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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">fvbCb4fKVDZnzJbqX4Xcd3B</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001000376</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210560</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210560</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Para Quais Pacientes Infectados pelo HIV a Aspirina e as Estatinas S&#227;o Boas?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Pezel</surname>
            <given-names>Th&#233;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Paim</surname>
            <given-names>Layde R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4428-5186</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Coelho-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Ot&#225;vio R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Johns Hopkins</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Baltimore</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">USA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia, Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Johns Hopkins y, Baltimore - USA</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Paris</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital Lariboisiere</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Paris</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="FR">Fran&#231;a</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Universidade de Paris, Hospital Lariboisiere, Inserm, UMRS 942, Paris - Fran&#231;a</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Disciplina de Cardiologia, Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas&#8211; Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, S&#227;o Paulo - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ot&#225;vio Rizzi Coelho-Filho &#8226;</bold> Disciplina de Cardiologia, Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP - Rua Vital Brasil, 251. CEP <postal-code>13083-888</postal-code>, Cidade Universit&#225;ria &#8220;Zeferino Vaz&#8221;, Campinas, SP - Brasil. Email: <email>orcfilho@unicamp.br</email>, <email>tavicocoelho@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>376</fpage>
      <lpage>377</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>HIV</kwd>
        <kwd>HIV/infec&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Anti Agentes HIV/uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Aspirina</kwd>
        <kwd>Estatinas</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Endot&#233;lio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="7"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Embora os avan&#231;os no tratamento antirretroviral revolucionaram o progn&#243;stico dos pacientes infectados pelo v&#237;rus da imunodefici&#234;ncia humana (HIV), as complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares continuam a principal causa de morte nesses pacientes, principalmente devido a um aumento no risco cardiovascular em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o geral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Programas de preven&#231;&#227;o a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares t&#234;m enfatizado a import&#226;ncia do controle de fatores de risco tradicionais nas estrat&#233;gias de avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco. No entanto, indiv&#237;duos infectados pelo HIV t&#234;m um risco cardiovascular residual para eventos cardiovasculares que pode justificar um tratamento preventivo adicional. De fato, em compara&#231;&#227;o a indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o infectados pelo HIV, os n&#237;veis de inflama&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o mais altos em pacientes infectados pelo HIV, mesmo aqueles com controle viral, e essa inflama&#231;&#227;o &#233; um fator importante na g&#234;nese da aterosclerose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Assim, estrat&#233;gias de preven&#231;&#227;o a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares com foco em pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o pelo HIV s&#227;o necess&#225;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> No arsenal terap&#234;utico da preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, a aspirina e as estatinas s&#227;o os pilares do manejo de pacientes infectados por HIV. Ambos os medicamentos possuem efeitos pleiotr&#243;picos, incluindo efeitos imunomodulat&#243;rios, antiplaquet&#225;rios, e anti-inflamat&#243;rios que melhoram a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e previnem a progress&#227;o do espessamento da car&#243;tida desses pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Contudo, a prescri&#231;&#227;o de aspirina e estatinas entre pacientes infectados por HIV continua aqu&#233;m do desejado, j&#225; que somente 50% dos pacientes s&#227;o tratados adequadamente. Apesar de v&#225;rios estudos terem investigado os efeitos de estatinas e da aspirina na redu&#231;&#227;o da inflama&#231;&#227;o, os resultados desses estudos s&#227;o contradit&#243;rios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref></p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Santos Jr. et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> relatam o efeito do uso de uma combina&#231;&#227;o de atorvastatina e aspirina por seis meses quanto &#224; melhoria da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e ao espessamento da car&#243;tida em uma coorte de 38 pacientes com carga viral controlada. A melhora na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial foi avaliada pelo m&#233;todo de dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo. Os autores mostraram uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre a resposta ao tratamento e idade; uma maior resposta foi observada em indiv&#237;duos com idade maior a 40 anos. Esse resultado pode ser explicado pelo fato de que, provavelmente, indiv&#237;duos mais velhos t&#234;m uma maior exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o causada pelo HIV. V&#225;rios estudos j&#225; demonstraram que esses mesmos pacientes tamb&#233;m possuem um risco cardiovascular mais elevado devido &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica. Portanto, este estudo corrobora a prescri&#231;&#227;o de uma combina&#231;&#227;o de atorvastatina e aspirina para a preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de eventos cardiovasculares em pacientes infectados pelo HIV, particularmente para aqueles com idade maior que 40 anos de idade. Al&#233;m disso, alguns dos achados desse estudo sugerem que as mulheres soropositivas para o HIV podem apresentar uma melhor resposta a essa combina&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos que os homens. Considerando que a terapia tripla atualmente utilizada tem um efeito significativo sobre a inflama&#231;&#227;o, um mecanismo intrinsicamente ligado &#224; progress&#227;o da aterosclerose poderia explicar a maior reposta em mulheres que em homens.</p>
    <p>O estudo de Santos Jr. et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> serve como base para entender os fatores que influenciam na melhoria da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em pacientes infectados pelo HIV recebendo atorvastatina e aspirina. Desses fatores, a idade mais avan&#231;ada parece ser um dos mais importantes. Os resultados s&#227;o motivadores, ao sugerirem que a combina&#231;&#227;o de aspirina e estatinas reduz efetivamente ou mesmo reverte alguns dos efeitos delet&#233;rios induzidos pelo HIV. Estudos similares envolvendo um grande n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar a hip&#243;tese dos autores e corroborar o uso precoce da combina&#231;&#227;o de atorvastatina com aspirina em pacientes infectados pelo HIV acima de 40 anos de idade, mesmo naqueles em baixo risco cardiovascular, para a preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Este estudo fornece contribui&#231;&#227;o para a evid&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica dos efeitos positivos de aspirina e estatinas, usadas em combina&#231;&#227;o com terapia antiretroviral em paciente com HIV, ap&#243;s devida considera&#231;&#227;o das poss&#237;veis intera&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas. Os resultados apresentados por Santos Jr et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> apresentam uma base fascinante para essas considera&#231;&#245;es; no entanto, &#233; necess&#225;rio destacar algumas limita&#231;&#245;es importantes do estudo. Primeiramente, o estudo n&#227;o foi um ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado, e a exposi&#231;&#227;o a estatinas foi relativamente curta em compara&#231;&#227;o a outros estudos. Al&#233;m disso, o estudo incluiu uma coorte de pacientes com HIV com um perfil de baixo risco cardiovascula, e baixo grau de inflama&#231;&#227;o, confirmado pelos baixos n&#237;veis de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios. Assim, &#233; importante considerar que o impacto de aspirina e estatinas sobre a remodela&#231;&#227;o vascular de pacientes infectados pelo HIV com esse perfil cl&#237;nico pode n&#227;o ser relevante.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: O Efeito da Atorvastatina + Aspirina na Fun&#231;&#227;o Endotelial Difere com a Idade em Pacientes com HIV: Um Estudo de Caso-Controle</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>For which HIV Patients Aspirin and Statins are Good?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Pezel</surname>
            <given-names>Th&#233;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Paim</surname>
            <given-names>Layde R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4428-5186</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Coelho-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Ot&#225;vio R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Baltimore</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">USA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia, Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Johns Hopkins y, Baltimore - USA</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Paris</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="FR">France</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Universidade de Paris, Hospital Lariboisiere, Inserm, UMRS 942, Paris - France</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Disciplina de Cardiologia, Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas&#8211; Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, S&#227;o Paulo - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Ot&#225;vio Rizzi Coelho-Filho &#8226;</bold> Disciplina de Cardiologia, Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP - Rua Vital Brasil. 251. Postal Code <postal-code>13083-888</postal-code>, Cidade Universit&#225;ria &#8220;Zeferino Vaz&#8221;, Campinas, SP - Brazil. Email: <email>orcfilho@unicamp.br</email>, <email>tavicocoelho@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>HIV</kwd>
        <kwd>HIV/infection</kwd>
        <kwd>Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality; Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Aspirin</kwd>
        <kwd>Statins</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Endothelium</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>While advances in antiretroviral treatment have revolutionized the prognosis of human immunodeficiency (HIV)-infected patients, cardiovascular complications remain the leading cause of death in these patients mainly due to an increased cardiovascular risk compared to the general population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Cardiovascular prevention programs have highlighted the importance of controlling traditional risk factors in risk evaluation strategies. However, HIV-infected individuals at low cardiovascular risk have a considerable residual cardiovascular risk for events that may justify additional preventive treatment. Indeed, compared with non-HIV-infected individuals, inflammation levels are higher in HIV-infected patients, even those with viral control, and this inflammation is an important factor in the genesis of atherosclerosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Therefore, effective cardiovascular prevention strategies targeting HIV population are needed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> In the therapeutic arsenal of cardiovascular prevention, aspirin and statins are the cornerstones of the management of HIV-infected patients. Both drugs have pleiotropic effects, including immunomodulatory, anti-thrombogenic, and anti-inflammatory effects, that improve endothelial function and prevent the progression of carotid thickening in these patients. However, the prescription of aspirin and statins in HIV-infected patients remains largely suboptimal, with only 50% of patients adequately treated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Although several studies have investigated the effects of statins and aspirin in decreasing inflammation, the results of these studies are contradictory.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref></p>
      <p>In this issue of the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, Santos Jr et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> report the effect of the use of a combination of atorvastatin and aspirin for six months regarding the endothelial function improvement and carotid thickness in a cohort of 38 patients with HIV infection with viral control. Improvement in endothelial function was assessed using the brachial artery flow-mediated dilation. The authors have shown a relationship between treatment response and age; a stronger response was observed in individuals older than 40 years. This result may be explained by the fact that probably older individuals had a longer exposure to inflammation caused by HIV. Several studies have shown that these same patients also have a higher cardiovascular risk due to chronic inflammation. Therefore, this study supports the prescription of a combination of atorvastatin and aspirin for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events in HIV-infected patients, particularly for those over 40 years of age. In addition, some of the findings of this study suggest that HIV-positive women may have a better response to this drug combination than men. Considering that the currently used triple therapy has a significant effect on inflammation, a mechanism intrinsically linked to the progression of atherosclerosis could explain the greater response in women than in men.</p>
      <p>The work by Santos Jr et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> is a basis for understanding the factors influencing the improvement of endothelial function in HIV-infected patients receiving atorvastatin and aspirin. Of these factors, older age appears to be one of the most important. Encouragingly, the results suggest that the combination of aspirin and statins effectively reduces or even reverses some of the deleterious effects induced by HIV. Similar studies involving a larger number of individuals are needed to confirm the authors&#8217; hypothesis and to the early use of the combination of atorvastatin and aspirin in HIV-infected patients over 40 years of age, even in those at low cardiovascular risk, for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. This study adds to the clinical evidence on positive effects of aspirin and statins in combination with antiretroviral therapy in HIV patients, after due consideration of possible drug interactions. The results presented by Santos Jr et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> provide a fascinating basis for these considerations; however, it is essential to highlight some important limitations of the study. First, the study was not a randomized clinical trial and the exposure to statins was relatively short compared to other studies. In addition, it included a cohort of patients with HIV with a low cardiovascular risk profile and low inflammation as confirmed by the low levels of inflammatory markers. Importantly, the impact of aspirin and statins on vascular remodeling of HIV patients with this clinical profile may not be relevant.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: The Effect of Atorvastatin + Aspirin on the Endothelial Function Differs with Age in Patients with HIV: A Case Control Study</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
