tais como TFG e par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. O SEPHAR III foi desenhado como uma pesquisa transversal que caracteriza dados para a popula&#231;&#227;o adulta na Rom&#234;nia quanto &#224; preval&#234;ncia de HT, controle, e agentes hipertensivos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref>.</p>
      <p>Este estudo tem o objetivo de avaliar n&#237;veis de &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico (AUS) e a preval&#234;ncia e o controle de EIM e HT em um grupo da popula&#231;&#227;o de adultos romenos, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o idosa.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Uma van m&#233;dica batizada de &#212;nibus SEPHAR foi utilizada para realizar duas visitas com 4 dias de diferen&#231;a. No total, 1920 adultos romenos foram cadastrados na pesquisa SEPHAR III (m&#233;dia de idade de 48,63 anos, 52,76% do sexo feminino) dos quais 447 eram pacientes idosos (23,28% com idade igual ou superior a 65 anos). Os pacientes foram examinados e 3 aferi&#231;&#245;es de PA foram realizadas, na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada, de acordo com as atuais Diretrizes Europeias para monitoramento de PA, em intervalos de um minuto. Durante cada visita do estudo, 3 aferi&#231;&#245;es de PA foram registradas, com um dispositivo autom&#225;tico de aferi&#231;&#227;o de PA (OMRON M6). O manguito foi ajustado de acordo com a circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o, e todas as aferi&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas no mesmo bra&#231;o que apresentou os maiores valores de PA durante a visita inicial.</p>
      <p>Uma press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) maior que 140 mmHg e/ou uma press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) acima de 90 mmHG em ambas as visitas foi considerada HT, utilizando-se a m&#233;dia do segundo e do terceiro valores de PA de cada visita. A primeira PA de cada visita n&#227;o foi levada em considera&#231;&#227;o para an&#225;lise futura. Al&#233;m disso, a HT conhecida e tratada, com PA controlada ou n&#227;o controlada, durante as duas semanas anteriores, tamb&#233;m foi levada em considera&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Para que um sujeito tenha PA controlada, as diretrizes ESH-ESC de 2018 sobre a hipertens&#227;o foram utilizadas, definindo como controle de PA para pacientes hipertensos com pelo menos 2 semanas de tratamento pr&#233;vio, PAS e PAD menores que 140 mmHg e 90 mmHg respectivamente.</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise da amostra sangu&#237;nea que incluiu o AUS mencionado foi realizada durante a segunda visita, com o paciente sendo informado na primeira visita de que era necess&#225;rio um per&#237;odo de jejum de pelo menos 8 horas. Os n&#237;veis de AUS foram analisados com um equipamento analisador COBAS 6000 com reagentes uricase/peroxidase, com valores normais dados entre 2,4 e 5,70mg/dl, para mulheres, e 3,40 a 7,00mg/dl para homens. A hiperuricemia foi diagnosticada quando foram identificadas faixas normais. Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, os valores da f&#243;rmula de Modifica&#231;&#227;o Diet&#233;tica na Doen&#231;a Renal (MDRD) e da f&#243;rmula Colabora&#231;&#227;o de Epidemiologia de Doen&#231;a Renal Cr&#244;nica (CKD-EPI) foram calculados e utilizados nas an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas.</p>
      <p>Utilizou-se um aparelho para ecocardiograma port&#225;til (modelo General Electric Vivid Q), que calculou a espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia (EIM) de cada parede distal da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum 1 cm abaixo do bulbo da car&#243;tida. A EIM foi medida usando-se uma sonda linear com frequ&#234;ncia ajust&#225;vel entre 7,5 e 10 MHz.</p>
      <p>O Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Faculdade de Medicina e Farm&#225;cia Carol Davila, em Bucareste na Rom&#234;nia, aprovou o estudo em total conformidade com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki, e foi obtido o consentimento informado por escrito de todos os participantes antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o de qualquer exame.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os resultados de vari&#225;veis espec&#237;ficas foram apresentados utilizando-se contagens com porcentagens para dados categ&#243;ricos, e estat&#237;sticas descritivas (m&#233;dia, desvio padr&#227;o) para dados cont&#237;nuos. As diferen&#231;as entre m&#233;dias e vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram analisadas utilizando-se testes t para amostras independentes, enquanto testes Qui-quadrado foram usados para examinar diferen&#231;as entre vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Considerando-se que a normalidade do tamanho da amostra foi presumida para todos os dados, e que o teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman foi utilizado, j&#225; que est&#225;vamos interessados em algumas correla&#231;&#245;es em alguns dados categ&#243;ricos e bin&#225;rios. An&#225;lises de covari&#226;ncia (ANCOVA) foram usadas para investigar os efeitos do AUS em pacientes idosos normotensos e hipertensos, com controles para as vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o e fatores de risco: idade, sexo e IMC. Da mesma forma, ANCOVA foi considerada para avaliar os efeitos dos n&#237;veis de EIM e os n&#237;veis de TFG (avaliadas tanto pela f&#243;rmula MDRD quanto pela f&#243;rmula CKD-EPI) nos n&#237;veis de AUS, considerando pacientes idosos com uricemia normal e a hiperuricemia.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%. Foi utilizado o software IBM SPSS Statistics vers&#227;o 20.0 para Windows. Consideramos estat&#237;sticas descritivas, figuras e tabelas para resumir nossos resultados.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Um total de 1920 pacientes adultos (com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos) foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise, dos quais 447 eram pacientes idosos (com idade igual ou superior a 65 anos, 23,28%). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> resume as caracter&#237;sticas de linha de base dos pacientes analisados, e a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>, as caracter&#237;sticas antropom&#233;tricas da popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>(*) &#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o entre os par&#226;metros estudados de pacientes, baseada em idade (caracter&#237;sticas da linha de base)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes adultos (N=1473)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes idosos (N=447)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p-valor</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4">
                <bold>Categorias para press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Normotensos</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">894 (60,69%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">146 (32,66%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Hipertensos</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">579 (39,31%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">301 (67,34%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4">
                <bold>Hipertens&#227;o - incluindo apenas pacientes hipertensos (#)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Controlada</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">154 (26,60%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">42 (13,95%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o controlada</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">425 (73,40%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">259 (86,05%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4">
                <bold>AUS (mg/dl)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">N</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1473</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">447</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">M&#233;dia (DP)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,89 (1,293)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5,40 (1,479)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4">
                <bold>EIM (mm)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">N</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1059</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">338</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">M&#233;dia (DP)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,60 (0,124)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,80 (0,140)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4">
                <bold>TFG</bold>
                <sub>MDRD</sub>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">N</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1473</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">447</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">M&#233;dia (DP)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">85,51 (17,623)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">69,36 (18,134)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4">
                <bold>TFG</bold>
                <sub>CKD-EPI</sub>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">n(%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1473</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">447</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">M&#233;dia (DP)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">94,47 (17,347)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">69,82 (16,876)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4">Hipertens&#227;o - incluindo apenas pacientes hipertensos (#)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>os p-valores s&#227;o obtidos com testes t de amostras independentes (*) e com testes Qui-quadrado. Os dados cont&#237;nuos (*) s&#227;o resumidos como m&#233;dia (pacientes do desvio padr&#227;o).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Foi obtida diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significativa entre a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes hipertensos nos dois grupos estudados. A HT se apresentou com mais frequ&#234;ncia no grupo de pacientes idosos (p&lt;0,001). Considerando-se valores de HT controlados, apenas 42 pacientes (13,95%) dos 301 pacientes hipertensos inclu&#237;dos no grupo dos idosos, parecem ter valores de PA controlados. Houve uma propor&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa mais alta de pacientes com HT controlada no grupo de adultos, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo de idosos, considerando apenas pacientes hipertensos (p&lt;0,001).</p>
      <p>Analisando os valores de AUS, foi obtida uma diferen&#231;a significativa no valor m&#233;dio de AUS entre os dois grupos. Pacientes adultos tinham n&#237;veis de AUS significativamente mais baixos, em m&#233;dia 0,51 mg/dl, comparados a pacientes idosos (4,89 mg/dl vs. 5,40 mg/dl, p&lt;0.001). (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>)</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos valores de AUS no grupo de pacientes idosos*. AUS: &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-02-0378-00004-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Ao estudar os n&#237;veis de AUS por grupos de pacientes idosos normotensos e hipertensos, os valores mais altos foram observados em pacientes idosos hipertensos, sendo significativamente mais altos em compara&#231;&#227;o aos registrados para pacientes idosos normotensos. As diferen&#231;as permaneceram ap&#243;s padronizar para idade, sexo e IMC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). Pacientes idosos hipertensos, comparados a pacientes idosos normotensos, tinham n&#237;veis de AUS significativamente mais baixos, em m&#233;dia 0,39 mg/dl (5,53 mg/dl vs. 5,14 mg/dl, p=0.008).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>&#193;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico por grupos de pacientes idosos normotensos e hipertensos</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes idosos normotensos (N=146)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes idosos hipertensos (N=301)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p-valor</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o padronizado</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5,14 (0,122)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5,53 (0,085)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,008</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Padronizado para idade</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5,13 (0,122)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5,53 (0,085)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,007</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Padronizado para sexo</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5,12 (0,118)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5,53 (0,082)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Padronizado para IMC</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5,17 (0,121)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5,51 (0,084)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,021</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Notas: os p-valores s&#227;o obtidos com o teste ANCOVA; os valores s&#227;o resumidos como m&#233;dia (erro padr&#227;o). IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Entretanto, os n&#237;veis de AUS em pacientes idosos hipertensos n&#227;o variaram em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; condi&#231;&#227;o de controle de HT (p=0,632). Apenas 1059 dos 1473 pacientes adultos e 338 dos 447 pacientes idosos tiveram seus valores de EIM medidos. Foi detectada uma diferen&#231;a significativa no valor m&#233;dio de EIM, com n&#237;veis mais baixos de EIM em pacientes adultos, em m&#233;dia com 0,20 mm, em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes idosos (p&lt;0.001). Ao considerar apenas o grupo dos idosos, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas nos valores de EIM, considerando valores de AUS (p=0,510). (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>)</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>&#193;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico por grupos de pacientes idosos normotensos e hipertensos</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes idosos com uricemia normal (N=356)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes idosos com hiperuricemia (N=91)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p-valor</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Pacientes inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise (*)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">262</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">76</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o padronizado</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,80 (0,009)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,82 (0,016)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,373</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Padronizado para idade</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,80 (0,008)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,81 (0,015)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,510</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Padronizado para sexo</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,80 (0,009)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,82 (0,016)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,119</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Padronizado para IMC</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,80 (0,009)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,82 (0,016)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,380</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Notas: os p-valores s&#227;o obtidos com o teste ANCOVA; os valores s&#227;o resumidos como m&#233;dia (erro padr&#227;o). (*) An&#225;lises baseadas em pacientes com valores de EIM medidos.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Foi detectada uma diferen&#231;a significativa no valor m&#233;dio de TFG<sub>MDRD</sub>; pacientes adultos tiveram n&#237;veis significativamente mais altos de TFG<sub>MDRD</sub>, em m&#233;dia com 16,15 mm/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>, em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes idosos (p&lt;0.001). Os mesmos resultados foram obtidos ao se utilizar a TFG<sub>CKD-EPI</sub>. Pacientes adultos tiveram n&#237;veis significativamente mais altos de TFG<sub>CKD-EPI</sub>, em m&#233;dia com 24,65 mm/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>, em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes idosos (p&lt;0.001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Ao considerar apenas o grupo de idosos, os valores mais baixos da taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (TFG) estimada, avaliados pela f&#243;rmula MDRD e pela f&#243;rmula CKD-EPI, foram observados em pacientes com hiperuricemia, sendo esses valores significativamente mais baixos do que os n&#237;veis de TFG registrados em pacientes idosos com uricemia normal. Todas essas diferen&#231;as permaneceram estatisticamente significativas ap&#243;s padronizar para idade, sexo e IMC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Tabela 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>N&#237;veis de &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico e fun&#231;&#227;o renal por grupos de pacientes idosos com uricemia normal e hiperuricemia</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="24%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes idosos com uricemia normal (N=356)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes idosos com hiperuricemia (N=91)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p-valor</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5">TFG<sub>MDRD</sub></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o padronizado</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">71,50 (0,936)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">61,01 (1,851)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Padronizado para idade</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">71,43 (0,919)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">61,25 (1,818)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Padronizado para sexo</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">71,50 (0,938)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">61,00 (1,862)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Padronizado para IMC</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">71,49 (0,938)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">61,05 (1,866)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5">TFG<sub>CKD-EPI</sub></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o padronizado</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">71,86 (0,869)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">61,83 (1,719)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Padronizado para idade</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">71,78 (0,832)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">62,17 (1,646)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Padronizado para sexo</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">71,92 (0,870)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">61,59 (1,727)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Padronizado para IMC</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">71,91 (0,871)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">61,66 (1,733)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Notas: os p-valores s&#227;o obtidos com o teste ANCOVA; os valores s&#227;o resumidos como m&#233;dia (erro padr&#227;o).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Tabela 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre as caracter&#237;sticas principais da linha de base e antropom&#233;tricas de pacientes adultos e idosos</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="24%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"/>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Pacientes adultos (N=1473)</th>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Pacientes idosos (N=447)</th>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">p-valor</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5">IMC (Kg/m&#178;)(*)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">n</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">1473</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">447</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">M&#233;dia (DP)</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">27,70 (5,892)</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">29,91 (5,157)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5">EIM (mm)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">n</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">1059</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">338</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">M&#233;dia (DP)</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">0,60 (0,124)</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">0,80 (0,140)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <p>DP: desvio padr&#227;o; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A HT &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o altamente prevalente cuja incid&#234;ncia aumenta dramaticamente com a idade. De acordo com o JNC, a hipertens&#227;o ocorre em mais de dois ter&#231;os dos indiv&#237;duos ap&#243;s a idade de 65 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, dados do Estudo de Framingham, em homens e mulheres sem hipertens&#227;o, aos 55 anos de idade, indicam que os riscos de desenvolvimento de hipertens&#227;o durante o restante do tempo de vida, at&#233; os 80 anos, s&#227;o de 93% e 91% respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Mais de 90% dos indiv&#237;duos que n&#227;o t&#234;m hipertens&#227;o aos 55 anos de idade v&#227;o desenvolv&#234;-la durante o restante de seu tempo de vida. Conforme esperado, a preval&#234;ncia da HT no grupo dos idosos foi significativamente mais alta.</p>
      <p>O efeito da idade no controle de hipertens&#227;o ainda parece ser controverso. Um estudo transversal em s&#233;rie das diferen&#231;as de idade no controle da HT em consult&#243;rios m&#233;dicos nos EUA, de 2003 a 2010, sugere que pacientes mais velhos tinham probabilidade maior de conseguir fazer o controle da hipertens&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes mais jovens, assim como relat&#243;rios de NAMCS, mas diferentemente da pesquisa National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Os resultados do estudo SEPHAR III demonstraram que os pacientes idosos romenos tinham uma porcentagem reduzida de HT controlada (13,95%), significativamente mais baixa em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo de adultos. O controle abaixo do ideal da hipertens&#227;o em pacientes idosos pode estar relacionado ao mal controle, h&#225;bitos alimentares, ou uso de um tratamento menos agressivo, com menos medicamentos ou doses mais baixas do que os mais jovens.</p>
      <p>Os n&#237;veis de AUS est&#227;o fortemente correlacionados ao envelhecimento. Os dados do SEPHAR III reconfirmam os valores aumentos de AUS na popula&#231;&#227;o &gt;65 anos, e especialmente em pacientes com HT. Como esperado, pacientes idosos apresentaram EIM aumentada. Embora os estudos anteriores tenham demonstrado uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre os valores de EIM e n&#237;veis de AUS, nossa an&#225;lise, que considerou apenas pacientes com idade &gt;65 anos, n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;as significativas na EIM entre os subgrupos de AUS, ap&#243;s a padroniza&#231;&#227;o para idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Esses resultados s&#227;o consistentes com os estudos anteriores, sugerindo que o relacionamento entre o AUS e a placa n&#227;o existia, ou era muito fraco e facilmente influenci&#225;vel por outros fatores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref></p>
      <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre hiperuricemia e doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica foi apresentada anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Entre os pacientes idosos, os valores de AUS foram significativamente aumentados, independentemente da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, o que tamb&#233;m se confirmou em um estudo japon&#234;s envolvendo mulheres idosas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> Os resultados do estudo SEPHAR III sugerem que a idade e o AUS t&#234;m um efeito sin&#233;rgico no status da PA, independentemente dos fatores convencionais de risco cardiovascular.</p>
      <p>Este estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es, tais como o impacto do tratamento cont&#237;nuo de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas nos n&#237;veis de &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico. Os pacientes foram questionados sobre seu uso atual de medicamentos e se eles aderiram ao tratamento. Entretanto, medicamentos usados anteriormente n&#227;o foram documentados. Para se estabelecer uma rela&#231;&#227;o, considerou-se que duas visitas, com um intervalo de v&#225;rios dias, n&#227;o foram suficientes para quantificar o impacto dessas interven&#231;&#245;es. Al&#233;m disso, essa an&#225;lise faz parte de um estudo maior que incluiu adultos com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos, e, portanto, a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes idosos &#233; mais baixa, o que poderia limitar seu poder de caracteriza&#231;&#227;o dessa faixa et&#225;ria.</p>
      <p>Documentos recentes sobre hiperuricemia tamb&#233;m enfatizaram a associa&#231;&#227;o crescente entre os n&#237;veis de &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. O estudo Uric Acid Right for Heart Health (URRAH) envolvendo mais de 22000 sujeitos mostraram demonstrou, por meio de an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o multivariadas de Cox, que o &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico &#233; um fator de risco de mortalidade independente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Outros estudos avaliaram o efeito do &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico na rigidez arterial em pacientes hipertensos e n&#227;o identificaram influ&#234;ncia da progress&#227;o da velocidade da onda de pulso na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, depois de um acompanhamento m&#233;dio de 3,8 anos. Os autores desse estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref>avaliaram 422 pacientes hipertensos adultos apresentaram, em uma popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o padronizada, associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre rigidez de vasos e &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico, mas a signific&#226;ncia foi perdida quando houve a padroniza&#231;&#227;o para par&#226;metros diferentes, como, por exemplo, &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</p>
      <p>Uma an&#225;lise diferente sobre a Europa central e oriental tamb&#233;m demonstrou um aumento na preval&#234;ncia da hiperuricemia em pacientes hipertensos, com pelo menos um quarto da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada apresentando n&#237;veis aumentados de &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico. Na an&#225;lise covariada de vari&#225;veis cardionefrometab&#243;licas dos 3206 pacientes do estudo BP-CARE, a &#250;nica rela&#231;&#227;o significativa entre os n&#237;veis de &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico encontrada foi com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, h&#225; v&#225;rios outros estudos que demonstram uma liga&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de AUS e outros par&#226;metros metab&#243;licos, tais como colesterol LDL, evidenciando uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre esses dois em rela&#231;&#227;o ao risco de desenvolvimento de hipertens&#245;es nas etapas mais tardias da vida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> No caso dos idosos, h&#225; outros estudos que corroboram o achado de que o AUS geralmente &#233; encontrado na s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, tais como o relat&#243;rio dos autores do Estudo Card&#237;aco de Brisighella.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> Em nossa an&#225;lise, encontramos diferen&#231;as significativas entre pacientes idosos e adultos, sendo que os pacientes idosos s&#227;o mais obesos e t&#234;m uma EIM mais alta.</p>
      <p>Ainda existe um debate para se definir se o &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico tem um efeito pequeno na rigidez dos vasos, tem um efeito sin&#233;rgico com outro fator de risco, ou n&#227;o tem efeito nenhum. Entretanto, a hiperuricemia deve ser tratada ainda assim.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo &#233; o primeiro que apresenta dados espec&#237;ficos dos valores de HT e AUS focados em pacientes idosos romenos. Embora cada vez seja mais reconhecido que a idade biol&#243;gica &#233; mais importante que a idade cronol&#243;gica, o tratamento e o controle de HT na popula&#231;&#227;o mais velha devem ser otimizados, considerando caracter&#237;sticas individuais de sa&#250;de, j&#225; que o tratamento reduz mortalidade, acidente vascular cerebral e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Este estudo destaca que os n&#237;veis de AUS aumentados est&#227;o associados ao envelhecimento, e as correla&#231;&#245;es com a HT foram identificadas, independentemente do estado da fun&#231;&#227;o renal.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela Sociedade Romena de Hipertens&#227;o e Servier Pharma Subsidi&#225;ria da Rom&#234;nia por meio de uma bolsa de pesquisa n&#227;o restritiva.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Arterial Hypertension and Serum Uric Acid in Elderly- SEPHAR III Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7476-6584</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Buzas</surname>
            <given-names>Roxana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8781-4178</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ivan</surname>
            <given-names>Vlad-Sabin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gheorghe-Fronea</surname>
            <given-names>Oana-Florentina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morgovan</surname>
            <given-names>Adina Flavia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ardelean</surname>
            <given-names>Melania</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8072-4911</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Albulescu</surname>
            <given-names>Nicolae</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dorobantu</surname>
            <given-names>Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lighezan</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Florin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Timisoara</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="RO">Romania</country>
          <institution content-type="original">University of Medicine and Pharmacy Victor Babes Timisoara - Department of Internal Medicine, Timisoara &#8211; Romania.</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bucuresti</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="RO">Romania</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy - Cardio-Thoracic Pathology Department, Bucuresti &#8211; Romania.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Vlad-Sabin Ivan &#8226;</bold> Universitatea de Medicin&#259; &#351;i Farmacie Victor Babes din Timi&#351;oara - P-ta Eftimie Murgu nr 1 Timisoara <postal-code>300041</postal-code> &#8211; Romania. E-mail: <email>vlad_sabin_ivan@yahoo.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Buzas R, Vlad-Sabin I; Acquisition of data: Morgovan AF, Ardelean M, Albulescu N; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Buzas R, Vlad-Sabin I; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Gheorghe-Fronea OF, Dorobantu M, Lighezan DF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Hyperuricemia is a frequent finding in patients with arterial hypertension, and there is increasing evidence that this entity is also a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>In the context of an aging population, this study aims to evaluate serum uric acid levels and arterial hypertension prevalence and control in a subgroup of Romanian adults (&gt;65 years), concerning the influence of age on these parameters.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method:</title>
          <p>The study sample consists of 1,920 adults included in SEPHAR III survey, of whom 447 were elderly patients (&gt;65 years of age). During the two study visits, three blood pressure (BP) measurements were performed at 1-min intervals and serum uric acid levels, kidney function by estimated glomerular filtration rate, blood pressure, and intima media thickness measurements were conducted. Hypertension and controls were defined according to the current guidelines. Intima-media thickness evaluation was assessed by B-mode Doppler ultrasound evaluation. A significance level p &lt; 0.05 was adopted for the statistical analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Adult patients had a significant lower serum uric acid levels, compared to elderly patients, regardless of glomerular filtration rate levels. Adult patients showed a significantly lower intima-media thickness levels, when compared to elderly patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Similar to previous studies, in the present study, age represented one of the factors contributing to the increased level of serum uric acid. An increasing prevalence of arterial hypertension with age, together with a poor control of blood pressure, was also obtained.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Uric Acid</kwd>
        <kwd>HYperuricemia</kwd>
        <kwd>C-Effectardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Glomerular Filtration</kwd>
        <kwd>Age-Effect</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Life expectancy continues to increase in developed countries worldwide, leading to an ever-increasing representation of older adults (people over 65 years of age) within the population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref></p>
        <p>According to the Eight Report of the Joint National Committee (JNC 8), approximately 970 million people worldwide have high blood pressure. It is estimated that by 2025, 1.56 billion adults will be living with arterial hypertension (HT). The etiology of essential HT still remains unknown; its pathogenesis includes multiple genetic and environmental factors. More than two-thirds of individuals over 65 years of age suffer from HT, according to the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee (JNC-7).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Several epidemiological studies indicated that the incidence of HT and related cardiovascular disease is higher in the elderly than in the young population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> A study on its prevalence and control among United States adults from 1999 to 2004 showed that the prevalence of HT has more than doubled in the elderly than in the young population. Even if the general belief is that HT is an aging disorder, in recent years, the middle-aged population has shown an increase in the incidence of arterial hypertension.</p>
        <p>On the other hand, hyperuricemia is more common, and several studies show that serum uric acid levels are linked to an increase in the prevalence of hypertension (HT), which also contributes to a lack of optimal blood pressure (BP) control.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref></p>
        <p>SEPHAR (Study for the Evaluation of Prevalence of Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk in Romania) is a project that aims to evaluate the prevalence of HT and other related factors including serum uric acid. To date, three separate SEPHAR studies have been conducted at several years intervals, with SEPHAR II being conducted in 2012, which was the first to evaluate the serum uric acid levels, which also correlated the serum uric acid (SUA) levels with intima media thickness, renal function, and cardiovascular risk. Continuing with SEPHAR III in 2016, which provided further data on SUA levels and its relationship with HT prevalence in Romania, several other indices were also used, such as eGFR and echocardiographic parameters. SEPHAR III was designed as a cross-sectional survey for characterizing data for the adult population in Romania for HT prevalence, control, and antihypertensive agents.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref></p>
        <p>This paper aims to evaluate SUA levels, IMT and HT prevalence, and control, in a group of Romanian adults, concerning the aging population.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Material and methods</title>
        <p>A mobile medical caravan dubbed SEPHAR Bus was used to perform two visits, at a 4-day interval between them. Overall, 1,920 Romanian adults were enrolled in this SEPHAR III survey (mean age 48.63 years, 52.76% females), of whom 447 were elderly patients (23.28%, 65 years of age or older). Patients were examined and three BP measurements, in accordance with the current European Guidelines for BP monitoring, were performed at one-minute intervals while sitting. During each visit, three sitting BP measurements, with an automated BP measurement device (OMRON M6), were registered. The cuff was adjusted for the arm&#8217;s circumference, and all of the measurements were performed on the same arm that presented the highest BP values during the inaugural visit.</p>
        <p>A systolic blood pressure (SBP) of more than 140mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) greater than 90mmHg in both visits was considered HT, using the average of the second and third BP values of each visit. The first BP of each visit was not taken into consideration for further analysis. Moreover, known and treated HT, with controlled or uncontrolled BP during the previous two weeks, was also taken into consideration.</p>
        <p>For a subject to have controlled BP, 2018 ESH-ESC guidelines on hypertension was used, defining a BP control for hypertensive subjects with at least two weeks of prior treatment, an SBP and a DBP of less than 140mmHg and 90mmHg, respectively.</p>
        <p>Blood sample analysis that included the aforementioned SUA was performed during the second visit, with the patient being informed in the first visit that a fasting period of at least 8 hours would be required. SUA levels were analyzed with a COBAS 6000 analyzer with uricase/peroxidase reagents, with normal values given between 2.4 to 5.70mg/dl in females and 3.40 to 7.00mg/dl in males. Hyperuricemia was diagnosed when above normal ranges were identified. For the evaluation of the kidney function, both Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula (MDRD) and Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration formula (CKD-EPI) values were calculated and used in the statistical analysis.</p>
        <p>A portable echocardiograph (model General Electric Vivid Q), which automatically calculated the intima-media thickness (IMT) of each distal wall of the common carotid artery, 1 cm below the carotid bulb, was used. The IMT was measured using a linear probe with an adjustable frequency between 7.5 and 10 MHz.</p>
        <p>The Ethics Committee of the &#8220;Carol Davila&#8221; University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania, approved the study in complete accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and written consent was required from all participants before any examination was undertaken.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Results for targeted variables were presented, using counts with corresponding percentages for categorical data and descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) for continuous data. Differences in means for continuous variables were analyzed using t-tests for independent samples, while Chi-squared test was used to examine differences between categorical variables. Considering the sample size normality was assumed for all data, and the Spearman correlation test was used, as we were interested in some correlations in some categorical and binary data. Analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) were used to investigate the effects of SUA on normotensive and hypertensive elderly patients, with controls for the confounding variables and risk factors: age, gender, and BMI. Similarly, ANCOVA was considered to assess the effect of IMT levels and eGFR levels (assessed both by MDRD and by CKD-EPI formula) on SUA levels considering normouricemia and hyperuricemia elderly patients.</p>
          <p>Statistical analysis was performed with a significance level of 5%. The IBM SPSS Statistics, version 20.0, software for Windows was used. Descriptive statistics, figures, and tables were considered to summarize our results.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 1,920 adult patients (18 years of age or older) were included in the analysis, of whom 447 were elderly patients (65 years of age or older, 23.28%). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 1</xref> summarizes baseline characteristics of the analyzed patients, and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Table 5</xref> summarizes the baseline anthropometric characteristics of the population.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>(*) &#8211; Comparison between studied parameters of patients based on age (baseline characteristics)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Adult Patients (N=1473)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Elderly Patients (N=447)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p-Value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Categories for blood pressure</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Normotensive</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">894 (60.69%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">146 (32.66%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Hypertensive</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">579 (39.31%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">301 (67.34%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Hypertension &#8211; including only hypertensive patients (#)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Under control</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">154 (26.60%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">42 (13.95%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Not under control</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">425 (73.40%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">259 (86.05%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4">
                  <bold>SUA (mg/dl)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">N</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1473</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">447</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Mean (SD)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.89 (1.293)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5.40 (1.479)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4">
                  <bold>IMT (mm)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">N</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1059</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">338</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Mean (SD)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.60 (0.124)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.80 (0.140)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4">
                  <bold>IMT (mm)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">N</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1473</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">447</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Mean (SD)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">85.51 (17.623)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">69.36 (18.134)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4">
                  <bold>eGFR</bold>
                  <sub>MDRD</sub>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">n</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1473</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">447</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Mean (SD)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">94.47 (17.347)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">69.82 (16.876)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p-values are obtained with independent sample t-tests (*) and with Chi-square tests. Continuous data (*) are summarized as mean (standard deviation patients).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison between main baseline and anthropometric characteristics between adult and elderly patients</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="24%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"/>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Adult patients (N=1473)</th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Elderly patients (N=447)</th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)(*)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">n</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">1473</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">447</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Mean (SD)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">27.70 (5.892)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">29.91 (5.157)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5">IMT (mm)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">n</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">1059</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">338</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Mean (SD)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">0.60 (0.124)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">0.80 (0.140)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>SD: standard deviation; BMI: body mass index.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Significant statistical difference was found among the proportion of hypertensive patients in the two studied groups. HT was more frequent in the elderly group (p&lt;0.001). Considering controlled HT values, only 42 patients (13.95%) of the 301 hypertensive patients included in the elderly group seem to have controlled BP values. A significantly statistical higher proportion of patients with controlled HT was identified in the adult group when compared to the elderly group, considering only hypertensive patients (p&lt;0.001).</p>
        <p>Analyzing the SUA values, a significant difference was obtained in the mean value of SUA in the two groups. Adult patients presented significantly lower SUA levels, on average, with 0.51mg/dl, as compared to elderly patients (4.89 mg/dl vs. 5.40mg/dl, p&lt;0.001).(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>)</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribution of the SUA values in the elderly patients&#8217; group*. SUA- serum uric acid.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-02-0378-00004-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>When studying SUA levels by groups of normotensive and hypertensive elderly patients, the highest values were observed in hypertensive elderly patients, these values being significantly higher when compared to those recorded in normotensive elderly patients. The differences remained after adjusting for age, sex, and BMI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 2</xref>). Hypertensive elderly patients compared to normotensive elderly patients had significantly higher SUA levels, on average, with 0.39 mg/do (5.53 mg/dL vs. 5.14 mg/dL, p=0.008).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Serum uric acid by groups of normotensive and hypertensive elderly patients</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Normotensive Elderly Patients (N=146)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Hypertensive Elderly Patients (N=301)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p-Value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Unadjusted</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5.14 (0.122)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5.53 (0.085)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Adjusted for age</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5.13 (0.122)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5.53 (0.085)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Adjusted for gender</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5.12 (0.118)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5.53 (0.082)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Adjusted for BMI</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5.17 (0.121)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5.51 (0.084)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.021</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Notes: p-values are obtained with ANCOVA test; values are summarized as mean (standard error). BMI: body mass index.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>However, SUA levels in hypertensive elderly patients did not change regarding the HT control status, p=0.632). Only 1,059 of the 1,473 adult patients and 338 of the 447 elderly patients had their IMT values measured. A significant difference in mean value of IMT was obtained with lower IMT levels in adult patients, on average, with 0.20mm, as compared to elderly patients p&lt;0.001). When considering only the elderly group, no significant differences were found in IMT values when considering SUA levels (p=0.510)(<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 3</xref>)</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Serum uric acid by groups of normotensive and hypertensive elderly patients</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Normouricemia Elderly Patients (N=356)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Hyperuricemia Elderly Patients (N=91)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p-Value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Patients included in the analysis (*)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">262</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">76</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Unadjusted</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.80 (0.009)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.82 (0.016)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.373</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Adjusted for age</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.80 (0.008)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.81 (0.015)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.510</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Adjusted for gender</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.80 (0.009)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.82 (0.016)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.119</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Adjusted for BMI</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.80 (0.009)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.82 (0.016)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.380</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Notes p-values are obtained with ANCOVA test, values are summarized as mean (standard error). (*) Analyses based on patients with measured IMT values.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Significant differences in the mean value of eGFR<sub>MDRD</sub> were obtained; adult patients presented significantly higher eGFR<sub>MDRD</sub>levels, on average, with 16.15 ml/min/1.73m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>, as compared to elderly patients (p&lt;0.001). The same results were obtained when using eGFR<sub>CKD-EPI</sub>. Adult patients presented significant higher eGFR<sub>CKD-EPI</sub> levels, on average, with 24.65 ml/min/1.73m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>, as compared to elderly patients (p&lt;0.001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 1</xref>). When considering only the elderly group, the lower values of the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), assessed by both MDRD and CKD-EPI formulas, were observed in elderly patients with hyperuricemia, with these values being significantly lower than eGFR levels recorded in elderly patients with normouricemia. All of these differences remained statistically significant after adjusting for age, sex, and BMI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Serum uric acid levels and renal function by groups of normouricemia and hyperuricemia elderly patients</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="19%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Normouricemia Elderly Patients (N=356)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Hyperuricemia Elderly Patients (N=91)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p-Value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5">
                  <bold>eGRF<sub>MDRD</sub></bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Unadjusted</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">71.50 (0.936)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">61.01 (1.851)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Adjusted for age</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">71.43 (0.919)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">61.25 (1.818)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Adjusted for gender</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">71.50 (0.938)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">61.00 (1.862)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Adjusted for BMI</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">71.49 (0.938)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">61.05 (1.866)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5">
                  <bold>eGRF<sub>CKD-EPI</sub></bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Unadjusted</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">71.86 (0.869)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">61.83 (1.719)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Adjusted for age</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">71.78 (0.832)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">62.17 (1.646)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Adjusted for gender</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">71.92 (0.870)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">61.59 (1.727)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Adjusted for BMI</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">71.91 (0.871)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">61.66 (1.733)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Notes: p-values are obtained with ANCOVA test, values are summarized as mean (standard error).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>HT is a highly prevalent condition that dramatically rises in incidence with increasing age. According to JNC, hypertension occurs in more than two-thirds of individuals after 65 years of age.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Moreover, data from the Framingham Heart Study, in men and women free of hypertension at 55 years of age, indicate that the remaining lifetime risks for development of hypertension through 80 years of age are 93% and 91%, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> More than 90% of all individuals who are free of hypertension at 55 years of age will develop it during their remaining lifespan. As expected, the prevalence of HT in the elderly group was significantly higher.</p>
        <p>The effect of age on hypertension control still seems to be controversial. A Serial Cross-sectional study of age differences in the control of HT in US Physician&#8217;s Offices, from 2003-2010, suggests that older patients were more likely to achieve hypertension control when compared to younger patients, which is the same as findings from NAMCS but in contrast with the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref></p>
        <p>SEPHAR III results revealed that elderly Romanian patients have a reduced percentage of controlled HT (13.95%) that is significantly lower when compared to the adult group. Suboptimal hypertension control in older patients may be related to poor management, culinary habits, or less aggressive treatment, using, with fewer medications or lower doses than their younger counterparts.</p>
        <p>SUA levels are strongly correlated with aging. SEPHAR III data reconfirms SUA increased values in the population of &gt;65 years and especially in HT patients. As expected, elderly patients had an increased IMT. Although previous studies showed a correlation between IMT values and SUA levels, our analysis, which considered only patients aged &gt;65 years, revealed no significant differences in IMT among SUA subgroups after adjusting for age.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> These results are consistent with previous studies suggesting that the relationship between SUA and plaque was nonexistent or very weak and easily influenced by other factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref></p>
        <p>The association between hyperuricemia and chronic kidney disease was presented above.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Among elderly patients, SUA values were significantly increased, regardless of renal function, which is the same as data from a Japanese study with elderly women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> SEPHAR III results suggest that age and SUA have a synergistic effect on BP status, regardless of conventional cardiovascular risk factors.</p>
        <p>The present study has some limitations, such as the impact of ongoing treatment for chronic diseases on the levels of serum uric acid. The patients were questioned on their current medications and whether they are adherent to therapy, but earlier medications were not documented. To establish such a relationship, we consider that two visits, with intervals of several days between them, were not enough to quantify the impact of such interventions. This analysis is also part of a larger study that encompassed adults of 18 years of age or over; therefore, the proportion of elderly patients is lower, which could limit its power to characterize this age group.</p>
        <p>Recent papers on the risk of hyperuricemia have also stressed the increased association between the levels of serum uric acid and cardiovascular disease. The Uric Acid Right for Heart Health (URRAH) study of over 22,000 subjects showed, through multivariate Cox regression analyses, that the serum uric acid is an independent risk factor for mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Other studies evaluated the effect of serum uric acid on arterial stiffness in hypertensive patients and found no influence on the progression of pulse wave velocity in the studied population after a median follow-up of 3.8 years. The authors of this study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> evaluated 422 adult hypertensive patients and showed, in an unadjusted population, significant association between vessel rigidity and serum uric acid, but the significance was lost when adjusted for different parameters for example such as BMI.</p>
        <p>A different analysis regarding Central and Eastern Europe has also shown an increased prevalence of hyperuricemia in hypertensive patients with at least one quarter of the studied population having increased levels of serum uric acid. In the covariate analysis with cardionephrometabolic variables, of the 3,206 patients from the BP-CARE study, the only significant relationship between serum uric acid levels was found to be with chronic kidney disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref></p>
        <p>There are also several other studies that show a link between the levels of SUA and other metabolic parameters, such as LDL-cholesterol, showing a relationship between these two as regards the risk of developing hypertensions in the latter stages of life.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> In the elderly, there are other studies that support the finding that SUA is often found in metabolic syndrome, such as the report from the authors of Brisighella Heart Study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> In our analysis, a significant difference was found between the elderly versus adult patients, with elderly patients being more obese and having a higher IMT.</p>
        <p>Whether the serum uric acid has a minor effect on vessel rigidity, acts synergistically with other risk factor, or has no effect at all is still a debate that needs to be answered, but hyperuricemia should be treated nonetheless.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Our study is the first of its kind that provides specific data of HT and SUA values focused on Romanian elderly patients. Although it is increasingly recognized that biological rather than chronological age is important, HT treatment and control in older populations must be optimized, considering individual health characteristics, since therapy reduces mortality, stroke, and heart failure. Our study serves to emphasize that increased SUA levels are associated with aging and correlations with HT are identified, regardless of the state of renal function.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn3">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was partially funded by Romanian Society of Hypertension and Servier Pharma Romanian Subsidiary through a non-restrictive research grant.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
