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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">tX9hBQqFGwHnvPcG8zKnBnt</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021005009201</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001000365</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20190844</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190844</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Efeito da Atorvastatina + Aspirina na Fun&#231;&#227;o Endotelial Difere com a Idade em Pacientes com HIV: Um Estudo de Caso-Controle</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5716-6544</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Gerson Gomes dos</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo S&#233;rgio Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Kaliene Maria Estev&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2926-5320</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Godoi</surname>
            <given-names>Emmanuelle Ten&#243;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vasconcelos</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Ferraz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9872-7571</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lacerda</surname>
            <given-names>Heloisa Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina Tropical, Recife, PE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Alagoas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Alagoas - Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas, Macei&#243;, AL - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Pesquisa Aggeu Magalh&#227;es</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Pesquisa Aggeu Magalh&#227;es, Recife, PE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - Medicina Cl&#237;nica, Recife, PE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Gerson Gomes dos Santos Junior &#8226; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina Tropical - Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235. CEP 50670-901, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>gergomes@yahoo.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Santos Junior GG, Ara&#250;jo PSR, Lacerda HR, Godoi ET, Vasconcelos AF; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Santos Junior GG, Leite KME, Godoi ET, Vasconcelos AF; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Santos Junior GG, Lacerda HR; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Santos Junior GG; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Lacerda HR; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Ara&#250;jo PSR, Lacerda HR, Godoi ET, Vasconcelos AF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>365</fpage>
      <lpage>375</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Pacientes com HIV t&#234;m maior probabilidade de apresentar doen&#231;as cardiovasculares quando comparados &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o em geral.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Este foi um estudo de caso-controle que teve como objetivo avaliar quais fatores estavam associados a uma redu&#231;&#227;o na espessura m&#233;dio-intimal da car&#243;tida (IMT) da car&#243;tida e ao aumento na dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo (DMF) da art&#233;ria braquial em pacientes com HIV que receberam atorvastatina + aspirina por um per&#237;odo de 6 meses.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Foi realizada uma an&#225;lise secund&#225;ria de um ensaio cl&#237;nico, que incluiu pessoas vivendo com HIV e baixo risco cardiovascular. Um total de 38 pacientes alocados para o bra&#231;o de interven&#231;&#227;o e tratados por 6 meses com uma combina&#231;&#227;o de atorvastatina + aspirina foram inclu&#237;dos. Todos os participantes foram submetidos a ultrassonografia da car&#243;tida e da art&#233;ria braquial, tanto no in&#237;cio quanto no final do estudo. Os casos que responderam com aumento &gt;10% da dilata&#231;&#227;o braquial (DMF) e redu&#231;&#227;o da espessura m&#233;dio-intimal da car&#243;tida (IMT) foram considerados casos, e aqueles que n&#227;o responderam foram considerados controles. Avaliamos os fatores associados &#224;s respostas positivas obtidas atrav&#233;s da IMT e DMF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A redu&#231;&#227;o do IMT n&#227;o se associou significativamente a nenhum dos fatores de risco avaliados: idade (p = 0,211), sexo (p = 0,260), tabagismo (p = 0,131) ou tempo de diagn&#243;stico do HIV (p = 0,836). Um aumento na DMF foi significativamente associado com a idade entre aqueles na faixa et&#225;ria de 40-59 anos, p = 0,015 (OR = 4,37; IC 95%: 1,07-17,79).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Os indiv&#237;duos mais velhos foram mais propensos a apresentar um aumento na DMF ap&#243;s 6 meses de tratamento com atorvastatina + aspirina.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>HIV</kwd>
        <kwd>Art&#233;rias Car&#243;tidas/ultrassonografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Intima - M&#233;dia Carot&#237;dea</kwd>
        <kwd>Art&#233;ria Braquial</kwd>
        <kwd>Atorvastatina</kwd>
        <kwd>Aspirina</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Endot&#233;lio Vascular/fisiopatologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="33"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A expectativa e a qualidade de vida das pessoas infectadas pelo HIV aumentaram significativamente nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas. Isso se deve ao grande sucesso da terapia antirretroviral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Atualmente, viver com o v&#237;rus tornou-se uma condi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica, que imp&#245;e o desafio de manter a supress&#227;o viral associada ao manejo de comorbidades relacionadas &#224; idade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Um aumento substancial de &#243;bitos n&#227;o relacionados &#224; AIDS, como aqueles relacionados &#224;s doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, t&#234;m sido relatados<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> e s&#227;o mais prevalentes nesses indiv&#237;duos, quando comparados &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o em geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Um marcador precoce da aterosclerose &#233; a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e prevenir essa disfun&#231;&#227;o pode ser uma alternativa para evitar futuros eventos cardiovasculares. A aspirina e, mais recentemente, as estatinas t&#234;m demonstrado efeitos pleiotr&#243;picos, tais como: efeitos imunomoduladores, antitrombog&#234;nicos e anti-inflamat&#243;rios. Tais medicamentos podem ser uma alternativa para a preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria desses eventos em pessoas vivendo com HIV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos observacionais e de interven&#231;&#227;o avaliaram os efeitos das estatinas na melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e na progress&#227;o da espessura da car&#243;tida em indiv&#237;duos com e sem HIV. Esses estudos utilizaram t&#233;cnicas de ultrassom n&#227;o-invasivas, como a dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo (DMF), que mede o fluxo mediado da art&#233;ria braquial, e a espessura m&#233;dio-intimal da car&#243;tida (IMT, do ingl&#234;s <italic>intima-medial thickening</italic> ) e relataram resultados conflitantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Para contribuir com essa discuss&#227;o, nosso estudo tem como objetivo avaliar os fatores associados &#224; melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e espessura da car&#243;tida medida por DMF e IMT em indiv&#237;duos com HIV, com carga viral sob controle, que foram tratados com uma combina&#231;&#227;o de atorvastatina + aspirina por um per&#237;odo de 6 meses.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Esta foi uma an&#225;lise secund&#225;ria de um ensaio cl&#237;nico ainda n&#227;o publicado,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> no qual foram avaliados 80 participantes que apresentavam baixo risco cardiovascular, medido pelo Escore de Risco Framingham (ERF) e carga viral indetect&#225;vel.</p>
      <p>O estudo foi planejado para 6 meses, utilizando regimes de tratamento com 2 inibidores de transcriptase reversa de nucleos&#237;deos e 1 inibidor n&#227;o nucleos&#237;deo, que foram randomizados em grupos de interven&#231;&#227;o e placebo. Trinta e oito participantes foram alocados para o grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o e tratados por 6 meses com uma combina&#231;&#227;o de 20mg de atorvastatina + 100mg de aspirina, e 42 receberam placebo. O estudo avaliou a efic&#225;cia da combina&#231;&#227;o de drogas atrav&#233;s de medidas ultrassonogr&#225;ficas do aumento da dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria braquial (DMF), espessura carot&#237;dea (IMT) reduzido e marcadores inflamat&#243;rios (PCR ultrassens&#237;vel, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, IL-1, IL -6, TNF-&#945;) e nenhuma diferen&#231;a foi encontrada entre o grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o e o grupo placebo.</p>
      <p>No estudo de caso-controle apresentado aqui, foram inclu&#237;dos 38 indiv&#237;duos do grupo interven&#231;&#227;o do referido ensaio cl&#237;nico. O objetivo foi avaliar subgrupos que poderiam se beneficiar do uso de atorvastatina 20mg e aspirina 100mg na redu&#231;&#227;o da aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica e das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
      <p>Na primeira parte do estudo de caso-controle, um total de 38 indiv&#237;duos foram divididos em 24 casos, que foram aqueles que tiveram uma resposta favor&#225;vel na DMF (&#8805;10% de dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria braquial de acordo com o m&#233;todo descrito por Regattieri et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> e 14 pacientes considerados controles, por n&#227;o terem apresentado resposta na DMF.</p>
      <p>Na segunda parte do estudo de caso-controle, os 38 indiv&#237;duos foram divididos em 29 casos, que eram os indiv&#237;duos que apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o no IMT carot&#237;dea, e 9 controles que n&#227;o apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o no IMT carot&#237;dea.</p>
      <p>Todos os indiv&#237;duos assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, sob n&#250;mero 13097213.2.0000.5208. O ensaio cl&#237;nico foi registrado na <italic>International Clinical Trials Registry Platform</italic> (RBR-bjm4) e conduzido no Ambulat&#243;rio de Doen&#231;as Infecciosas / Parasit&#225;rias do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco / Recife, Brasil.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Medidas vasculares</title>
        <p>Foi utilizado um aparelho de ultrassom General Electric<sup>&#174;</sup>(GE) LOGIQe BT12 DICOM 3.0 AUTO IMT, com transdutor GE 9-L RS Linear, trabalhando na frequ&#234;ncia de 7-10 MHz. As medidas foram realizadas de acordo com t&#233;cnicas padronizadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>DMF: o di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria braquial foi medido em repouso e ap&#243;s est&#237;mulo. Para estimular a art&#233;ria braquial, um esfigmoman&#244;metro Becton Dickinson<sup>&#174;</sup> colocado no bra&#231;o foi inflado a 30 mmHg acima da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica por 5 minutos e depois liberado. Um minuto ap&#243;s a libera&#231;&#227;o do clampeamento, o di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria foi medido novamente. A dilata&#231;&#227;o normal foi considerada &gt;10% - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">2</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Medida da art&#233;ria braquial esquerda antes do est&#237;mulo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-02-0365-90844-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Medida da art&#233;ria braquial esquerda ap&#243;s o est&#237;mulo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-02-0365-90844-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>IMT: A espessura m&#233;dio-intimal da car&#243;tida comum em uma &#225;rea livre de placas foi considerada uma medida de refer&#234;ncia. Foi avaliado nos cortes longitudinal e transversal, do segmento proximal &#224; bifurca&#231;&#227;o e nas car&#243;tidas interna e externa. O IMT foi medido na parede posterior da car&#243;tida comum em uma &#225;rea livre de placas. A placa carot&#237;dea foi definida como uma estrutura focal estendendo-se por um m&#237;nimo de 0,5 mm at&#233; o l&#250;men do vaso e / ou medindo mais de 50% do valor do IMT adjacente e / ou uma medida de IMT maior que 1,5 mm<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Medida da espessura m&#233;dio-intimal da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida direita.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-02-0365-90844-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados foram analisados descritivamente pelas estat&#237;sticas: m&#233;dia, desvio padr&#227;o (m&#233;dia &#177; DP) ou mediana e intervalo interquartil (IIQ) para as vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas e frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e percentuais para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e foram analisados inferencialmente atrav&#233;s de testes estat&#237;sticos. Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre duas categorias, foram utilizados os seguintes testes: teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o-pareado com vari&#226;ncias iguais ou teste de Mann-Whitney para as vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas e teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson ou Exato de Fisher para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. O teste <italic>t</italic> de Student foi utilizado com vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e o teste de Mann-Whitney com vari&#225;veis que apresentavam distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-normal. O teste Exato de Fisher foi utilizado nos casos em que n&#227;o foi verificada a condi&#231;&#227;o de uso do teste Qui-quadrado. A verifica&#231;&#227;o da normalidade dos dados foi realizada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk e a hip&#243;tese de igualdade de vari&#226;ncias foi verificada pelo teste F de Levene. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotado foi de 5% e os intervalos de confian&#231;a foram de 95,0%.</p>
        <p>Os dados foram digitados em planilha EXCEL e o programa IBM-SPSS, vers&#227;o 23, foi utilizado para a realiza&#231;&#227;o dos c&#225;lculos estat&#237;sticos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas dos 38 sujeitos inclu&#237;dos no estudo est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> . Os resultados demonstraram: m&#233;dia de idade (42,6 anos), tempo de diagn&#243;stico (mediana de 6,5 anos), tempo de terapia antirretroviral (mediana de 6,0 anos). Caracter&#237;sticas da amostra: sexo masculino (52,6%), hipertensos (7,9%), diab&#233;ticos (5,3%), tabagistas (15,8%). Algumas caracter&#237;sticas foram descritas por subgrupo, como idade (21-39 e 40-59 anos), etnia (branca, preta e parda) e estado nutricional (peso normal, sobrepeso e obesidade).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas dos 38 participantes do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>TOTAL</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Grupo Total:</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>38 (100,0)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold>Idade:</bold> M&#233;dia &#177; DP (Mediana)</td>
                <td align="center">42,6 &#177; 8,8 (43,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold>Faixa et&#225;ria:</bold> n (%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>21 a 39</td>
                <td align="center">16 (42)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>40 a 59</td>
                <td align="center">22 (58)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold>Sexo:</bold> n (%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">20 (52,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">18 (47,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold>Etnia:</bold> n (%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Branca</td>
                <td align="center">15 (39,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Preta</td>
                <td align="center">4 (10,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Parda</td>
                <td align="center">19 (50)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold>N&#237;vel de escolaridade:</bold> n (%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fundamental</td>
                <td align="center">13 (34,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>M&#233;dio</td>
                <td align="center">18 (47,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Superior</td>
                <td align="center">7 (18,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold>IMC:</bold> Mediana (P25;IIQ;P75)</td>
                <td align="center">24,2 (21,6; 6,6; 28,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold>Estado Nutricional:</bold> n (%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Peso normal</td>
                <td align="center">23 (60,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sobrepeso</td>
                <td align="center">8 (21,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesidade</td>
                <td align="center">7 (18,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold>PAS:</bold> Mediana (P25;IIQ;P75)</td>
                <td align="center">120,00 (110,0; 10,0; 120,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold>PAD:</bold> Mediana (P25;IIQ;P75)</td>
                <td align="center">80,00 (70,0; 10,0; 80,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HAS: n (%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">3 (7,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">35 (92,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold>Hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a cardiovascular:</bold> n (%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">12 (31,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">26 (68,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold>DM:</bold> n (%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">36 (94,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold>Fumante:</bold> n (%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">6 (15,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">32 (84,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold>Tempo desde o diagn&#243;stico:</bold> Mediana (P25;IIQ;P75)</td>
                <td align="center">6,50 (4,0; 8,0; 12,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold>Tempo desde o diagn&#243;stico:</bold> n (%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>At&#233; 1 ano</td>
                <td align="center">4 (10,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2 a 5 anos</td>
                <td align="center">12 (31,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Continua&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>6 a 10 anos</td>
                <td align="center">12 (31,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Acima de 10 anos</td>
                <td align="center">10 (26,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold>Tempo recebendo TARV:</bold> Mediana (P25;IIQ;P75)</td>
                <td align="center">6,00 (2,0; 7,8; 9,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>At&#233; 1 ano: n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (13,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2 a 5 anos</td>
                <td align="center">13 (34,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>6 a 10 anos</td>
                <td align="center">11 (28,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Acima de 10 anos</td>
                <td align="center">9 (23,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold>Nadir de c&#233;lulas T CD4:</bold> M&#233;dia &#177; DP (Mediana)</td>
                <td align="center">362,3 &#177; 239,5 (340,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold>CD4:</bold> M&#233;dia &#177; DP (Mediana)</td>
                <td align="center">724,0 &#177; 354,7 (659,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold>Regime:</bold> n (%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AZT+ 3 TC + EFV</td>
                <td align="center">21 (55,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TDF + 3TC + EFV</td>
                <td align="center">13 (34,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AZT + 3TC + NEV</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NEV + 3TC + TDF</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5,26)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AZT + DDI + EFV</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,6)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dias, desvio padr&#227;o (DP), medianas, intervalo interquartil (IIQ), percentil (P) ou n (%) de indiv&#237;duos. IMC:&#237;ndice de massa corporal; DM: diabetes mellitus; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; TARV: terapia antirretroviral; AZT: zidovudina; DDI: didanosina; EFV: efavirenz; 3-TC: lamivudina; NVP: nevirapina; TDF: tenofovir.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Fatores associados &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo (DMF) da art&#233;ria braquial</title>
        <p>Uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa foi obtida para a m&#233;dia de idade (p = 0,015). Quando avaliadas as faixas et&#225;rias (21-39 anos e 40-59 anos), a signific&#226;ncia foi mantida (p = 0,034). Ao avaliar a faixa et&#225;ria mais avan&#231;ada, observou-se que houve excelente resposta &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria braquial ( <italic>OR</italic> = 4,37, IC 95%: 1,07 - 17,79), em compara&#231;&#227;o com a obtida no grupo de 21 a 39 anos.</p>
        <p>Quando avaliamos o desfecho em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo, obteve-se um resultado lim&#237;trofe (p = 0,076, com <italic>OR</italic> = 3,5 (IC 95%: 0,85-14,41) para o sexo feminino. Os demais fatores de risco avaliados n&#227;o apresentaram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS, p = 0,542); diabetes mellitus (DM; p = 1,00); tabagismo (p = 0,383), como mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fatores associados a uma resposta favor&#225;vel &#224; DMF em 38 pacientes em uso de atorvastatina + aspirina, com baixo risco cardiovascular e carga viral indetect&#225;vel</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">DMF</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th>Resposta favor&#225;vel (Casos)</th>
                  <th>Sem resposta (Controles)</th>
                  <th>p-valor</th>
                  <th><italic>OR</italic> (IC of 95%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Grupo Total:</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (63,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (36,8)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Idade:</bold> M&#233;dia &#177; DP (Mediana)</td>
                  <td align="center">45,3 &#177; 8,8 (46,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">38,1 &#177; 7,2 (36,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">p<sup>(3)</sup> = 0,015*</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Faixa et&#225;ria:</bold> n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">p<sup>(2)</sup> = 0,034*</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>21 a 39 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (43,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (56,3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>40 a 59 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (77,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (22,7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">4,37 (1,07-17,79)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Sexo:</bold> n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">p<sup>(2)</sup> = 0,076</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (50,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (50,0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (77,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (22,2)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">3,50 (0,85-14,41)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Etnia:</bold> n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">p<sup>(2)</sup> = 0,744</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Branca</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (60,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (40,0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o-branca</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (65,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (34,8)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1,25 (0,33-4,79)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>N&#237;vel de escolaridade:</bold> n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">p<sup>(4)</sup> = 0,157</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fundamental</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (84,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (15,4)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>M&#233;dio</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (50,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (50,0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Superior</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (57,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (42,9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>IMC:</bold> M&#233;dia &#177; DP (Mediana)</td>
                  <td align="center">24,6 &#177; 4,9 (23,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">26,5 &#177; 4,6 (24,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">p<sup>(3)</sup> = 0,250</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Estado nutricional:</bold> n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">p<sup>(4)</sup> = 0,574</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peso normal</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (69,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (30,4)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1,71 (0,30-9,77)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sobrepeso</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (50,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (50,0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,75 (0,10-5,77)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesidade</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (57,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (42,9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>PAS:</bold> Mediana (P25;IIQ;P75)</td>
                  <td align="center">120,0 (110,0;17,5; 127,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">120,0(110,0;10,0;120,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">p<sup>(1)</sup> = 0,747</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>PAD:</bold> Mediana (P25;IIQ;P75)</td>
                  <td align="center">80,00 (70,0; 10,0; 80,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">80,00 (70,0; 12,5; 82,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">p<sup>(1)</sup> = 0,767</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>HAS:</bold> n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">p<sup>(4)</sup> = 0,542</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (33,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (66,7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (65,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (34,3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a cardiovascular:</bold> n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">p<sup>(4)</sup> = 1,000</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (66,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (33,3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1,25 (0,30-5,26)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (61,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (38,5)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>DM:</bold> n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">p<sup>(4)</sup> = 1,000</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (50,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (50,0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (63,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (36,1)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Fumante:</bold> n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">p<sup>(4)</sup> = 0,383</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (83,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (16,7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (59,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (40,6)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Tempo desde o diagn&#243;stico:</bold> M&#233;dia &#177; DP (Mediana)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,3 &#177; 4,8 (8,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,4 &#177; 5,3 (4,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">p<sup>(3)</sup> = 0,264</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Tempo desde o diagn&#243;stico:</bold> n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">p<sup>(2)</sup> = 0,152</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>At&#233; 5 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (50,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (50,0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6 ou mais anos</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (72,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (27,3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">2,67 (0,69-10,36)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Tempo recebendo TARV:</bold> Mediana (P25;IIQ;P75)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,50 (3,0; 8,3; 11,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,50 (1,8; 7,2; 9,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">p<sup>(1)</sup> = 0,149</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Continua&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Tempo recebendo TARV:</bold> n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">p<sup>(2)</sup> = 0,111</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>At&#233; 5 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (50,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (50,0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6 ou mais anos</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (75,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (25,0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">3,00 (0,76-11,81)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Nadir de c&#233;lulas T CD4:</bold> M&#233;dia &#177; DP (Mediana)</td>
                  <td align="center">373,8 &#177; 247,8 (332,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">342,6 &#177; 232,3 (354,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">p<sup>(3)</sup> = 0,704</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>CD4:</bold> M&#233;dia &#177; DP (Mediana)</td>
                  <td align="center">754,3 &#177; 391,5 (659,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">672,1 &#177; 286,8 (677,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">p<sup>(3)</sup> = 0,499</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Regime:</bold> n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">p<sup>(4)</sup> = 0,724</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AZT + 3TC + EFV</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (61,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (38,1)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TDF + 3TC + EFV</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (69,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (30,8)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AZT + 3TC + NEV</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (100,0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NEV + 3TC + TDF</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (50,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (50,0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AZT + DDI + EFV</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (100,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">**</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dias, desvio padr&#227;o (DP), medianas, intervalo interquartil (IIQ), percentil (P) ou n (%) de indiv&#237;duos. (*) Diferen&#231;a significativa ao n&#237;vel de 5,0%. (**) N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel determinar devido &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de frequ&#234;ncias nulas e muito baixas. (1) Usando o teste de Mann-Whitney. (2) Usando o teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson. (3) Usando o teste t de Student com vari&#226;ncias iguais. (4) Usando o teste exato de Fisher. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; DM: diabetes mellitus; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; TARV: terapia antirretroviral; AZT: zidovudina; DDI: didanosina; EFV: efavirenz; 3-TC: lamivudina; NVP: nevirapina; TDF: tenofovir.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fatores associados &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da espessura m&#233;dio-intimal (IMT) da car&#243;tida</title>
        <p>N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas para nenhuma das vari&#225;veis avaliadas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da espessura m&#233;dio-intimal da car&#243;tida: idade (p = 0,706); sexo (p = 0,260), HAS e DM (p = 1,00); tabagismo (p = 0,131), IMC (p = 0,945), como mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fatores associados &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da IMT da car&#243;tida em 38 pacientes em uso de atorvastatina + aspirina, com baixo risco cardiovascular e carga viral indetect&#225;vel</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">IMT</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th>Redu&#231;&#227;o (Casos)</th>
                  <th>Sem redu&#231;&#227;o (Controles)</th>
                  <th>p-valor</th>
                  <th><italic>OR</italic> (IC of 95%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Grupo Total:</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (76,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (23,7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Idade:</bold> M&#233;dia&#177; DP (Mediana)</td>
                  <td align="center">41,6 &#177; 8,9 (43,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">45,9 &#177; 8,0 (46,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">p<sup>(1)</sup> = 0,211</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Faixa et&#225;ria:</bold> n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">p<sup>(2)</sup> = 0,706</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>21 a 39 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (81,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (18,8)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1,63 (0,34-7,79)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>40 a 59 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (72,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (27,3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Sexo:</bold> n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">p<sup>(2)</sup> = 0,260</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (85,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (15,0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">2,83 (0,59-13,63)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (66,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (33,3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Etnia:</bold> n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">p<sup>(2)</sup> = 1,000</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Branca</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (73,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (26,7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o-branca</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (78,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (21,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">,</td>
                  <td align="center">1,31 (0,29-5,95)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>N&#237;vel de escolaridade:</bold> n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">p<sup>(2)</sup> = 0,782</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fundamental</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (69,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (30,8)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>M&#233;dio</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (77,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (22,2)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Superior</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (85,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (14,3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>IMC:</bold> Mediana (P25;IIQ;P75)</td>
                  <td align="center">24,20 (21,7; 5,9; 27,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">23,18 (21,4; 9,3; 30,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">p<sup>(3)</sup> = 0,945</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Estado Nutricional:</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">p<sup>(2)</sup> = 0,757</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peso normal</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (73,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (26,1)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sobrepeso</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (87,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (12,5)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesidade</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (71,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (28,6)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>PAS:</bold> Mediana (P25;IIQ;P75)</td>
                  <td align="center">120,00 (110,0;10,0; 120,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">120,00 (110,0; 30,0; 140,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">p<sup>(3)</sup> = 0,272</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>PAD:</bold> Mediana (P25;IIQ;P75)</td>
                  <td align="center">80,00 (70,0; 10,0; 80,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">80,00 (70,0; 15,0; 85,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">p<sup>(3)</sup> = 0,653</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Continua&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HAS: n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">p<sup>(2)</sup> = 1,000</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (100,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (74,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (25,7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a cardiovascular:</bold> n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">p<sup>(2)</sup> = 0,423</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (66,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (33,3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (80,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (19,2)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">2,10 (0,45-9,86)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DM: n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">p<sup>(2)</sup> = 1,000</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (100,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (75,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (25,0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Fumante:</bold> n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">p<sup>(2)</sup> = 0,131</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (50,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (50,0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (81,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (18,8)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">4,33 (0,70- 27,01)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Tempo desde o diagn&#243;stico:</bold> Mediana (P25;IIQ;P75)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,00 (4,0; 8,0; 12,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,00 (3,5; 7,5; 11,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">p<sup>(3)</sup> = 0,836</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Tempo desde o diagn&#243;stico:</bold> n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">p<sup>(2)</sup> = 0,706</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>At&#233; 5 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (81,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (18,7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1,63 (0,34-7,79)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6 ou mais anos</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (72,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (27,3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Tempo recebendo TARV:</bold> Mediana (P25;IIQ;P75)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,00 (2,5; 9,5; 12,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,00 (2,0; 6,5; 8,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">p<sup>(3)</sup> = 0,593</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Tempo recebendo TARV:</bold> n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">p<sup>(2)</sup> = 1,000</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>At&#233; 5 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (77,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (22,2)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1,17 (0,26-5,24)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6 ou mais anos</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (75,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (25,0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Nadir de c&#233;lulas T CD4:</bold> M&#233;dia&#177; DP (Mediana)</td>
                  <td align="center">350,2 &#177; 236,9 (315,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">401,3 &#177; 258,2 (401,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">p<sup>(1)</sup> = 0,583</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>CD4:</bold> M&#233;dia &#177; DP (Mediana)</td>
                  <td align="center">750,8 &#177; 375,6 (677,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">637,5 &#177; 277,7 (574,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">p<sup>(1)</sup> = 0,410</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Regime:</bold> n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">p<sup>(2)</sup> = 1,000</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AZT+3TC + EFV</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (71,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (28,6)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TDF + 3TC + EFV</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (76,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (23,1)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AZT+3TC + NEV</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (100,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NEV + 3TC + TDF</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (100,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AZT + DDI + EFV</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (100,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">**</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dias, desvio padr&#227;o (DP), medianas, intervalo interquartil (IIQ), percentil (P) ou n (%) de indiv&#237;duos. (**) N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel determinar devido &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de frequ&#234;ncias nulas e muito baixas. (1) Usando o teste t de Student com vari&#226;ncias iguais. (2) Usando o teste exato de Fisher. (3) Usando o teste de Mann-Whitney. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; DM: diabetes mellitus; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; TARV: terapia antirretroviral, AZT: zidovudina; DDI: didanosina; EFV: efavirenz; 3-TC: lamivudina; NVP: nevirapina; TDF: tenofovir.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nosso estudo avaliou pacientes vivendo com HIV, recebendo terapia antirretroviral e com baixo risco cardiovascular, que tomaram a combina&#231;&#227;o de atorvastatina + aspirina por um per&#237;odo de 6 meses. Realizou-se uma an&#225;lise explorat&#243;ria para avaliar os fatores associados &#224; resposta positiva ao tratamento avaliado atrav&#233;s das t&#233;cnicas vasculares de DMF e IMT.</p>
      <p>Os resultados demonstraram que indiv&#237;duos pertencentes &#224; faixa et&#225;ria mais avan&#231;ada (entre 40 e 59 anos) responderam positivamente &#224; combina&#231;&#227;o atorvastatina + aspirina, ou seja, com aumento da DMF ao final do estudo. Pode-se inferir que indiv&#237;duos mais velhos foram expostos por mais tempo &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o decorrente do HIV. Sabe-se que existem n&#237;veis mais elevados de inflama&#231;&#227;o nas pessoas com HIV do que nas n&#227;o infectadas, mesmo aquelas sob controle virol&#243;gico, e essa exposi&#231;&#227;o &#233; um fator importante na g&#234;nese da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. Esses achados s&#227;o semelhantes aos obtidos por outros autores, que verificaram que um alto n&#237;vel de replica&#231;&#227;o do v&#237;rus resulta em piora na dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria braquial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Por outro lado, quanto maior o controle viral, melhor &#233; a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Outra hip&#243;tese seria de que indiv&#237;duos em uma faixa et&#225;ria mais avan&#231;ada estariam mais sujeitos &#224;s consequ&#234;ncias do processo ateroscler&#243;tico relacionado &#224; idade e mais sens&#237;veis aos efeitos delet&#233;rios do HIV sobre o endot&#233;lio. Por sua vez, nossos achados podem sugerir que esses indiv&#237;duos mais idosos seriam mais responsivos &#224;s a&#231;&#245;es pleiotr&#243;picas e anti-inflamat&#243;rias da combina&#231;&#227;o de atorvastatina + aspirina. Nossos achados sugerem que h&#225; benef&#237;cio do uso de estatinas + aspirina como profilaxia prim&#225;ria para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em indiv&#237;duos com HIV, que deve ser avaliado de forma diferente em indiv&#237;duos de acordo com sua faixa et&#225;ria, principalmente indiv&#237;duos com 40 anos ou mais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Quando avaliamos a resposta relacionada ao sexo, obtivemos um resultado lim&#237;trofe, no qual o <italic>OR</italic> para o grupo feminino foi igual a 3,5. Embora n&#227;o tenha apresentado signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, essa resposta chamou nossa aten&#231;&#227;o, pois sugere que as mulheres podem responder melhor ao tratamento com atorvastatina + aspirina do que os homens. Estudos t&#234;m sugerido que, entre as pessoas que vivem com HIV, as mulheres apresentam n&#237;veis mais elevados de ativa&#231;&#227;o imunol&#243;gica e inflama&#231;&#227;o do que os homens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Considerando que os medicamentos atualmente em uso t&#234;m um efeito importante na redu&#231;&#227;o da inflama&#231;&#227;o, um mecanismo intrinsecamente relacionado &#224; progress&#227;o da aterosclerose, pode-se inferir que esta poderia ser a poss&#237;vel raz&#227;o para uma resposta mais evidente nas mulheres do que nos homens. Nosso estudo, entretanto, n&#227;o foi capaz de confirmar essa associa&#231;&#227;o, mas outros que avaliaram um n&#250;mero maior de indiv&#237;duos podem ter poder suficiente para alcan&#231;ar signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Estudos que associam o sexo com resposta &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial seriam necess&#225;rios.</p>
      <p>Os regimes antirretrovirais utilizados n&#227;o foram significativamente associados &#224;s respostas de DMF e IMT; entretanto, eles inclu&#237;ram apenas inibidores de transcriptase reversa an&#225;logos de nucleos&#237;deos (ITRNs) e n&#227;o-an&#225;logos. Pacientes em uso de inibidores de protease (IP) ou inibidores da integrase (INI) n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos. Sabe-se que entre os medicamentos utilizados atualmente, os IP causam mais dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos do que os demais e consequentemente predisp&#245;em a um maior risco cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Dube et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> em estudo transversal comparando indiv&#237;duos com ou sem uso de IP, n&#227;o observaram diferen&#231;a na resposta &#224; DMF. No entanto, v&#225;rios outros autores descobriram maior espessura carot&#237;dea medido pelo IMT naqueles em uso de IP em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles que n&#227;o receberam IP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fluxograma dos participantes do estudo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-02-0365-90844-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O uso de esquemas de tratamento com grupos restritos de antirretrovirais tem como objetivo homogeneizar os grupos de compara&#231;&#227;o e evitar que os medicamentos se tornem fatores de confus&#227;o quanto &#224; resposta ao uso de atorvastatina + aspirina.</p>
      <p>O tabagismo n&#227;o foi associado &#224;s respostas de DMF ou IMT. Deve-se enfatizar que a baixa preval&#234;ncia do tabagismo pode ter dificultado a avalia&#231;&#227;o do papel que o mesmo desempenhou. No entanto, deve-se ressaltar que, na avalia&#231;&#227;o do IMT, os n&#227;o fumantes apresentaram chance 4,3 vezes maior de obter redu&#231;&#227;o do IMT com atorvastatina + aspirina. Contudo, provavelmente devido ao pequeno n&#250;mero de casos, o intervalo de confian&#231;a foi alto (0,70 - 27,01) e n&#227;o houve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Um estudo recente demonstrou que o tabagismo resulta em controle viral e resposta imunol&#243;gica ruim,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> o que, como mencionado anteriormente, resulta em maior risco cardiovascular. Um estudo de coorte relacionou o tabagismo &#224; piora da progress&#227;o do espessura carot&#237;dea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Estudos com maior n&#250;mero de pacientes s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para determinar o papel dessa interven&#231;&#227;o em fumantes.</p>
      <p>Nossos achados n&#227;o revelaram uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre obesidade e resposta da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial medida pela DMF, ou progress&#227;o do espessura carot&#237;dea (IMT) ap&#243;s receber atorvastatina + aspirina. Um estudo de coorte que monitorou pacientes obesos com HIV e os comparou com obesos n&#227;o infectados pelo HIV demonstrou uma maior incid&#234;ncia de dist&#250;rbios do metabolismo da glicose e inflama&#231;&#227;o entre aqueles com HIV, embora DMF e IMT n&#227;o tenham diferido entre os dois grupos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Dados relataram uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre lipodistrofia e fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial deficiente<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> e aumento da espessura carot&#237;dea, principalmente em indiv&#237;duos com obesidade visceral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, n&#227;o diagnosticamos lipodistrofia. Avaliamos apenas a composi&#231;&#227;o corporal com o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e classificamos os indiv&#237;duos de acordo com a presen&#231;a de baixo peso, eutrofia, sobrepeso ou obesidade. Entretanto, como existe uma alta preval&#234;ncia de lipodistrofia em pacientes com HIV e o IMC n&#227;o &#233; um &#237;ndice que possa fornecer uma correla&#231;&#227;o com esse dist&#250;rbio, tal fator de risco deve ser avaliado nesses indiv&#237;duos.</p>
      <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o da idade com a resposta positiva ao tratamento foi diferente quando comparada aos m&#233;todos utilizados para sua avalia&#231;&#227;o: enquanto a DMF apresentou melhora com o tratamento nos pacientes mais velhos, a avalia&#231;&#227;o do IMT n&#227;o demonstrou essa diferen&#231;a entre os grupos. A DMF e o IMT s&#227;o frequentemente utilizados como medidas substitutas para aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica. Enquanto o IMT identifica anormalidades estruturais precoces, a DMF, considerada um bioensaio endotelial, avalia a integridade funcional do vaso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> H&#225; dados que demonstram que os dois m&#233;todos s&#227;o &#250;nicos e independentes e n&#227;o se correlacionam entre si, embora sejam considerados v&#225;lidos para a detec&#231;&#227;o da aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica. Eles provavelmente refletem diferentes aspectos e est&#225;gios da aterosclerose inicial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Portanto, a diverg&#234;ncia dos resultados em nosso estudo est&#225; de acordo com a literatura, e demonstra que a DMF mostrou ser capaz de identificar o benef&#237;cio da utiliza&#231;&#227;o da combina&#231;&#227;o de atorvastatina + aspirina em indiv&#237;duos HIV-positivos com idade entre 40-59 anos quando comparados com pacientes mais jovens.</p>
      <p>O estudo cl&#237;nico original demonstrou uma redu&#231;&#227;o percentual dos n&#237;veis de LDL nos indiv&#237;duos do grupo caso (-19,35%, p = 0,007), mas sem melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. Consideramos algumas limita&#231;&#245;es nesse estudo, destacando-se o tempo de uso das estatinas, que foi planejado e realizado por um per&#237;odo de 6 meses. Estudos que demonstraram resultados encorajadores utilizaram as estatinas por per&#237;odos muito mais longos do que o nosso, sugerindo um caminho a ser seguido. Outra quest&#227;o diz respeito ao perfil dos pacientes envolvidos em nosso estudo. Todos apresentavam poucos fatores tradicionais de risco cardiovascular, a carga do HIV estava sob controle e eles estavam em tratamento antirretroviral h&#225; v&#225;rios anos. Essa sele&#231;&#227;o resultou em um grupo de indiv&#237;duos com pouca ou nenhuma inflama&#231;&#227;o, como demonstrado pelos baixos n&#237;veis de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios, revelando assim uma popula&#231;&#227;o para a qual o uso de estatinas em curto prazo associado &#224; aspirina provavelmente n&#227;o forneceria resultados eficazes.</p>
      <p>Os pontos fortes destacados pelo presente estudo seriam a sele&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com baixo risco cardiovascular e o uso de medicamentos antirretrovirais com baixo potencial para causar dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos. Essas caracter&#237;sticas permitem investiga&#231;&#245;es sobre os poss&#237;veis efeitos dos medicamentos e os fatores associados a um melhor desfecho no est&#225;gio inicial da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica, ou seja, o per&#237;odo em que ocorrem altera&#231;&#245;es no endot&#233;lio vascular, sendo, portanto, um processo que pode ser revertido. Uma poss&#237;vel fragilidade, por&#233;m, que deve ser destacada, foi o fato de o estudo envolver um n&#250;mero pequeno de indiv&#237;duos. Tal amostra pode ter sido insuficiente para detectar poss&#237;veis associa&#231;&#245;es a fatores que possivelmente poderiam ser observados em uma maior amostra de indiv&#237;duos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>O estudo revelou que o fator idade influencia a melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em indiv&#237;duos com HIV e baixo risco cardiovascular tratados com a combina&#231;&#227;o de atorvastatina + aspirina. Tamb&#233;m mostrou que a DMF &#233; um m&#233;todo capaz de revelar esse efeito. Estudos semelhantes, envolvendo um maior n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar nossa hip&#243;tese e apoiar o uso precoce da combina&#231;&#227;o atorvastatina + aspirina em indiv&#237;duos de 40 a 59 anos, em tratamento antirretroviral e com baixo risco cardiovascular para preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Gerson Gomes dos Santos Junior pela Universidade Federal de Pernambuco.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado pelo CNPq.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Effect of Atorvastatin + Aspirin on the Endothelial Function Differs with Age in Patients with HIV: A Case-Control Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5716-6544</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Gerson Gomes dos</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo S&#233;rgio Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Kaliene Maria Estev&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2926-5320</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Godoi</surname>
            <given-names>Emmanuelle Ten&#243;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vasconcelos</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Ferraz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9872-7571</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lacerda</surname>
            <given-names>Heloisa Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina Tropical, Recife, PE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Alagoas - Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas, Macei&#243;, AL - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Pesquisa Aggeu Magalh&#227;es, Recife, PE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - Medicina Cl&#237;nica, Recife, PE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Gerson Gomes dos Santos Junior &#8226;</bold> Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina Tropical - Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235. Postal Code 50670-901, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil E-mail: gergomes@yahoo.com.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript: Santos Junior GG, Ara&#250;jo PSR, Lacerda HR, Godoi ET, Vasconcelos AF; Acquisition of data: Santos Junior GG, Leite KME, Godoi ET, Vasconcelos AF; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Santos Junior GG, Lacerda HR; Statistical analysis: Santos Junior GG; Obtaining financing: Lacerda HR; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Ara&#250;jo PSR, Lacerda HR, Godoi ET, Vasconcelos AF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Patients with HIV are more likely to present with cardiovascular disease when compared to the general population.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>This was a case-control study that aimed to assess which factors were associated with a reduction in the carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and an increase in the brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in HIV patients who received atorvastatin + aspirin during a period of 6 months.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>A secondary analysis of a clinical trial was conducted, which included people living with HIV infection and low cardiovascular risk. A total of 38 patients allocated to the intervention arm and treated for 6 months with a combination of atorvastatin + aspirin were included. All participants underwent a carotid and brachial artery ultrasound, both at the beginning and the end of the study. Cases that responded with an increase of &gt;10% of the brachial dilatation (FMD) and reduction of the carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) were considered cases, and those who did not respond were considered controls. We assessed the factors associated with the positive responses obtained through IMT and FMD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>A reduction in the IMT was not significantly associated with any of the evaluated risk factors: age (p=0.211), gender (p=0.260), smoking (p=0.131) or time since HIV diagnosis (p=0.836). An increase in the FMD was significantly associated with age amongst those in the 40-59 age group, p = 0.015 (OR = 4.37; 95% CI: 1.07-17.79).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>Older individuals were more likely to present with an increased FMD after 6 months of treatment with atorvastatin + aspirin.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>HIV</kwd>
        <kwd>Carotid Arteries/ultrasonography</kwd>
        <kwd>Carotid Intima-Media Thickness</kwd>
        <kwd>Brachial Artery</kwd>
        <kwd>Atorvastatin</kwd>
        <kwd>Aspirin</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Endothelium Vascular/physiopathology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Life expectation and quality of life among people infected with HIV has increased significantly over recent decades. This is due to the great success of antiretroviral therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Living with the virus has now become a chronic condition, which imposes the challenge of maintaining viral suppression coupled with the management of age-related comorbidities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A substantial increase in non-AIDS-related deaths, such as those related to cardiovascular diseases, has been reported,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> and are more prevalent in these individuals, when compared to the general population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>An early marker for atherosclerosis is endothelial dysfunction and preventing this dysfunction may be an alternative for preventing future cardiovascular events. Aspirin and, more recently, statins have demonstrated pleiotropic effects, such as: immunomodulatory, and antithrombogenic and anti-inflammatory effects. Such medications may be an alternative for the primary and secondary prevention of these events among people living with HIV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Observational and interventional studies have evaluated the effects of statins in improving endothelial function, and the progression of carotid thickening in individuals both with and without HIV. These studies have used non-invasive ultrasound techniques, such as FMD, which measures the mediated flow of the brachial artery, and IMT, which measures carotid intima-media thickening, and have reported conflicting results.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> To contribute to this discussion, our study aims to assess the factors associated with endothelial function improvement and carotid thickness measured by FMD and IMT in subjects with HIV, with a viral load under control, who were treated with a combination of atorvastatin + aspirin for a period of 6 months.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This was a secondary analysis of a clinical trial not yet published<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> in which 80 participants who presented with low cardiovascular risk, as measured by the Framingham Risk Score (FRS), and an undetectable viral load were assessed.</p>
        <p>The study was planned for 6 months, using 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and 1 non-nucleoside inhibitor regimens, which were randomized into intervention and placebo groups. Thirty-eight participants were allocated to the intervention group and treated for 6 months with a combination of 20mg atorvastatin + 100mg aspirin, and 42 received placebo. The study assessed the efficacy of the drug combination through ultrasound measurements of the increased brachial artery dilation (FMD), reduced carotid thickening (IMT), and inflammatory markers (ultrasensitive-PCR, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, IL-1, IL-6, TNF-&#945;) and no difference was found between the intervention group and the placebo group.</p>
        <p>In the case-control study presented herein, 38 individuals from the intervention group of the aforementioned clinical trial were included. The aim was to assess subgroups that could benefit from the use of atorvastatin 20mg and aspirin 100mg in reducing subclinical atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.</p>
        <p>In the first part of the case-control study, a total of 38 individuals were divided into 24 cases, which were those who had a favorable response in FMD (&#8805;10% of brachial artery dilation according to the method described by Regattieri et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> and 14 patients who were considered controls, as they did not show response in FMD.</p>
        <p>In the second part of the case-control study, the 38 subjects were divided into 29 cases, which were the individuals who showed a reduction in the carotid IMT, and 9 controls who did not show a reduction in the carotid IMT.</p>
        <p>All individuals signed the free and informed consent form. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, under number 13097213.2.0000.5208. The clinical trial was registered at the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (RBR-bjm4) and conducted at the Infectious/Parasitic Diseases Outpatient Clinic at Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco/Recife, Brazil.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Vascular measurements</title>
          <p>A General Electric&#8482; (GE) LOGIQe BT12 DICOM 3.0 AUTO IMT ultrasound device was used, with a GE 9-L RS Linear transducer, working at a frequency of 7-10 MHz. The measurements were performed according to standardized techniques.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
          <p>FMD: The brachial artery diameter was measured at rest and after stimulation. To stimulate the brachial artery, a Becton Dickinson&#8482; sphygmomanometer placed on the arm was inflated to 30mmHg above the systolic pressure for 5 minutes, and then released. One minute after releasing the clamp, the diameter of the artery was measured once again. Normal dilation was considered &gt; 10% - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">2</xref> .</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Measurement of the left brachial artery before the stimulus.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-02-0365-90844-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Medida da art&#233;ria braquial esquerda ap&#243;s o est&#237;mulo.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-02-0365-90844-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>IMT: The common carotid intima-media thickness in a plaque-free area was considered a reference measure. It was assessed in the longitudinal and cross-sectional sections, from the proximal segment to the bifurcation and the internal and external carotids. The IMT was measured on the posterior wall of the common carotid in a plaque-free area. The carotid plaque was defined as a focal structure extending for a minimum of 0.5 mm to the lumen of the vessel and/or measuring more than 50% of the adjacent IMT value and/or an IMT measurement greater than 1.5 mm<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Mean intimal thickness measurement of the right carotid artery.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-02-0365-90844-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The data were descriptively analyzed through the statistics: mean, standard deviation (mean &#177; SD) or median and interquartile range (IQR) for numerical variables and absolute and percentage frequencies for categorical variables and were analyzed inferentially through statistical tests. In the comparison between two categories, the following tests were used: unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test with equal variances or Mann-Whitney test for the numerical variables and Pearson&#8217;s Chi-square test or Fisher&#8217;s Exact for the categorical variables. Student&#8217;s t-test was used with variables with normal distribution and Mann-Whitney&#8217;s test with variables with a non-normal distribution. Fisher&#8217;s Exact test was used in cases where the condition for using the Chi-square test was not verified. The verification of data normality was performed by the Shapiro-Wilk&#8217;s test and the hypothesis of equality of variances through the Levene F-test. The level of statistical significance adopted was 5% and the confidence intervals were 95.0%</p>
          <p>The data were entered into the EXCEL spreadsheet and the IMB-SPSS program, version 23, was used to perform the statistical calculations.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The characteristics of the 38 subjects included in the study are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> . The results demonstrated: mean age (42.6 years), time since diagnosis (median &#8211; 6.5 years), antiretroviral therapy time (median - 6.0 years). Characteristics of the sample: male gender (52.6%), hypertensive (7.9%), diabetics (5.3%), smokers (15.8%). Some characteristics were described by subgroup, such as age (21-39 and 40-59 years), ethnicity (white, black and brown), and nutritional status (ideal weight, overweight and obesity).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Clinical and demographic characteristics of the 38 study participants</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>TOTAL</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Total Group:</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>38 (100,0)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Age:</bold> Mean &#177; SD (Median)</td>
                  <td align="center">42.6 &#177; 8.8 (43.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Age range:</bold> n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>21 to 39</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (42)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>40 to 59</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (58)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Gender:</bold> n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (52.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (47.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Ethnicity:</bold> n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (39.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Black</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (10.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Brown</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (50)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Level of education:</bold> n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Primary Education</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (34.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Secondary Education</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (47.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Higher Education</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (18.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>BMI:</bold> Median (P25;IR;P75)</td>
                  <td align="center">24.2 (21.6; 6.6; 28.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Nutritional status:</bold> n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ideal weight</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (60.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Overweight</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (21.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obese</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (18.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>SBP:</bold> Median (P25;IR;P75)</td>
                  <td align="center">120.00 (110.0; 10.0; 120.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>DBP:</bold> Median (P25;IR;P75)</td>
                  <td align="center">80.00 (70.0; 10.0; 80.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SAH: n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (7.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (92.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Family history of cardiovascular disease:</bold> n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (31.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (68.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>DM:</bold> n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (94.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Smoker:</bold> n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (15.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (84.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Time since diagnosis:</bold> Median (P25;IQR;P75)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.50 (4.0; 8.0; 12.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Time since diagnosis:</bold> n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Up to 1 year</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (10.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2 to 5</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (31.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6 to 10</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (31.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Over 10</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (26.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Continuation</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Time on ART:</bold> Median (P25;IQR;P75)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.00 (2.0; 7.8; 9.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Up to 1 year: n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (13.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2 to 5</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (34.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6 to 10</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (28.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Over 10</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (23.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>NadirTCD4:</bold> Mean &#177; SD (Median)</td>
                  <td align="center">362.3 &#177; 239.5 (340.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>CD4:</bold> Mean &#177; SD (Median)</td>
                  <td align="center">724.0 &#177; 354.7 (659.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Regimen:</bold> n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AZT+ 3 TC + EFV</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (55.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TDF + 3TC + EFV</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (34.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AZT + 3TC + NEV</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NEV + 3TC + TDF</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5.26)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AZT + DDI + EFV</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2.6)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Data are presented as means, standard deviation (SD), medians, Interquartile Range (IQR), percentile (P) or n (%) of individuals. BMI: body mass index; DM: diabetes mellitus; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; ART: antiretroviral therapy; AZT: zidovudine; DDI: didanosine; EFV: efavirenz; 3-TC: lamivudine; NVP: nevirapine; TDF: tenofovir.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Factors associated with brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD)</title>
          <p>A statistically significant difference was obtained for the mean age (p = 0.015). When age ranges were assessed (21-39 years and 40-59 years), the significance was maintained (p = 0.034). When assessing the older age group, it was observed that there was an excellent response to brachial artery dilation (OR=4.37, CI 95%: 1.07 - 17.79), compared to that obtained in the 21- 39 year-old group.</p>
          <p>When we assessed the outcome regarding sex, a borderline result was obtained (p = 0.076, with an OR = 3.5 (CI 95%: 0.85-14.41) for female subjects. The other risk factors assessed did not show any statistical significance: systemic arterial hypertension (SAH, p = 0.542); diabetes mellitus (DM; p = 1.00); smoking (p = 0.383) in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> .</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Factors associated with a favorable response to FMD amongst 38 patients receiving atorvastatin + aspirin, with low cardiovascular risk and an undetectable viral load</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="2">FMD</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variable</th>
                    <th>Favorable response (Cases)</th>
                    <th>No response (Controls)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                    <th>OR (95%CI)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total Group:</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (63.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (36.8)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Age:</bold> Mean &#177; SD (Median)</td>
                    <td align="center">45.3 &#177; 8.8 (46.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">38.1 &#177; 7.2 (36,5)</td>
                    <td align="center">p<sup>(3)</sup>= 0.015*</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Age Range:</bold> n (%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">p<sup>(2)</sup>= 0.034*</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>21 to 39</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (43.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (56.3)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>40 to 59</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (77.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (22.7)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">4.37 (1.07-17.79)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Gender:</bold> n (%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">p<sup>(2)</sup>= 0.076</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (50.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (50.0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (77.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (22.2)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">3.50 (0.85-14.41)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Ethnicity:</bold> n (%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">p<sup>(2)</sup>= 0.744</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>White</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (60.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (40.0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Non-white</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (65.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (34.8)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1.25 (0.33-4.79)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Level of education:</bold> n (%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">p<sup>(4)</sup>= 0.157</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Primary Education</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (84.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (15.4)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">**</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Secondary Education</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (50.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (50.0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">**</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Higher Education</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (57.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (42.9)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">**</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>BMI:</bold> Mean &#177; SD (Median)</td>
                    <td align="center">24.6 &#177; 4.9 (23,1)</td>
                    <td align="center">26.5 &#177; 4.6 (24,9)</td>
                    <td align="center">p<sup>(3)</sup>= 0.250</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Nutritional status:</bold> n (%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">p<sup>(4)</sup>= 0.574</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ideal weight</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (69.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (30.4)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1.71 (0.30-9.77)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Overweight</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (50.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (50.0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.75 (0.10-5.77)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Obese</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (57.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (42.9)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>SBP:</bold> Median (P25;IQR;P75)</td>
                    <td align="center">120,0 (110,0;17,5; 127,5)</td>
                    <td align="center">120,0(110,0;10,0;120,0)</td>
                    <td align="center">p<sup>(1)</sup>= 0.747</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>DBP:</bold> Median (P25;IQR;P75)</td>
                    <td align="center">80,00 (70,0; 10,0; 80,0)</td>
                    <td align="center">80,00 (70,0; 12,5; 82,5)</td>
                    <td align="center">p<sup>(1)</sup>= 0.767</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>SAH:</bold> n (%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">p<sup>(4)</sup>= 0.542</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (33.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (66.7)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">**</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (65.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (34.3)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Family history of cardiovascular disease:</bold> n (%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">p<sup>(4)</sup>= 1.000</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (66.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (33.3)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1.25 (0.30-5.26)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (61.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (38.5)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>DM:</bold> n (%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">p<sup>(4)</sup>= 1.000</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (50.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (50.0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">**</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (63.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (36.1)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Smoker:</bold> n (%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">p<sup>(4)</sup>= 0.383</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (83.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (16.7)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">**</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (59.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (40.6)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Time since diagnosis:</bold> Mean &#177; SD (Median)</td>
                    <td align="center">8.3 &#177; 4.8 (8.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.4 &#177; 5.3 (4.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">p<sup>(3)</sup>= 0.264</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Time since diagnosis:</bold> n (%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">p<sup>(2)</sup>= 0.152</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Up to 5 years</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (50.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (50.0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>6 or more years</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (72.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (27.3)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">2.67 (0.69-10.36)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Time on ART:</bold> Median (P25;IQR;P75)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.50 (3.0; 8.3; 11.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.50 (1.8; 7.2; 9.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">p<sup>(1)</sup>= 0.149</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Continuation</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Time on ART:</bold> n (%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">p<sup>(2)</sup>= 0.111</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Up to 5 years</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (50.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (50.0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>6 or more years</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (75.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (25.0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">3.00 (0.76-11.81)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>NadirTCD4:</bold> Mean &#177; SD (Median)</td>
                    <td align="center">373.8 &#177; 247.8 (332,5)</td>
                    <td align="center">342.6 &#177; 232.3 (354.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">p<sup>(3)</sup>= 0.704</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>CD4:</bold> Mean &#177; SD (Median)</td>
                    <td align="center">754.3 &#177; 391.5 (659.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">672.1 &#177; 286.8 (677.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">p<sup>(3)</sup>= 0.499</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Regimen:</bold> n (%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">p<sup>(4)</sup>= 0.724</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AZT + 3TC + EFV</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (61.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (38.1)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">**</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TDF + 3TC + EFV</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (69.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (30.8)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">**</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AZT + 3TC + NEV</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (100.0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">**</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NEV + 3TC + TDF</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (50.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (50.0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">**</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AZT + DDI + EFV</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (100.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">**</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Data are presented as means, standard deviation (SD), medians, Interquartile Range (IQR), percentile (P) or n (%) of individuals. (*) Significant difference at the level of 5.0%. (**) This could not be determined due to the occurrence of null and very low frequencies. (1) Using Mann-Whitney test. (2) Using Pearson&#8217;s Chi-square test. (3) Using the Student&#8217;s t test with equal variances. (4) Using Fisher&#8217;s exact test. BMI: body mass index; DM: diabetes mellitus; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; ART: antiretroviral therapy; AZT: zidovudine; DDI, didanosine; EFV, efavirenz; 3-TC, lamivudine; NVP, nevirapine; TDF, tenofovir.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Factors associated with a reduction in the carotid intima-media thickness (IMT)</title>
          <p>No statistically significant differences were observed for any of the variables assessed in relation to a reduction in the carotid intima-media thickness: age (p = 0.706); gender (p = 0.260), SAH and DM (p = 1.00); smoking (p = 0.131), BMI (p = 0.945), as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> .</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Factors associated with a reduction in carotid IMT amongst 38 patients receiving atorvastatin + aspirin, with low cardiovascular risk and an undetectable viral load</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="2">IMT</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variable</th>
                    <th>Reduction (Cases)</th>
                    <th>No reduction (Controls)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                    <th>OR (95% CI) )</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total Group:</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (76.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (23.7)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Age:</bold> Mean &#177; SD (Median)</td>
                    <td align="center">41.6 &#177; 8.9 (43.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">45.9 &#177; 8.0 (46.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">p<sup>(1)</sup>= 0.211</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Age range:</bold> n (%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">p<sup>(2)</sup>= 0.706</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>21 to 39</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (81.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (18.8)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1.63 (0.34-7.79)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>40 to 59</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (72.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (27.3)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Gender:</bold> n (%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">p<sup>(2)</sup>= 0.260</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (85.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (15.0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">2.83 (0.59-13.63)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (66.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (33.3)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Ethnicity:</bold> n (%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">p<sup>(2)</sup>= 1.000</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>White</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (73.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (26.7)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Non-white</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (78.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (21.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">.</td>
                    <td align="center">1.31 (0.29-5.95)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Level of education:</bold> n (%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">p<sup>(2)</sup>= 0.782</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Primary Education</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (69.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (30.8)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">**</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Secondary Education</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (77.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (22.2)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">**</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Higher Education</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (85.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (14.3)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">**</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>BMI:</bold> Median (P25;IQR;P75)</td>
                    <td align="center">24.20 (21.7; 5.9; 27.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">23.18 (21.4; 9.3; 30.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">p<sup>(3)</sup>= 0.945</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Nutritional status:</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">p<sup>(2)</sup>= 0.757</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ideal weight</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (73.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (26.1)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">**</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Overweight</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (87.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (12.5)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">**</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Obese</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (71.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (28.6)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">**</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>SBP:</bold> Median (P25;IQR;P75)</td>
                    <td align="center">120.00 (110.0;10.0; 120.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">120.00 (110.0; 30.0; 140.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">p<sup>(3)</sup>= 0.272</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>DBP:</bold> Median (P25;IQR;P75)</td>
                    <td align="center">80.00 (70.0; 10.0; 80.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">80.00 (70.0; 15.0; 85.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">p<sup>(3)</sup>= 0.653</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Continuation</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SAH: n (%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">p<sup>(2)</sup>= 1.000</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (100.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">**</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">26 (74.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (25.7)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Family history of cardiovascular disease:</bold> n (%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">p<sup>(2)</sup>= 0.423</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (66.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (33.3)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (80.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (19.2)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">2.10 (0.45-9.86)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>DM: n (%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">p<sup>(2)</sup>= 1.000</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (100.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">**</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (75.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (25.0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Smoker:</bold> n (%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">p<sup>(2)</sup>= 0.131</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (50.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (50.0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">26 (81.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (18.8)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">4.33 (0.70- 27.01)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Time since diagnosis:</bold> Median (P25;IQR;P75)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.00 (4.0; 8.0; 12.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">8.00 (3.5; 7.5; 11.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">p<sup>(3)</sup>= 0.836</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Time since diagnosis:</bold> n (%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">p<sup>(2)</sup>= 0.706</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Up to 5 years</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (81.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (18.7)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1.63 (0.34-7.79)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>6 or more years</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (72.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (27.3)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Time on ART:</bold> Median (P25;IQR;P75)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.00 (2.5; 9.5; 12.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.00 (2.0; 6.5; 8.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">p<sup>(3)</sup>= 0.593</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Time on ART:</bold> n (%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">p<sup>(2)</sup>= 1.000</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Up to 5 years</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (77.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (22.2)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1.17 (0.26-5.24)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>6 or more years</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (75.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (25.0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>NadirTCD4:</bold> Mean &#177; SD (Median)</td>
                    <td align="center">350.2 &#177; 236.9 (315.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">401.3 &#177; 258.2 (401.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">p<sup>(1)</sup>= 0.583</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>CD4:</bold> Mean &#177; SD (Median)</td>
                    <td align="center">750.8 &#177; 375.6 (677.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">637.5 &#177; 277.7 (574.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">p<sup>(1)</sup>= 0.410</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Regimen:</bold> n (%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">p<sup>(2)</sup>= 1.000</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AZT+3TC + EFV</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (71.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (28.6)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">**</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TDF + 3TC + EFV</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (76.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (23.1)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">**</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AZT+3TC + NEV</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (100.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">**</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NEV + 3TC + TDF</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (100.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">**</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AZT + DDI + EFV</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (100.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">**</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Data are presented as means, standard deviation (SD), medians, Interquartile Range (IQR), percentile (P) or n (%) of individuals. (**) This could not be determined due to the occurrence of null and very low frequencies. (1) Using the Student&#8217;s t test with equal variances. (2) Using Fisher&#8217;s exact test. (3) Using Mann-Whitney test. BMI, body mass index; DM: diabetes mellitus; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; ART: antiretroviral therapy; AZT: zidovudine; DDI: didanosine; EFV: efavirenz; 3-TC: lamivudine; NVP: nevirapine; TDF: tenofovir.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Our study assessed patients living with HIV, receiving antiretroviral therapy and with a low cardiovascular risk, who took a combination of atorvastatin + aspirin during a period of 6 months. An exploratory analysis was performed in order to evaluate the factors associated with a positive response to the treatment assessed through FMD and IMT vascular techniques.</p>
        <p>The results have demonstrated that individuals belonging to the older age group (between 40 and 59 years) responded positively to a combination of atorvastatin + aspirin, i.e., with increased FMD by the end of the study. It may be inferred that older individuals have been exposed for a longer period to the inflammation resulting from the HIV. It is known that there are higher levels of inflammation in people with HIV than in non-infected people, even those under virological control, and this exposure is an important factor in the genesis of endothelial dysfunction. These findings are similar to those obtained by other authors, who have verified that a high level of virus replication results in a brachial artery dilation worsening.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Conversely, the higher the viral control, the better the endothelial function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Another hypothesis would be that individuals at an older age range would be more prone to the consequences of the age-related atherosclerotic process and more sensitive to the deleterious effects of HIV on the endothelium. In turn, our findings may suggest that these older individuals would be more responsive to the pleiotropic and anti-inflammatory actions of the combination of atorvastatin + aspirin. Our findings suggest that there is a benefit of the use of statins + aspirin as a primary prophylaxis for cardiovascular disease in individuals with HIV, which should be assessed differently in individuals according to their age group, particularly individuals aged 40 years or older.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>When we assessed the response related to gender, we obtained a borderline result, in which the OR for the female group was equal to 3.5. Although there was no statistical significance, this response nonetheless attracted our attention, since it suggests that females may respond better to treatment with atorvastatin + aspirin than males. Studies have suggested that amongst people living with HIV, women show higher levels of immune activation and inflammation than men.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Considering that the currently used medications have an important effect in reducing inflammation, a mechanism intrinsically related to the progression of atherosclerosis, one could infer that this may be the possible reason for a more evident response in women than in men. Our study, however, was unable to confirm this association, but others that have assessed a larger number of individuals may have sufficient power to obtain statistical significance. Studies that associate gender with response to endothelial function would be necessary.</p>
        <p>The antiretroviral regimens used were not significantly associated with FMD and IMT responses; however, they only included analogue and non-analogue nucleoside NRTIs. Patients receiving protease inhibitors (PIs) or integrase inhibitors (INI) were not included. It is known that amongst the currently used medications, the PIs cause more metabolic disorders than the others and, consequently, they predispose to a higher cardiovascular risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Dube et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> in a cross-sectional study comparing individuals with or without the use of PIs, observed no difference regarding the response to FMD. However, several other authors have discovered greater carotid thickening measured by IMT in those receiving PIs when compared to those not receiving them.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The use of regimens with restricted groups of antiretroviral drugs have aimed to homogenize the comparison groups and prevent medications from becoming confounding factors regarding the response to atorvastatin + aspirin.</p>
        <p>Smoking was not associated with FMD or IMT responses. It should be emphasized that the low prevalence of smoking may have made it difficult to assess the role it played. However, it should be noted that in the IMT assessment, non-smokers showed a 4.3-fold higher chance of obtaining an IMT reduction with atorvastatin + aspirin. However, probably due to the small number of cases, the confidence interval was high (0.70 - 27.01) and there was no statistical significance. One recent study demonstrated that smoking results in poor viral control and immune response,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> which, as previously mentioned, results in a higher cardiovascular risk. One cohort study related smoking to a worsening progression of carotid thickening.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Studies with a higher number of patients are necessary in order to determine the role of this intervention in smokers.</p>
        <p>Our findings revealed no association between obesity and an endothelial function response measured by FMD, or carotid thickness (IMT) progression after receiving atorvastatin + aspirin. A cohort study that monitored obese patients with HIV and compared them with non-HIV-infected obese individuals, demonstrated a higher incidence of glucose metabolism disorders and inflammation amongst those with HIV, although FMD and IMT did not differ between the two groups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Data have reported a relationship between lipodystrophy and poor endothelial function<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> and increased carotid thickening, especially among individuals with visceral obesity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> In our study, we did not diagnose lipodystrophy. We only assessed body composition with the body mass index (BMI) and classified individuals according to low weight, normal weight, overweight or obesity. However, because there is a high prevalence of lipodystrophy among HIV patients, and BMI is not an index that may provide us with a correlation with this disorder, this risk factor should be evaluated in these individuals.</p>
        <p>The association of age with a positive response to treatment was different when compared to the methods used for its assessment: while FMD displayed an improvement with treatment in the older patients, the IMT assessment did not demonstrate this difference between the groups. FMD and IMT are frequently used as surrogate measures for subclinical atherosclerosis. While IMT identifies early structural abnormalities, FMD, considered an endothelial bioassay, assesses the functional integrity of the vessel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> There are data demonstrating that the two methods are unique and independent and do not correlate with one other, although they are considered valid for detecting subclinical atherosclerosis. They probably reflect different aspects and stages of early atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Therefore, the divergence of the results in our study is consistent with the literature and demonstrates that FMD has shown to be able to identify the benefit of using the combination of atorvastatin + aspirin in HIV-positive individuals aged 40-59 years when compared to younger patients.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Flow chart of the study participants.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-02-0365-90844-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The original clinical study demonstrated a percentage reduction in LDL levels in individuals in the case group (-19.35%, p= 0.007), but without improving endothelial function. We considered some limitations in that study, and we would highlight the time receiving statins, which was planned and conducted for a duration of 6 months. Studies that have demonstrated encouraging results used statins for much longer periods than ours, thereby suggesting a path to be followed. One further question concerns the profile of the patients involved in our study. They all presented with few traditional factors of cardiovascular risk, the HIV viral load was well under control and they had been on antiretroviral treatment for several years. This selection resulted in a group of individuals with little or no inflammation, as shown by the low levels of inflammatory markers, thus revealing a population for which the short-term use of statins associated with aspirin would probably not provide any effective results.</p>
        <p>The strong points highlighted by the present study would be the selection of individuals with low cardiovascular risk and the use of antiretroviral drugs with a low potential for causing metabolic disorders. These characteristics enable investigations into the possible effects of the drugs and the factors associated with a better outcome in an early stage of atherosclerotic disease, i.e., the period in which changes in the vascular endothelium occur, being therefore a process that can be reversed. One possible weak point, however, which should be highlighted, was the fact that the study involved a small number of individuals. The present sample may have been insufficient to detect possible associations to factors that could possibly be observed in a larger sample of individuals.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>The study has shown that the age factor influences endothelial function improvement in subjects with HIV and low cardiovascular risk receiving a combination of atorvastatin + aspirin. It has also shown that FMD is a method capable of disclosing this effect. Similar studies involving a greater number of individuals are needed to confirm our hypothesis and to support the early use of the combination of atorvastatin + aspirin in subjects aged 40 to 59 years, undergoing antiretroviral treatment and with low cardiovascular risk for the prevention of cardiovascular disease.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2001">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Gerson Gomes dos Santos Junior, from Universidade Federal de Pernambuco.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: This study was partially funded by CNPq.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
